Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability

Neobavaisoflavone induces pyroptosis of liver cancer cells via Tom20 sensing the activated ROS signal

BACKGROUND

Neobavaisoflavone (NBIF), a natural active ingredient isolated from Psoralea, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties; however, the anti-tumor mechanism of NBIF has not been thoroughly investigated, and the inhibitory effect and inhibitory pathway of NBIF on liver cancer are still unknown.

PURPOSE

Our study aimed to explore the effects of NBIF on hepatocellular carcinoma and its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

First, we detected the inhibition of NBIF on HCC cells by the CCK8 assay and then observed the morphological changes of the cells under the microscope. Besides, we analyzed the changes in the pyroptosis level of NBIF when inhibiting the cells through flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and a western blot assay. Finally, we used a mouse tumor-bearing model to explore the effects of NBIF in vivo on HCCLM3 cells.

RESULTS

NBIF-treated HCC cells exhibited specific features of pyroptosis. Analysis of pyroptosis-related protein levels revealed that NBIF primarily induced pyroptosis in HCC cells via the caspase-3-GSDME signaling pathway. Then, we demonstrated that NBIF impacted the protein expression of Tom20 by producing ROS in HCC cells, hence promoting the recruitment of Bax to mitochondria, activating caspase-3, cutting GSDME, and triggering pyroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

By activating ROS, NBIF was able to trigger pyroptosis in HCC cells, providing an experimental basis for the future study of new treatments for liver cancer.

An Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Chemically Induced Oxidative Stress Leading to (Non)genotoxic Carcinogenesis

Nongenotoxic (NGTX) carcinogens induce cancer via other mechanisms than direct DNA damage. A recognized mode of action for NGTX carcinogens is induction of oxidative stress, a state in which the amount of oxidants in a cell exceeds its antioxidant capacity, leading to regenerative proliferation. Currently, carcinogenicity assessment of environmental chemicals primarily relies on genetic toxicity end points. Since NGTX carcinogens lack genotoxic potential, these chemicals may remain undetected in such evaluations. To enhance the predictivity of test strategies for carcinogenicity assessment, a shift toward mechanism-based approaches is required. Here, we present an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for chemically induced oxidative stress leading to (NGTX) carcinogenesis. To develop this AOP network, we first investigated the role of oxidative stress in the various cancer hallmarks. Next, possible mechanisms for chemical induction of oxidative stress and the biological effects of oxidative damage to macromolecules were considered. This resulted in an AOP network, of which associated uncertainties were explored. Ultimately, development of AOP networks relevant for carcinogenesis in humans will aid the transition to a mechanism-based, human relevant carcinogenicity assessment that involves a substantially lower number of laboratory animals.

Preoperative fibrinogen/CRP score predicts survival in upper urothelial tract carcinoma patients undergoing radical curative surgery

PURPOSE

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) represents an often aggressive malignancy associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, finding reliable prognostic biomarkers in patients undergoing curative surgery for improved risk stratification is crucial. We evaluated the prognostic value of the Fibrinogen/C-reactive protein (FC)-score in a cohort of surgically treated UTUC patients.

METHODS

170 patients with radiologically and histologically verified UTUC who underwent radical curative surgery between 1990 and 2020, were included. The FC-score was calculated for each patient, with patients receiving 1 point each if Fibrinogen and/or CRP levels were elevated above the 25th or 75th percentile, respectively. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to their FC-score of 0, 1 or 2 point(s). Kaplan-Meier analysis, uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were implemented. We determined cancer-specific survival (CSS) as primary endpoint, whereas overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were considered secondary endpoints.

RESULTS

High FC-score (2 points) was significantly associated with adverse histological features such as vascular invasion (OR = 4.08, 95%CI 1.18-14.15, p = .0027) and tumour necrosis (OR = 6.67, 95%CI 1.35-32.96, p = 0.020). Both, uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models showed the FC-score as a significant predictor for CSS (univariable analysis: FC-score = 1: HR = 1.90, 95%CI 0.92-3.93, p = 0.085 | FC-score = 2: HR = 2.86, 95%CI 1.22-6.72, p = 0.016). Furthermore, in univariable analysis, patients with higher FC-score had significantly shorter OS (FC-score = 1: HR = 1.32, 95%CI 0.70-2.49, p = 0.387 | FC-score = 2: HR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.02-4.67, p = 0.043). However, this did not prevail in multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSION

The FC-score represents a novel potential biomarker in patients with UTUC undergoing radical curative surgery.

Prognostic value of lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with liver cancer: a meta-analysis

Background: The impact of lymphocyte-C-reactive protein ratio (LCR) on clinical outcomes has been reported in liver cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), but the results remain inconsistent. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases for relevant studies evaluating the association of LCR with survival outcomes and clinicopathological parameters. Results: Eight studies with 4316 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Low LCR was significantly associated with poor overall survival, disease-free survival/relapse-free survival and disease progression clinicopathological parameters in patients with HCC or ICC. Conclusion: Low pretreatment LCR was an adverse prognostic indicator in patients with HCC or ICC. In addition, it was correlated with clinicopathological parameters indicating a higher stage of malignancy.

Insights into the Human Microbiome and Its Connections with Prostate Cancer

The human microbiome represents the diversity of microorganisms that live together at different organ sites, influencing various physiological processes and leading to pathological conditions, even carcinogenesis, in case of a chronic imbalance. Additionally, the link between organ-specific microbiota and cancer has attracted the interest of numerous studies and projects. In this review article, we address the important aspects regarding the role of gut, prostate, urinary and reproductive system, skin, and oral cavity colonizing microorganisms in prostate cancer development. Various bacteria, fungi, virus species, and other relevant agents with major implications in cancer occurrence and progression are also described. Some of them are assessed based on their values of prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers, while others are presented for their anti-cancer properties.

A Nomogram Incorporating Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Predicts the Prognosis of Oral Cancers

We introduced a novel squamous cell carcinoma inflammatory index (SCI) and explored its prognostic utility for individuals with operable oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). We retrospectively analyzed data from 288 patients who were given a diagnosis of primary OSCC from January 2008 to December 2017. The SCI value was derived by multiplying the serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio values. We appraised the associations of the SCI with survival outcomes by performing Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier analyses. We constructed a nomogram for survival predictions by incorporating independent prognostic factors in a multivariable analysis. By executing a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we identified the SCI cutoff to be 3.45, and 188 and 100 patients had SCI values of <3.45 and ≥3.45, respectively. The patients with a high SCI (≥3.45) were associated with worse disease-free survival and overall survival than those with a low SCI (<3.45). An elevated preoperative SCI (≥3.45) predicted adverse overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.378; p < 0.002) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.219; p < 0.001). The SCI-based nomogram accurately predicted overall survival (concordance index: 0.779). Our findings indicate that SCI is a valuable biomarker that is highly associated with patient survival outcomes in OSCC.

NF-κB/p52 augments ETS1 binding genome-wide to promote glioma progression

Gliomas are highly invasive and chemoresistant cancers, making them challenging to treat. Chronic inflammation is a key driver of glioma progression as it promotes aberrant activation of inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB signalling, which drives cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis. NF-κB factors typically dimerise with its own family members, but emerging evidence of their promiscuous interactions with other oncogenic factors has been reported to promote transcription of new target genes and function. Here, we show that non-canonical NF-κB activation directly regulates p52 at the ETS1 promoter, activating its expression. This impacts the genomic and transcriptional landscape of ETS1 in a glioma-specific manner. We further show that enhanced non-canonical NF-κB signalling promotes the co-localisation of p52 and ETS1, resulting in transcriptional activation of non-κB and/or non-ETS glioma-promoting genes. We conclude that p52-induced ETS1 overexpression in glioma cells remodels the genome-wide regulatory network of p52 and ETS1 to transcriptionally drive cancer progression.

Intersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development

Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy. It has a reduced prevalence but has maintained its poor prognosis being the fourth leading cause of deaths related to cancer. The highest mortality rates occur in Asian and Latin American countries, where cases are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Overall, GC is viewed as the consequence of a multifactorial process, involving the virulence of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains, as well as some environmental factors, dietary habits, and host intrinsic factors. The tumor microenvironment in GC appears to be chronically inflamed which promotes tumor progression and reduces the therapeutic opportunities. It has been suggested that inflammation assessment needs to be measured qualitatively and quantitatively, considering cell-infiltration types, availability of receptors to detect damage and pathogens, and presence or absence of aggressive H. pylori strains. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells express several Toll-like receptors and determine the first defensive line against pathogens, and have been also described as mediators of tumorigenesis. However, other molecules, such as cytokines related to inflammation and innate immunity, including immune checkpoint molecules, interferon-gamma pathway and NETosis have been associated with an increased risk of GC. Therefore, this review will explore innate immune activation in the context of premalignant lesions of the gastric epithelium and established gastric tumors.

Role and research progress of hematological markers in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck, accounting for about 20%. Due to its high disability rate, the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer have always been the focus and difficulty of head and neck surgery. The outcome of cancer is affected not only by tumor-related factors but also by host-related factors, especially systemic inflammation, this is usually reflected by a variety of hematological markers. Studies have confirmed that there is a significant correlation between hematological markers and the occurrence, development, and prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and has a certain value in auxiliary diagnosis and prognosis prediction of LSCC. We reviewed various hematological markers related to LSCC aim to summarize the role and research progress of hematological markers in LSCC.

Fecal Microbiota Restoration Modulates the Microbiome in Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer

Chronic inflammation of the colon (colitis) is a known risk factor for inflammatory-driven colorectal cancers (id-CRCs), and intestinal microbiota has been implicated in the etiology of id-CRCs. Manipulation of the microbiome is a clinically viable therapeutic approach to limiting id-CRCs. To understand the microbiome changes that occur over time in id-CRCs, we used a mouse model of id-CRCs with the treatment of azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and measured the microbiome over time. We included cohorts where the microbiome was restored using cage bedding swapping and where the microbiome was depleted using antibiotics to compare to untreated animals. We identified consistent increases in Akkermansia in mice receiving horizontal microbiome transfer (HMT) via cage bedding swapping, while the control cohort had consistent longitudinal increases in Anaeroplasma and Alistipes. Additionally, fecal lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), a marker of intestinal inflammation, was elevated in unrestored animals compared to restored and antibiotic-treated counterparts following HMT. These observations suggest a potential role for Akkermansia, Anaeroplasma, and Alistipes in regulating colonic inflammation in id-CRCs.

Design and synthesis of 2,6-dihalogenated stilbene derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents

In present study, three series of 2,6-dihalogenated stilbene derivatives were designed, synthesized, and assayed for anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. All 62 compounds showed potential anti-inflammatory activity in zebrafish model in vivo, and the installation of halogens and pyridines led to significant improved effects. Among them, DHS2u and DHS3u with the substitution of pyridine showed more higher effects than positive drug indomethacin at 20 μM with inhibitory rate of 94.59% and 90.54%, respectively. Besides, DHS3g bearing 2,5-dimethoxy exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against K562 cells with IC₅₀ values 3.12 μM along with a suitable selectivity on normal cell viability. These results showed that 2,6-dihalogenated stilbenes could serve as a bright starting point for the further development as anti-inflammatory and antitumor agents.

Predictive value of inflammatory markers in gastric cancer

Aim: Many recent studies are increasingly shedding light on the nature of the relationship between cancer and inflammation. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) platelet/neutrophil ratio (PNR), and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) are proinflammatory markers, and their prognostic importance has been investigated in many solid cancers. In this study, we discussed the association of these derivative inflammatory markers, obtained from a cheap and simple peripheral blood test, with clinicopathologic variables in patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Material and Method: The retrospective database of a total of 148 patients who were operated for gastric cancer in the Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital Department of Surgery was analyzed. All blood results and pathology reports of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics of the patients and pathological features of the tumor were extracted from the database. NLR, PLR, PNR and MPV values were calculated from peripheral blood cell counts. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: PNR and MPV values were statistically significant according to N and T stage of the tumor, respectively (p=0.035, p=0.011). In MPV, this difference was statistically observed between T1 and T2 tumors (p=0.029). PLR and NLR values did not show a significant difference according to the size of the tumor (p>.05). Conclusion: MPV values are significantly associated with tumor T stage. PNR values are significantly associated with tumor N stage. However, the clinical implications and the added value to clinical practice require further research.

Mechanisms of obesity- and diabetes mellitus-related pancreatic carcinogenesis: a comprehensive and systematic review

Research on obesity- and diabetes mellitus (DM)-related carcinogenesis has expanded exponentially since these two diseases were recognized as important risk factors for cancers. The growing interest in this area is prominently actuated by the increasing obesity and DM prevalence, which is partially responsible for the slight but constant increase in pancreatic cancer (PC) occurrence. PC is a highly lethal malignancy characterized by its insidious symptoms, delayed diagnosis, and devastating prognosis. The intricate process of obesity and DM promoting pancreatic carcinogenesis involves their local impact on the pancreas and concurrent whole-body systemic changes that are suitable for cancer initiation. The main mechanisms involved in this process include the excessive accumulation of various nutrients and metabolites promoting carcinogenesis directly while also aggravating mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolic disorders by affecting multiple pathways. Detrimental alterations in gastrointestinal and sex hormone levels and microbiome dysfunction further compromise immunometabolic regulation and contribute to the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) for carcinogenesis, which can be exacerbated by several crucial pathophysiological processes and TME components, such as autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and exosome secretion. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the immunometabolic mechanisms of obesity- and DM-related pancreatic carcinogenesis and dissects how metabolic disorders impair anticancer immunity and influence pathophysiological processes to favor cancer initiation.

Elevated Baseline Neutrophil Count Correlates with Worse Outcomes in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Chemoradiation

BACKGROUND

The role of inflammation in the development and prognosis of bladder cancer (BC) is now established. We evaluated the significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and neutrophil count (PNN) in patients with localized BC treated with chemoradiation.

METHODS

Clinical characteristics and baseline biological data were retrospectively collected. We tested the association between NLR, PNN, and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

RESULTS

One hundred and ninety-four patients were included. Median PNN was 4000.0/mm³ [1500.0-16,858.0] and median NLR was 2.6 [0.6-19.2]. In patients with NLR > 2.6, median OS and PFS were lower (OS: 25.5 vs. 58.4 months, p = 0.02; PFS: 14.1 vs. 26.7 months, p = 0.07). Patients with PNN > 4000/mm³ had significantly lower OS (21.8 vs. 70.1 months, p < 0.001) and PFS (13.7 vs. 38.8 months, p < 0.001). Contrary to NLR, PNN > 4000/mm³ was associated with shorter OS and PFS in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated PNN at baseline was associated with worse OS and PFS. NLR was not an independent prognostic factor.

EZH2 and NF-κB: A context-dependent crosstalk and transcriptional regulation in cancer

Epigenetic modifications regulate critical biological processes that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), a subunit of the Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2, catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 on Lys 27 (H3K27) involved in gene silencing. EZH2 is amplified in human cancers and has roles in regulating several cellular processes, including survival, proliferation, invasion, and self-renewal. Though EZH2 is responsible for gene silencing through its canonical role, it also regulates the transcription of several genes promoting carcinogenesis via its non-canonical role. Constitutive activation of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of human malignancies. NF-κB is essential for regulating innate and adaptive immune responses and is one of the most important molecules that increases survival during carcinogenesis. Given the evidence that increased survival and proliferation are essential for tumor development and their association with epigenetic modifications, it seems plausible that EZH2 and NF-κB crosstalk may promote cancer progression. In this review, we expand on how EZH2 and NF-κB regulate cellular responses during cancer and their crosstalk of the canonical and non-canonical roles in a context-dependent manner.

Multi-omics profiling of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma reveals different somatic mutations and a unique transcriptomic signature

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) incidence has significantly increased, and some cases still exhibit invasive traits. The entire molecular landscape of PTMC, which can offer hints for the etiology of cancer, is currently absent.

METHODS

We compared our findings with those for PTMC in the TCGA by analyzing the largest study at the current stage of whole exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing data from 64 patients with PTMC. Then, we systematically demonstrated the differences between the two PTMC subtypes based on multi-omics analyses. Additionally, we created a molecular prediction model for the PTMC subtypes and validated them among TCGA patients for individualized integrative assessment.

RESULTS

In addition to the presence of BRAF mutations and RET fusions in the TCGA cohort, we also discovered a new molecular signature named PTMC-inflammatory that implies a potential response to immune intervention, which is enriched with AFP mutations, IGH@-ext fusions, elevated immune-related genes, positive peroxidase antibody, and positive thyroglobulin antibody. Additionally, a molecular prediction model for the PTMC-inflammatory patients was created and validated among TCGA patients, while the prognosis for these patients is poor.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings comprehensively define the clinical and molecular features of PTMC and may inspire new therapeutic hypotheses.

Prevention of malignant digestive system tumors should focus on the control of chronic inflammation

Chronic inflammation, through a variety of mechanisms, plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors (DSMTs). In this study, we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of DSMT prevention strategies based on preventing or controlling chronic inflammation. The development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies is a longstanding process. Cancer prevention, especially in the early stage of life, should be emphasized throughout the whole life course. Issues such as the time interval for colon cancer screening, the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for liver cancer, and the Helicobacter pylori vaccine all need to be explored in long-term, large-scale experiments in the future.

Arsenic causing gallbladder cancer disease in Bihar

In recent times Gallbladder cancer (GBC) incidences increased many folds in India and are being reported from arsenic hotspots identified in Bihar. The study aims to establish association between arsenic exposure and gallbladder carcinogenesis. In the present study, n = 200 were control volunteers and n = 152 confirmed gallbladder cancer cases. The studied GBC patient's biological samples-gallbladder tissue, gallbladder stone, bile, blood and hair samples were collected for arsenic estimation. Moreover, n = 512 gallbladder cancer patients blood samples were also evaluated for the presence of arsenic to understand exposure level in the population. A significantly high arsenic concentration (p < 0.05) was detected in the blood samples with maximum concentration 389 µg/L in GBC cases in comparison to control. Similarly, in the gallbladder cancer patients, there was significantly high arsenic concentration observed in gallbladder tissue with highest concentration of 2166 µg/kg, in gallbladder stones 635 µg/kg, in bile samples 483 µg/L and in hair samples 6980 µg/kg respectively. Moreover, the n = 512 gallbladder cancer patient's blood samples study revealed very significant arsenic concentration in the population of Bihar with maximum arsenic concentration as 746 µg/L. The raised arsenic concentration in the gallbladder cancer patients' biological samples-gallbladder tissue, gallbladder stone, bile, blood, and hair samples was significantly very high in the arsenic exposed area. The study denotes that the gallbladder disease burden is very high in the arsenic exposed area of Bihar. The findings do provide a strong link between arsenic contamination and increased gallbladder carcinogenesis.

Defining the Emergence of New Immunotherapy Approaches in Breast Cancer: Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Breast cancer (BC) continues to be the most diagnosed tumor in women and a very heterogeneous disease both inter- and intratumoral, mainly given by the variety of molecular profiles with different biological and clinical characteristics. Despite the advancements in early detection and therapeutic strategies, the survival rate is low in patients who develop metastatic disease. Therefore, it is mandatory to explore new approaches to achieve better responses. In this regard, immunotherapy arose as a promising alternative to conventional treatments due to its ability to modulate the immune system, which may play a dual role in this disease since the relationship between the immune system and BC cells depends on several factors: the tumor histology and size, as well as the involvement of lymph nodes, immune cells, and molecules that are part of the tumor microenvironment. Particularly, myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion is one of the major immunosuppressive mechanisms used by breast tumors since it has been associated with worse clinical stage, metastatic burden, and poor efficacy of immunotherapies. This review focuses on the new immunotherapies in BC in the last five years. Additionally, the role of MDSC as a therapeutic target in breast cancer will be described.

α-Hederin Saponin Augments the Chemopreventive Effect of Cisplatin against Ehrlich Tumors and Bioinformatic Approach Identifying the Role of SDF1/CXCR4/p-AKT-1/NFκB Signaling

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1) and its C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 receptor (CXCR4) are significant mediators for cancer cells’ proliferation, and we studied their expression in Ehrlich solid tumors (ESTs) grown in mice. α-Hederin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in Hedera or Nigella species with biological activity that involves suppression of growth of breast cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to explore the chemopreventive activity of α-hederin with/without cisplatin; this was achieved by measuring the reduction in tumor masses and the downregulation in SDF1/CXCR4/pAKT signaling proteins and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Ehrlich carcinoma cells were injected in four groups of Swiss albino female mice (Group1: EST control group, Group2: EST + α-hederin group, Group3: EST + cisplatin group, and Group4: EST+α-hederin/cisplatin treated group). Tumors were dissected and weighed, one EST was processed for histopathological staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), and the second MC was frozen and processed for estimation of signaling proteins. Computational analysis for these target proteins interactions showed direct-ordered interactions. The dissected solid tumors revealed decreases in tumor masses (~21%) and diminished viable tumor regions with significant necrotic surrounds, particularly with the combination regimens. Immunohistochemistry showed reductions (~50%) in intratumoral NFκβ in the mouse group that received the combination therapy. The combination treatment lowered the SDF1/CXCR4/p-AKT proteins in ESTs compared to the control. In conclusion, α-hederin augmented the chemotherapeutic potential of cisplatin against ESTs; this effect was at least partly mediated through suppressing the chemokine SDF1/CXCR4/p-AKT/NFκB signaling. Further studies are recommended to verify the chemotherapeutic potential of α-hederin in other breast cancer models.

Targeting Mitochondrial Therapy in the Regulation of HPV Infection and HPV-Related Cancers

It has been previously proposed that some types of cancer cells reprogram their metabolic pathways, favoring the metabolism of glucose by aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) instead of oxidative phosphorylation, mainly because the mitochondria of these cells are damaged, thus displaying mitochondrial dysfunction. However, in several cancers, the mitochondria do not exhibit any dysfunction and are also necessary for the tumor’s growth and maintenance. Remarkably, if the mitochondria are dysfunctional, specific processes associated with the release of cytochrome c (cyt c), such as apoptosis, are significantly impaired. In these cases, cellular biotherapies such as mitochondrial transplantation could restore the intrinsic apoptotic processes necessary for the elimination of cancers. On the other hand, if the mitochondria are in good shape, drugs that target the mitochondria are a valid option for treating the related cancers. Famously, the mitochondria are targeted by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV-related cancers depend on the host’s mitochondria for their development and progression. On the other hand, the mitochondria are also important during treatment, such as chemotherapy, since they are key organelles for the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which significantly increases cell death due to the presence of oxidative stress (OS). In this way, the mitochondria in HPV infection and in the development of HPV-related cancer could be targeted to reduce or eliminate HPV infections or HPV-related cancers. To our knowledge, there was no previous review specifically focusing on this topic, so this work aimed to summarize for the first time the potential use of mitochondria-targeting drugs, providing molecular insights on the main therapeutics developed so far in HPV infection and HPV-related cancer. Thus, we reviewed the mechanisms associated with HPV-related cancers, with their early proteins and mitochondrial apoptosis specifically induced by different compounds or drugs, in which these molecules induce the production of ROS, the activation of proapoptotic proteins, the deactivation of antiapoptotic proteins, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), cyt c release, and the activation of caspases, which are all events which lead to the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This makes these compounds and drugs potential anticancer therapeutics that target the mitochondria and could be exploited in future biomedical strategies.

Overexpression of TREM1 is Associated with the Immune-Suppressive Microenvironment and Unfavorable Prognosis in Pan-Cancer

Background

Triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells-1 (TREM1) is a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays an important role in pro-inflammation in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. However, the understanding of the immunomodulatory roles of TREM1 in the tumor microenvironment remains incomplete.

Methods

The expression patterns of TREM1 mRNA in tumors and adjacent normal tissues were compared by analyzing data obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. Survival analysis was performed to determine the prognostic value of TREM1. Functional enrichment analysis was applied to decipher the discrepancy in biological processes between high- and low-TREM1 groups across various cancers. The correlation between TREM1 and immune cell infiltration determined by using multiple algorithms was evaluated with the Pearson method. Four independent immunotherapy cohorts were adopted to validate the role of TREM1 as a biomarker.

Results

TREM1 was elevated in most cancers as verified with clinical samples. Overexpression of TREM1 was linked with undesirable prognosis in patients. Further analysis revealed that TREM1 was positively correlated with immune response, pro-tumor pathways, and myeloid cell infiltration, while being negatively correlated with CD8⁺ T cell (including infiltration level and biological processes). Concordantly, tumors with high TREM1 levels were more resistant to immunotherapy. Through connective map analysis, therapeutically potential compounds like tozasertib and TPCA-1 were identified, which can be used synergistically with immunotherapy to improve the poor prognosis of patients with high TREM1 levels.

Conclusion

Through a systematic and comprehensive pan-cancer analysis, we demonstrated that overexpression of TREM1 in tumors correlated closely with unfavorable outcome, infiltration of immune-suppressive cells, and immune regulation, which highlights its potential use as a tumor prognostic biomarker and a novel target for immunotherapy.

Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index May Predict Mortality in Neuroblastoma

INTRODUCTION

Neuroblastomas (NB) are among the most frequent childhood solid tumors. The link between inflammation and cancer is well understood. Many research studies have been conducted to determine the prognostic importance of inflammatory markers in cancer patients. C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) are all potential inflammation indicators. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of NLR and SII as inflammatory indicators in predicting NB patient survival.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with NB diagnosed between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2021 were studied retrospectively, and death was documented. By dividing the number of neutrophils by the number of lymphocytes, the NLR was obtained. The SII was calculated by multiplying the NLR by the platelet count.

RESULTS

 46 patients with NB were included in the study with a mean age of 57.58 months (4.14-170.05). When the patients were analyzed based on mortality the NLR and SII values were statistically significantly increased in the dead group (2.71 (1.22-4.1 ) vs. 1.7 (0.16-5.1); p=0.02; and 677.8 (215-1322) vs. 294.6 (69.49-799.1), respectively; p=0.012). Analysis of the receiver operating curve found that 328.49 is the ideal cutoff value for SII to predict mortality with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 68% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.814 (95% confidence interval: 0.671-0.956), p=0.005 ). Analyzing the influence of risk factors on survival using Cox regression analysis, SII was discovered as a significant predictor of survival in the study (HR =1.001, 95% CI =1-1.20; p=0.049).

CONCLUSION

 SII may be used to predict the overall survival of NB patients.

Prognostic circulating proteomic biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases

The liver is the most common site of metastasis in colorectal cancer. Multimodal treatment, including liver resection, is potentially curative and prolongs survival for selected patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). However, the treatment of CRLM remains challenging because recurrence is common, and prognosis varies widely between patients despite curative-intent treatment. Clinicopathological features and tissue-based molecular biomarkers, either alone or in combination, are insufficient for accurate prognostication. As most of the functional information in cells resides in the proteome, circulating proteomic biomarkers may be useful for rationalising the molecular complexities of CRLM and identifying potentially prognostic molecular subtypes. High-throughput proteomics has accelerated a range of applications including protein profiling of liquid biopsies for biomarker discovery. Moreover, these proteomic biomarkers may provide non-invasive prognostic information even before CRLM resection. This review evaluates recently discovered circulating proteomic biomarkers in CRLM. We also highlight some of the challenges and opportunities with translating these discoveries into clinical applications.

Novel insights into the impact of liver inflammatory responses on primary liver cancer development

Primary liver cancers rank among the deadliest cancers worldwide and often develop in patients with chronic liver diseases in an inflammatory context. This review highlights recent reports on the mechanisms of inflammatory-mediated hepatic cell transformation that trigger the tumorigenic process (initiation steps) and the impact of the immune response favoring tumor cell expansion (progression steps). Several cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have been described to play a prominent role in the initiation of liver cancers. Additionally, inflammation contributes to cancer progression by favoring tumor escape from anti-tumor immune response, angiogenesis, and metastasis through tumor growth factor-beta and matrix metalloprotease upregulation. These recent studies allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies aiming at regulating liver inflammation. These strategies are based on the use of anti-inflammatory agents, antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed death ligand 1 and molecules targeting angiogenic factors, metastasis key factors, and microRNAs involved in tumor development. This review aims at summarizing the recent studies reporting different mechanisms by which the liver inflammatory responses could contribute to liver cancer development.

Upregulation of SLC12A3 and SLC12A9 Mediated by the HCP5/miR-140-5p Axis Confers Aggressiveness and Unfavorable Prognosis in Uveal Melanoma

Perturbation of solute carriers (SLCs) has been implicated in metabolic disorders and cancer, highlighting the potential for drug discovery and therapeutic opportunities. However, there is relatively little exploration of the clinical relevance and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the SLC12 family in uveal melanoma (UVM). Here, we performed an integrative multiomics analysis of the SLC12 family in multicenter UVM datasets and found that high expression of SLC12A3 and SLC12A9 was associated with unfavorable prognosis. Moreover, SLC12A3 and SLC12A9 were highly expressed in UVM in vivo. We experimentally characterized the roles of these proteins in tumorigenesis in vitro and explored their association with the prognosis of UVM. Lastly, we identified the HCP5-miR-140-5p axis as a potential noncoding RNA pathway upstream of SLC12A3 and SLC12A9, which was associated with immunomodulation and may represent a novel predictor for clinical prognosis and responsiveness to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. These findings may facilitate a better understanding of the SLCome and guide future rationalized development of SLC-targeted therapy and drug discovery for UVM.

Breast Reconstruction after Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Treatment: A Case Report and Literature Review

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs in patients with at least one prior textured breast implant. BIA-ALCL has a relatively good prognosis when treated promptly. However, data on the methods and timing of the reconstruction process are lacking. Herein, we report the first case of BIA-ALCL in Republic of Korea in a patient who underwent breast reconstruction using implants and an acellular dermal matrix (ADM). A 47-year-old female patient was diagnosed with BIA-ALCL stage IIA (T4N0M0) and underwent bilateral breast augmentation using textured breast implants. She then underwent removal of both breast implants, total bilateral capsulectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. There was no evidence of recurrence at 28 months postoperatively; therefore, the patient wished to undergo breast reconstruction surgery. A smooth surface implant was used to consider the patient's desired breast volume and body mass index. The right breast was reconstructed with a smooth surface implant and an ADM in the prepectoral plane. Breast augmentation was performed on the left breast using a smooth surface implant. The patient was satisfied with the results and recovered fully with no complications.

The Extract of Perilla frutescens Seed Residue Attenuated the Progression of Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rat Colon by Reducing Inflammatory Processes and Altered Gut Microbiota

Perilla frutescens (PF) seed residue is a waste from perilla oil production that still contains nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to investigate the chemoprotective action of PF seed residue crude ethanolic extract (PCE) on the inflammatory-induced promotion stage of rat colon carcinogenesis and cell culture models. PCE 0.1 and 1 g/kg body weight were administered by oral gavage to rats after receiving dimethylhydrazine (DMH) with one week of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) supplementation. PCE at high dose exhibited a reduction in aberrant crypt foci (ACF) number (66.46%) and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the DMH + DSS group (p < 0.01). Additionally, PCE could either modulate the inflammation induced in murine macrophage cells by bacterial toxins or suppress the proliferation of cancer cell lines, which was induced by the inflammatory process. These results demonstrate that the active components in PF seed residue showed a preventive effect on the aberrant colonic epithelial cell progression by modulating inflammatory microenvironments from the infiltrated macrophage or inflammatory response of aberrant cells. Moreover, consumption of PCE could alter rat microbiota, which might be related to health benefits. However, the mechanisms of PCE on the microbiota, which are related to inflammation and inflammatory-induced colon cancer progression, need to be further investigated.

Targeting Underlying Inflammation in Carcinoma Is Essential for the Resolution of Depressiveness

In modern clinical practice and research on behavioral changes in patients with oncological problems, there are several one-sided approaches to these problems. Strategies for early detection of behavioral changes are considered, but they must take into account the specifics of the localization and phase in the course and treatment of somatic oncological disease. Behavioral changes, in particular, may correlate with systemic proinflammatory changes. In the up-to-date literature, there are a lot of useful pointers on the relationship between carcinoma and inflammation and between depression and inflammation. This review is intended to provide an overview of these similar underlying inflammatory disturbances in both oncological disease and depression. The specificities of acute and chronic inflammation are considered as a basis for causal current and future therapies. Modern therapeutic oncology protocols may also cause transient behavioral changes, so assessment of the quality, quantity, and duration of behavioral symptoms is necessary to prescribe adequate therapy. Conversely, antidepressant properties could be used to ameliorate inflammation. We will attempt to provide some impetus and present some unconventional potential treatment targets related to inflammation. It is certain that only an integrative oncology approach is justifiable in modern patient treatment.

Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Mortality in Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SIII) is a marker studied in multiple types of urologic cancer. This systematic review evaluates the association between SIII values with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in testicular cancer. We searched observational studies in five databases. The quantitative synthesis was performed using a random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The only measure of the effect was the hazard ratio (HR). A sensitivity analysis was performed according to the risk of bias in the studies. There were 833 participants in a total of 6 cohorts. We found that high SIII values were associated with worse OS (HR = 3.28; 95% CI 1.3-8.9; p < 0.001; I2 = 78) and PFS (HR = 3.9; 95% CI 2.53-6.02; p < 0.001; I2 = 0). No indication of small study effects was found in the association between SIII values and OS (p = 0.5301). High SIII values were associated with worse OS and PFS. However, further primary studies are suggested to enhance the effect of this marker in different outcomes of testicular cancer patients.

A combined preoperative red cell distribution width and carcinoembryonic antigen score contribute to prognosis prediction in stage I lung adenocarcinoma

AIMS

Hematological markers that can be used for prognosis prediction for stage I lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are still lacking. Here, we examined the prognostic value of a combination of the red cell distribution width (RDW) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), namely, the RDW-CEA score (RCS), in stage I LUAD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study with 154 patients with stage I LUAD was conducted. Patients were divided into RCS 1 (decreased RDW and CEA), RCS 2 (decreased RDW and increased CEA, increased RDW and decreased CEA), and RCS 3 (increased RDW and CEA) subgroups based on the best optimal cutoff points of RDW and CEA for overall survival (OS). The differences in other clinicopathological parameters among RCS subgroups were calculated. Disease-free survival (DFS) and OS among these groups were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and risk factors for outcome were calculated by a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Seventy, 65, and 19 patients were assigned to the RCS 1, 2, and 3 subgroups, respectively. Patients ≥ 60 years (P < 0.001), male sex (P = 0.004), T₂ stage (P = 0.004), and IB stage (P = 0.006) were more significant in the RCS 2 or 3 subgroups. The RCS had a good area under the curve (AUC) for predicting DFS (AUC = 0.81, P < 0.001) and OS (AUC = 0.93, P < 0.001). The DFS (log-rank = 33.26, P < 0.001) and OS (log-rank = 42.05, P < 0.001) were significantly different among RCS subgroups, with RCS 3 patients displaying the worst survival compared to RCS 1 or 2 patients. RCS 3 was also an independent risk factor for both DFS and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

RCS is a useful prognostic indicator in stage I LUAD patients, and RCS 3 patients have poorer survival. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to validate our findings in the future.

Obesity promotes breast epithelium DNA damage in women carrying a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2

Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, is an established risk factor for breast cancer among women in the general population after menopause. Whether elevated BMI is a risk factor for women with a germline mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 is less clear because of inconsistent findings from epidemiological studies and a lack of mechanistic studies in this population. Here, we show that DNA damage in normal breast epithelia of women carrying a BRCA mutation is positively correlated with BMI and with biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction. In addition, RNA sequencing showed obesity-associated alterations to the breast adipose microenvironment of BRCA mutation carriers, including activation of estrogen biosynthesis, which affected neighboring breast epithelial cells. In breast tissue explants cultured from women carrying a BRCA mutation, we found that blockade of estrogen biosynthesis or estrogen receptor activity decreased DNA damage. Additional obesity-associated factors, including leptin and insulin, increased DNA damage in human BRCA heterozygous epithelial cells, and inhibiting the signaling of these factors with a leptin-neutralizing antibody or PI3K inhibitor, respectively, decreased DNA damage. Furthermore, we show that increased adiposity was associated with mammary gland DNA damage and increased penetrance of mammary tumors in Brca1+/- mice. Overall, our results provide mechanistic evidence in support of a link between elevated BMI and breast cancer development in BRCA mutation carriers. This suggests that maintaining a lower body weight or pharmacologically targeting estrogen or metabolic dysfunction may reduce the risk of breast cancer in this population.

Peripheral lymphocytes and lactate dehydrogenase correlate with response and survival in head and neck cancers treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Little is known regarding associations between peripheral blood biomarkers (PBBMs) and survival, response, and toxicity in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (R/M HNSCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

METHODS

In this single-institution retrospective cohort study, a dataset of patients with R/M HNSCC treated with ICIs between 08/2012-03/2021 was established, including demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics. Pretreatment PBBMs were collected and evaluated for associations with grade ≥3 adverse events (G ≥ 3AE) by CTCAEv5, objective response (ORR) by RECIST 1.1, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariable models for each outcome were created using elastic net variable selection.

RESULTS

Our study included 186 patients, with 51 (27%) demonstrating complete or partial response to immunotherapy. Multivariable models adjusted for ECOG performance status (PS), p16, and smoking demonstrated that pretreatment higher LDH and absolute neutrophils, as well as lower percent lymphocytes correlated with worse OS and PFS. Higher LDH and lower % lymphocytes also correlated with worse ORR.

CONCLUSIONS

In the largest study to date examining PBBMs in ICI-treated R/M HNSCCs, our variable selection method revealed PBBMs prognostic for survival and response to immunotherapy. These biomarkers warrant further investigation in a prospective study along with validation with CPS biomarker.

Predictive Value of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indexes in the Pathology of Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy

In recent years, the focus of numerous studies has been the predictive value of inflammatory and nutritional parameters in oncology patients. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between the inflammatory and nutritional parameters and the histopathological characteristics of patients with bladder cancer. A retrospective study included 491 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 2017 and 2021. We calculated the preoperative values of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI). Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between NLR, dNLR, SII, SIRI, and PLR and the pathological stage of the tumor. We observed statistically significant inverse correlations for LMR, PNI, and GNRI with the tumor stage. SIRI was identified as an independent predictor of the presence of LVI. dNLR was identified as an independent predictor of positive surgical margins. GNRI was identified as an independent predictor of the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes. We noticed the predictive value of SIRI, dNLR, and GNRI in the pathology of bladder cancer patients.

Glioblastoma Multiforme: Probing Solutions to Systemic Toxicity towards High-Dose Chemotherapy and Inflammatory Influence in Resistance against Temozolomide

Temozolomide (TMZ), the first-line chemotherapeutic drug against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), often fails to provide the desired clinical outcomes due to inflammation-induced resistance amid inefficient drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The current study utilized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) for targeted delivery of TMZ against GBM. After successful formulation and characterization of SLNPs and conjugation with TMZ (SLNP-TMZ), their in-vitro anti-cancer efficacy and effect on the migratory potential of cancer cells were evaluated using temozolomide-sensitive (U87-S) as well as TMZ-resistant (U87-R) glioma cell lines. Elevated cytotoxicity and reduction in cell migration in both cell lines were observed with SLNP-TMZ as compared to the free drug (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in-vivo using an orthotopic xenograft mouse model (XM-S and XM-R), where a reduction in tumor size was observed with SLNP-TMZ treatment compared to TMZ. Concomitantly, higher concentrations of the drug were found in brain tissue resections of mice treated with SLNP-TMZ as compared to other vital organs than mice treated with free TMZ. Expression of inflammatory markers (Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis factor-α) in a resistant cell line (U87-R) and its respective mouse model (XM-R) were also found to be significantly elevated as compared to the sensitive U87-S cell line and its respective mouse model (XM-S). Thus, the in-vitro and in-vivo results of the study strongly support the potential application of SLNP-TMZ for TMZ-sensitive and resistant GBM therapy, indicatively through inflammatory mechanisms, and thus merit further detailed insights.

GLIS1 intervention enhances anti-PD1 therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting SGK1-STAT3-PD1 pathway

BACKGROUND

GLI-similar 1 (GLIS1) is one of of Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins, which are either stimulators or inhibitors of genetic transcription. Nevertheless, its effects on T cell were elusive.

METHODS

In this study, we intend to explore the effects of GLIS1 on modulating the anticancer potency of CD8⁺ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of GLIS1 in CD8 peripheral blood mononuclear cell and CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of HCC tissues was validated by quantificational real-time-PCR and flow cytometry. The anticancer potency of CD8⁺ T cells with GLIS1 knock down was confirmed in C57BL/6 mouse model and HCC patient-derived xenograft mice model. GLIS1^-/- C57BL/6 mice was applied to explore the effects GLIS1 on tumor immune microenvironment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA transcriptome sequencing analysis were both performed in GLIS1-knock down of CD8⁺ T cells.

RESULTS

GLIS1 was upregulated in exhausted CD8⁺ T cells in HCC. GLIS1 downregulation in CD8⁺ T cells repressed cancer development, elevated the infiltrate ability of CD8⁺ T cells, mitigated CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion and ameliorated the anti-PD1 reaction of CD8⁺ T cells in HCC. The causal link beneath this included transcriptional regulation of SGK1-STAT3-PD1 pathway by GLIS1, thereby maintaining the abundant PD1 expression on the surface of CD8⁺ T cells.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that GLIS1 promoted CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion in HCC through transcriptional regulating SGK1-STAT3-PD1 pathway. Downregulating the expression of GLIS1 in CD8⁺ T cells exerted an effect with anti-PD1 treatment synergistically, revealing a prospective method for HCC immune therapy.

Exploration of anticancer potential of Lantadenes from weed Lantana camara: Synthesis, in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies

Naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoids and their semisynthetic analogues have engrossed increasing attention for their anticancer potential and exhibiting promising role in discovery of new anticancer agents. Present study include the semi synthetic modifications of Lantadenes from the weed Lantana carama and their structures delineation by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR & mass spectroscopy. All the compounds were scrutinized for in vitro cytotoxicity, ligand receptor interaction and in vivo anticancer studies. Most of the novel analogues displayed potent antiproliferative activity against A375 & A431 cancer cell lines and found superior to parent Lantadenes. In particular, 3β-(4-Methoxybenzoyloxy)-22β-senecioyloxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid was found to be most suitable compound, with IC₅₀ value of 3.027 μM aganist A375 cell line having least docking score (-69.40 kcal/mol). Promising anticancer potential of the lead was further indicated by significant reduction in tumor volume and burden in two stage carcinoma model. These findings suggests that the Lantadene derivatives may hold promising potential for the intervention of skin cancers.

An enzyme activated fluorescent probe for LTA4H activity sensing and its application in cancer screening

Early diagnosis of cancer is an efficient strategy to prevent tumor progression and improve the survival rate of patients. However, to discovery of reliable tumor-specific biomarkers remains a great challenge. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA₄H) is a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme with epoxide hydrolase activity and aminopeptidase activity, which plays important roles in allergic and inflammatory reactions and showed strong relevance with carcinoma progression. We thus sought to investigate the possibility of application LTA₄H activity detection in cancer diagnosis. To achieve this, we herein develop an enzyme activated fluorescent probe for LTA₄H activity sensing by incorporating the specific recognition unit of LTA₄H with a red-emitting fluorophore. The acquired probe (named as ADMAB) showed high sensitivity and specificity toward LTA₄H in vitro. By further application of ADMAB in living cells, significantly elevated LTA₄H activity in cancer cell lines was observed when compared with normal cell lines and in vivo tracing A549 tumor in nude mice was also realized by ADMAB. Meanwhile, the wound-healing assay further revealed the importance of LTA₄H in tumor metastasis. Moreover, the LTA₄H activity in human serum sample was successfully detected by ADMAB and significantly elevated LTA₄H activity in patients diagnosed with cancer was firstly found, which demonstrated ADMAB to be a useful tool for cancer diagnosis and LTA₄H related biological study.

The prognostic value of the advanced lung cancer inflammation index in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation is crucial for the development and progression of cancers. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is considered to be a better indicator of systemic inflammation than current biomarkers. However, the prognostic value of the ALI in gastrointestinal neoplasms remains unclear. We performed the first meta-analysis to explore the association between ALI and gastrointestinal oncologic outcomes to help physicians better evaluate the prognosis of those patients.

METHODS

Eligible articles were retrieved using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar by December 29, 2022. Clinical outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS).

RESULTS

A total of 18 articles with 6898 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that a low ALI was correlated with poor OS (HR = 1.914, 95% CI: 1.514-2.419, P < 0.001), DFS (HR = 1.631, 95% CI: 1.197-2.224, P = 0.002), and PFS (HR = 1.679, 95% CI: 1.073-2.628, P = 0.023) of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Subgroup analysis revealed that a low ALI was associated with shorter OS (HR = 2.279, 95% CI: 1.769-2.935, P < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 1.631, 95% CI: 1.197-2.224, P = 0.002), and PFS (HR = 1.911, 95% CI: 1.517-2.408, P = 0.002) of patients with colorectal cancer. However, the ALI was not related to CSS in the patients with gastrointestinal malignancy (HR = 1.121, 95% CI: 0.694-1.812, P = 0.640). Sensitivity analysis supported the stability and dependability of the above results.

CONCLUSION

The pre-treatment ALI was a useful predictor of prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.

Inflammatory cytokine-enriched microenvironment plays key roles in the development of breast cancers

As the incidence of breast cancer continues to increase, it is critical to develop prevention strategies for this disease. Inflammation underlies the onset of the disease, and NF-κB is a master transcription factor for inflammation. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is activated in a variety of cell types, including normal epithelial cells, cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and immune cells. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the earliest stage of breast cancer, and not all DCIS lesions develop into invasive breast cancers (IBC). Currently, most patients with DCIS undergo surgery with postoperative therapy, although there is a risk of overtreatment. In BRCA mutants, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)-positive progenitors serve as the cell of origin, and treatment using the RANK monoclonal antibody reduces the risk of IBC. There is still an unmet need to diagnose malignant DCIS, which has the potential to progress to IBC, and to establish appropriate prevention strategies. We recently demonstrated novel molecular mechanisms for NF-κB activation in premalignant mammary tissues, which include DCIS, and the resultant cytokine-enriched microenvironment is essential for breast cancer development. On the early endosomes in a few epithelial cells, the adaptor protein FRS2β, forming a complex with ErbB2, carries the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and leads to the activation of NF-κB, thereby inducing a variety of cytokines. Therefore, the FRS2β-NFκB axis in the inflammatory premalignant environment could be targetable to prevent IBC. Further analysis of the molecular mechanisms of inflammation in the premalignant microenvironment is necessary to prevent the risk of IBC.

Pleiotropic effects of the COX-2/PGE2 axis in the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of malignant glioma. The GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of heterogeneous cells and signaling factors. Glioma associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) constitute a significant portion of the TME, suggesting that their functional attributes play a crucial role in cancer homeostasis. In GBM, an elevated GAM population is associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance. Neoplastic cells recruit these myeloid populations through release of chemoattractant factors and dysregulate their induction of inflammatory programs. GAMs become protumoral advocates through production a variety of cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and growth factors that can drive cancer proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, and angiogenesis. Among these inflammatory factors, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its downstream product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are highly enriched in GBM and their overexpression is positively correlated with poor prognosis in patients. Both tumor cells and GAMs have the ability to signal through the COX-2 PGE2 axis and respond in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In the GBM TME, enhanced signaling through the COX-2/PGE2 axis leads to pleotropic effects that impact GAM dynamics and drive tumor progression.

A Review on Dietary Flavonoids as Modulators of the Tumor Microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the local environment where malignant cells strive and survive, composed of cancer cells and their surroundings, regulating essential tumor survival, and promotion functions. Dietary flavonoids are abundantly present in common vegetables and fruits and exhibit good anti-cancer activities, which significantly inhibit tumorigenesis by targeting TME constituents and their interaction with cancer cells. This review aims to synthesize information concerning the modulation of TME by dietary flavonoids, as well as to provide insights into the molecular basis of its potential anti-tumor activities, with an emphasis on its ability to control intracellular signaling cascades that regulate the TME processes, involving cell proliferation, invasion and migration, continuous angiogenesis, and immune inflammation. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the development of the leading compound targeting TME for anti-cancer therapies from these dietary flavonoids.

TRIM8: a double-edged sword in glioblastoma with the power to heal or hurt

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor and one of the most lethal central nervous system tumors in adults. Despite significant breakthroughs in standard treatment, only about 5% of patients survive 5 years or longer. Therefore, much effort has been put into the search for identifying new glioma-associated genes. Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family proteins are essential regulators of carcinogenesis. TRIM8, a member of the TRIM superfamily, is abnormally expressed in high-grade gliomas and is associated with poor clinical prognosis in patients with glioma. Recent research has shown that TRIM8 is a molecule of duality (MoD) that can function as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, making it a "double-edged sword" in glioblastoma development. This characteristic is due to its role in selectively regulating three major cellular signaling pathways: the TP53/p53-mediated tumor suppression pathway, NFKB/NF-κB, and the JAK-STAT pathway essential for stem cell property support in glioma stem cells. In this review, TRIM8 is analyzed in detail in the context of GBM and its involvement in essential signaling and stem cell-related pathways. We also discuss the basic biological activities of TRIM8 in macroautophagy/autophagy, regulation of bipolar spindle formation and chromosomal stability, and regulation of chemoresistance, and as a trigger of inflammation.

Role of lymphocytes, macrophages and immune receptors in suppression of tumor immunity

Cancer is now the leading cause of mortality across the world. Inflammatory immune cells are functionally important in the genesis and progression of tumors, as demonstrated by their presence in human tumors. Numerous research has recently been conducted to determine if the innate and adaptive immune systems' cytotoxic cells can inhibit tumor growth and spread. Majority of cancers, when growing into identifiable tumors use multiple strategies to elude immune monitoring by lowering tumor immunity. Immunological suppression in the tumor microenvironment is achieved through interfering with antigen-presenting cells and effector T cells. Treatment of cancer requires managing both the tumor as well as tumor microenvironment (TME). Most patients will not be able to gain benefits from immunotherapy because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The actions of many stromal myeloid and lymphoid cells are regulated to suppress tumor-specific T lymphocytes. These frequently exhibit inducible suppressive processes brought on by the same anti-tumor inflammatory response the immunotherapy aims to produce. Therefore, a deeper comprehensive understanding of how the immunosuppressive environment arises and endures is essential. Here in this chapter, we will talk about how immune cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes, and their receptors affect the ability of tumors to mount an immune response.

Systemic inflammation score as a preoperative prognostic factor for patients with pT2-T4 resectable gastric cancer: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation has been reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Systemic inflammation score (SIS), calculated from preoperative serum albumin level and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, has been shown to be a novel prognostic factor for several types of tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the SIS in patients with pT2-4 resectable gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

Total 97 patients with pT2-4 GC who underwent curative surgery from 322 cases between 2009 and 2015 in Fukushima Medical University Hospital were included. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to evaluate the usefulness of preoperative SIS and other prognostic factors for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

The higher SIS score was associated with undifferentiated cancer and recurrence. Univariate analysis of RFS identified deeper tumor invasion and higher SIS were significant risk factors and multivariate analysis revealed that both of them were independent prognostic factors for RFS. As for OS, age, tumor invasion, SIS and LNR were significantly correlated with RFS. In multivariate analysis, tumor invasion, SIS and LNR were independent prognostic factors for OS.

CONCLUSIONS

SIS was an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS in pT2-4 resectable gastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy.

Whole β-glucan particle attenuates AOM/DSS-induced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice via inhibition of intestinal inflammation

Yeast β-glucan is a polysaccharide purified from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, and its multiple biological activities are essential for immune regulation. However, the effect of β-glucan on the intestinal immune response during colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is unclear. Here, we explore the possible role of β-glucan in the development of CAC. Wild type (WT) mice with CAC induced by azoxmethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) had fewer tumors than untreated mice after oral β-glucan because of increased antitumor dendritic cells (DCs) in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in more CD8⁺ T cells and the production of related cytokines. β-glucan also increased resistance to DSS-induced chronic colitis by reshaping the inflammatory microenvironment. These data suggest that β-glucan improves experimental intestinal inflammation and delays the development of CAC. Therefore, β-glucan is feasible for treating chronic colitis and CAC in clinical practice.

Cancer Stem Cell Relationship with Pro-Tumoral Inflammatory Microenvironment

Inflammatory processes and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are increasingly recognized as factors in the development of tumors. Emerging evidence indicates that CSCs are associated with cancer properties such as metastasis, treatment resistance, and disease recurrence. However, the precise interaction between CSCs and the immune microenvironment remains unexplored. Although evasion of the immune system by CSCs has been extensively studied, new research demonstrates that CSCs can also control and even profit from the immune response. This review provides an overview of the reciprocal interplay between CSCs and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, collecting pertinent data about how CSCs stimulate leukocyte reprogramming, resulting in pro-tumor immune cells that promote metastasis, chemoresistance, tumorigenicity, and even a rise in the number of CSCs. Tumor-associated macrophages, neutrophils, Th17 and regulatory T cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as the signaling pathways involved in these pro-tumor activities, are among the immune cells studied. Although cytotoxic leukocytes have the potential to eliminate CSCs, immune evasion mechanisms in CSCs and their clinical implications are also known. We intended to compile experimental findings that provide direct evidence of interactions between CSCs and the immune system and CSCs and the inflammatory milieu. In addition, we aimed to summarize key concepts in order to comprehend the cross-talk between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment as a crucial process for the effective design of anti-CSC therapies.

Monitoring of postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, D-dimer, and CA153 in: Diagnostic value for recurrent and metastatic breast cancer

Objective

This stydy aims to assess the value of monitoring of postoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), D-dimer, and carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153) for diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) recurrence and metastasis.

Materials/Methods

A cohort of 252 BC patients who underwent surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between August 2008 and August 2018 were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients were examined during outpatient follow-ups every 3 months for 5 years postoperation and every 6 months thereafter. Recurrence or metastasis was recorded for 131 patients but not for the remaining 121. Retrospective analysis of hematological parameters and clinicopathological characteristics allowed comparison between the two groups and evaluation of these parameters for the recurrent and metastatic patients.

Results

Lymph node metastasis, higher tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, and higher histological grade correlated with BC recurrence and metastasis (p < 0.05). Statistical differences were found in absolute neutrophil count (ANC), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), CEA, CA153, D-dimer, NLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) between the recurrent and metastatic and control groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that CA153, D-dimer, NLR, and TNM staging were risk factors for BC recurrence and metastasis (p < 0.05). Combined values for the NLR, D-dimer, and CA153 had good diagnostic values, giving the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.913. High NLR, D-dimer, and CA153 values were significantly associated with recurrence and metastasis at multiple sites, lymph node metastasis, and higher TNM staging (p < 0.05). Patients with high CA153 were more likely to have bone metastases (p < 0.05), and those with high D-dimer were prone to lung metastasis (p < 0.05). With the increasing length of the postoperative period, the possibility of liver metastases gradually decreased, while that of chest wall recurrence gradually increased (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Monitoring postoperative NLR, D-dimer, and CA153 is a convenient, practical method for diagnosing BC recurrence and metastasis. These metrics have good predictive value in terms of sites of recurrence and metastasis and the likelihood of multiple metastases.