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Whitworth-Turner CM, Di Michele R, Muir I, Gregson W, Drust B. Training load and schedule are important determinants of sleep behaviours in youth-soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:576-584. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1536171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M. Whitworth-Turner
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ian Muir
- Nike Sports Research Laboratory, Nike, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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202
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Can we use GPS for assessing sprinting performance in rugby sevens? A concurrent validity and between-device reliability study. Biol Sport 2018; 36:25-29. [PMID: 30899136 PMCID: PMC6413573 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.78903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (1) provide data on maximal sprinting speed (MSS) and maximal acceleration (Amax) in elite rugby sevens players measured with GPS devices, (2) test the concurrent validity of the signal derived from a radar device and a commercially available 16 Hz GPS device, and (2) assess the between-device reliability of MSS and Amax of the same GPS. Fifteen elite rugby sevens players (90 ± 12 kg; 181 ± 8 cm; 26 ± 5 y) participated in the maximal sprinting test. A subset of five players participated in the concurrent validity and between-devices reliability study. A concurrent validity protocol compared the GPS units and a radar device (Stalker ATS II). The between-device reliability of the GPS signal during maximal sprint running was also assessed using 6 V2 GPS units (Sensorevery-where, Digital Simulation, Paris, France) attached to a custom-made steel sled and pushed by the five athletes who performed a combined total of 15 linear 40m sprints. CV ranged from 0.5, ±0.1 % for MSS and smoothed MSS to 6.4, ±1.1 % for Amax. TEM was trivial for MSS and smoothed MSS (0.09, ±0.01) and small for Amax and smoothed Amax (0.54, ±0.09 and 0.39, ±0.06 respectively). Mean bias ranged from -1.6, ±1.0 % to -3.0, ±1.1 % for smoothed MSS and MSS respectively. TEE were small (2.0, ±0.55 to 1.6, ±0.4 %, for MSS and smoothed MSS respectively. The main results indicate that the GPS units were highly reliable for assessing MSS and provided acceptable signal to noise ratio for measuring Amax, especially when a smoothing 0.5-s moving average is used. This 16 Hz GPS device provides sport scientists and coaches with an accurate and reliable means to monitor running performance in elite rugby sevens.
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203
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Casamichana D, Bradley PS, Castellano J. Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:171-180. [PMID: 30429909 PMCID: PMC6231353 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pitch shape modifications on heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics in soccer players during 5-a-side small-sided games (SSGs). Players completed four different SSG dimensions: (1) short narrow pitch (SN; 40 × 25 m), (2) short wide pitch (SW; 66 × 25 m), (3) long narrow pitch (LN; 40 × 50 m), and (4) long wide pitch (LW; 66 × 50 m). Twenty amateur soccer players (age: 21 ± 5 yr; stature: 176.8 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 72.7 ± 3.7 kg) were monitored using a heart rate monitor and a 10 Hz GPS device. Mean maximum heart rate (%HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), peak running speed, total distance covered (TD), distance covered in four speed categories, number of moderate and high accelerations (Ac), decelerations (Dc), changes of direction (COD) and player load were recorded. Increasing the pitch length had a greater effect compared to increasing the pitch width especially on RPE (3.8, 6.3, 4.9 and 6.6 AU to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively) and time-motion characteristics such as TD (101, 127, 108 and 131 m·min-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), peak speed (4.8, 6.1, 5.2 and 6.2 m·s-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), and the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction. The data demonstrates that increasing the length rather than the width of 5-a-side SSG has a greater impact on players' responses in terms of increasing workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casamichana
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Speech Therapy Gimbernat-Cantabria University School associated with the University of Cantabria (UC). Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julen Castellano
- Faculty of Education and Sport. University of the Basque Country ( UPV/EHU). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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204
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Silva VGD, Rocha MRCC, Gonçalves AC, Morandi RF, Oliveira ECD, Pimenta EM. Repeated-sprint ability determined in game in elite male Brazilian football players. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1528522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allan Cristian Gonçalves
- University Center Estácio de Sá of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- University Center Metodista Izabela Hendrix, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Figueiredo Morandi
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy (EEFFTO), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Emerson Cruz de Oliveira
- Sport Center of Federal University of Ouro Preto (CEDUFOP), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy (EEFFTO), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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205
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Terziotti P, Sim M, Polglaze T. A comparison of displacement and energetic variables between three team sport GPS devices. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Terziotti
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ted Polglaze
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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206
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PlayerLoad Variables: Sensitive to Changes in Direction and Not Related to Collision Workloads in Rugby League Match Play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018. [PMID: 29543076 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine (1) how change-of-direction (COD) workloads influence PlayerLoad (PL) variables when controlling total distance covered and (2) relationships among collision workloads and PL variables during rugby league match play. METHODS Participants completed 3 protocols (crossover design) consisting of 10 repetitions of a 60-m effort in 15 s. The difference between protocols was the COD demands required to complete 1 repetition: no COD (straight line), 1° × 180° COD, or 3° × 180° COD. During rugby league matches, relationships among collision workloads, triaxial vector-magnitude PlayerLoad (PLVM), anteroposterior + mediolateral PL (PL2D), and PLVM accumulated at locomotor velocities below 2 m·s-1 (ie, PLSLOW) were examined using Pearson correlations (r) with coefficients of determination (R2). RESULTS Comparing 3° × 180° COD to straight-line drills, PLVM·min-1 (d = 1.50 ± 0.49, large, likelihood = 100%, almost certainly), PL2D·min-1 (d = 1.38 ± 0.53, large, likelihood = 100%, almost certainly), and PLSLOW·min-1 (d = 1.69 ± 0.40, large, likelihood = 100%, almost certainly) were greater. Collisions per minute demonstrated a distinct (ie, R2 < .50) relationship from PLVM·min-1 (R2 = .30, r = .55) and PL2D·min-1 (R2 = .37, r = .61). Total distance per minute demonstrated a very large relationship with PLVM·min-1 (R2 = .62, r = .79) and PL2D·min-1 (R2 = .57, r = .76). CONCLUSIONS PL variables demonstrate (1) large increases as COD demands intensify, (2) separate relationships from collision workloads, and (3) moderate to very large relationships with total distance during match play. PL variables should be used with caution to measure collision workloads in team sport.
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207
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Galé-Ansodi C, Castellano J, Usabiaga O. Differences between running activity in tennis training and match-play. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1525679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Galé-Ansodi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Oidui Usabiaga
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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208
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Beato M, Coratella G, Stiff A, Iacono AD. The Validity and Between-Unit Variability of GNSS Units (STATSports Apex 10 and 18 Hz) for Measuring Distance and Peak Speed in Team Sports. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1288. [PMID: 30298015 PMCID: PMC6161633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the criterion validity (vs. gold standard measurements) of the 10 and 18 Hz STATSports Apex units for measuring distances and peak speed (Vpeak) outcomes and (ii) to investigate the between-unit variability. Twenty university students were enrolled in the study (age 21 ± 2 years, weight 72 ± 6 kg, and height 1.76 ± 0.05 m). The criterion validity was tested by comparing the distances recorded by the units with ground truth reference (400-m trial, 128.5-m circuit, and 20-m trial). Vpeak values were compared with those determined by a gold standard criterion device (Stalker ATS Radar Gun) during a linear 20-m sprint. The distance biases for the Apex 10 Hz in the 400-m trial, 128.5-m circuit, and 20-m trial were 1.05 ± 0.87%, 2.3 ± 1.1%, and 1.11 ± 0.99%, respectively, while for the Apex 18 Hz the biases were 1.17 ± 0.73%, 2.11 ± 1.06%, and 1.15 ± 1.23%, respectively. Vpeak measured by the Apex 10 and 18 Hz were 26.5 ± 2.3 km h-1 and 26.5 ± 2.6 km h-1, respectively, with the criterion method reporting 26.3 ± 2.4 km h-1, with a bias of 2.36 ± 1.67% and 2.02 ± 1.24%, respectively. This study is the first to validate and compare the STATSports Apex 10 and 18 Hz. Between-analysis (t-test) for total distance and Vpeak reported non-significant differences. Apex units reported a small error of around 1–2% compared to the criterion distances during 400-m, 128.5-m circuit, 20-m trials, and Vpeak. In conclusion, both units could be used with confidence to measure these variables during training and match play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adam Stiff
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
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209
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Comparing Global Positioning System and Global Navigation Satellite System Measures of Team-Sport Movements. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1005-1010. [PMID: 29466098 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare data from conventional global positioning system (GPS-) and new global navigation satellite system (GNSS-) enabled tracking devices and to examine the interunit reliability of GNSS devices. METHODS Interdevice differences between 10-Hz GPS and GNSS devices were examined during laps (n = 40) of a simulated game circuit and during elite hockey matches (n = 21); GNSS interunit reliability was also examined during laps of the simulated game circuit. Differences in distance values and measures in 3 velocity categories (low <3 m·s-1; moderate 3-5 m·s-1; and high >5 m·s-1) and acceleration/deceleration counts (>1.46 and <-1.46 m·s-2) were examined using 1-way analysis of variance. Interunit GNSS reliability was examined using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS Interdevice differences (P < .05) were found for measures of peak deceleration, low-speed distance, percentage of total distance at low speed, and deceleration count during the simulated game circuit and for all measures except total distance and low-speed distance during hockey matches. Interunit (GNSS) differences (P < .05) were not found. The coefficient of variation was below 5% for total distance, average and peak speeds and distance and percentage of total distance of low-speed running. The GNSS devices had a lower horizontal dilution of precision score than GPS devices in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that GNSS devices may be more sensitive than GPS devices in quantifying the physical demands of team-sport movements, but further study into the accuracy of GNSS devices is required.
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210
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Phibbs PJ, Jones B, Roe G, Read DB, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley J, Rock A, Till K. Organized Chaos in Late Specialization Team Sports: Weekly Training Loads of Elite Adolescent Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1316-1323. [PMID: 29683915 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phibbs, PJ, Jones, B, Roe, G, Read, DB, Darrall-Jones, J, Weakley, J, Rock, A, and Till, K. Organized chaos in late specialization team sports: weekly training loads of elite adolescent rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1316-1323, 2018-The aim of this study was to quantify the mean weekly training load (TL) of elite adolescent rugby union players participating in multiple teams and examine the differences between playing positions. Twenty elite male adolescent rugby union players (17.4 ± 0.7 years) were recruited from a regional academy and categorized by playing position: forwards (n = 10) and backs (n = 10). Global positioning system and accelerometer microtechnology was used to quantify external TL, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was used to quantify internal TL during all sessions throughout a 10-week in-season period. A total of 97 complete observations (5 ± 3 weeks per participant) were analyzed, and differences between positions were assessed using Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) and magnitude-based inferences. Mean weekly sRPE was 1,217 ± 364 arbitrary units (AU) (between-subject coefficient of variation [CV] = 30%), with a total distance (TD) of 11,629 ± 3,445 m (CV = 30%), and PlayerLoad (PL) of 1,124 ± 330 AU (CV = 29%). Within-subject CV ranged between 5 and 78% for sRPE, 24 and 82% for TD, and 19 and 84% for PL. Mean TD (13,063 ± 3,933 vs. 10,195 ± 2,242 m) and PL (1,246 ± 345 vs. 1,002 ± 279 AU) were both likely greater for backs compared with forwards (moderate ES); however, differences in sRPE were unclear (small ES). Although mean internal TLs and volumes were low, external TLs were higher than previously reported during preseason and in-season periods in senior professional players. Additionally, the large between-subject and within-subject variation in weekly TL suggests that players participate in a chaotic training system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dale B Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rock
- Bath Rugby, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
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211
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An adaptive filtering algorithm to estimate sprint velocity using a single inertial sensor. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-018-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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212
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Dalgas U, Andersen TB. Position-Specific Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles in Elite Youth and Senior Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1114-1122. [PMID: 28699924 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vigh-Larsen, JF, Dalgas, U, and Andersen, TB. Position-specific acceleration and deceleration profiles in elite youth and senior soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1114-1122, 2018-The purpose of the study was to characterize and compare the position-specific activity profiles of young and senior elite soccer players with special emphasis put on accelerations and decelerations. Eight professional senior matches were tracked using the ZXY tracking system and analyzed for the number of accelerations and decelerations and running distances within different speed zones. Likewise, 4 U19 and 5 U17 matches were analyzed for comparison between youth and senior players. In senior players, the total distance (TD) was 10,776 ± 107 m with 668 ± 28 and 143 ± 10 m being high-intensity running (HIR) and sprinting, respectively. Number of accelerations and decelerations were 81 ± 2 and 84 ± 3, respectively, with central defenders performing the lowest and wide players the highest number. Declines were found between first and second halves for accelerations and decelerations (11 ± 3%), HIR (6 ± 4%), and TD (5 ± 1%), whereas sprinting distance did not differ. U19 players performed a higher number of accelerations, decelerations, and TD compared with senior players. In conclusion, differences in the number and distribution of accelerations and decelerations appeared between player positions, which is of importance when monitoring training and match loads and when prescribing specific training exercises. Furthermore, youth players performed as much high-intensity activities as senior players, indicating that this is not a discriminating physiological parameter between these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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213
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Johnston RD, Murray NB, Austin DJ. The influence of pre-season training loads on in-season match activities in professional Australian football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1501160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rich D. Johnston
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas B. Murray
- Football Department, Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Damien J. Austin
- Football Department, Brisbane Lions Australian Football Club, Brisbane, Australia
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214
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215
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Grainger A, McMahon JJ, Comfort P. Assessing the frequency and magnitude of match impacts accrued during an elite rugby union playing season. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1496392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grainger
- Institute of Sport and Health, Univeristy College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John James McMahon
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, England
| | - Paul Comfort
- School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, England
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216
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Validation of electronic performance and tracking systems EPTS under field conditions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199519. [PMID: 30036364 PMCID: PMC6056042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the measurement accuracy of the most commonly used tracking technologies in professional team sports (i.e., semi-automatic multiple-camera video technology (VID), radar-based local positioning system (LPS), and global positioning system (GPS)). The position, speed, acceleration and distance measures of each technology were compared against simultaneously recorded measures of a reference system (VICON motion capture system) and quantified by means of the root mean square error RMSE. Fourteen male soccer players (age: 17.4±0.4 years, height: 178.6±4.2 cm, body mass: 70.2±6.2 kg) playing for the U19 Bundesliga team FC Augsburg participated in the study. The test battery comprised a sport-specific course, shuttle runs, and small sided games on an outdoor soccer field. The validity of fundamental spatiotemporal tracking data differed significantly between all tested technologies. In particular, LPS showed higher validity for measuring an athlete’s position (23±7 cm) than both VID (56±16 cm) and GPS (96±49 cm). Considering errors of instantaneous speed measures, GPS (0.28±0.07 m⋅s-1) and LPS (0.25±0.06 m⋅s-1) achieved significantly lower error values than VID (0.41±0.08 m⋅s-1). Equivalent accuracy differences were found for instant acceleration values (GPS: 0.67±0.21 m⋅s-2, LPS: 0.68±0.14 m⋅s-2, VID: 0.91±0.19 m⋅s-2). During small-sided games, lowest deviations from reference measures have been found in the total distance category, with errors ranging from 2.2% (GPS) to 2.7% (VID) and 4.0% (LPS). All technologies had in common that the magnitude of the error increased as the speed of the tracking object increased. Especially in performance indicators that might have a high impact on practical decisions, such as distance covered with high speed, we found >40% deviations from the reference system for each of the technologies. Overall, our results revealed significant between-system differences in the validity of tracking data, implying that any comparison of results using different tracking technologies should be done with caution.
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217
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Flatt AA, Howells D. Effects of varying training load on heart rate variability and running performance among an Olympic rugby sevens team. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:222-226. [PMID: 30055959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate weekly heart rate variability (HRV) responses to varying training load among an Olympic rugby sevens team and to assess whether HRV responses informed on training adaptation. DESIGN Retrospective. METHODS Natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD), psychometrics and training load from a rugby sevens team (n=12 males) over a 3-week period were retrospectively analyzed. Week 1 served as baseline while weeks 2 and 3 consisted of peak training loads from the 2016 Olympic preparatory period. Maximum aerobic speed (MAS) was evaluated at the beginning of weeks 1 and 3. RESULTS LnRMSSD (p=0.68), its coefficient of variation (LnRMSSDcv) (p=0.07) and psychometrics (all p>0.05) did not significantly change across time. Effect sizes (ES) showed a small increase in LnRMSSDcv after the first week of intensified training (ES=0.38) followed by a moderate reduction in week 3 (ES=-0.91). Individuals with a smaller LnRMSSDcv during the first week of intensified training showed more favorable changes in MAS (r=-0.74, p=0.01), though individual changes only ranged from -1.5 to 2.9%. CONCLUSIONS In week 3, players accomplished greater external training loads with minimal impact on internal load while wellness was preserved. Concurrently, players demonstrated less fluctuations in LnRMSSD, interpreted as an improved ability to maintain cardiac-autonomic homeostasis despite increments in training load. Monitoring the magnitude of daily fluctuations in LnRMSSD in response to varying training loads may aid in the evaluation of training adaptations among elite rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Flatt
- Georgia Southern University, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, USA.
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218
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Weaving D, Sawczuk T, Williams S, Scott T, Till K, Beggs C, Johnston RD, Jones B. The peak duration-specific locomotor demands and concurrent collision frequencies of European Super League rugby. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:322-330. [PMID: 30024322 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1500425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the most demanding passages of European Super League competition can optimise training prescription. We established positional and match half differences in peak relative distances (m·min-1) across durations, and the number of collisions, high-speed- and very-high-speed-distance completed in the peak 10 min period. Moving-averages (10 s, 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min) of instantaneous speed (m·s-1) were calculated from 25 professional rugby league players during 25 matches via microtechnology. Maximal m·min-1 was taken for each duration for each half. Concurrently, collisions (n), high-speed- (5 to 7 m·s-1; m) and very-high-speed-distance (> 7 m·s-1; m) were coded during each peak 10 min. Mixed-effects models determined differences between positions and halves. Aside from peak 10 s, trivial differences were observed in peak m·min-1 between positions or halves across durations. During peak 10 min periods, adjustables, full- and outside-backs ran more at high-speed and very-high-speed whilst middle- and edge-forwards completed more collisions. Peak m·min-1 is similar between positional groups across a range of durations and are maintained between halves of the match. Practitioners should consider that whilst the overall peak locomotor "intensity" is similar, how they achieve this differs between positions with forwards also exposed to additional collision bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Weaving
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Thomas Sawczuk
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,c Queen Ethelburgas Collegiate , York , UK
| | - Sean Williams
- d Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Tannath Scott
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,e Brisbane Broncos Rugby League club , Brisbane , Australia.,f School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,g Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK
| | - Clive Beggs
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Rich D Johnston
- h School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,g Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK.,i The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK
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219
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Alexander JP, Spencer B, Mara JK, Robertson S. Collective team behaviour of Australian Rules football during phases of match play. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:237-243. [PMID: 29947584 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1491113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Using the spatiotemporal characteristics of players, the primary aim of this study was to determine whether differences in collective team behaviour exist in Australian Rules football during different phases of match play. The secondary aim was to determine the extent to which collective team behaviour differed between competing teams and match half. Data was collected via 10 Hz global positioning system devices from a professional club during a 2 × 20 min, 15-v-15-match simulation drill. Five spatiotemporal variables from each team (x centroid, y centroid, length, width, and surface area) were collected and analysed during offensive, defensive, and contested phases. A multivariate analysis of variance comparing phase of match play (offensive, defensive, contested), Team (A & B), and Half (1 & 2) revealed that x-axis centroid and y-axis centroid showed considerable variation during all phases of match play. Length, width, and surface area were typically greater during the offensive phase comparative to defensive and contested phases. Clear differences were observed between teams with large differences recorded for length, width, and surface area during all phases of match play. Spatiotemporal variables that describe collective team behaviour may be used to understand team tactics and styles of play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Alexander
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Bartholomew Spencer
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jocelyn K Mara
- b Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , University of Canberra , Bruce , Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,c Western Bulldogs Football Club , Melbourne , Australia
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220
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Redkva PE, Paes MR, Fernandez R, da-Silva SG. Correlation between Match Performance and Field Tests in Professional Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2018; 62:213-219. [PMID: 29922392 PMCID: PMC6006532 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between aerobic and anaerobic fitness (in field tests) with performance during a 90 min friendly match, through the following variables: total distance covered, maximal running speed, number of high-intensity actions and number of sprints. Eighteen professional soccer players from a Brazilian elite team (age 23 ± 3 years, body mass 77.5 ± 8.9 kg) participated in the study. The athletes performed a Yo-Yo Endurance Test (aerobic fitness) and a Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (six maximal 35 m efforts separated by 10 s of passive recovery, anaerobic fitness). Data were collected during friendly matches using a GPS with 5 Hz technology. To establish the correlation between the variables determined during the matches, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used (significance level of p ≤ 0.05). A high correlation was found between distance covered in the Yo-Yo endurance test and total distance covered (r = 0.72; p < 0.05), number of high-intensity actions (r = 0.78; p < 0.05) and number of sprints (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) in the soccer matches. The RAST variables did not relate to the standards set during the matches (p < 0.05). From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that there is no correlation between RAST and friendly match data variables. However, better results in the Yo-Yo endurance test correlate with total distance, number of high-intensity actions and sprints during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E Redkva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mauro R Paes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sergio G da-Silva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
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221
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Beato M. Reliability of internal and external load parameters in 6 a-side and 7 a-side recreational football for health. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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222
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Dello Iacono A, Martone D, Cular D, Milic M, Padulo J. Game Profile-Based Training in Soccer: A New Field Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:3333-3342. [PMID: 28002179 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dello Iacono, A, Martone, D, Cular, D, Milic, M, and Padulo, J. Game profile-based training in soccer: a new field approach. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3333-3342, 2017-The aim of the study was to profile and compare the time-motion, physiological, and neuromuscular responses of both National Youth League (NYL) and UEFA Youth League (UYL) matches with those of an experimental game profile-based training (GPBT) protocol. Time-motion traits and physiological, perceptual, and neuromuscular responses were investigated in 24 male soccer players across 14 matches and 6 GPBT training sessions, for a total of 420 samples. The GPBT had a greater influence on time-motion traits and perceptual responses than the NYL and UYL matches (all p < 0.001). No significant GPBT vs. match differences were found for mean heart rate or blood lactate (F = 1.228, p = 0.304, and F = 0.978, p = 0.385, respectively). Finally, the GPBT protocol led to greater impairment of the neuromuscular explosive performances when compared with those of the postmatch scores (squat jump: F = 19.991, p < 0.001; countermovement jump: F = 61.703, p < 0.001). Results identified the GPBT protocol as characterized by relatively greater high-intensity workloads than official NYL and UYL matches, requiring increased demanding efforts. In light of these outcomes, the GPBT protocol can be considered an advantageous training method for elite soccer players, capable of stimulating the physical effort and physiological capabilities required during a match. This approach is favorable when designing a training intervention according to the principle of sport specificity, as it is based on the specific metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel.,Maccabi Tel Aviv FC, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Domenico Martone
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness (DiSMEB), University "Parthenope," Naples, Italy
| | - Drazen Cular
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Milic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
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223
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224
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Tang R, Murtagh C, Warrington G, Cable T, Morgan O, O'Boyle A, Burgess D, Morgans R, Drust B. Directional Change Mediates the Physiological Response to High-Intensity Shuttle Running in Professional Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:E39. [PMID: 29910343 PMCID: PMC6026794 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence that different frequencies of deceleration and acceleration actions had on the physiological demands in professional soccer players. Thirteen players were monitored via microelectromechanical devices during shuttle running protocols which involved one, three, or seven 180 degree directional changes. Heart rate exertion (HRE) (1.1 ± 0.7) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (5 ± 1) were significantly higher for the protocol which included seven directional changes when compared to the protocols which included one (HRE 0.5 ± 0.3, ES = 1.1, RPE 3 ± 0, ES = 2.7) or three (HRE 0.5 ± 0.2, ES = 1.1, RPE 3 ± 1, ES = 1.9) directional changes (p < 0.05). The gravitational force (g-force) as measured through accelerometry (ACC) also showed a similar trend when comparing the seven (8628.2 ± 1630.4 g) to the one (5888.6 ± 1159.1 g, ES = 1.9) or three (6526.9 ± 1257.6 g, ES = 1.4) directional change protocols (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that increasing the frequency of decelerations and accelerations at a high intensity running (HIR) speed alters the movement demands and elevates the physiological responses in professional players. This data has implications for the monitoring of physical performance and implementation of training drills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Tang
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Conall Murtagh
- Liverpool Football Club, Melwood training ground, Liverpool L12 8SY, UK.
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland.
| | - Tim Cable
- Sport Science Department, Aspire Academy, P.O. Box 23833 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Oliver Morgan
- Liverpool Football Club, Melwood training ground, Liverpool L12 8SY, UK.
| | - Andrew O'Boyle
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Darren Burgess
- Arsenal Football Club, Arsenal training centre, London Colney AL2 1DR, UK.
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Everton Football Club, USM Finch Farm training ground, Liverpool L26 3UE, UK.
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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225
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Read DB, Till K, Beasley G, Clarkson M, Heyworth R, Lee J, Weakley JJ, Phibbs PJ, Roe GA, Darrall-Jones J, Jones B. Maximum running intensities during English academy rugby union match-play. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1464660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale B. Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathon J.S. Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Padraic J. Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory A.B. Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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226
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Evans SD, Brewer C, Haigh JD, McDonough A, Lake M, Morton JP, Close GL. The change in external match loads and characteristics for a newly promoted European super league rugby league team over a three season period. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1462502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon David Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Clive Brewer
- Select Security Stadium, Widnes Vikings Rugby League Club, Widnes, UK
| | | | - Andrew McDonough
- Select Security Stadium, Widnes Vikings Rugby League Club, Widnes, UK
| | - Mark Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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227
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Cunningham DJ, Shearer DA, Carter N, Drawer S, Pollard B, Bennett M, Eager R, Cook CJ, Farrell J, Russell M, Kilduff LP. Assessing worst case scenarios in movement demands derived from global positioning systems during international rugby union matches: Rolling averages versus fixed length epochs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195197. [PMID: 29621279 PMCID: PMC5886488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of competitive movement demands in team sports has traditionally relied upon global positioning system (GPS) analyses presented as fixed-time epochs (e.g., 5-40 min). More recently, presenting game data as a rolling average has become prevalent due to concerns over a loss of sampling resolution associated with the windowing of data over fixed periods. Accordingly, this study compared rolling average (ROLL) and fixed-time (FIXED) epochs for quantifying the peak movement demands of international rugby union match-play as a function of playing position. Elite players from three different squads (n = 119) were monitored using 10 Hz GPS during 36 matches played in the 2014-2017 seasons. Players categorised broadly as forwards and backs, and then by positional sub-group (FR: front row, SR: second row, BR: back row, HB: half back, MF: midfield, B3: back three) were monitored during match-play for peak values of high-speed running (>5 m·s-1; HSR) and relative distance covered (m·min-1) over 60-300 s using two types of sample-epoch (ROLL, FIXED). Irrespective of the method used, as the epoch length increased, values for the intensity of running actions decreased (e.g., For the backs using the ROLL method, distance covered decreased from 177.4 ± 20.6 m·min-1 in the 60 s epoch to 107.5 ± 13.3 m·min-1 for the 300 s epoch). For the team as a whole, and irrespective of position, estimates of fixed effects indicated significant between-method differences across all time-points for both relative distance covered and HSR. Movement demands were underestimated consistently by FIXED versus ROLL with differences being most pronounced using 60 s epochs (95% CI HSR: -6.05 to -4.70 m·min-1, 95% CI distance: -18.45 to -16.43 m·min-1). For all HSR time epochs except one, all backs groups increased more (p < 0.01) from FIXED to ROLL than the forward groups. Linear mixed modelling of ROLL data highlighted that for HSR (except 60 s epoch), SR was the only group not significantly different to FR. For relative distance covered all other position groups were greater than the FR (p < 0.05). The FIXED method underestimated both relative distance (~11%) and HSR values (up to ~20%) compared to the ROLL method. These differences were exaggerated for the HSR variable in the backs position who covered the greatest HSR distance; highlighting important consideration for those implementing the FIXED method of analysis. The data provides coaches with a worst-case scenario reference on the running demands required for periods of 60-300 s in length. This information offers novel insight into game demands and can be used to inform the design of training games to increase specificity of preparation for the most demanding phases of matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cunningham
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - David A. Shearer
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Rhondda Cynon Taff, Wales
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | | | | | - Mark Bennett
- The Rugby Football Union, Greater London, England
| | - Robin Eager
- The Rugby Football Union, Greater London, England
| | - Christian J. Cook
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, England
| | - Liam P. Kilduff
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
- Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
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228
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Straw CM, Samson CO, Henry GM, Brown CN. Does variability within natural turfgrass sports fields influence ground-derived injuries? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:893-902. [PMID: 29614918 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1457083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural turfgrass sports fields exhibit within-field variations due to climatic conditions, field construction, field management, and foot traffic patterns from field usage. Variations within a field could influence the playing surface predictability and require athletes to make abrupt or frequent adjustments that lead to increased ground-derived injury occurrence. This study introduces a new methodology aimed at evaluating the potential relationship between within-field variations of turfgrass sports field properties and ground-derived athlete injuries. Collegiate Club Sport athletes self-reported ground-derived injuries over two years. Soil moisture, turfgrass quality, surface hardness, and turfgrass shear strength were quantified from their two home fields. Hot spot analysis identified significantly high (hot spots) and low (cold spots) values within the fields. Injury locations were compared to hot spot maps each month. Binomial proportion tests determined if there were differences between observed injury proportions and expected proportions. Twenty-three ground-derived injuries were reported overall. The observed injury proportions occurring in turfgrass quality cold spots [0.52 (95% CI 0.29-0.76)] and soil moisture hot spots [0.43 (95% CI 0.22-0.66)] was significantly higher than expected [0.20 (p < .001) and 0.21 (p < .05), respectively]. Most injuries in significant areas of turfgrass quality, soil moisture, and surface hardness were along edges of hot and cold spots. These results suggest a potential relationship between within-field variations and ground-derived injuries, particularly in transition areas between non-significant and significant high and low values. Future larger-scale studies can incorporate the reported methodology to validate this relationship and implement strategies that reduce ground-derived injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Straw
- a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,b Department of Horticultural Science , University of Minnesota , Saint Paul , MN , USA
| | | | - Gerald M Henry
- a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Cathleen N Brown
- c Department of Kinesiology , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA.,d College of Public Health and Human Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR , USA
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229
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Luteberget LS, Spencer M, Gilgien M. Validity of the Catapult ClearSky T6 Local Positioning System for Team Sports Specific Drills, in Indoor Conditions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:115. [PMID: 29670530 PMCID: PMC5893723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the validity of position, distance traveled and instantaneous speed of team sport players as measured by a commercially available local positioning system (LPS) during indoor use. In addition, the study investigated how the placement of the field of play relative to the anchor nodes and walls of the building affected the validity of the system. Method: The LPS (Catapult ClearSky T6, Catapult Sports, Australia) and the reference system [Qualisys Oqus, Qualisys AB, Sweden, (infra-red camera system)] were installed around the field of play to capture the athletes' motion. Athletes completed five tasks, all designed to imitate team-sports movements. The same protocol was completed in two sessions, one with an assumed optimal geometrical setup of the LPS (optimal condition), and once with a sub-optimal geometrical setup of the LPS (sub-optimal condition). Raw two-dimensional position data were extracted from both the LPS and the reference system for accuracy assessment. Position, distance and speed were compared. Results: The mean difference between the LPS and reference system for all position estimations was 0.21 ± 0.13 m (n = 30,166) in the optimal setup, and 1.79 ± 7.61 m (n = 22,799) in the sub-optimal setup. The average difference in distance was below 2% for all tasks in the optimal condition, while it was below 30% in the sub-optimal condition. Instantaneous speed showed the largest differences between the LPS and reference system of all variables, both in the optimal (≥35%) and sub-optimal condition (≥74%). The differences between the LPS and reference system in instantaneous speed were speed dependent, showing increased differences with increasing speed. Discussion: Measures of position, distance, and average speed from the LPS show low errors, and can be used confidently in time-motion analyses for indoor team sports. The calculation of instantaneous speed from LPS raw data is not valid. To enhance instantaneous speed calculation the application of appropriate filtering techniques to enhance the validity of such data should be investigated. For all measures, the placement of anchor nodes and the field of play relative to the walls of the building influence LPS output to a large degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Live S Luteberget
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matt Spencer
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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230
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The Influence of Rotations on Match Running Performance in Female Australian Football Midfielders. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:434-441. [PMID: 28872377 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With female Australian football (AF) gaining popularity, understanding match demands is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to compare running performances of rotated and whole-quarter state-level female AF players during match quarters. METHODS Twenty-two state-level female AF midfielders wore Global Positioning System units during 14 games to evaluate activity profiles. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) was used as a measure of high-intensity running ability. Data were categorized into whole quarter, rotation bout 1, and rotation bout 2 before being further divided into quartiles. Players were separated into high- or low-Yo-Yo IR1 groups using a median split based on their Yo-Yo IR1 performance. Short (4-6 min), moderate (6-12 min), and long (12-18 min) on-field bout activity profiles were compared with whole-quarter players. RESULTS High Yo-Yo IR1 performance allowed players to cover greater relative distances (ES = 0.57-0.88) and high-speed distances (ES = 0.57-0.86) during rotations. No differences were reported between Yo-Yo IR1 groups when players were required to play whole quarters (ES ≤ 0.26, likelihood ≤64%). Players who were on field for short to moderate durations exhibited greater activity profiles than whole-quarter players. CONCLUSIONS Superior high-speed running ability results in a greater activity profile than for players who possess lower high-speed running ability. The findings also highlight the importance of short to moderate (4-12 min) rotation periods and may be used to increase high-intensity running performance within quarters in female AF players.
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231
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The Influence of Physical Qualities on Activity Profiles of Female Australian Football Match Play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:524-529. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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232
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The Use of Relative Speed Zones in Australian Football: Are We Really Measuring What We Think We Are? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:442-451. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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233
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Nikolaidis PT, Clemente FM, van der Linden CMI, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Validity and Reliability of 10-Hz Global Positioning System to Assess In-line Movement and Change of Direction. Front Physiol 2018; 9:228. [PMID: 29599725 PMCID: PMC5862865 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to examine the validity and reliability of the 10 Hz Johan GPS unit in assessing in-line movement and change of direction. The validity was tested against the criterion measure of 200 m track-and-field (track-and-field athletes, n = 8) and 20 m shuttle run endurance test (female soccer players, n = 20). Intra-unit and inter-unit reliability was tested by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV), respectively. An analysis of variance examined differences between the GPS measurement and five laps of 200 m at 15 km/h, and t-test examined differences between the GPS measurement and 20 m shuttle run endurance test. The difference between the GPS measurement and 200 m distance ranged from −0.13 ± 3.94 m (95% CI −3.42; 3.17) in the first lap to 2.13 ± 2.64 m (95% CI −0.08; 4.33) in the fifth lap. A good intra-unit reliability was observed in 200 m (ICC = 0.833, 95% CI 0.535; 0.962). Inter-unit CV ranged from 1.31% (fifth lap) to 2.20% (third lap). The difference between the GPS measurement and 20 m shuttle run endurance test ranged from 0.33 ± 4.16 m (95% CI −10.01; 10.68) in 11.5 km/h to 9.00 ± 5.30 m (95% CI 6.44; 11.56) in 8.0 km/h. A moderate intra-unit reliability was shown in the second and third stage of the 20 m shuttle run endurance test (ICC = 0.718, 95% CI 0.222;0.898) and good reliability in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth (ICC = 0.831, 95% CI −0.229;0.996). Inter-unit CV ranged from 2.08% (11.5 km/h) to 3.92% (8.5 km/h). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the 10 Hz Johan system offers an affordable valid and reliable tool for coaches and fitness trainers to monitor training and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mebase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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234
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Young D, Mourot L, Coratella G. Match-play performance comparisons between elite and sub-elite hurling players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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235
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DeWitt JK, Gonzales M, Laughlin MS, Amonette WE. External loading is dependent upon game state and varies by position in professional women’s soccer. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1447142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John K DeWitt
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meghan Gonzales
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William E Amonette
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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236
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Pollard BT, Turner AN, Eager R, Cunningham DJ, Cook CJ, Hogben P, Kilduff LP. The ball in play demands of international rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1090-1094. [PMID: 29559318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rugby union is a high intensity intermittent sport, typically analysed via set time periods or rolling average methods. This study reports the demands of international rugby union via global positioning system (GPS) metrics expressed as mean ball in play (BiP), maximum BiP (max BiP), and whole match outputs. DESIGN Single cohort cross sectional study involving 22 international players, categorised as forwards and backs. METHODS A total of 88 GPS files from eight international test matches were collected during 2016. An Opta sportscode timeline was integrated into the GPS software to split the data into BiP periods. Metres per min (mmin-1), high metabolic load per min (HML), accelerations per min (Acc), high speed running per min (HSR), and collisions per min (Coll) were expressed relative to BiP periods and over the whole match (>60min). RESULTS Whole match metrics were significantly lower than all BiP metrics (p<0.001). Mean and max BiP HML, (p<0.01) and HSR (p<0.05) were significantly higher for backs versus forwards, whereas Coll were significantly higher for forwards (p<0.001). In plays lasting 61s or greater, max BiP mmin-1 were higher for backs. Max BiP mmin-1, HML, HSR and Coll were all time dependant (p<0.05) showing that both movement metrics and collision demands differ as length of play continues. CONCLUSIONS This study uses a novel method of accurately assessing the BiP demands of rugby union. It also reports typical and maximal demands of international rugby union that can be used by practitioners and scientists to target training of worst-case scenario's equivalent to international intensity. Backs covered greater distances at higher speeds and demonstrated higher HML, in general play as well as 'worst case scenarios'; conversely forwards perform a higher number of collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Pollard
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Saracens RFC, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony N Turner
- School of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Cunningham
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | - Christian J Cook
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Health, University of Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- Applied Sport Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom
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237
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The Demands of a Women's College Soccer Season. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010016. [PMID: 29910320 PMCID: PMC5969200 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use GPS, accelerometers, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) to examine the demands of a Division II women’s soccer team. Data was collected on 25 collegiate Division II women’s soccer players over an entire regular season (17 matches and 24 practices). ZephyrTM BioHarnesses (BHs) were used to collect tri-axial acceleration information and GPS derived variables for all matches and practices. Acceleration data was used to calculate Impulse Load, a measure of mechanical load that includes only locomotor related accelerations. GPS was used to quantify total distance and distance in six speed zones. Internal Training Loads were assessed via sRPE. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during match play was 20,120 ± 8609 N·s, 5.48 ± 2.35 km, and 892.50 ± 358.50, respectively. Mean Impulse Load, total distance, and sRPE during practice was 12,410 ± 4067 N·s, 2.95 ± 0.95 km, and 143.30 ± 123.50, respectively. Several very large to nearly perfect correlations were found between Impulse Load and total distance (r = 0.95; p < 0.001), Impulse Load and sRPE (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), and total distance and sRPE (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). This study details the mechanical demands of Division II women’s soccer match play. This study also demonstrates that Impulse Load is a good indicator of total distance.
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238
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Effects of Preseason Training on the Sleep Characteristics of Professional Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:176-182. [PMID: 28530487 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of daily and exponentially weighted moving training loads on subsequent nighttime sleep. METHODS Sleep of 14 professional rugby league athletes competing in the National Rugby League was recorded using wristwatch actigraphy. Physical demands were quantified using GPS technology, including total distance, high-speed distance, acceleration/deceleration load (SumAccDec; AU), and session rating of perceived exertion (AU). Linear mixed models determined effects of acute (daily) and subacute (3- and 7-d) exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) on sleep. RESULTS Higher daily SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (effect-size correlation; ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and sleep duration (ES = 0.12; ±0.09). Greater 3-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with increased sleep efficiency (ES = 0.14; ±0.09) and an earlier bedtime (ES = 0.14; ±0.09). An increase in 7-d EWMA SumAccDec was associated with heightened sleep efficiency (ES = 0.15; ±0.09) and earlier bedtimes (ES = 0.15; ±0.09). CONCLUSIONS The direction of the associations between training loads and sleep varied, but the strongest relationships showed that higher training loads increased various measures of sleep. Practitioners should be aware of the increased requirement for sleep during intensified training periods, using this information in the planning and implementation of training and individualized recovery modalities.
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240
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Hoppe MW, Baumgart C, Polglaze T, Freiwald J. Validity and reliability of GPS and LPS for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192708. [PMID: 29420620 PMCID: PMC5805339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of global (GPS) and local (LPS) positioning systems for measuring distances covered and sprint mechanical properties in team sports. Here, we evaluated two recently released 18 Hz GPS and 20 Hz LPS technologies together with one established 10 Hz GPS technology. Six male athletes (age: 27±2 years; VO2max: 48.8±4.7 ml/min/kg) performed outdoors on 10 trials of a team sport-specific circuit that was equipped with double-light timing gates. The circuit included various walking, jogging, and sprinting sections that were performed either in straight-lines or with changes of direction. During the circuit, athletes wore two devices of each positioning system. From the reported and filtered velocity data, the distances covered and sprint mechanical properties (i.e., the theoretical maximal horizontal velocity, force, and power output) were computed. The sprint mechanical properties were modeled via an inverse dynamic approach applied to the center of mass. The validity was determined by comparing the measured and criterion data via the typical error of estimate (TEE), whereas the reliability was examined by comparing the two devices of each technology (i.e., the between-device reliability) via the coefficient of variation (CV). Outliers due to measurement errors were statistically identified and excluded from validity and reliability analyses. The 18 Hz GPS showed better validity and reliability for determining the distances covered (TEE: 1.6–8.0%; CV: 1.1–5.1%) and sprint mechanical properties (TEE: 4.5–14.3%; CV: 3.1–7.5%) than the 10 Hz GPS (TEE: 3.0–12.9%; CV: 2.5–13.0% and TEE: 4.1–23.1%; CV: 3.3–20.0%). However, the 20 Hz LPS demonstrated superior validity and reliability overall (TEE: 1.0–6.0%; CV: 0.7–5.0% and TEE: 2.1–9.2%; CV: 1.6–7.3%). For the 10 Hz GPS, 18 Hz GPS, and 20 Hz LPS, the relative loss of data sets due to measurement errors was 10.0%, 20.0%, and 15.8%, respectively. This study shows that 18 Hz GPS has enhanced validity and reliability for determining movement patterns in team sports compared to 10 Hz GPS, whereas 20 Hz LPS had superior validity and reliability overall. However, compared to 10 Hz GPS, 18 Hz GPS and 20 Hz LPS technologies had more outliers due to measurement errors, which limits their practical applications at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Hoppe
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Baumgart
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ted Polglaze
- University of Western Australia, Exercise and Sport Science, School of Human Sciences, Perth, Australia
| | - Jürgen Freiwald
- University of Wuppertal, Department of Movement and Training Science, Wuppertal, Germany
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241
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The Dose-Response Relationship Between Training Load and Aerobic Fitness in Academy Rugby Union Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:163-169. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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242
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The match-to-match variation of match-running in elite female soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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243
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Bastida Castillo A, Gómez Carmona CD, De la Cruz Sánchez E, Pino Ortega J. Accuracy, intra- and inter-unit reliability, and comparison between GPS and UWB-based position-tracking systems used for time-motion analyses in soccer. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:450-457. [PMID: 29385963 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1427796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is interest in the accuracy and inter-unit reliability of position-tracking systems to monitor players. Research into this technology, although relatively recent, has grown exponentially in the last years, and it is difficult to find professional team sport that does not use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology at least. The aim of this study is to know the accuracy of both GPS-based and Ultra Wide Band (UWB)-based systems on a soccer field and their inter- and intra-unit reliability. A secondary aim is to compare them for practical applications in sport science. Following institutional ethical approval and familiarization, 10 healthy and well-trained former soccer players (20 ± 1.6 years, 1.76 ± 0.08 cm, and 69.5 ± 9.8 kg) performed three course tests: (i) linear course, (ii) circular course, and (iii) a zig-zag course, all using UWB and GPS technologies. The average speed and distance covered were compared with timing gates and the real distance as references. The UWB technology showed better accuracy (bias: 0.57-5.85%), test-retest reliability (%TEM: 1.19), and inter-unit reliability (bias: 0.18) in determining distance covered than the GPS technology (bias: 0.69-6.05%; %TEM: 1.47; bias: 0.25) overall. Also, UWB showed better results (bias: 0.09; ICC: 0.979; bias: 0.01) for mean velocity measurement than GPS (bias: 0.18; ICC: 0.951; bias: 0.03).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bastida Castillo
- a BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Department , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Carlos D Gómez Carmona
- a BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Department , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression Department , University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz Sánchez
- a BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Department , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - José Pino Ortega
- a BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Department , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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244
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Relationship Between Pretraining Subjective Wellness Measures, Player Load, and Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion Training Load in American College Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:95-101. [PMID: 28488913 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The relationship between pretraining subjective wellness and external and internal training load in American college football is unclear. PURPOSE To examine the relationship of pretraining subjective wellness (sleep quality, muscle soreness, energy, wellness Z score) with player load and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE-TL) in American college football players. METHODS Subjective wellness (measured using 5-point, Likert-scale questionnaires), external load (derived from GPS and accelerometry), and s-RPE-TL were collected during 3 typical training sessions per week for the second half of an American college football season (8 wk). The relationship of pretraining subjective wellness with player load and s-RPE training load was analyzed using linear mixed models with a random intercept for athlete and a random slope for training session. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) denote the effect magnitude. RESULTS A 1-unit increase in wellness Z score and energy was associated with trivial 2.3% (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.5, 4.2; SMD 0.12) and 2.6% (90% CI 0.1, 5.2; SMD 0.13) increases in player load, respectively. A 1-unit increase in muscle soreness (players felt less sore) corresponded to a trivial 4.4% (90% CI -8.4, -0.3; SMD -0.05) decrease in s-RPE training load. CONCLUSION Measuring pretraining subjective wellness may provide information about players' capacity to perform in a training session and could be a key determinant of their response to the imposed training demands American college football. Hence, monitoring subjective wellness may aid in the individualization of training prescription in American college football players.
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245
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Beato M, Jamil M, Devereux G. Reliability of internal and external load parameters in recreational football (soccer) for health. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:244-250. [PMID: 29363348 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1431532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is limited research focussed around the analysis of internal and external load parameters during football health programmes. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of internal and external load parameters in this activity. Thrity subjects were enrolled (mean ± SDs; age = 43 ± 3 years, weight = 84 ± 14 kg, height = 176 ± 7 cm, BMI = 27.1 ± 3, VO2max = 40.7 ± 3.4 ml.kg.min-1). The football matches (five a-side) took place on an artificial grass outdoor field (pitch size of 36 × 18.5 m). Participants completed the match (60 min) and replicated the same match a week later. The analysis took into account several parameters: heart rate (HR), total distance (TD), high speed running (HSR), number of accelerations (>2 m.s-2) and metabolic power (MP). We found a good score of reliability in several parameters: TD (ICC = 0.66), accelerations (ICC = 0.62), mean HR (ICC = 0.82), HSR (ICC = 0.77) and MP (ICC = 0.66). The results reported in this study revealed good scores of absolute reliability and small/trivial effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- a Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology , University of Suffolk , Ipswich , UK.,b Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Mikael Jamil
- a Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology , University of Suffolk , Ipswich , UK
| | - Gavin Devereux
- a Faculty of Health and Science, Department of Science and Technology , University of Suffolk , Ipswich , UK
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246
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de Hoyo M, Sañudo B, Suárez-Arrones L, Carrasco L, Joel T, Domínguez-Cobo S, Núñez FJ. Analysis of the acceleration profile according to initial speed and positional role in elite professional male soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1774-1780. [PMID: 29199786 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to analyze the acceleration profile in elite professional soccer players according to their initial speed but also considering players' position. METHODS Players' accelerations profiles were analyzed using a relative acceleration profile according to the initial speed (S1, from 0 to 7 km/h; S2, from 7.1 to 14.3 km/h; and S3, ≥14.4 km/h) and the maximum acceleration. RESULTS Within-group analyzes showed that center backs (CB) performed more high intensity accelerations (likely) when they started in S1 than S2 (effect size [ES] 0.50). Strikers (S) and wide midfielders (W-MD) achieved more accelerations (likely to almost certain) starting in S3 than S1 (ES=0.80 and ES=0.59, respectively) and S2 (ES=0.67 and ES=1.09, respectively). Full backs (FB) completed more accelerations (almost certain) starting in S1 and S3 than S2 (ES=1.39 and ES=1.36, respectively). Finally, midfielders (MD) executed a greater number of high intensity accelerations (likely to almost certain) when they started in S1 than S2 (ES=0.83) and S3 (ES=0.66), and in S3 than S2 (ES=4.72). Between-group analyzes showed that S, W-MD, and FB performed a greater total number of high intensity accelerations (very likely to almost certain) than CB (ES=1.94, ES=1.57, and ES=1.51, respectively) and MD (ES=1.23, ES=0.92; and ES=0.81, respectively). Furthermore, MD performed substantially greater total number of high intensity accelerations (likely) than CB (ES=0.56). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CB achieved more high-intensity accelerations starting in low and moderate speed, S and W-MD in high speed, and FB combined low and high speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain - .,Section of Fitness, Sevilla FC, Seville, Spain -
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Luis Carrasco
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tom Joel
- Department of Sports Science, Leicester City Football Club, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Francisco J Núñez
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.,Section of Fitness, Beijing Sinobo Guoan Football Club, Beijing, China
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247
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Serpiello FR, Hopkins WG, Barnes S, Tavrou J, Duthie GM, Aughey RJ, Ball K. Validity of an ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure locomotion in indoor sports. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1727-1733. [PMID: 29192842 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1411867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The validity of an Ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning system was investigated during linear and change-of-direction (COD) running drills. Six recreationally-active men performed ten repetitions of four activities (walking, jogging, maximal acceleration, and 45º COD) on an indoor court. Activities were repeated twice, in the centre of the court and on the side. Participants wore a receiver tag (Clearsky T6, Catapult Sports) and two reflective markers placed on the tag to allow for comparisons with the criterion system (Vicon). Distance, mean and peak velocity, acceleration, and deceleration were assessed. Validity was assessed via percentage least-square means difference (Clearsky-Vicon) with 90% confidence interval and magnitude-based inference; typical error was expressed as within-subject standard deviation. The mean differences for distance, mean/peak speed, and mean/peak accelerations in the linear drills were in the range of 0.2-12%, with typical errors between 1.2 and 9.3%. Mean and peak deceleration had larger differences and errors between systems. In the COD drill, moderate-to-large differences were detected for the activity performed in the centre of the court, increasing to large/very large on the side. When filtered and smoothed following a similar process, the UWB-based positioning system had acceptable validity, compared to Vicon, to assess movements representative of indoor sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Serpiello
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - W G Hopkins
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,b Defence Institute , Oslo , Norway
| | - S Barnes
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - J Tavrou
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - G M Duthie
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia.,c School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Strathfield , Australia
| | - R J Aughey
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - K Ball
- a Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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248
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Lazarus BH, Stewart AM, White KM, Rowell AE, Esmaeili A, Hopkins WG, Aughey RJ. Proposal of a Global Training Load Measure Predicting Match Performance in an Elite Team Sport. Front Physiol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 29209229 PMCID: PMC5702311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The use of external and internal load is an important aspect of monitoring systems in team sport. The aim of this study was to validate a novel measure of training load by quantifying the training-performance relationship of elite Australian footballers. Methods: The primary training measure of each of 36 players was weekly load derived from a weighted combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) data and perceived wellness over a 24-week season. Smoothed loads representing an exponentially weighted rolling average were derived with decay time constants of 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Differential loads representing rate of change in load were generated in similar fashion. Other derived measures of training included monotony, strain and acute:chronic ratio. Performance was a proprietary score derived from match performance indicators. Effects of a 1 SD within-player change below and above the mean of each training measure were quantified with a quadratic mixed model for each position (defenders, forwards, midfielders, and rucks). Effects were interpreted using standardization and magnitude-based inferences. Results: Performance was generally highest near the mean or ~1 SD below the mean of each training measure, and 1 SD increases in the following measures produced small impairments: weekly load (defenders, forwards, and midfielders); 1.5-week smoothed load (midfielders); 4-week differential load (defenders, forwards, and midfielders); and acute:chronic ratio (defenders and forwards). Effects of other measures in other positions were either trivial or unclear. Conclusion: The innovative combination of load was sensitive to performance in this elite Australian football cohort. Periods of high acute load and sustained increases in load impaired match performance. Positional differences should be taken into account for individual training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan H Lazarus
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Stewart
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin M White
- Collingwood Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amber E Rowell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Victory Football Club, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alireza Esmaeili
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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249
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Tallent J, Higgins M, Parker N, Waldron M, Bradford E, Keenan J, O'neill BV, Bell PG. Quantification of bowling workload and changes in cognitive function in elite fast bowlers in training compared with Twenty20 Cricket. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:35-41. [PMID: 29111627 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bowling overs are the primary recorded measure for workloads in cricket for youth through to professionals. However, the validity of this measure has never been tested. Additionally, despite the cognitive component of cricket being suggested to be very high, changes in psychomotor processing speed has again not been explored. METHODS Eight professional English county cricket bowlers participated in the study. Participants wore global positioning systems with a tri-axial accelerometer during a Twenty20 match and training. Bowling overs were expressed relative to external forces. Additionally, cognitive function (as measured by psychomotor speed) was assessed pre and post Twenty20 game and training. RESULTS When expressed relative to high intensity running distance or external forces from the tri-axial accelerometer, the cost of each over (6 deliveries) was over 100% higher in a Twenty20 game compared to training. Psychomotor speed was unchanged although error within the cognitive task increased post Twenty20 (391±82±547±104 ms) and training (414±110±561±238 ms). This data suggests that reaction time is unchanged from cricket but the chance of making the incorrect decision is increased. CONCLUSIONS Movements in fielding should be quantified or bowling workloads adjusted to account for the high intensity fielding associated with Twenty20 cricket. Cognitive function was impaired following bowling, suggesting practitioners may also monitor psychomotor changes when assessing fatigue and allow appropriate time to mentally recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK -
| | | | - Nick Parker
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Eoin Bradford
- Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club, Brighton, UK
| | - James Keenan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Barry V O'neill
- GSK Human Performance Lab, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, London, UK
| | - Philip G Bell
- GSK Human Performance Lab, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, London, UK
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250
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Fransson D, Nielsen TS, Olsson K, Christensson T, Bradley PS, Fatouros IG, Krustrup P, Nordsborg NB, Mohr M. Skeletal muscle and performance adaptations to high-intensity training in elite male soccer players: speed endurance runs versus small-sided game training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:111-121. [PMID: 29119246 PMCID: PMC5754420 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To examine the skeletal muscle and performance responses across two different exercise training modalities which are highly applied in soccer training. Methods Using an RCT design, 39 well-trained male soccer players were randomized into either a speed endurance training (SET; n = 21) or a small-sided game group (SSG; n = 18). Over 4 weeks, thrice weekly, SET performed 6–10 × 30-s all-out runs with 3-min recovery, while SSG completed 2 × 7–9-min small-sided games with 2-min recovery. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis pre and post intervention and were subsequently analysed for metabolic enzyme activity and muscle protein expression. Moreover, the Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 test (Yo–Yo IR2) was performed. Results Muscle CS maximal activity increased (P < 0.05) by 18% in SET only, demonstrating larger (P < 0.05) improvement than SSG, while HAD activity increased (P < 0.05) by 24% in both groups. Na+–K+ ATPase α1 subunit protein expression increased (P < 0.05) in SET and SSG (19 and 37%, respectively), while MCT4 protein expression rose (P < 0.05) by 30 and 61% in SET and SSG, respectively. SOD2 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 28 and 37% in SET and SSG, respectively, while GLUT-4 protein expression increased (P < 0.05) by 40% in SSG only. Finally, SET displayed 39% greater improvement (P < 0.05) in Yo–Yo IR2 performance than SSG. Conclusion Speed endurance training improved muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance more pronouncedly than small-sided game training, but comparable responses were in muscle ion transporters and antioxidative capacity in well-trained male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fransson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Olsson
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Tobias Christensson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Magni Mohr
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Center for Health and Human Performance, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncks gøta 25. 3rd floor, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
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