201
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Hamm M, Drossel B. Habitat heterogeneity hypothesis and edge effects in model metacommunities. J Theor Biol 2017; 426:40-48. [PMID: 28529154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity is an inherent property of any living environment and is expected to favour biodiversity due to a broader niche space. Furthermore, edges between different habitats can provide additional possibilities for species coexistence. Using computer simulations, this study examines metacommunities consisting of several trophic levels in heterogeneous environments in order to explore the above hypotheses on a community level. We model heterogeneous landscapes by using two different sized resource pools and evaluate the combined effect of dispersal and heterogeneity on local and regional species diversity. This diversity is obtained by running population dynamics and evaluating the robustness (i.e., the fraction of surviving species). The main results for regional robustness are in agreement with the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis, as the largest robustness is found in heterogeneous systems with intermediate dispersal rates. This robustness is larger than in homogeneous systems with the same total amount of resources. We study the edge effect by arranging the two types of resources in two homogeneous blocks. Different edge responses in diversity are observed, depending on dispersal strength. Local robustness is highest for edge habitats that contain the smaller amount of resource in combination with intermediate dispersal. The results show that dispersal is relevant to correctly identify edge responses on community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hamm
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Barbara Drossel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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202
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Bolchoun L, Drossel B, Allhoff KT. Spatial topologies affect local food web structure and diversity in evolutionary metacommunities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1818. [PMID: 28500328 PMCID: PMC5431821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in theoretical ecology is to better predict ecological responses to environmental change, and in particular to spatial changes such as habitat fragmentation. Classical food-web models have focused on purely ecological predictions, without taking adaptation or evolution of species traits into account. We address this issue using an eco-evolutionary model, which is based on body masses and diets as the key traits that determine metabolic rates and trophic interactions. The model implements evolution by the introduction of new morphs that are related to the existing ones, so that the network structure itself evolves in a self-organized manner. We consider the coupling and decoupling of habitats in multi-trophic metacommunities consisting of 2 or 4 habitats. Our model thus integrates metacommunity models, which describe ecosystems as networks of networks, with large community evolution models. We find that rescue effects and source-sink effects occur within coupled habitats, which have the potential to change local selection pressures so that the local food web structure shows a fingerprint of its spatial conditions. Within our model system, we observe that habitat coupling increases the lifetimes of top predators and promotes local biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bolchoun
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Barbara Drossel
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Korinna Theresa Allhoff
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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203
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Sauterey B, Ward B, Rault J, Bowler C, Claessen D. The Implications of Eco-Evolutionary Processes for the Emergence of Marine Plankton Community Biogeography. Am Nat 2017; 190:116-130. [PMID: 28617645 DOI: 10.1086/692067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Models of community assembly have been used to illustrate how the many functionally diverse species that compose plankton food webs can coexist. However, the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of plankton food webs and their interplay with migratory processes and spatial heterogeneity are yet to be explored. We study the eco-evolutionary dynamics of a modeled plankton community structured in both size and space and physiologically constrained by empirical data. We demonstrate that a complex yet ecologically and evolutionarily stable size-structured food web can emerge from an initial set of two monomorphic phytoplankton and zooplankton populations. We also show that the coupling of spatial heterogeneity and migration results in the emergence of specific biogeographic patterns: (i) the emergence of a source-sink structure of the plankton metacommunities, (ii) changes in size diversity dependent on migratory intensity and on the scale at which diversity is considered (local vs. global), and (iii) the emergence of eco-evolutionary provinces (i.e., a spatial unit characterized by some level of abiotic heterogeneity but of homogenous size composition due to horizontal movements) at spatial scales that increase with the strength of the migratory processes.
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204
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Germain RM, Strauss SY, Gilbert B. Experimental dispersal reveals characteristic scales of biodiversity in a natural landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4447-4452. [PMID: 28416694 PMCID: PMC5410805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615338114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory posits that dispersal among habitat patches links local communities and is a key "regional" process that maintains biological diversity. However, manipulations required to experimentally test regional processes are infeasible for most systems, and thus more work is needed to detect the scales at which regional processes manifest and their overall effect on diversity. In a Californian grassland, a hotspot for global biodiversity, we used a seed vacuum to increase dispersal at spatial scales varying from 1 m to 10 km while maintaining a realistic spatial structure of species pools and environmental conditions. We found that dispersal limitation has a profound influence on diversity; species richness increased with the spatial scale of seed mixing, doubling in plots that received seed from large (≥5 km) compared with small (≤5 m) scales. This increase in diversity corresponded to an increase in how well species distributions were explained by environmental conditions, from modest at small scales (R2 = 0.34) to strong at large scales (R2 = 0.52). Responses to the spatial scale of seed mixing were nonlinear, with no differences below 5 m or above 5 km. Nonlinearities were explained by homogeneity of environmental conditions below 5 m and by a lack of additional variation in the species pool above 5 km. Our approach of manipulating natural communities at different spatial scales reveals (i) nonlinear transitions in the importance of environmental sorting and dispersal, and (ii) the negative effects of dispersal limitation on local diversity, consistent with previous research suggesting that large numbers of species are headed toward regional extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Germain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5;
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G5
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205
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Hanly PJ, Mittelbach GG. The influence of dispersal on the realized trajectory of a pond metacommunity. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hanly
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station; 3700 E Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners MI 49060 USA
- Dept of Integrative Biology; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Gary G. Mittelbach
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station; 3700 E Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners MI 49060 USA
- Dept of Integrative Biology; Michigan State Univ.; East Lansing MI USA
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206
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Leibold MA, Chase JM, Ernest SKM. Community assembly and the functioning of ecosystems: how metacommunity processes alter ecosystems attributes. Ecology 2017; 98:909-919. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A. Leibold
- Department of Integrative Biology 2415 Speedway #C0930, University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle Germany
| | - S. K. Morgan Ernest
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation 110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall PO Box 110430, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 84322 USA
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207
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Braaker S, Obrist MK, Ghazoul J, Moretti M. Habitat connectivity and local conditions shape taxonomic and functional diversity of arthropods on green roofs. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:521-531. [PMID: 28164299 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing development of urban environments creates high pressure on green spaces with potential negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. There is growing evidence that green roofs - rooftops covered with vegetation - can contribute mitigate the loss of urban green spaces by providing new habitats for numerous arthropod species. Whether green roofs can contribute to enhance taxonomic and functional diversity and increase connectivity across urbanized areas remains, however, largely unknown. Furthermore, only limited information is available on how environmental conditions shape green roof arthropod communities. We investigated the community composition of arthropods (Apidae, Curculionidae, Araneae and Carabidae) on 40 green roofs and 40 green sites at ground level in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. We assessed how the site's environmental variables (such as area, height, vegetation, substrate and connectivity among sites) affect species richness and functional diversity using generalized linear models. We used an extension of co-inertia analysis (RLQ) and fourth-corner analysis to highlight the mechanism underlying community assemblages across taxonomic groups on green roof and ground communities. Species richness was higher at ground-level sites, while no difference in functional diversity was found between green roofs and ground sites. Green roof arthropod diversity increased with higher connectivity and plant species richness, irrespective of substrate depth, height and area of green roofs. The species trait analysis reviewed the mechanisms related to the environmental predictors that shape the species assemblages of the different taxa at ground and roof sites. Our study shows the important contribution of green roofs in maintaining high functional diversity of arthropod communities across different taxonomic groups, despite their lower species richness compared with ground sites. Species communities on green roofs revealed to be characterized by specific trait assemblages. The study also provides details on the environmental conditions that influence arthropod diversity and gives new perspectives on how the design of green roofs can be improved to increase their ecological value. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of integrating green roofs in planning policies which aim to enhance urban habitat connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Braaker
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ecosystem Management, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Karl Obrist
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ecosystem Management, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Moretti
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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208
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Limberger R, Birtel J, Farias DDS, Matthews B. Ecosystem flux and biotic modification as drivers of metaecosystem dynamics. Ecology 2017; 98:1082-1092. [PMID: 28112404 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fluxes of energy, matter, and organisms are important structuring forces of metaecosystems. Such ecosystem fluxes likely interact with environmental heterogeneity and differentially affect the diversity of multiple communities. In an aquatic mesocosm experiment, we tested how ecosystem flux and patch heterogeneity affected the diversity of bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton metacommunities, and the structure and functioning of metaecosystems. We built metaecosystems consisting of three mesocosms that were either connected by flux of living organisms, organic material, and nutrients (alive ecosystem flux) or only by flux of organic material and nutrients (dead ecosystem flux). The three patches of each metaecosystem were either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nutrient loading. We found that the three groups of organisms responded differently to our treatments: flux of living organisms increased bacterial diversity irrespective of nutrient heterogeneity, while flux effects on phytoplankton diversity depended on nutrient heterogeneity, potentially indicating source-sink effects. Although zooplankton diversity was largely unaffected by our manipulations, subtle changes of community composition in response to ecosystem flux had strong effects on lower trophic levels, highlighting the importance of indirect flux effects via alterations in trophic interactions. Furthermore, differential effects of communities on the mean and spatial variability of local abiotic environments influenced the development of metaecosystem heterogeneity through time. Despite identical nutrient loading at the scale of the metaecosystem, abiotic conditions diverged between homogeneous and heterogeneous metaecosystems. For example, concentrations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher in homogeneous than heterogeneous metaecosystems, possibly because of differential responses of the algal community to local environmental conditions. Similarly, we found that flux effects on organisms translated into effects on DOC concentrations at the patch level, suggesting that flux-mediated changes in abundances of species can alter abiotic conditions. Our study shows that the dynamics of biotic and abiotic compartments of spatially structured ecosystems are intricately linked, highlighting the importance of integrating metacommunity and metaecosystem perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Limberger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
| | - Julia Birtel
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
| | - Daniel D S Farias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade Neotropical), Universidade Federal do Estado Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-240 Brazil
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
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209
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Strecker AL, Brittain JT. Increased habitat connectivity homogenizes freshwater communities: historical and landscape perspectives. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Strecker
- Department of Environmental Science and Management Portland State University Portland OR USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Brittain
- Department of Environmental Science and Management Portland State University Portland OR USA
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210
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Massol F, Altermatt F, Gounand I, Gravel D, Leibold MA, Mouquet N. How life-history traits affect ecosystem properties: effects of dispersal in meta-ecosystems. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Massol
- CNRS, Univ. de Lille, UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, SPICI group; FR-59000 Lille France
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf, Switzerland, and: Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gounand
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf, Switzerland, and: Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Dépt de biologie; Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, and: Québec Center for Biodiversity Science; Quebec Canada
| | - Mathew A. Leibold
- Dept of Integrative Biology; Univ. of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- 7 UMR MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation); Univ. de Montpellier; Montpellier France
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211
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Gianuca AT, Declerck SAJ, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Effects of dispersal and environmental heterogeneity on the replacement and nestedness components of β-diversity. Ecology 2017; 98:525-533. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andros T. Gianuca
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); P.O. Box 50 6700AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
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212
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Lancaster J, Downes BJ. A landscape‐scale field experiment reveals the importance of dispersal in a resource‐limited metacommunity. Ecology 2017; 98:565-575. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Lancaster
- School of Geography The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Barbara J. Downes
- School of Geography The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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213
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Catano CP, Dickson TL, Myers JA. Dispersal and neutral sampling mediate contingent effects of disturbance on plant beta-diversity: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:347-356. [PMID: 28093844 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in ecology, conservation and global-change biology is to understand why biodiversity responds differently to similar environmental changes. Contingent biodiversity responses may depend on how disturbance and dispersal interact to alter variation in community composition (β-diversity) and assembly mechanisms. However, quantitative syntheses of these patterns and processes across studies are lacking. Using null-models and meta-analyses of 22 factorial experiments in herbaceous plant communities across Europe and North America, we show that disturbance diversifies communities when dispersal is limited, but homogenises communities when combined with increased immigration from the species pool. In contrast to the hypothesis that disturbance and dispersal mediate the strength of niche assembly, both processes altered β-diversity through neutral-sampling effects on numbers of individuals and species in communities. Our synthesis suggests that stochastic effects of disturbance and dispersal on community assembly play an important, but underappreciated, role in mediating biotic homogenisation and biodiversity responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Catano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Timothy L Dickson
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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214
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Lindh MV, Sjöstedt J, Casini M, Andersson A, Legrand C, Pinhassi J. Local Environmental Conditions Shape Generalist But Not Specialist Components of Microbial Metacommunities in the Baltic Sea. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2078. [PMID: 28066392 PMCID: PMC5180196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes exhibit biogeographical patterns linked with fluxes of matter and energy. Yet, knowledge of the mechanisms shaping bacterioplankton community assembly across temporal scales remains poor. We examined bacterioplankton 16S rRNA gene fragments obtained from Baltic Sea transects to determine phylogenetic relatedness and assembly processes coupled with niche breadth. Communities were phylogenetically more related over time than expected by chance, albeit with considerable temporal variation. Hence, habitat filtering, i.e., local environmental conditions, rather than competition structured bacterioplankton communities in summer but not in spring or autumn. Species sorting (SS) was the dominant assembly process, but temporal and taxonomical variation in mechanisms was observed. For May communities, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria exhibited SS while Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were assembled by SS and mass effect. Concomitantly, Gammaproteobacteria were assembled by the neutral model and patch dynamics. Temporal variation in habitat filtering and dispersal highlights the impact of seasonally driven reorganization of microbial communities. Typically abundant Baltic Sea populations such as the NS3a marine group (Bacteroidetes) and the SAR86 and SAR11 clade had the highest niche breadth. The verrucomicrobial Spartobacteria population also exhibited high niche breadth. Surprisingly, variation in bacterioplankton community composition was regulated by environmental factors for generalist taxa but not specialists. Our results suggest that generalists such as NS3a, SAR86, and SAR11 are reorganized to a greater extent by changes in the environment compared to specialists and contribute more strongly to determining overall biogeographical patterns of marine bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus V Lindh
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöstedt
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Michele Casini
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University Kalmar, Sweden
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215
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Species Sorting of Benthic Invertebrates in a Salinity Gradient - Importance of Dispersal Limitation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168908. [PMID: 28006014 PMCID: PMC5179068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of environment and dispersal related processes for community assembly has attracted great interest over recent decades, but few empirical studies from the marine/estuarine realm have examined the possible effects of these two types of factors in the same system. Importance of these processes was investigated in a hypothetical metacommunity of benthic invertebrates in 16 micro-tidal estuaries connected to the same open sea area. The estuaries differed in size and connectivity to the open sea and represented a salinity gradient across the estuaries. The Elements of Metacommunity Structure (EMS) approach on estuary scale was complemented with a mechanistic variance partitioning approach on sample scale to disentangle effects of factors affecting assembly of three trait groups of species with different dispersivity. A quasi-Clementsian pattern was observed for all three traits, a likely response to some latent gradient. The primary axis in the pattern was most strongly related to gradients in estuary salinity and estuary entrance width and correlation with richness indicated nestedness only in the matrix of the most dispersive trait group. In the variance partitioning approach measures of turnover and nestedness between paired samples each from different estuaries were related to environmental distance in different gradients. Distance between estuaries was unimportant suggesting importance of factors characterizing the estuaries. While the high dispersive species mainly were sorted in the salinity gradient, apparently according to their tolerance ranges towards salinity, the two less dispersive traits were additionally affected by estuary entrance width and possibly also area. The results exemplify a mechanism of community assembly in the marine realm where the niche factor salinity in conjunction with differential dispersal structure invertebrates in a metacommunity of connected estuaries, and support the idea that dispersive species are more controlled by the environment than less dispersive species.
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216
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Making sense of metacommunities: dispelling the mythology of a metacommunity typology. Oecologia 2016; 183:643-652. [PMID: 28008474 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metacommunity ecology has rapidly become a dominant framework through which ecologists understand the natural world. Unfortunately, persistent misunderstandings regarding metacommunity theory and the methods for evaluating hypotheses based on the theory are common in the ecological literature. Since its beginnings, four major paradigms-species sorting, mass effects, neutrality, and patch dynamics-have been associated with metacommunity ecology. The Big 4 have been misconstrued to represent the complete set of metacommunity dynamics. As a result, many investigators attempt to evaluate community assembly processes as strictly belonging to one of the Big 4 types, rather than embracing the full scope of metacommunity theory. The Big 4 were never intended to represent the entire spectrum of metacommunity dynamics and were rather examples of historical paradigms that fit within the new framework. We argue that perpetuation of the Big 4 typology hurts community ecology and we encourage researchers to embrace the full inference space of metacommunity theory. A related, but distinct issue is that the technique of variation partitioning is often used to evaluate the dynamics of metacommunities. This methodology has produced its own set of misunderstandings, some of which are directly a product of the Big 4 typology and others which are simply the product of poor study design or statistical artefacts. However, variation partitioning is a potentially powerful technique when used appropriately and we identify several strategies for successful utilization of variation partitioning.
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217
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Rojas ER, Sueur C, Henry PY, Doligez B, Wey G, Dehorter O, Massemin S. Network Analysis Shows Asymmetrical Flows within a Bird Metapopulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166701. [PMID: 27893770 PMCID: PMC5125599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How the spatial expansion of a species changes at a human time scale is a process difficult to determine. We studied the dispersal pattern of the French white stork population, using a 21-year ringing/resighting dataset. We used the graph-theory to investigate the strength of links between 5 populations (North-East, North-West, Centre, West, and South) and to determine factors important for the birds’ movements. Two clusters of populations were identified within the metapopulation, with most frequent movements of individuals between North-Eastern and Centre populations, and between North-Western and Western populations. Exchanges of individuals between populations were asymmetrical, where North-Eastern and North-Western populations provided more emigrants than they received immigrants. Neither the geographical distance between populations, nor the difference in densities influenced the number of individuals exchanging between populations. The graph-theory approach provides a dynamic view of individual movements within a metapopulation and might be useful for future population studies in the context of conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre-Yves Henry
- Mécanismes adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV UMR7179), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 avenue du Petit Château, Brunoy, France
- Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux (CRBPO), Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Doligez
- UMR CNRS 5558 –LBBE, "Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive", Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Gérard Wey
- Groupe Cigognes France & APRECIAL, Colmar, France
| | - Olivier Dehorter
- Centre de Recherches sur la Biologie des Populations d’Oiseaux (CRBPO), Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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218
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Tolonen KT, Vilmi A, Karjalainen SM, Hellsten S, Sutela T, Heino J. Ignoring spatial effects results in inadequate models for variation in littoral macroinvertebrate diversity. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo T. Tolonen
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Annika Vilmi
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | | | - Seppo Hellsten
- Finnish Environment Institute; Freshwater Centre; Oulu Finland
| | - Tapio Sutela
- Natural Resources Institute Finland; Oulu Finland
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
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219
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Cantrell RS, Cosner C, Lou Y, Schreiber SJ. Evolution of natal dispersal in spatially heterogenous environments. Math Biosci 2016; 283:136-144. [PMID: 27840280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of dispersal is an important issue in evolutionary ecology. For continuous time models in which individuals disperse throughout their lifetime, it has been shown that a balanced dispersal strategy, which results in an ideal free distribution, is evolutionary stable in spatially varying but temporally constant environments. Many species, however, primarily disperse prior to reproduction (natal dispersal) and less commonly between reproductive events (breeding dispersal). These species include territorial species such as birds and reef fish, and sessile species such as plants, and mollusks. As demographic and dispersal terms combine in a multiplicative way for models of natal dispersal, rather than the additive way for the previously studied models, we develop new mathematical methods to study the evolution of natal dispersal for continuous-time and discrete-time models. A fundamental ecological dichotomy is identified for the non-trivial equilibrium of these models: (i) the per-capita growth rates for individuals in all patches are equal to zero, or (ii) individuals in some patches experience negative per-capita growth rates, while individuals in other patches experience positive per-capita growth rates. The first possibility corresponds to an ideal-free distribution, while the second possibility corresponds to a "source-sink" spatial structure. We prove that populations with a dispersal strategy leading to an ideal-free distribution displace populations with dispersal strategy leading to a source-sink spatial structure. When there are patches which cannot sustain a population, ideal-free strategies can be achieved by sedentary populations, and we show that these populations can displace populations with any irreducible dispersal strategy. Collectively, these results support that evolution selects for natal or breeding dispersal strategies which lead to ideal-free distributions in spatially heterogenous, but temporally homogenous, environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Cosner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States.
| | - Yuan Lou
- Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PRC, China; Department of Mathematics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Sebastian J Schreiber
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States.
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220
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Sokol ER, Brown BL, Barrett JE. A simulation-based approach to understand how metacommunity characteristics influence emergent biodiversity patterns. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Sokol
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
- INSTAAR, Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO USA
| | - Bryan L. Brown
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - J. E. Barrett
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
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221
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Ojima MN, Jiang L. Interactive effects of disturbance and dispersal on community assembly. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam N. Ojima
- School of Biology, Georgia Inst. of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biology, Georgia Inst. of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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222
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Heino J, Soininen J, Alahuhta J, Lappalainen J, Virtanen R. Metacommunity ecology meets biogeography: effects of geographical region, spatial dynamics and environmental filtering on community structure in aquatic organisms. Oecologia 2016; 183:121-137. [PMID: 27714463 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metacommunity patterns and underlying processes in aquatic organisms have typically been studied within a drainage basin. We examined variation in the composition of six freshwater organismal groups across various drainage basins in Finland. We first modelled spatial structures within each drainage basin using Moran eigenvector maps. Second, we partitioned variation in community structure among three groups of predictors using constrained ordination: (1) local environmental variables, (2) spatial variables, and (3) dummy variable drainage basin identity. Third, we examined turnover and nestedness components of multiple-site beta diversity, and tested the best fit patterns of our datasets using the "elements of metacommunity structure" analysis. Our results showed that basin identity and local environmental variables were significant predictors of community structure, whereas within-basin spatial effects were typically negligible. In half of the organismal groups (diatoms, bryophytes, zooplankton), basin identity was a slightly better predictor of community structure than local environmental variables, whereas the opposite was true for the remaining three organismal groups (insects, macrophytes, fish). Both pure basin and local environmental fractions were, however, significant after accounting for the effects of the other predictor variable sets. All organismal groups exhibited high levels of beta diversity, which was mostly attributable to the turnover component. Our results showed consistent Clementsian-type metacommunity structures, suggesting that subgroups of species responded similarly to environmental factors or drainage basin limits. We conclude that aquatic communities across large scales are mostly determined by environmental and basin effects, which leads to high beta diversity and prevalence of Clementsian community types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Heino
- Natural Environment Centre, Biodiversity, Finnish Environment Institute, Paavo Havaksen Tie 3, P.O. Box 413, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Janne Soininen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Alahuhta
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Freshwater Centre, State of Surface Waters, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 413, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Lappalainen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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223
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Munoz F, Huneman P. From the Neutral Theory to a Comprehensive and Multiscale Theory of Ecological Equivalence. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2016; 91:321-42. [DOI: 10.1086/688098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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224
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Shoemaker LG, Melbourne BA. Linking metacommunity paradigms to spatial coexistence mechanisms. Ecology 2016; 97:2436-2446. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Shoemaker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder UCB 334, Ramaley Hall Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Brett A. Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder UCB 334, Ramaley Hall Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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225
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Nilsson C, Sarneel JM, Palm D, Gardeström J, Pilotto F, Polvi LE, Lind L, Holmqvist D, Lundqvist H. How Do Biota Respond to Additional Physical Restoration of Restored Streams? Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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226
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Horváth Z, Vad CF, Ptacnik R. Wind dispersal results in a gradient of dispersal limitation and environmental match among discrete aquatic habitats. ECOGRAPHY 2016; 39:726-732. [PMID: 28529408 PMCID: PMC5438046 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Directional dispersal by wind and other dispersal agents may generate spatial patterns in passively dispersing metacommunities which cannot be detected by classical eigenvector methods based on Euclidean distances. We analysed zooplankton communities (Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda) in a cluster of soda pans distributed over a short spatial scale of 18 km and tested explicitly for directional signals in their spatial configuration. The study area is exposed to a prevailing northwestern wind direction. By applying asymmetric eigenvector maps (AEM), we were able to identify corresponding directionality in the spatial structure of communities. Furthermore, the match between community composition and environmental conditions exhibited a spatial pattern consistent with the prevailing wind corridor, with best match found downwind the dominant wind direction. We also found that classical eigenvector methods based on Euclidean distances underestimated the role of spatial processes in our data. Our study furthermore shows that dispersal limitation may constrain community assembly in highly mobile organisms even at spatial scales below 5 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Horváth
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, AT-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Csaba F Vad
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, AT-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Robert Ptacnik
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, AT-3293, Lunz am See, Austria
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227
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Chust G, Villarino E, Chenuil A, Irigoien X, Bizsel N, Bode A, Broms C, Claus S, Fernández de Puelles ML, Fonda-Umani S, Hoarau G, Mazzocchi MG, Mozetič P, Vandepitte L, Veríssimo H, Zervoudaki S, Borja A. Dispersal similarly shapes both population genetics and community patterns in the marine realm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28730. [PMID: 27344967 PMCID: PMC4921837 DOI: 10.1038/srep28730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal plays a key role to connect populations and, if limited, is one of the main processes to maintain and generate regional biodiversity. According to neutral theories of molecular evolution and biodiversity, dispersal limitation of propagules and population stochasticity are integral to shaping both genetic and community structure. We conducted a parallel analysis of biological connectivity at genetic and community levels in marine groups with different dispersal traits. We compiled large data sets of population genetic structure (98 benthic macroinvertebrate and 35 planktonic species) and biogeographic data (2193 benthic macroinvertebrate and 734 planktonic species). We estimated dispersal distances from population genetic data (i.e., FST vs. geographic distance) and from β-diversity at the community level. Dispersal distances ranked the biological groups in the same order at both genetic and community levels, as predicted by organism dispersal ability and seascape connectivity: macrozoobenthic species without dispersing larvae, followed by macrozoobenthic species with dispersing larvae and plankton (phyto- and zooplankton). This ranking order is associated with constraints to the movement of macrozoobenthos within the seabed compared with the pelagic habitat. We showed that dispersal limitation similarly determines the connectivity degree of communities and populations, supporting the predictions of neutral theories in marine biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Chust
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g—20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | - Anne Chenuil
- IMBE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, station marine d’Endoume, chemin de la Batterie-des-Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Xabier Irigoien
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nihayet Bizsel
- IMST, Dokuz Eylul University, Baku Bulvarı No: 100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Antonio Bode
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Apdo. 130, 15080 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cecilie Broms
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Claus
- Flanders Marine Institute—VLIZ, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, Oostende, Belgium
| | | | - Serena Fonda-Umani
- University of Trieste, Department of Biology, Via A. Valerio 28/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Galice Hoarau
- University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Leen Vandepitte
- Flanders Marine Institute—VLIZ, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Helena Veríssimo
- MARE (Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Soultana Zervoudaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO 712, 46.7 km Avenue Athens-Sounio, 19013 Anavyssos, Athens, Greece
| | - Angel Borja
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g—20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
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228
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Zha Y, Berga M, Comte J, Langenheder S. Effects of Dispersal and Initial Diversity on the Composition and Functional Performance of Bacterial Communities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155239. [PMID: 27182596 PMCID: PMC4868275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural communities are open systems and consequently dispersal can play an important role for the diversity, composition and functioning of communities at the local scale. It is, however, still unclear how effects of dispersal differ depending on the initial diversity of local communities. Here we implemented an experiment where we manipulated the initial diversity of natural freshwater bacterioplankton communities using a dilution-to-extinction approach as well as dispersal from a regional species pool. The aim was further to test whether dispersal effects on bacterial abundance and functional parameters (average community growth rates, respiration rates, substrate utilisation ability) differ in dependence of the initial diversity of the communities. First of all, we found that both initial diversity and dispersal rates had an effect on the recruitment of taxa from a regional source, which was higher in communities with low initial diversity and at higher rates of dispersal. Higher initial diversity and dispersal also promoted higher levels of richness and evenness in local communities and affected, both, separately or interactively, the functional performance of communities. Our study therefore suggests that dispersal can influence the diversity, composition and functioning of bacterial communities and that this effect may be enhanced if the initial diversity of communities is depleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zha
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mercè Berga
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Comte
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silke Langenheder
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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229
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Oloo F, Valverde A, Quiroga MV, Vikram S, Cowan D, Mataloni G. Habitat heterogeneity and connectivity shape microbial communities in South American peatlands. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25712. [PMID: 27162086 PMCID: PMC4861955 DOI: 10.1038/srep25712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria play critical roles in peatland ecosystems. However, very little is known of how habitat heterogeneity affects the structure of the bacterial communities in these ecosystems. Here, we used amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes to investigate phylogenetic diversity and bacterial community composition in three different sub-Antarctic peat bog aquatic habitats: Sphagnum magellanicum interstitial water, and water from vegetated and non-vegetated pools. Total and putative nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities from Sphagnum interstitial water differed significantly from vegetated and non-vegetated pool communities (which were colonized by the same bacterial populations), probably as a result of differences in water chemistry and biotic interactions. Total bacterial communities from pools contained typically aquatic taxa, and were more dissimilar in composition and less species rich than those from Sphagnum interstitial waters (which were enriched in taxa typically from soils), probably reflecting the reduced connectivity between the former habitats. These results show that bacterial communities in peatland water habitats are highly diverse and structured by multiple concurrent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oloo
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Angel Valverde
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - María Victoria Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Surendra Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriela Mataloni
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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230
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Miyambo T, Makhalanyane TP, Cowan DA, Valverde A. Plants of the fynbos biome harbour host species-specific bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw122. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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231
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Grainger TN, Gilbert B. Dispersal and diversity in experimental metacommunities: linking theory and practice. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON, M5S 3B2 Canada
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232
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Species associations of congeneric species in a tropical seasonal rain forest of China. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467416000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:In tropical plant communities with diverse species, many congeners are found to coexist. Do environment or biotic interactions structure the coexistence of congeners in tropical forest communities? In this paper, we aimed to disentangle the effect of environment (first-order effects) and species interactions (second-order effects) on the spatial distributions of tree species. We used a classification scheme and torus-translation to test the first-order interaction of 48 species from 17 genera in a fully mapped 20-ha dipterocarp tropical seasonal rain-forest plot in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. Then we used heterogeneous Poisson null models to reveal significant uni- and bivariate second-order interactions. The results demonstrated that (1) 34 of the 48 studied species showed a significant relation with at least one topographic variable. This confirmed that topographical heterogeneity is important for distribution of these congeners. Spatial segregation (36.6%) and partial overlap (34.8%) were the most common bivariate association types in Xishuangbanna plot, which indicated first-order effects (environment) were strong. (2) For small-scale associations, 51% saplings (1 to ≤ 5 cm) (68.8% for large trees with dbh > 5 cm) of the species showed non-significant associations. For large-scale associations, 61.6% saplings (81.2% for large trees) of the species showed non-significant associations. Lack of significant species interactions provides evidence for the unified neutral theory. In conclusion, both environment and biotic interactions structure congeneric species' coexistence in tropical seasonal rain forest in this region.
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233
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Leibold MA, Loeuille N. Species sorting and patch dynamics in harlequin metacommunities affect the relative importance of environment and space. Ecology 2016; 96:3227-33. [PMID: 26909428 DOI: 10.1890/14-2354.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metacommunity theory indicates that variation in local community structure can be partitioned into components including those related to local environmental conditions vs. spatial effects and that these can be quantified using statistical methods based on variation partitioning. It has been hypothesized that joint associations of community composition with environment and space could be due to patch dynamics involving colonization-extinction processes in environmentally heterogeneous landscapes but this has yet to be theoretically shown. We develop a two-patch, type-two, species competition model in such a "harlequin" landscape (where different patches have different environments) to evaluate how composition is related to environmental and spatial effects as a function of background extinction rate. Using spatially implicit analytical models, we find that the environmental association of community composition declines with extinction rate as expected. Using spatially explicit simulation models, we further find that there is an increase in the spatial structure with extinction due to spatial patterning into clusters that are not related to environmental conditions but that this increase is limited. Natural metacommunities often show both environment and spatial determination even under conditions of relatively high isolation and these could be more easily explained by our model than alternative metacommunity models.
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234
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Ruokolainen L, Hanski I. Stable coexistence of ecologically identical species: conspecific aggregation via reproductive interference. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:638-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Ruokolainen
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 1 PO.Box 65 FIN‐00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 1 PO.Box 65 FIN‐00014 Helsinki Finland
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235
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Zheng C, Ovaskainen O, Roslin T, Tack AJM. Beyond metacommunity paradigms: habitat configuration, life history, and movement shape an herbivore community on oak. Ecology 2016; 96:3175-85. [PMID: 26909424 DOI: 10.1890/15-0180.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many empirical studies of metacommunities have focused on the classification of observational patterns into four contrasting paradigms characterized by different levels of movement and habitat heterogeneity. However, deeper insight into the underlying local and regional processes may be derived from a combination of long-term observational data and experimental studies. With the aim of exploring forces structuring the insect metacommunity on oak, we fit a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model to data from observations and experiments. The fitted model reveals large variation in species-specific dispersal abilities and basic reproduction numbers, R0. The residuals from the model show only weak correlations among species, suggesting a lack of strong interspecific interactions. Simulations with model-derived parameter estimates indicate that habitat configuration and species attributes both contribute substantially to structuring insect communities. Overall, our findings demonstrate that community-level variation in movement and life history are key drivers of metacommunity dynamics.
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236
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Wang S, Loreau M. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability across scales in metacommunities. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:510-8. [PMID: 26918536 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although diversity-stability relationships have been extensively studied in local ecosystems, the global biodiversity crisis calls for an improved understanding of these relationships in a spatial context. Here, we use a dynamical model of competitive metacommunities to study the relationships between species diversity and ecosystem variability across scales. We derive analytic relationships under a limiting case; these results are extended to more general cases with numerical simulations. Our model shows that, while alpha diversity decreases local ecosystem variability, beta diversity generally contributes to increasing spatial asynchrony among local ecosystems. Consequently, both alpha and beta diversity provide stabilising effects for regional ecosystems, through local and spatial insurance effects respectively. We further show that at the regional scale, the stabilising effect of biodiversity increases as spatial environmental correlation increases. Our findings have important implications for understanding the interactive effects of global environmental changes (e.g. environmental homogenisation) and biodiversity loss on ecosystem sustainability at large scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Wang
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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237
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Cronin AL, Loeuille N, Monnin T. Strategies of offspring investment and dispersal in a spatially structured environment: a theoretical study using ants. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:4. [PMID: 26847456 PMCID: PMC4743417 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Offspring investment strategies vary markedly between and within taxa, and much of this variation is thought to stem from the trade-off between offspring size and number. While producing larger offspring can increase their competitive ability, this often comes at a cost to their colonization ability. This competition–colonization trade-off (CCTO) is thought to be an important mechanism supporting coexistence of alternative strategies in a wide range of taxa. However, the relative importance of an alternative and possibly synergistic mechanism—spatial structuring of the environment—remains the topic of some debate. In this study, we explore the influence of these mechanisms on metacommunity structure using an agent-based model built around variable life-history traits. Our model combines explicit resource competition and spatial dynamics, allowing us to tease-apart the influence of, and explore the interaction between, the CCTO and the spatial structure of the environment. We test our model using two reproductive strategies which represent extremes of the CCTO and are common in ants. Results Our simulations show that colonisers outperform competitors in environments subject to higher temporal and spatial heterogeneity and are favoured when agents mature late and invest heavily in reproduction, whereas competitors dominate in low-disturbance, high resource environments and when maintenance costs are low. Varying life-history parameters has a marked influence on coexistence conditions and yields evolutionary stable strategies for both modes of reproduction. Nonetheless, we show that these strategies can coexist over a wide range of life-history and environmental parameter values, and that coexistence can in most cases be explained by a CCTO. By explicitly considering space, we are also able to demonstrate the importance of the interaction between dispersal and landscape structure. Conclusions The CCTO permits species employing different reproductive strategies to coexist over a wide range of life-history and environmental parameters, and is likely to be an important factor in structuring ant communities. Our consideration of space highlights the importance of dispersal, which can limit the success of low-dispersers through kin competition, and enhance coexistence conditions for different strategies in spatially structured environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0058-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Cronin
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Nicolas Loeuille
- UMR 7618 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 7 quai St Bernard, 75 252, Paris, France.
| | - Thibaud Monnin
- UMR 7618 Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 7 quai St Bernard, 75 252, Paris, France.
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238
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Valls L, Castillo-Escrivà A, Mesquita-Joanes F, Armengol X. Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear. AMBIO 2016; 45:99-109. [PMID: 26216143 PMCID: PMC4709347 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human-mediated dispersal has rarely been considered in wetland conservation strategies at regional scales, yet high concern exists about this aspect for (inter-)national management considering invasive species in other aquatic systems. In this context, we aim at understanding the role of human-mediated dispersal by footwear in protected wetlands with high conservation value. Zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled in 13 shallow lakes in central Spain and, at the same time, mud attached to waders was collected and later cultured in deionized water under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks. Two-hundred and four individuals belonging to 19 invertebrate taxa were recovered after hatching; Ostracoda (84 %), Cladocera (53 %), Copepoda (30 %), Anostraca (30 %), and Notostraca (7 %) were the most frequent groups among the hatched crustaceans. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses showed significant differences between the dispersed (via footwear) and the source active metacommunity, suggesting different dispersal abilities among the species found. Human vectors facilitate dispersal among protected lakes, which could eventuality lead to biotic homogenization and faster spread of non-indigenous species. Preservation strategies and education campaigns associated to target humans in close contact with water bodies should be imperative in conservation management of protected lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Valls
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Andreu Castillo-Escrivà
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francesc Mesquita-Joanes
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Xavier Armengol
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Spain.
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239
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Forester BR, Jones MR, Joost S, Landguth EL, Lasky JR. Detecting spatial genetic signatures of local adaptation in heterogeneous landscapes. Mol Ecol 2015; 25:104-20. [PMID: 26576498 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The spatial structure of the environment (e.g. the configuration of habitat patches) may play an important role in determining the strength of local adaptation. However, previous studies of habitat heterogeneity and local adaptation have largely been limited to simple landscapes, which poorly represent the multiscale habitat structure common in nature. Here, we use simulations to pursue two goals: (i) we explore how landscape heterogeneity, dispersal ability and selection affect the strength of local adaptation, and (ii) we evaluate the performance of several genotype-environment association (GEA) methods for detecting loci involved in local adaptation. We found that the strength of local adaptation increased in spatially aggregated selection regimes, but remained strong in patchy landscapes when selection was moderate to strong. Weak selection resulted in weak local adaptation that was relatively unaffected by landscape heterogeneity. In general, the power of detection methods closely reflected levels of local adaptation. False-positive rates (FPRs), however, showed distinct differences across GEA methods based on levels of population structure. The univariate GEA approach had high FPRs (up to 55%) under limited dispersal scenarios, due to strong isolation by distance. By contrast, multivariate, ordination-based methods had uniformly low FPRs (0-2%), suggesting these approaches can effectively control for population structure. Specifically, constrained ordinations had the best balance of high detection and low FPRs and will be a useful addition to the GEA toolkit. Our results provide both theoretical and practical insights into the conditions that shape local adaptation and how these conditions impact our ability to detect selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Forester
- Nicholas School of the Environment, University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erin L Landguth
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jesse R Lasky
- Earth Institute, and Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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240
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Larrivée M, Buddle CM. Scale dependence of tree trunk spider diversity patterns in vertical and horizontal space. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/17-4-3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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241
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Datry T, Bonada N, Heino J. Towards understanding the organisation of metacommunities in highly dynamic ecological systems. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Datry
- IRSTEA, UR-MALY, centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne; 5 rue de la Doua CS70077 FR-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex France
- UMR “BOREA” CNRS 7208/IRD 207/MNHN/UPMC, DMPA, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 43 rue Cuvier FR-75231 Paris Cedex France
| | - Núria Bonada
- Dept d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia; Univ. de Barcelona (UB); Diagonal 643 ES-08028- Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Environment Centre, Biodiversity; Paavo Havaksen Tie 3 FI-90570 Oulu Finland
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242
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Li Y, Wang C, Zhang W, Wang P, Niu L, Hou J, Wang J, Wang L. Modeling the Effects of Hydrodynamic Regimes on Microbial Communities within Fluvial Biofilms: Combining Deterministic and Stochastic Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12869-12878. [PMID: 26437120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the effects of hydrodynamics on a microbial community, the roles of niche-based and neutral processes must be considered in a mathematical model. To this end, a two-dimensional model combining mechanisms of immigration, dispersal, and niche differentiation was first established to describe the effects of hydrodynamics on bacterial communities within fluvial biofilms. Deterministic factors of the model were identified via the calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between parameters of hydrodynamics and the bacterial community. It was found that turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensity were considered as a set of reasonable predictors of community composition, whereas flow velocity and turbulent intensity can be combined together to predict biofilm bacterial biomass. According to the modeling result, the bacterial community could get its favorable assembly condition with a flow velocity ranging from 0.041 to 0.061 m/s. However, the driving force for biofilm community assembly changed with the local hydrodynamics. Individuals reproduction within the biofilm was the main driving force with flow velocity less than 0.05 m/s, while cell migration played a much more important role with velocity larger than 0.05 m/s. The developed model could be considered as a useful tool for improving the technologies of water environment protection and remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
| | - Linqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, P.R. China
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243
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Smeti E, Roelke DL, Spatharis S. Spatial averaging and disturbance lead to high productivity in aquatic metacommunities. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Smeti
- Dept of Marine Sciences; Univ. of the Aegean, University Hill; GR-81100 Mytilene Greece
| | - Daniel L. Roelke
- Dept of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 2258 TAMUS College Station TX 77843-2258 USA
| | - Sofie Spatharis
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Univ. of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
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244
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Tucker CM, Shoemaker LG, Davies KF, Nemergut DR, Melbourne BA. Differentiating between niche and neutral assembly in metacommunities using null models of β‐diversity. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of Colorado Boulder CO 80302 USA
| | - Lauren G. Shoemaker
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of Colorado Boulder CO 80302 USA
| | - Kendi F. Davies
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of Colorado Boulder CO 80302 USA
| | - Diana R. Nemergut
- Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research, Univ. of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Dept of Biology Duke Univ. Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Brett A. Melbourne
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Univ. of Colorado Boulder CO 80302 USA
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245
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Nested patterns in urban butterfly species assemblages: respective roles of plot management, park layout and landscape features. Urban Ecosyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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246
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Gonçalves-Souza T, Araújo MS, Barbosa EP, Lopes SM, Kaminski LA, Shimizu GH, Santos AJ, Romero GQ. Fine-scale Beta-diversity Patterns Across Multiple Arthropod Taxa Over a Neotropical Latitudinal Gradient. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gonçalves-Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Área de Ecologia; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE); Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n CEP 52171-900 Recife PE Brazil
| | - Marcel S. Araújo
- Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal; IBILCE; Universidade Estadual Paulista; UNESP; Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265 CEP 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | - Eduardo P. Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); CP 6109 CEP 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Sonia M. Lopes
- Museu Nacional; Setor de Blattaria; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; CEP20940-040 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Lucas A. Kaminski
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Gustavo H. Shimizu
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); CEP 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Adalberto J. Santos
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Gustavo Q. Romero
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP); CP 6109 CEP 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
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247
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Shanafelt DW, Dieckmann U, Jonas M, Franklin O, Loreau M, Perrings C. Biodiversity, productivity, and the spatial insurance hypothesis revisited. J Theor Biol 2015; 380:426-35. [PMID: 26100182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating rates of biodiversity loss have led ecologists to explore the effects of species richness on ecosystem functioning and the flow of ecosystem services. One explanation of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning lies in the spatial insurance hypothesis, which centers on the idea that productivity and stability increase with biodiversity in a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous environment. However, there has been little work on the impact of dispersal where environmental risks are more or less spatially correlated, or where dispersal rates are variable. In this paper, we extend the original Loreau model to consider stochastic temporal variation in resource availability, which we refer to as "environmental risk", and heterogeneity in species dispersal rates. We find that asynchronies across communities and species provide community-level stabilizing effects on productivity, despite varying levels of species richness. Although intermediate dispersal rates play a role in mitigating risk, they are less effective in insuring productivity against global (metacommunity-level) than local (individual community-level) risks. These results are particularly interesting given the emergence of global sources of risk such as climate change or the closer integration of world markets. Our results offer deeper insights into the Loreau model and new perspectives on the effectiveness of spatial insurance in the face of environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Shanafelt
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874601, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Michel Loreau
- Station d׳Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Charles Perrings
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, PO Box 874601, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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248
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Kadowaki K, Inouye BD. Habitat configuration affects spatial pattern of β diversity of insect communities breeding in oyster mushrooms. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00327.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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249
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DeAngelis DL, Ni WM, Zhang B. Dispersal and spatial heterogeneity: single species. J Math Biol 2015; 72:239-54. [PMID: 25862553 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-015-0879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent result for a reaction-diffusion equation is that a population diffusing at any rate in an environment in which resources vary spatially will reach a higher total equilibrium biomass than the population in an environment in which the same total resources are distributed homogeneously. This has so far been proven by Lou for the case in which the reaction term has only one parameter, m(x), varying with spatial location x, which serves as both the intrinsic growth rate coefficient and carrying capacity of the population. However, this striking result seems rather limited when applies to real populations. In order to make the model more relevant for ecologists, we consider a logistic reaction term, with two parameters, r (x) for intrinsic growth rate, and K(x) for carrying capacity. When r (x) and K(x) are proportional, the logistic equation takes a particularly simple form, and the earlier result still holds. In this paper we have established the result for the more general case of a positive correlation between r (x) and K(x) when dispersal rate is small. We review natural and laboratory systems to which these results are relevant and discuss the implications of the results to population theory and conservation ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L DeAngelis
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA.
| | - Wei-Ming Ni
- Center for Partial Differential Equations, East China Normal University, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China. .,School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA.
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250
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da Silva PG, Hernández MIM. Scale-dependence of processes structuring dung beetle metacommunities using functional diversity and community deconstruction approaches. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123030. [PMID: 25822150 PMCID: PMC4378897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Community structure is driven by mechanisms linked to environmental, spatial and temporal processes, which have been successfully addressed using metacommunity framework. The relative importance of processes shaping community structure can be identified using several different approaches. Two approaches that are increasingly being used are functional diversity and community deconstruction. Functional diversity is measured using various indices that incorporate distinct community attributes. Community deconstruction is a way to disentangle species responses to ecological processes by grouping species with similar traits. We used these two approaches to determine whether they are improvements over traditional measures (e.g., species composition, abundance, biomass) for identification of the main processes driving dung beetle (Scarabaeinae) community structure in a fragmented mainland-island landscape in southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We sampled five sites in each of four large forest areas, two on the mainland and two on the island. Sampling was performed in 2012 and 2013. We collected abundance and biomass data from 100 sampling points distributed over 20 sampling sites. We studied environmental, spatial and temporal effects on dung beetle community across three spatial scales, i.e., between sites, between areas and mainland-island. The γ-diversity based on species abundance was mainly attributed to β-diversity as a consequence of the increase in mean α- and β-diversity between areas. Variation partitioning on abundance, biomass and functional diversity showed scale-dependence of processes structuring dung beetle metacommunities. We identified two major groups of responses among 17 functional groups. In general, environmental filters were important at both local and regional scales. Spatial factors were important at the intermediate scale. Our study supports the notion of scale-dependence of environmental, spatial and temporal processes in the distribution and functional organization of Scarabaeinae beetles. We conclude that functional diversity may be used as a complementary approach to traditional measures, and that community deconstruction allows sufficient disentangling of responses of different trait-based groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Giovâni da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Malva Isabel Medina Hernández
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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