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Jiang Y, Ben Q, Shen H, Lu W, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:863-76. [PMID: 21938478 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). To provide a quantitative assessment of the association between DM and risk of CRC, We evaluated the relation between DM and incidence and mortality of CRC in a systematic review of cohort studies. Full publications of cohort studies were identified in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Citation Index Expanded, through February 28, 2011. Summary relative risks (SRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were summarized using a random-effects model. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran's Q and I2 statistics. A total of 41 cohort studies (35 articles) were included in this systematic review. Combining 30 cohort studies which presented results on diabetes and CRC incidence, diabetes was associated with an increased incidence of CRC (SRRs 1.27, 95% CI: 1.21-1.34), with evident heterogeneity among studies (P=0.002, I2=48.4%). Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis by controlling the confounders showed that the increased incidence of CRC was independent of geographic locations, sex, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking, physical activity and body mass index. Diabetes was also positively associated with CRC mortality (SRR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.40), with evidence of heterogeneity between studies (P<0.001, I2=81.4%). Results from this systematic review support that compared to non-diabetic individuals, diabetic individuals have an increased risk of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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202
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Kim JS, Kim ES, Liu D, Lee JJ, Solis L, Behrens C, Lippman SM, Hong WK, Wistuba II, Lee HY. Prognostic impact of insulin receptor expression on survival of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2011; 118:2454-65. [PMID: 21952750 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A total of 459 patients who underwent curative resection of NSCLC were studied (median follow-up duration, 4.01 years). Expression of the IR and IGF-1R protein in tumor specimens was assessed immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays. RESULTS The cytoplasmic IR score was higher in patients with adenocarcinoma (ADC) than in those with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas cytoplasmic IGF-1R score was higher in patients with SCC than those with ADC. Neither IR nor IGF-1R expression was associated with sex, smoking history, or clinical stage. Patients with positive IR or IGF-1R expression levels had poor recurrence-free (RFS) (3.8 vs 3.3 years; 3.8 vs 2.0 years, respectively), but similar overall survival (OS). Patients with high expression levels of IR and IGF-1R had shorter RFS and OS compared with those with low levels of IR and/or IGF-1R expression. Finally, a multivariate analysis revealed the impact of IR, but not of IGF-1R, as an independent predictive marker of NSCLC survival: hazard ratio (HR) for OS, 1.005 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.010], HR for RFS, 1.005 (95% CI, 1.001-1.009), when IR score was tested as a continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of IR predicts a poor survival among patients with NSCLC, especially those with SCC. These results might serve as future guidance to the clinical trials involving IR or IGR-1R targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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203
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Ozkan EE. Plasma and tissue insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) as a prognostic marker for prostate cancer and anti-IGF-IR agents as novel therapeutic strategy for refractory cases: a review. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 344:1-24. [PMID: 21782884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer database analysis indicates that prostate cancer is one of the most seen cancers in men meanwhile composing the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among developed countries. Current available therapies are surgery, radiotherapy and androgene ablation for prostate carcinoma. The response rate is as high nearly 90% however, most of these recur or become refractory and androgene independent (AI). Therefore recent studies intensified on molecular factors playing role on development of prostate carcinoma and novel treatment strategies targetting these factors and their receptors. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its primary receptor insulin-like growth factor receptor-I (IGF-IR) are among these factors. Biologic functions and role in malign progression are primarily achieved via IGF-IR which is a type 2 tyrosine kinase receptor. IGF-IR plays an important role in mitogenesis, angiogenesis, transformation, apoptosis and cell motility. It also generates intensive proliferative signals leading to carcinogenesis in prostate tissue. So IGF-IR and its associated signalling system have provoked considerable interest over recent years as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. In this paper it is aimed to sum up the lately published literature searching the relation of IGF-IR and prostate cancer in terms of incidence, pathologic features, and prognosis. This is followed by a discussion of the different possible targets within the IGF-1R system, and drugs developed to interact at each target. A systems-based approach is then used to review the in vitro and in vivo data in the published literature of the following compounds targeting IGF-1R components using specific examples: growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists (e.g. JV-1-38), growth hormone receptor antagonists (e.g. pegvisomant), IGF-1R antibodies (e.g. CP-751,871, AVE1642/EM164, IMC-A12, SCH-717454, BIIB022, AMG 479, MK-0646/h7C10), and IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. BMS-536942, BMS-554417, NVP-AEW541, NVP-ADW742, AG1024, potent quinolinyl-derived imidazo (1,5-a)pyrazine PQIP, picropodophyllin PPP, nordihydroguaiaretic acid Insm-18/NDGA). And the other end point is to yield an overview on the recent progress about usage of this receptor as a novel anticancer agent of targeted therapies in treatment of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Elif Ozkan
- OSM Middle East Health Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sanliurfa 63000, Turkey.
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204
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McLaren ID, Jerde TJ, Bushman W. Role of interleukins, IGF and stem cells in BPH. Differentiation 2011; 82:237-43. [PMID: 21864972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may be defined as a benign enlargement of the prostate gland resulting from a proliferation of both benign epithelial and stromal elements. It might also be defined clinically as a constellation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) in aging men. The purpose of this review is to consider the ways in which inflammatory cytokines belonging to the interleukin family, members of the IFG family, and stem cells may contribute to the development and progression of BPH-LUTS. This might occur in three mechanisms: One, interleukin signaling, IFG signaling and stem cells may contribute to reactivation of developmental growth mechanisms in the adult prostate leading to tissue growth. Two, given that epidemiologic studies indicate an increased incidence of BPH-LUTS in association with obesity and diabetes, IFG signaling may provide the mechanistic basis for the effect of diabetes and obesity on prostate growth. Three, expression of interleukins in association with inflammation in the prostate may induce sensitization of afferent fibers innervating the prostate and result in increased sensitivity to pain and noxious sensations in the prostate and bladder and heightened sensitivity to bladder filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D McLaren
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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205
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Bayraktar S, Hernadez-Aya LF, Lei X, Meric-Bernstam F, Litton JK, Hsu L, Hortobagyi GN, Gonzalez-Angulo AM. Effect of metformin on survival outcomes in diabetic patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2011; 118:1202-11. [PMID: 21800293 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent observational studies have shown that metformin use in diabetic patients decreases both cancer incidence and mortality. Metformin use is also independently predictive of pathologic complete response. In the current study, the authors explored the association between metformin use and survival outcomes in patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer (TNBC) who were receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS The Breast Cancer Management System database of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center identified 1448 women who received adjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC between 1995 and 2007. Patients were categorized by diabetes status and metformin use. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to calculate distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine the association between metformin use and survival outcomes. RESULTS The study cohort was comprised of 63 diabetic patients receiving treatment with metformin, 67 diabetic patients not receiving metformin, and 1318 nondiabetic patients. Patients in the diabetic groups tended to be older (P = .005); more diabetic patients were postmenopausal (P = .0007), black (P = .0001), and obese (P < .0001). At a median follow-up of 62 months, there were no significant differences with regard to 5-year DMFS (P = .23), RFS (P = .38), and OS (P = .58) between the 3 groups. Compared with the metformin group, patients who did not receive metformin (hazard ratio [HR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.87-3.06 [P = .13]) and nondiabetic patients (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.97-2.71 [P = .06]) tended to have a higher risk of distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study suggest that metformin use during adjuvant chemotherapy does not significantly impact survival outcomes in diabetic patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soley Bayraktar
- Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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206
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pancreatogenic, or type 3c, diabetes (T3cDM) occurs due to inherited or acquired pancreatic disease or resection. Although similar to the more prevalent type 1 and type 2 diabetes, pancreatogenic diabetes has a unique pattern of hormonal and metabolic characteristics and a high incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in the majority of patients with T3cDM. Despite these differences, no guidelines for therapy have been described. METHODS Published studies on the prevalence, pathophysiology, and cancer associations of T3cDM were reviewed. The recent studies on the protective role and mechanism of metformin therapy as both an anti-diabetic and anti-neoplastic agent were reviewed, and studies on the cancer risk of other anti-diabetic drugs were surveyed. RESULTS T3cDM accounts for 5-10% of Western diabetic populations and is associated with mild to severe disease. Hepatic insulin resistance is characteristic of T3cDM and is caused by deficiencies of both insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. 75% of T3cDM is due to chronic pancreatitis, which carries a high risk for pancreatic carcinoma. Insulin and insulin secretagogue treatment increases the risk of malignancy, whereas metformin therapy reduces it. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency associated with T3cDM contributes to nutritional deficiencies and the development of metabolic bone disease. CONCLUSIONS Until consensus recommendations are reached, the glycemic treatment of T3cDM should avoid insulin and insulin secretagogues if possible. Metformin should be the first line of therapy, and continued if insulin treatment must be added for adequate glucose control. Pancreatic enzyme therapy should be added to prevent secondary nutritional and metabolic complications. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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207
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Stefansdottir G, Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Kengne AP, Knol MJ, Leufkens HGM, Patel A, Woodward M, Grobbee DE, De Bruin ML. Intensive glucose control and risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1608-14. [PMID: 21509444 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of cancer. This study examines the effect of more vs less intensive glucose control on the risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS All 11,140 participants from the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00145925) were studied. Cancer incidence and cancer mortality was compared in groups randomised to intensive or standard glucose control. Information on events during follow-up was obtained from serious adverse event reports and death certificates. HRs (95% CI) were calculated for all cancers, all solid cancers, cancer deaths and site-specific cancers. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 5 years, 363 and 337 cancer events were reported in the intensive and standard control groups, respectively (incidence 1.39/100 person-years [PY] and 1.28/100 PY; HR 1.08 [95% CI 0.93-1.26]). The incidences of all solid cancers and cancer deaths were 1.25/100 PY and 0.55/100 PY in the intensive group and 1.15/100 PY and 0.63/100 PY in the standard group (HR 1.09[95% CI 0.93–1.27] for solid cancers, and 0.88 [0.71–1.10] for cancer death) [corrected].Across all the major organ systems studied, no significant differences in the cancer incidences were observed in the intensive and standard control groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS More intensive glucose control achieved with a regimen that included greater use of gliclazide, insulin, metformin and other agents, did not affect the risk of cancer events or death in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stefansdottir
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre (UMC), Utrecht, the Netherlands
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208
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and malignant tumors are frequent diseases worldwide. The incidence of these two diseases is growing continuously and causes serious health care problem. Population based epidemiologic studies show that the coexistence of type 2 diabetes and malignant tumors is more frequent than expected by the age-corrected incidence and prevalence of each disease. Epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses show that type 2 diabetes increases the risk and tumor specific mortality of certain cancers. The overlapping risk factors of the diseases suggest a relationship between type 2 diabetes and malignant tumors, with a significant role of obesity as a major risk factor. In the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes there are several biological processes, which may explain the higher cancer risk in type 2 diabetes. In vitro experiments, and in vivo animal studies show that the mitotic effect of hyperinsulinemia plays an important role in the relationship of cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies show that the different treatment modalities, antidiabetic drugs and their combinations used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes can modify cancer risk. The majority of the data show that metformin therapy decreases, while insulin secretagog drugs slightly increase the risk of certain types of cancers in type 2 diabetes. Metformin can decrease cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines. Endogenous and exogenous (therapy induced) hyperinsulinemia may be mitogenic and may increase the risk of cancer in type 2 diabetes. Human studies showed that the analogue insulin glargin increases the risk of certain cancers. As a result of conceptual weaknesses in study design, data collection, and statistical methods the results of these studies are questionable. According to present knowledge, obtaining and maintaining optimal metabolic target values with the appropriate choice of treatment modality is the aim of treatment in type 2 diabetes. Presently, study results showing elevated mitogenic potential with some antidiabetic treatment modalities are not taken into account, when considering the choice of antidiabetic treatment in type 2 diabetic patients. In the care of patients with increased cancer risk, oncologic considerations should be taken into account. Well designed, prospective, clinical studies would be necessary to demonstrate the possible correlation between treatment modalities of type 2 diabetes and change of cancer risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1144–1155.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Rosta
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Budapest Ráth Gy. u. 5–9. 1122
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209
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Donohoe CL, Doyle SL, Reynolds JV. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011; 3:12. [PMID: 21696633 PMCID: PMC3145556 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a well established link between obesity and cancer. Emerging research is characterising this relationship further and delineating the specific role of excess visceral adiposity, as opposed to simple obesity, in promoting tumorigenesis. This review summarises the evidence from an epidemiological and pathophysiological perspective. METHODS Relevant medical literature was identified from searches of PubMed and references cited in appropriate articles identified. Selection of articles was based on peer review, journal and relevance. RESULTS Numerous epidemiological studies consistently identify increased risk of developing carcinoma in the obese. Adipose tissue, particularly viscerally located fat, is metabolically active and exerts systemic endocrine effects. Putative pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity and carcinogenesis include the paracrine effects of adipose tissue and systemic alterations associated with obesity. Systemic changes in the obese state include chronic inflammation and alterations in adipokines and sex steroids. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factor axis influence tumorigenesis and also have a complex relationship with adiposity. There is evidence to suggest that insulin and the IGF axis play an important role in mediating obesity associated malignancy. CONCLUSIONS There is much evidence to support a role for obesity in cancer progression, however further research is warranted to determine the specific effect of excess visceral adipose tissue on tumorigenesis. Investigation of the potential mechanisms underpinning the association, including the role of insulin and the IGF axis, will improve understanding of the obesity and cancer link and may uncover targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Donohoe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Suzanne L Doyle
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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210
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Cannata D, Fierz Y, Vijayakumar A, LeRoith D. Type 2 diabetes and cancer: what is the connection? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:197-213. [PMID: 20309918 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia may lead to cancer through insulin's effect on its cognate receptor and the insulin-like growth factor system. The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on cancer development and progression have been demonstrated in animal and human studies. Type 2 diabetes has been positively associated with cancers of the breast, colon, and pancreas. An inverse relationship has been observed between type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer, and this may be due to lower testosterone levels in men with type 2 diabetes. Medications used to treat type 2 diabetes may affect cancer cells directly or indirectly by affecting serum insulin levels. Hyperinsulinemia may be an important risk factor for cancer as well as a target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Cannata
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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211
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Bäck K, Brännmark C, Strålfors P, Arnqvist HJ. Differential effects of IGF-I, IGF-II and insulin in human preadipocytes and adipocytes--role of insulin and IGF-I receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:130-5. [PMID: 21524684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared insulin and IGF effects in adipocytes expressing IR (insulin receptors), and preadipocytes expressing IR and IGF-IR (IGF-I receptors). Treatment of adipocytes with insulin, IGF-II or IGF-I resulted in phosphorylation of IR. Order of potency was insulin>IGF-II>IGF-I. In preadipocytes IR, IGF-IR and insulin/IGF-I hybrid receptors (HR) were detected. Treatment of preadipocytes with IGF-I and IGF-II 10(-8)M resulted in activation of IGF-IR and IR whereas insulin was more potent in activating IR, with no effect on IGF-IR. In adipocytes glucose transport was 100-fold more sensitive to insulin than to IGFs and the maximal effect was higher with insulin. In preadipocytes glucose accumulation and DNA synthesis was equally sensitive to insulin and IGFs but the maximal effect was higher with IGF-I. In conclusion, insulin and IGF-I activate their cognate receptors and IGF-I also HR. IGF-II activates IR, IGF-IR and HR. Insulin and IGF-I are partial agonists to each other's receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bäck
- Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology and Linköping Diabetes Research Centre, Linköping, Sweden.
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212
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Suvasini R, Shruti B, Thota B, Shinde SV, Friedmann-Morvinski D, Nawaz Z, Prasanna KV, Thennarasu K, Hegde AS, Arivazhagan A, Chandramouli BA, Santosh V, Somasundaram K. Insulin growth factor-2 binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is a glioblastoma-specific marker that activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (PI3K/MAPK) pathways by modulating IGF-2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25882-90. [PMID: 21613208 PMCID: PMC3138258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of primary astrocytoma. Upon investigation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway, we found the IGF2BP3/IMP3 transcript and protein to be up-regulated in GBMs but not in lower grade astrocytomas (p < 0.0001). IMP3 is an RNA binding protein known to bind to the 5′-untranslated region of IGF-2 mRNA, thereby activating its translation. Overexpression- and knockdown-based studies establish a role for IMP3 in promoting proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and chemoresistance. IMP3 overexpressing B16F10 cells also showed increased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, resulting in poor survival in a mouse model. Additionally, the infiltrating front, perivascular, and subpial regions in a majority of the GBMs stained positive for IMP3. Furthermore, two different murine glioma models were used to substantiate the above findings. In agreement with the translation activation functions of IMP3, we also found increased IGF-2 protein in the GBM tumor samples without a corresponding increase in its transcript levels. Also, in vitro IMP3 overexpression/knockdown modulated the IGF-2 protein levels without altering its transcript levels. Additionally, IGF-2 neutralization and supplementation studies established that the proproliferative effects of IMP3 were indeed mediated through IGF-2. Concordantly, PI3K and MAPK, the downstream effectors of IGF-2, are activated by IMP3 and are found to be essential for IMP3-induced cell proliferation. Thus, we have identified IMP3 as a GBM-specific proproliferative and proinvasive marker acting through IGF-2 resulting in the activation of oncogenic PI3K and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Suvasini
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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213
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Richman EL, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Paciorek A, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Physical activity after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression: data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3889-95. [PMID: 21610110 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous activity after diagnosis was recently reported to be inversely associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality. However, men with metastatic disease may decrease their activity due to their disease; thus, a causal interpretation is uncertain. We therefore prospectively examined vigorous activity and brisk walking after diagnosis in relation to risk of prostate cancer progression, an outcome less susceptible to reverse causation, among 1,455 men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine vigorous activity, nonvigorous activity, walking duration, and walking pace after diagnosis and risk of prostate cancer progression. We observed 117 events (45 biochemical recurrences, 66 secondary treatments, 3 bone metastases, 3 prostate cancer deaths) during 2,750 person-years. Walking accounted for nearly half of all activity. Men who walked briskly for 3 h/wk or more had a 57% lower rate of progression than men who walked at an easy pace for less than 3 h/wk (HR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.21-0.91; P = 0.03). Walking pace was associated with decreased risk of progression independent of duration (HR brisk vs. easy pace = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29-0.91; P(trend) = 0.01). Few men engaged in vigorous activity, but there was a suggestive inverse association (HR ≥3 h/wk vs. none = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.32-1.23; P(trend) = 0.17). Walking duration and total nonvigorous activity were not associated with risk of progression independent of pace or vigorous activity, respectively. Brisk walking after diagnosis may inhibit or delay prostate cancer progression among men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Richman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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214
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Dowling RJO, Goodwin PJ, Stambolic V. Understanding the benefit of metformin use in cancer treatment. BMC Med 2011; 9:33. [PMID: 21470407 PMCID: PMC3224599 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biguanides have been developed for the treatment of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. Recently, metformin, the most widely prescribed biguanide, has emerged as a potential anticancer agent. Epidemiological, preclinical and clinical evidence supports the use of metformin as a cancer therapeutic. The ability of metformin to lower circulating insulin may be particularly important for the treatment of cancers known to be associated with hyperinsulinemia, such as those of the breast and colon. Moreover, metformin may exhibit direct inhibitory effects on cancer cells by inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and protein synthesis. The evidence supporting a role for metformin in cancer therapy and its potential molecular mechanisms of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J O Dowling
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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215
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Leroith D, Scheinman EJ, Bitton-Worms K. The Role of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factors in the Increased Risk of Cancer in Diabetes. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2011; 2:e0043. [PMID: 23908801 PMCID: PMC3678929 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk of developing cancer. This evidence arises from numerous epidemiologic studies that relate a positive association between T2D and cancer. In-vitro and several in-vivo experiments have attempted to discern the potential mechanistic factors involved in this relationship. Candidates include hyperinsulinemia, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) signaling. These studies demonstrated that increased insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 signaling through the insulin receptor and IGF-1 receptor can induce cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Leroith
- "Diabetes and Metabolism Clinical Research Center of Excellence", Legacy Heritage Clinical Research Institute at Rambam (LHCRIR), Haifa, Israel
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216
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Piątkiewicz P, Czech A. Glucose metabolism disorders and the risk of cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:215-30. [PMID: 21448680 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and cancer are diseases which take the size of an epidemic spread across the globe. Those diseases are influenced by many factors, both genetic and environmental. Precise knowledge of the complex relationships and interactions between these two conditions is of great importance for their prevention and treatment. Many epidemiological studies have shown that certain types of cancer, especially gastrointestinal cancers (pancreas, liver, colon) and also the urinary and reproductive system cancers in women are more common in patients with diabetes or related metabolic disorders. There are also studies showing the inverse relationship between diabetes and cancer, or the lack of it, but they are less numerous and relate mainly to prostate cancer or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Epidemiological studies, however, do not say anything about the mechanisms of these dependencies. For this purpose, molecular research is needed on the metabolism of cells (including tumor cells) and on metabolic dysfunctions that arise due to changes in the cell environment taking place in the sick, as well as in the intensely treated human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piątkiewicz
- Chair and Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Medical University of Warsaw, Brodnowski Hospital, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland.
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217
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Ren HB, Yu T, Liu C, Li YQ. Diabetes mellitus and increased risk of biliary tract cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:837-47. [PMID: 21424210 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological evidences indicate that diabetic individuals may have an increased risk of several cancers; however, the relationships between diabetes and risk of cancers of biliary tract or its subsites remain unclear. METHODS To provide a quantitative assessment of this relationship, we identified studies by a literature search of Medline (from 1 January 1966) and EMBASE (from 1 January 1974), through 31 July 2010, and by searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. Summary relative risks with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated with a random-effect model. RESULTS Analysis of 21 studies (8 case-control and 13 cohort studies) found that diabetes was associated with an increased risk of biliary tract cancer, compared with no diabetes (summary RRs = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18-1.72), with significant heterogeneity among studies (p = 0.001). The positive association was also found between diabetes and risk of gallbladder cancer or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but not cancer of ampulla of Vater. No significant publication bias was found. CONCLUSION These findings strongly support the link between diabetes and increased risk of cancer of biliary tract and its subsites: gallbladder cancer or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, but not cancer of ampulla of Vater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
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218
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Clements A, Gao B, Yeap SHO, Wong MKY, Ali SS, Gurney H. Metformin in prostate cancer: two for the price of one. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:2556-2560. [PMID: 21421541 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer treatment induces a metabolic syndrome, which may contribute to non-cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Metformin may abrogate these effects. Additionally, metformin has potential antineoplastic activity in various malignancies including prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review using PubMed with the keywords: AMPK, androgen deprivation therapy, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, metformin and prostate cancer was undertaken. RESULTS This overview will look at the current evidence linking ADT and metabolic syndrome while discussing ongoing clinical trials under way assessing the effectiveness of metformin in abrogating these effects. The potential antineoplastic activity of metformin, mediated by multiple proposed mechanisms based on evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, will also be elucidated in this review. CONCLUSIONS Overall available data support the potential dual benefit of metformin on ADT-induced metabolic syndrome and in its antineoplastic activity in prostate cancer, justifying the need for ongoing clinical trials to confirm these effects as the evidence currently available for standard practice is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Clements
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - B Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - S H O Yeap
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - M K Y Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - S S Ali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Gurney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
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219
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Arbo I, Halle C, Malik D, Brattbakk HR, Johansen B. Insulin induces fatty acid desaturase expression in human monocytes. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011; 71:330-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.566350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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220
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Aleem E, Nehrbass D, Klimek F, Mayer D, Bannasch P. Upregulation of the insulin receptor and type I insulin-like growth factor receptor are early events in hepatocarcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:524-43. [PMID: 21411721 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310396905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not yet fully understood. Preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes regularly precede HCC in various species. The predominant earliest type of foci of altered hepatocytes, the glycogen storage focus (GSF), shows an excess of glycogen (glycogenosis) in the cytoplasm. During progression from GSF to HCC, the stored glycogen is gradually reduced, resulting in complete loss in basophilic HCC. We have previously shown that in N-nitrosomorpholine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) is strongly expressed in GSF and reduced during progression to HCC, thus correlating with the glycogen content. In the present study, we observed increased levels of insulin receptor, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), IRS-2, and mitogen-activated kinase/extracellular regulated kinase-1 in GSF, following the same pattern of expression as IRS-1. We conclude that the abundance of IRS-1, IRS-2, and mitogen-activated kinase/extracellular regulated kinase-1 coincides with a concerted upregulation of both IR and IGF-IR induced by the hepatocarcinogen. Our data suggest that in early hepatocellular preneoplasia, the upregulation of IR elicits glycogenosis through IRS-1 and/or IRS-2, whereas the increased level of the IGF-IR may lead to the increased cell proliferation previously reported in GSF. Therefore, the concerted upregulation of both IR and IGF-IR may represent initial events in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- German Cancer Research Center, Cell Pathology Division, Heidelberg, Germany
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221
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The balance between rRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis up- and downregulates the tumour suppressor p53 in mammalian cells. Oncogene 2011; 30:3274-88. [PMID: 21399665 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Data on the relationship between ribosome biogenesis and p53 function indicate that the tumour suppressor can be activated by either nucleolar disruption or ribosomal protein defects. However, there is increasing evidence that the induction of p53 does not always require these severe cellular changes, and data are still lacking on a possible role of ribosome biogenesis in the downregulation of p53. Here, we studied the effect of the up- and downregulation of the rRNA transcription rate on p53 induction in mammalian cells. We found that a downregulation of rRNA synthesis, induced by silencing the POLR1A gene coding for the RNA polymerase I catalytic subunit, stabilised p53 without altering the nucleolar integrity in human cancer cells. p53 stabilisation was due to the inactivation of the MDM2-mediated p53 degradation by the binding of ribosomal proteins no longer used for ribosome building. p53 stabilisation did not occur when rRNA synthesis downregulation was associated with a contemporary reduction of protein synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in three different experimental models characterised by an upregulation of rRNA synthesis, cancer cells treated with insulin or exposed to the insulin-like growth factor 1, rat liver stimulated by cortisol and regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy, the p53 protein level was reduced due to a lowered ribosomal protein availability for MDM2 binding. It is worth noting that the upregulation of rRNA synthesis was responsible for a decreased p53-mediated response to cytotoxic stresses. These findings demonstrated that the balance between rRNA and ribosomal protein synthesis controls the function of p53 in mammalian cells, that p53 can be induced without the occurrence of severe changes of the cellular components controlling ribosome biogenesis, and that conditions characterised by an upregulated rRNA synthesis are associated with a reduced p53 response.
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222
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Señalización asociada al receptor del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina de tipo I en una línea celular colombiana de carcinoma mamario. BIOMEDICA 2011. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v30i4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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223
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224
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Gao J, Chesebrough JW, Cartlidge SA, Ricketts SA, Incognito L, Veldman-Jones M, Blakey DC, Tabrizi M, Jallal B, Trail PA, Coats S, Bosslet K, Chang YS. Dual IGF-I/II-neutralizing antibody MEDI-573 potently inhibits IGF signaling and tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1029-40. [PMID: 21245093 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF), IGF-I and IGF-II, are small polypeptides involved in regulating cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and transformation. IGF activities are mediated through binding and activation of IGF-1R or insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A). The role of the IGF-1R pathway in promoting tumor growth and survival is well documented. Overexpression of IGF-II and IR-A is reported in multiple types of cancer and is proposed as a potential mechanism for cancer cells to develop resistance to IGF-1R-targeting therapy. MEDI-573 is a fully human antibody that neutralizes both IGF-I and IGF-II and inhibits IGF signaling through both the IGF-1R and IR-A pathways. Here, we show that MEDI-573 blocks the binding of IGF-I and IGF-II to IGF-1R or IR-A, leading to the inhibition of IGF-induced signaling pathways and cell proliferation. MEDI-573 significantly inhibited the in vivo growth of IGF-I- or IGF-II-driven tumors. Pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated inhibition of IGF-1R phosphorylation in tumors in mice dosed with MEDI-573, indicating that the antitumor activity is mediated via inhibition of IGF-1R signaling pathways. Finally, MEDI-573 significantly decreased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake in IGF-driven tumor models, highlighting the potential utility of (18)F-FDG-PET as a noninvasive pharmacodynamic readout for evaluating the use of MEDI-573 in the clinic. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the inhibition of IGF-I and IGF-II ligands by MEDI-573 results in potent antitumor activity and offers an effective approach to selectively target both the IGF-1R and IR-A signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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225
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Tognon CE, Somasiri AM, Evdokimova VE, Trigo G, Uy EE, Melnyk N, Carboni JM, Gottardis MM, Roskelley CD, Pollak M, Sorensen PHB. ETV6-NTRK3-mediated breast epithelial cell transformation is blocked by targeting the IGF1R signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2010; 71:1060-70. [PMID: 21148487 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 receptor (IGF1R) is an important therapeutic target under study in many cancers. Here, we describe a breast cancer model based on expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 (EN) chimeric tyrosine kinase that suggests novel therapeutic applications of IGF1R inhibitors in secretory breast cancers. Originally discovered in congenital fibrosarcomas with t(12;15) translocations, EN was identified subsequently in secretory breast carcinoma (SBC) which represent a variant of invasive ductal carcinoma. Because fibroblast transformation by EN requires the IGF1R axis, we hypothesized a similar dependency may exist in mammary cells and, if so, that IGF1R inhibitors might be useful to block EN-driven breast oncogenesis. In this study, we analyzed EN expressing murine and human mammary epithelial cell lines for transformation properties. Various IGF1R signaling inhibitors, including the dual specificity IGF1R/insulin receptor (INSR) inhibitor BMS-536924, were then tested for effects on three-dimensional Matrigel cell growth, migration, and tumor formation. We found that EN expression increased acinar size and luminal filling in Matrigel cultures and promoted orthotopic tumor growth in mice. Tumors were well differentiated and nonmetastatic, similar to human SBC. The known EN effector pathway, PI3K-Akt, was activated in an IGF1- or insulin-dependent manner. BMS-536924 blocked EN transformation in vitro, whereas BMS-754807, another IGIFR/INSR kinase inhibitor currently in clinical trials, significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, EN model systems mimic the clinical phenotype observed in human SBC. Moreover, EN has a strict requirement for IGF1R or INSR in breast cell transformation. Thus, our findings strongly encourage the evaluation of IGF1R/INSR inhibitors to treat EN-driven breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Tognon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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226
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Han X, Li Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Holford T, Lan Q, Rothman N, Zheng T, Kosorok MR, Ma S. Identification of predictive pathways for non-hodgkin lymphoma prognosis. Cancer Inform 2010; 9:281-92. [PMID: 21245948 PMCID: PMC3021201 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s6315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive research, NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma) still remains poorly understood and is largely incurable. Recent molecular studies suggest that genomic variants measured with SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in genes may have additional predictive power for NHL prognosis beyond clinical risk factors. We analyzed a genetic association study. The prognostic cohort consisted of 346 patients, among whom 138 had DLBCL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) and 101 had FL ( follicular lymphoma). For DLBCL, we analyzed 1229 SNPs which represented 122 KEGG pathways. For FL, we analyzed 1228 SNPs which represented 122 KEGG pathways. Unlike in existing studies, we targeted at identifying pathways with significant additional predictive power beyond clinical factors. In addition, we accounted for the joint effects of multiple SNPs within pathways, whereas some existing studies drew pathway-level conclusions based on separate analysis of individual SNPs. For DLBCL, we identified four pathways, which, combined with the clinical factors, had medians of the prediction logrank statistics as 2.535, 2.220, 2.094, 2.453, and 2.512, respectively. As a comparison, the clinical factors had a median of the prediction logrank statistics around 0.552. For FL, we identified two pathways, which, combined with the clinical factors, had medians of the prediction logrank statistics as 4.320 and 3.532, respectively. As a comparison, the clinical factors had a median of the prediction logrank statistics around 1.212. For NHL overall, we identified three pathways, which, combined with the clinical factors, had medians of the prediction logrank statistics as 5.722, 5.314, and 5.441, respective. As a comparison, the clinical factors had a median of the prediction logrank statistics around 4.411. The identified pathways have sound biological bases. In addition, they are different from those identified using existing approaches. They may provide further insights into the biological mechanisms underlying the prognosis of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Han
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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227
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Role of obesity-associated dysfunctional adipose tissue in cancer: a molecular nutrition approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:664-78. [PMID: 21111705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease caused by the interaction of a myriad of genetic, dietary, lifestyle and environmental factors, which favors a chronic positive energy balance, leading to increased body fat mass. There is emerging evidence of a strong association between obesity and an increased risk of cancer. However, the mechanisms linking both diseases are not fully understood. Here, we analyze the current knowledge about the potential contribution that expanding adipose tissue in obesity could make to the development of cancer via dysregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adipokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and PAI-1. Dietary factors play an important role in the risk of suffering obesity and cancer. The identification of bioactive dietary factors or substances that affect some of the components of energy balance to prevent/reduce weight gain as well as cancer is a promising avenue of research. This article reviews the beneficial effects of some bioactive food molecules (n-3 PUFA, CLA, resveratrol and lipoic acid) in energy metabolism and cancer, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved, which may provide new therapeutic targets in obesity and cancer.
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228
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Klopfleisch R, Hvid H, Klose P, Da Costa A, Gruber AD. Insulin receptor is expressed in normal canine mammary gland and benign adenomas but decreased in metastatic canine mammary carcinomas similar to human breast cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 8:293-301. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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229
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Jain SS, Bird RP. Elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling molecules in colonic tumors of Zucker obese (fa/fa) rats. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2042-50. [PMID: 20143392 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zucker obese rats are highly sensitive to colon cancer and possess a plethora of metabolic abnormalities including elevated levels of cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The main objective of this study was to determine if physiologically elevated TNF-alpha affects colonic tumor phenotype with regard to an altered TNF-alpha signaling pathway. Zucker obese (fa/fa, homozygous recessive for dysfunctional leptin receptors), Zucker lean (Fa/fa, Fa/Fa) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected twice with azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) over 2 weeks. After 30 weeks, the animals were terminated and physiological and tumor parameters were assessed. Obese rats had notably higher body and organ weights as well as plasma TNF-alpha, insulin and leptin levels than lean or SD animals. A 100% tumor incidence and significantly higher tumor size, multiplicity and burden were found in obese rats compared to the lean group that had 47.8% tumor incidence. The SD group had the lowest tumor incidence (20.0%). Tumors from obese animals had higher protein levels of TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha-receptor-2 (TNFR2), nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and IkappaB-kinasebeta (IKKbeta) compared to lean animals. In both obese and lean groups, expression levels of these proteins were higher in tumors than in surrounding, normal-appearing colonic mucosae. These findings support an important role for TNF-alpha signaling in tumorigenesis and demonstrate that tumors growing in an obese state had significantly different expression levels of TNFR2 and NF-kappaB, proteins known to play a critical role in growth and survival, than those growing in the lean state. It is concluded that the physiological state of the host intricately affects tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati S Jain
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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230
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Grice DM, Vetter I, Faddy HM, Kenny PA, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR. Golgi calcium pump secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 (SPCA1) is a key regulator of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) processing in the basal-like breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37458-66. [PMID: 20837466 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is a key regulator of pathways important in tumor progression, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Most studies assessing altered calcium homeostasis in cancer cells have focused on alterations mediated through changes in cytoplasmic free calcium levels. Here, we show that basal-like breast cancers are characterized by an alteration in the secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 (SPCA1), a calcium pump localized to the Golgi. Inhibition of SPCA1 in MDA-MB-231 cells produced pronounced changes in cell proliferation and morphology in three-dimensional culture, without alterations in sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress induction or changes in global calcium signaling. Instead, the effects of SPCA1 inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells reside in altered regulation of calcium-dependent enzymes located in the secretory pathway, such as proprotein convertases. Inhibition of SPCA1 produced a pronounced alteration in the processing of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R), with significantly reduced levels of functional IGF1Rβ and accumulation of the inactive trans-Golgi network pro-IGF1R form. These studies identify for the first time a calcium transporter associated with the basal-like breast cancer subtype. The pronounced effects of SPCA1 inhibition on the processing of IGF1R in MDA-MB-231 cells independent of alterations in global calcium signaling also demonstrate that some calcium transporters can regulate the processing of proteins important in tumor progression without major alterations in cytosolic calcium signaling. Inhibitors of SPCA1 may offer an alternative strategy to direct inhibitors of IGF1R and attenuate the processing of other proprotein convertase substrates important in basal breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desma M Grice
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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231
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Dinchuk JE, Cao C, Huang F, Reeves KA, Wang J, Myers F, Cantor GH, Zhou X, Attar RM, Gottardis M, Carboni JM. Insulin receptor (IR) pathway hyperactivity in IGF-IR null cells and suppression of downstream growth signaling using the dual IGF-IR/IR inhibitor, BMS-754807. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4123-32. [PMID: 20610571 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biology of IGF-IR/IR signaling was studied in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that were either wild type (wt), heterozygous (het), or null for the IGF-IR. The ability of IGF-I, IGF-II, or insulin to stimulate serum-starved MEFs was characterized by gene expression profiling and biochemical analyses for activation of downstream signals. Each genotypic group of MEFs exhibited distinct patterns of expression both while resting and in response to stimulation. The insulin receptor (IR) pathway in IGF-IR null MEFs was hypersensitive to insulin ligand stimulation resulting in greater AKT phosphorylation than in wt or het MEFs stimulated with the same ligand. Interestingly, the IR pathway hypersensitivity in IGF-IR null MEFs occurred with no observed changes in the levels of IR isoforms A or B. A new small molecule IGF-IR inhibitor (BMS-754807), having equipotent activity against both IGF-IR and IR, proved effective in suppressing both AKT and ERK phosphorylation from both the IGF-IR and IR pathways by all three ligands tested in wt, het, and null MEFs. The use of a dual IGF-IR/IR inhibitor addresses concerns about the use of growth inhibiting therapies directed against the IGF-IR receptor in certain cancers. Lastly, comparison of the antiproliferative effects (IC(50)s) of various compounds in wt vs. null MEFs demonstrates that genetically characterized MEFs provide a simple and inexpensive tool with which to define compounds as having mostly on-target or off-target IGF-IR activities because off-target compounds affect both wt and null MEFs equally.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Triazines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Dinchuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, K23-02, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA.
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232
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Ribeiro AM, Andrade S, Pinho F, Monteiro JD, Costa M, Lopes C, Aguas AP, Monteiro MP. Prostate cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis in different obese mice models. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:374-86. [PMID: 20666851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with increased incidence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Although controversial, several studies suggest that leptin could influence tumour cell growth and proliferation. The main goal of this study was to assess cellular growth of prostate adenocarcinoma cells in obese mice with different endogenous hormonal environments in what relates to leptin circulating levels and sensitivity. Four groups of mice (n = 6/group) were used, namely obese mice with congenital non-functioning leptin receptor OBR (db/db), obese mice with congenital leptin deficiency (ob/ob), mice with diet induced obesity (DIO) and normal weight C57BL/6J mice (control). All groups of mice were injected subcutaneously with 3.0 x 10(5) RM1 cells/500 microl PBS (murine prostate carcinoma androgen insensitive cells) and tumour growth and angiogenesis were evaluated 14 days after inoculation. The tumours induced in ob/ob and DIO mice were significantly larger (P < 0.001) while those induced in db/db mice were significantly smaller (P = 0.047), when compared with controls. Morphometric analysis revealed that mitotic index and Ki-67 positive nuclear density, both cell proliferation markers, were also significantly lower in the tumours of db/db mice (P < 0.001) when compared to controls. An inverse correlation was observed between leptin plasma levels and tumour weight (r = -0.642, P < 0.001), mitotic index (r = -0.646, P < 0.01) and Ki-67 positive nuclear density (r = -0.795, P < 0.001). These results suggest that high leptin concentrations are not favourable to RM1 cell growth and proliferation. On the contrary, high plasma leptin levels were associated with less cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy and UMIB (Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research) of ICBAS, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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233
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Cui X, Jin Y, Poudyal D, Chumanevich AA, Davis T, Windust A, Hofseth A, Wu W, Habiger J, Pena E, Wood P, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS, Hofseth L. Mechanistic insight into the ability of American ginseng to suppress colon cancer associated with colitis. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1734-41. [PMID: 20729391 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that American ginseng (AG) prevents and treats mouse colitis. Because both mice and humans with chronic colitis have a high colon cancer risk, we tested the hypothesis that AG can be used to prevent colitis-driven colon cancer. Using the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of ulcerative colitis, we show that AG can suppress colon cancer associated with colitis. To explore the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer effects of AG, we also carried out antibody array experiments on colon cells isolated at a precancerous stage. We found there were 82 protein end points that were either significantly higher (41 proteins) or significantly lower (41 proteins) in the AOM + DSS group compared with the AOM-alone (control) group. In contrast, there were only 19 protein end points that were either significantly higher (10 proteins) or significantly lower (9 proteins) in the AOM + DSS + AG group compared with the AOM-alone (control) group. Overall, these results suggest that AG keeps the colon environment in metabolic equilibrium when mice are treated with AOM + DSS and gives insight into the mechanisms by which AG protects from colon cancer associated with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina and Medical University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
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Jalving M, Gietema JA, Lefrandt JD, de Jong S, Reyners AKL, Gans ROB, de Vries EGE. Metformin: taking away the candy for cancer? Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:2369-80. [PMID: 20656475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 where it reduces insulin resistance and diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. Population-based studies show that metformin treatment is associated with a dose-dependent reduction in cancer risk. The metformin treatment also increases complete pathological tumour response rates following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, suggesting a potential role as an anti-cancer drug. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is associated with insulin resistance, elevated insulin levels and an increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality. This increased risk may be explained by activation of the insulin- and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathways and increased signalling through the oestrogen receptor. Reversal of these processes through reduction of insulin resistance by the oral anti-diabetic drug metformin is an attractive anti-cancer strategy. Metformin is an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which inhibits protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis during cellular stress. The main downstream effect of AMPK activation is the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a downstream effector of growth factor signalling. mTOR is frequently activated in malignant cells and is associated with resistance to anticancer drugs. Furthermore, metformin can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and can reduce growth factor signalling. This review discusses the role of diabetes mellitus type 2 and insulin resistance in carcinogenesis, the preclinical rationale and potential mechanisms of metformin's anti-cancer effect and the current and future clinical developments of metformin as a novel anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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235
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Li R, Pourpak A, Morris SW. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) tyrosine kinase as a novel cancer therapy approach. J Med Chem 2010; 52:4981-5004. [PMID: 19610618 DOI: 10.1021/jm9002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongshi Li
- Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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236
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Zhang G, Li X, Zhang L, Zhao L, Jiang J, Wang J, Wei L. The expression and role of hybrid insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 in endometrial carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 200:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bodmer M, Meier C, Krähenbühl S, Jick SS, Meier CR. Long-term metformin use is associated with decreased risk of breast cancer. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1304-8. [PMID: 20299480 PMCID: PMC2875444 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether use of oral hypoglycemic agents is associated with an altered breast cancer risk in women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using the U.K.-based General Practice Research Database, we conducted a nested case-control analysis among 22,621 female users of oral antidiabetes drugs with type 2 diabetes. We evaluated whether they had an altered risk of breast cancer in relation to use of various types of oral hypoglycemic agents. Case and control patients with a recorded diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were matched on age, calendar time, and general practice, and the multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were further adjusted for use of oral antidiabetes drugs, insulin, estrogens, smoking BMI, diabetes duration, and HbA1c (A1C). RESULTS We identified 305 case patients with a recorded incident diagnosis of breast cancer. The mean +/- SD age was 67.5 +/- 10.5 years at the time of the cancer diagnosis. Long-term use of >or=40 prescriptions (>5 years) of metformin, based on 17 exposed case patients and 120 exposed control patients, was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.44 (95% CI 0.24-0.82) for developing breast cancer compared with no use of metformin. Neither short-term metformin use nor use of sulfonylureas or other antidiabetes drugs was associated with a materially altered risk for breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS A decreased risk of breast cancer was observed in female patients with type 2 diabetes using metformin on a long-term basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bodmer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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238
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Abstract
The article examines the importance of managing weight to reduce risk for developing cancer and for survival among cancer patients and presents a set of strategies that can be useful to guide clinical advice to patients for whom weight control is an important adjunct to risk management or to improve quality of life and disease-free survival after diagnosis. Weight, weight gain, and obesity account for approximately 20% of all cancer cases. Evidence on the relation of each to cancer is summarized, including esophageal, thyroid, colon, renal, liver, melanoma, multiple myeloma, rectum, gallbladder, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate in men; and postmenopausal breast and endometrium in women. Different mechanisms drive etiologic pathways for these cancers. Weight loss, particularly among postmenopausal women, reduces risk for breast cancer. Among cancer patients, data are less robust, but we note a long history of poor outcomes after breast cancer among obese women. While evidence on obesity and outcomes for other cancers is mixed, growing evidence points to benefits of physical activity for breast and colon cancers. Dosing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy among obese patients is discussed and the impact on therapy-related toxicity is noted. Guidelines for counseling patients for weight loss and increased physical activity are presented and supported by strong evidence that increased physical activity leads to improved quality of life among cancer survivors. The “Five A's” model guides clinicians through a counseling session: assess, advise, agree, assist, arrange. The burden of obesity on society continues to increase and warrants closer attention by clinicians for both cancer prevention and improved outcomes after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Y Wolin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, and Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish Hospital, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Insulin receptor functionally enhances multistage tumor progression and conveys intrinsic resistance to IGF-1R targeted therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10791-8. [PMID: 20457905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914076107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) tyrosine kinase is an important mediator of the protumorigenic effects of IGF-I/II, and inhibitors of IGF-1R signaling are currently being tested in clinical cancer trials aiming to assess the utility of this receptor as a therapeutic target. Despite mounting evidence that the highly homologous insulin receptor (IR) can also convey protumorigenic signals, its direct role in cancer progression has not been genetically defined in vivo, and it remains unclear whether such a role for IR signaling could compromise the efficacy of selective IGF-1R targeting strategies. A transgenic mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinogenesis engages the IGF signaling pathway, as revealed by its dependence on IGF-II and by accelerated malignant progression upon IGF-1R overexpression. Surprisingly, preclinical trials with an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to IGF-1R did not significantly impact tumor growth, prompting us to investigate the involvement of IR. The levels of IR were found to be significantly up-regulated during multistep progression from hyperplastic lesions to islet tumors. Its functional involvement was revealed by genetic disruption of the IR gene in the oncogene-expressing pancreatic beta cells, which resulted in reduced tumor burden accompanied by increased apoptosis. Notably, the IR knockout tumors now exhibited sensitivity to anti-IGF-1R therapy; similarly, high IR to IGF-1R ratios demonstrably conveyed resistance to IGF-1R inhibition in human breast cancer cells. The results predict that elevated IR signaling before and after treatment will respectively manifest intrinsic and adaptive resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapies.
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241
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Donohoe CL, Pidgeon GP, Lysaght J, Reynolds JV. Obesity and gastrointestinal cancer. Br J Surg 2010; 97:628-42. [PMID: 20306531 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence of a strong association between obesity and gastrointestinal cancer. This review summarizes the evidence from an epidemiological and pathophysiological perspective. METHODS Relevant medical literature was identified from searches of PubMed and references cited in appropriate articles were identified. Selection of articles was based on peer review, journal and relevance. RESULTS Numerous epidemiological studies consistently identified an increased risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma and colorectal carcinoma in the obese. The association between obesity and other gastrointestinal malignancies was less robust. Sex seems important with respect to cancer risk. Adipose tissue, particularly viscerally located fat, is metabolically active and exerts systemic endocrine effects. Putative pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity and carcinogenesis include the insulin-like growth factor axis, adipocytokines and sex steroids. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the mechanisms that link obesity and cancer may uncover targets for intervention. Tackling obesity may result in a reduction in the incidence in addition to mortality of certain cancers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Donohoe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Mayer D, Chantelau E. Treatment with insulin glargine (Lantus) increases the proliferative potency of the serum of patients with type-1 diabetes: a pilot study on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2010; 116:73-8. [PMID: 20199195 DOI: 10.3109/13813451003631439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Insulin glargine (Lantus) stimulates growth of MCF-7 cells stronger than human insulin. We investigated if serum from diabetic patients treated with glargine versus human insulin may display a similar effect. METHODS Pairs of serum samples from 31 C-peptide negative type-1 diabetic patients were investigated. In cross-over fashion, 23 patients were treated with glargine plus rapid-acting insulin analogues, and similar doses of human NPH and rapid-acting insulin. For comparison, eight patients were treated with insulin detemir (Levemir) and human NPH. MCF-7 cells were incubated with 10% serum and proliferation was assessed after 72 hours. RESULTS Serum containing insulin glargine was 1.11(95% CI 1.05-1.18) fold more mitogenic than human insulin-containing serum (p < 0.005); mitogenicity of serum containing detemir was 0.99(95% CI 0.98-1.02) fold that of human insulin-containing serum. CONCLUSION The serum of diabetic patients was slightly stronger mitogenic when using glargine as compared to human insulin or detemir for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Mayer
- Hormones and Signal Transduction Group, German Cancer Research Centre, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, Germany.
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243
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Smith TJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases? Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:199-236. [PMID: 20392809 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This topically limited review explores the relationship between the immune system and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and the proteins through which they act, including IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the IGF-I binding proteins. The IGF/IGF-IR pathway plays important and diverse roles in tissue development and function. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the translation of proteins. Many of the consequences ascribed to IGF-IR activation result from its association with several accessory proteins that are either identical or closely related to those involved in insulin receptor signaling. Relatively recent awareness that IGF-I and IGF-IR regulate immune function has cast this pathway in an unexpected light; it may represent an important switch governing the quality and amplitude of immune responses. IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling may also participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although its relationship with these processes seems complex and relatively unexplored. On the one hand, IGF-I seems to protect experimental animals from developing insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus. In contrast, activating antibodies directed at IGF-IR have been detected in patients with Graves' disease, where the receptor is overexpressed by multiple cell types. The frequency of IGF-IR+ B and T cells is substantially increased in patients with that disease. Potential involvement of IGF-I and IGF-IR in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases suggests that this pathway might constitute an attractive therapeutic target. IGF-IR has been targeted in efforts directed toward drug development for cancer, employing both small-molecule and monoclonal antibody approaches. These have been generally well-tolerated. Recognizing the broader role of IGF-IR in regulating both normal and pathological immune responses may offer important opportunities for therapeutic intervention in several allied diseases that have proven particularly difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Singh P, Sarkar S, Umar S, Rengifo-Cam W, Singh AP, Wood TG. Insulin-like growth factors are more effective than progastrin in reversing proapoptotic effects of curcumin: critical role of p38MAPK. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G551-62. [PMID: 20133951 PMCID: PMC2853304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00497.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progastrin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate hyperproliferation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via endocrine/paracrine routes; hyperproliferation is a known risk factor for colon carcinogenesis. In the present study, inhibitory potency of curcumin in the presence or absence of progastrin and/or IGF-II was examined. Progastrin and IGF-II significantly increased proliferation of an immortalized IEC cell line, IEC-18, whereas curcumin decreased the proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. IGF-II was significantly more effective than progastrin in reversing antiproliferative effects of curcumin and reversed proapoptotic effects of curcumin by >80%; progastrin was relatively ineffective toward reversing proapoptotic effects of curcumin. IEC-18 clones were generated to overexpress either progastrin (IEC-PG) or hIGF-II (IEC-IGF). Proliferation of IEC-PG and IEC-IGF clones was increased, compared with that of control clones. Curcumin significantly reduced proliferation of IEC-PG, but not IEC-IGF, clones. Similarly, a human colon cancer cell line, Caco-2 (which expresses autocrine IGF-II), was relatively resistant to inhibitory effects of curcumin. However, Caco-2 cells treated with anti-IGF-II-antibodies were rendered sensitive to inhibitory effects of curcumin. Significant differences in inhibitory potency of curcumin against PG- vs. IGF-II-stimulated growth of IEC-18 cells were not reflected by differences in curcumin-mediated inhibition of activated (phosphorylated) ERKs/IKK(alpha/beta)/p65NF-kappaB and c-Src in wild-type (wt)IEC-18 cells, in response to the two growth factors. Surprisingly, curcumin was almost ineffective in reducing IGF-II-stimulated activation of p38MAPK but significantly reduced progastrin-stimulated phosphorylation of p38. Treatment with a p38MAPK inhibitor resulted in loss of protective effects of IGF-II against inhibitory effects of curcumin. These novel findings suggest that growth factor profile of patients and tumors may dictate inhibitory potency of curcumin and that combination of curcumin + p38MAPK inhibitor may be required for reducing hyperproliferative or tumorigenic response of IECs to endocrine and autocrine IGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, 10.104 Medical Research Bldg., 301 Univ. Blvd., Route 1043, Galveston, TX 77555-1043, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas G. Wood
- 3Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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In vitro metabolic and mitogenic signaling of insulin glargine and its metabolites. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9540. [PMID: 20209060 PMCID: PMC2832019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin glargine (Lantus®) is a long-acting basal insulin analog that demonstrates effective day-long glycemic control and a lower incidence of hypoglycemia than NPH insulin. After subcutaneous injection insulin glargine is partly converted into the two main metabolites M1 ([GlyA21]insulin) and M2 ([GlyA21,des-ThrB30]insulin). The aim of this study was to characterize the glargine metabolites in vitro with regard to their insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) binding and signaling properties as well as their metabolic and mitogenic activities. Methods The affinity of human insulin, insulin glargine and its metabolites to the IR isoforms A and B or IGF1R was analyzed in a competitive binding assay using SPA technology. Receptor autophosphorylation activities were studied via In-Cell Western in CHO and MEF cells overexpressing human IR-A and IR-B or IGF1R, respectively. The metabolic response of the insulins was studied as stimulation of lipid synthesis using primary rat adipocytes. Thymidine incorporation in Saos-2 cells was used to characterize the mitogenic activity. Conclusions The binding of insulin glargine and its metabolites M1 and M2 to the IR were similar and correlated well with their corresponding autophosphorylation and metabolic activities in vitro. No differences were found towards the two IR isoforms A or B. Insulin glargine showed a higher affinity for IGF1R than insulin, resulting in a lower EC50 value for autophosphorylation of the receptor and a more potent stimulation of thymidine incorporation in Saos-2 cells. In contrast, the metabolites M1 and M2 were significantly less active in binding to and activation of the IGF1R and their mitogenicity in Saos-2 cells was equal to human insulin. These findings strongly support the idea that insulin glargine metabolites contribute with the same potency as insulin glargine to blood glucose control but lead to significantly reduced growth-promoting activity.
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Abstract
People with diabetes, particularly those with type 2 diabetes, may be at an increased risk of cancer. Furthermore, their cancer risk may be modified by treatment choices. In this respect, metformin may be protective, whereas insulin and insulin analogues can function as growth factors and therefore have theoretical potential to promote tumour proliferation. Analogues causing inappropriate prolonged stimulation of the insulin receptor, or excess stimulation of the IGF-1 receptor, are the most likely to show mitogenic properties in laboratory studies. Some recent epidemiological studies appear to be consistent with these experimental findings, suggesting that there could be different relative risks for cancer associated with different insulins, although these studies have attracted some methodological criticism. However, it is biologically plausible that hormonal factors that influence neoplasia could begin to manifest their effects in surprisingly short timescales (within 2 years) and hence these epidemiological studies justify further research. Even if future research were to document an increase in cancer risk among insulin users, this would be unlikely to significantly diminish the favourable benefit-risk ratio for patients requiring insulin therapy. There is a need for further population studies and for the development of new laboratory models that are more sophisticated than previous experimental methods employed to assess potential tumour growth-promoting properties of insulins.
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Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) and the type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) are structurally and functionally related. The function of IGF1R in cancer has been well documented and anti-IGF1R strategies to treat cancer have shown initial positive results. However, the role of IR in tumor biology, independent of IGF1R, is less clear. To address this issue, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to specifically downregulate IR in two cancer cell lines, LCC6 and T47D. Cells with reduced IR demonstrated reduced insulin-stimulated Akt activation, without affecting IGF1R activation. Cells with reduced IR formed fewer colonies in anchorage independent conditions. LCC6 IR shRNA xenograft tumors in mice had reduced growth, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogensis compared with LCC6 wild type cells. Accordingly, LCC6 IR shRNA clones produced less HIF1α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-D. Furthermore, LCC6 IR shRNA cells formed fewer pulmonary metastases compared to LCC6 wild type cells. By in vivo luciferase imaging, we have shown that LCC6 IR shRNA cells have less seeding and colonization potential in the lung and liver of mice than LCC6 cells. In conclusion, downregulation of IR inhibited cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastasis. Our data argue that IR should also be targeted in cancer therapy.
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248
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Notch-1 stimulates survival of lung adenocarcinoma cells during hypoxia by activating the IGF-1R pathway. Oncogene 2010; 29:2488-98. [PMID: 20154720 PMCID: PMC2861728 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic microenvironment supports cancer stem cell survival, causes poor response to anticancer therapy and tumor recurrence. Inhibition of Notch-1 signaling in adenocarcinoma of the lung (ACL) cells causes apoptosis specifically under hypoxia. Here, we found that Akt-1 activation is a key mediator of Notch-1 pro-survival effects under hypoxia. Notch-1 activates Akt-1 through repression of phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) homolog expression and induction of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). The latter seems to be the major determinant of Akt-1 stimulation, as Notch-1 signaling affects Akt-1 activation in PTEN(-/-) ACL cells. Both downregulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and dominant-negative IGF-1R sensitized ACL cells to gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI)-induced apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of IGF-1R protected ACL cells from GSI toxicity. Inhibition of Notch-1 caused reduced IGF-1R expression, whereas forced Notch-1 expression yielded opposite effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggested Notch-1 direct regulation of the IGF-1R promoter. Experiments in which human ACL cells were injected in mice confirmed elevated and specific co-expression of Notch-1(IC), IGF-1R and pAkt-1 in hypoxic tumor areas. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for Notch-1-mediated pro-survival function in hypoxic ACL tumor microenvironment. The results identify additional targets that may synergize with Notch-1 inhibition for ACL treatment.
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Novosyadlyy R, Lann DE, Vijayakumar A, Rowzee A, Lazzarino DA, Fierz Y, Carboni JM, Gottardis MM, Pennisi PA, Molinolo AA, Kurshan N, Mejia W, Santopietro S, Yakar S, Wood TL, LeRoith D. Insulin-mediated acceleration of breast cancer development and progression in a nonobese model of type 2 diabetes. Cancer Res 2010; 70:741-51. [PMID: 20068149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases breast cancer risk and mortality, but there is limited experimental evidence supporting this association. Moreover, there has not been any definition of a pathophysiological pathway that diabetes may use to promote tumorigenesis. In the present study, we used the MKR mouse model of T2D to investigate molecular mechanisms that link T2D to breast cancer development and progression. MKR mice harbor a transgene encoding a dominant-negative, kinase-dead human insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) that is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle, where it acts to inactivate endogenous insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-IR. Although lean female MKR mice are insulin resistant and glucose intolerant, displaying accelerated mammary gland development and enhanced phosphorylation of IR/IGF-IR and Akt in mammary tissue, in the context of three different mouse models of breast cancer, these metabolic abnormalities were found to accelerate the development of hyperplastic precancerous lesions. Normal or malignant mammary tissue isolated from these mice exhibited increased phosphorylation of IR/IGF-IR and Akt, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation was largely unaffected. Tumor-promoting effects of T2D in the models were reversed by pharmacological blockade of IR/IGF-IR signaling by the small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-536924. Our findings offer compelling experimental evidence that T2D accelerates mammary gland development and carcinogenesis,and that the IR and/or the IGF-IR are major mediators of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Novosyadlyy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Beauchamp MC, Yasmeen A, Knafo A, Gotlieb WH. Targeting insulin and insulin-like growth factor pathways in epithelial ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:257058. [PMID: 20069126 PMCID: PMC2804114 DOI: 10.1155/2010/257058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies, due in part to the diagnosis at an advanced stage caused by the lack of specific signs and symptoms and the absence of reliable tests for screening and early detection. Most patients will respond initially to treatment but about 70% of them will suffer a recurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed to overcome chemoresistance observed in ovarian cancer patients. Evidence accumulates suggesting that the insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF) pathways could act as a good therapeutic target in several cancers, including ovarian cancer. In this paper, we will focus on the role of insulin/IGF in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Ariane Knafo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Walter H. Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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