Full-endoscopic cervical posterior foraminotomy for the operation of lateral disc herniations using 5.9-mm endoscopes: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

Changes in cervical sagittal alignment after single-level posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy

Study Design Case series. Objective Posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) can preserve the disk in patients with a foraminal disk herniation. However, progressive angulation at the operated segment is a concern, especially for patients with cervical lordosis < 10 degrees. The change in cervical lordosis after posterior PECD was analyzed. Methods Medical records were reviewed of 32 consecutive patients (22 men, 10 women; mean age, 49 ± 12 years) who had single-level foraminal soft disk herniation. The operation levels were as follows: C4-5 in 1 patient, C5-6 in 12, C6-7 in 18, and C7-T1 in 1. All patients were discharged the day after the operation, and neck motion was encouraged. All patients were followed for 30 ± 7 months (range, 24 to 46 months), and 21/32 patients (66%) had radiographs taken at 25 ± 11 months (range, 12 to 45 months). Radiologic parameters were assessed, including cervical curvature (C2-7), segmental Cobb's angle (SA), and anterior and posterior disk height (AH and PH, respectively) at the operative level. Results At the last follow-up, 29/32 patients (91%) had no or minimal pain, and 3/32 patients had occasional pain. SA, AH, and PH were not significantly changed. Cervical lordosis < 10 degrees was present in 10/21 patients preoperatively and in 3/21 patients at the last follow-up. For patients with cervical lordosis < 10 degrees, cervical curvature changed from -2.5 ± 8.0 to -11.3 ± 9.3 degrees (p = 0.01). For patients with cervical lordosis ≥ 10 degrees, cervical curvature changed from -17.5 ± 5.8 to -19.9 ± 5.7 degrees (p = 0.24). Conclusions Cervical curvature does not worsen after posterior PECD.

Cervical laminoforaminotomy for radiculopathy: Symptomatic and functional outcomes in a large cohort with long-term follow-up

Background:

The efficacy and safety of cervical laminoforaminotomy (FOR) in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy has been demonstrated in several series with follow-up less than a decade. However, there is little data analyzing the relative effectiveness of FOR for radiculopathy due to soft disc versus osteophyte disease. In the present study, we review our experience with FOR in a single-center cohort, with long-term follow-up.

Methods:

We examined the charts of patients who underwent 1085 FORs between 1990 and 2009. A cohort of these patients participated in a telephone interview designed to assess improvement in symptoms and function.

Results:

A total of 338 interviews were completed with a mean follow-up of 10 years. Approximately 90% of interviewees reported improved pain, weakness, or function following FOR. Ninety-three percent of patients were able to return to work after FOR. The overall complication rate was 3.3%, and the rate of recurrent radiculopathy requiring surgery was 6.2%. Soft disc subtypes compared to osteophyte disease by operative report were associated with improved symptoms (P < 0.05). The operative report of these pathologic subtypes was associated with the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interpretation (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

These results suggest that FOR is a highly effective surgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy with a low incidence of complications. Radiculopathy due to soft disc subtypes may be associated with a better prognosis compared to osteophyte disease, although osteophyte disease remains an excellent indication for FOR.

Treatment of lumbar disc herniations by interventional fluoroscopy-guided endoscopy

The neurointerventional transforaminal endoscopic approach to sequestered disk herniation is a minimally invasive alternative to established microsurgical techniques. In addition to those techniques approaching the nucleus like APLD, the transforaminal approach allows the removal of dislocated sequesters in the epidural space. The main steps of the procedure are fluoroscopy-guided, so a good experience with fluoroscopy based interventional techniques is helpful, but the technique has a significant learning curve. If familiar with the different steps, it allows nearly every lumbar disk herniation to be treated with a very short hospital stay and short rehabilitation time. The paper describes in detail the steps of the procedure, the difficulties and advantages and gives a short review of the relevant literature.

Minimally invasive versus open surgery for cervical and lumbar discectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Minimally invasive surgery for discectomy may accelerate recovery and reduce pain, but it also requires technical expertise and is associated with increased risks. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the effects of minimally invasive versus open surgery on functional outcomes, pain, complications and reoperations among patients undergoing cervical or lumbar discectomy.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library for reports of relevant randomized controlled trials published to Jan. 12, 2014. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of potential reports and the risk of bias of included trials. We analyzed functional outcomes and pain using standardized mean differences (SMDs) that were weighted and pooled using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

We included 4 trials in the cervical discectomy group (n = 431) and 10 in the lumbar discectomy group (n = 1159). Evidence overall was of low to moderate quality. We found that minimally invasive surgery did not improve long-term function (cervical: SMD 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.09 to 0.31; lumbar: SMD 0.04, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.20) or reduce long-term extremity pain (cervical: SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.10; lumbar: SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.16 to 0.32) compared with open surgery. The evidence suggested overall higher rates of nerve-root injury (risk ratio [RR] 1.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 5.84), incidental durotomy (RR 1.56, 95% CI 0.80 to 3.05) and reoperation (RR 1.48, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.26) with minimally invasive surgery than with open surgery. Infections were more common with open surgery than with minimally invasive surgery (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.38), although the difference was not statistically significant.

INTERPRETATION

Current evidence does not support the routine use of minimally invasive surgery for cervical or lumbar discectomy. Well-designed trials are needed given the lack of high-quality evidence.

Anterior or posterior approach of full-endoscopic cervical discectomy for cervical intervertebral disc herniation? A comparative cohort study

STUDY DESIGN

This is a retrospective comparative cohort study.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the outcomes of patients with symptomatic cervical intervertebral disc herniation (CIVDH) treated with full-endoscopic cervical discectomy (FECD) using the anterior approach with those treated with the posterior approach.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

The optimal FECD surgical approach for CIVDH remains controversial.

METHODS

From March 2010 to July 2012, a total of 84 consecutive patients with symptomatic single-level CIVDH who underwent FECD using the anterior approach (42 patients) or the posterior approach (42 patients) were enrolled. Patients were assessed neurologically before surgery and followed up at regular outpatient visits. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale and the modified MacNab criteria. Radiographical follow-up included the static and dynamic cervical plain radiographs, computed tomographic scans, and magnetic resonance images.

RESULTS

In both groups, shorter mean operative time (63.5 min vs. 78.5 min), increased mean volume of disc removal (0.6 g vs. 0.3 g), larger mean decrease in the final postoperative mean intervertebral vertical height (1.0 mm vs. 0.5 mm), and longer mean hospital stay (4.9 d vs. 4.5 d) were observed in the anterior full-endoscopic cervical discectomy group. Postoperatively, the clinical outcomes of the 2 approaches were significantly improved, but the differences between the 2 approaches were not significant (P = 0.211 and P = 0.257, respectively). Four surgery-related complications were observed among all enrolled patients (complications in each group were 2; overall 4 of 84, 4.8%).

CONCLUSION

In our study, the clinical outcomes between the 2 approaches did not differ significantly. Nevertheless, posterior full-endoscopic cervical discectomy may be preferable when considering the volume of disc removal, length of hospital stay, and the postoperative radiographical changes. As an efficacious supplement to traditional open surgery, FECD is a reliable alternative treatment of CIVDH and its optimal approach remains open to discussion.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Minimally invasive surgery with spotlight work channel system in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study of 21 cases

A group of lumbar discherniation cases was treated with posterior discectomy and decompression with Spotlight working channel. We retrospectively studied these patients. To study and analyze the clinical efficacy and technical features of discectomy which is carried out with the Spotlight channel technology. The development of the minimally invasive spine surgery technology promotes new instruments and materials. For minimally invasive spine surgery in channel technology, the newly launched Depuy(Spine) working channel-Spotlight, which is a new generation of wide viewing angle, single-hole device for minimally invasive spine operations, has good prospects for clinical application. From March 2011 to March 2012, 21 patients who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation were treated with posterior discectomy and decompression with Spotlight working channel, then the lumbar and leg pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of before and after surgery and that of the follow-ups and the Oswestry Disability Index were analyzed. All patients were successfully operated, and also they received follow-ups for more than 1 year. The postoperative lumbar and leg pain VAS scores improved significantly compared with the preoperative ones (P < 0.05) and can effectively maintain (P > 0.05). The three time points of lumbar pain VAS were 7.80 ± 0.49, 1.51 ± 0.52 and 1.47 ± 0.59. The leg pain VAS were 7.53 ± 0.50, 1.58 ± 0.58 and 1.49 ± 0.67. During the follow-ups of the cases in this group, no case of disc herniation relapsed. Patients were satisfied with that. The Spotlight channel system is one of the surgical approaches to "minimally invasive spine technology with direct vision". It has a good range of surgical indications. It can be carried out flexibly and used widely, which means it will be easier for the surgeons to master.

Operation of Lumbar Zygoapophyseal Joint Cysts Using a Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar and Transforaminal Approach

In appropriate situations, extensive decompression with laminectomy often continues to be described as the method of choice for operations involving lumbar zygoapophyseal joint (z-joint) cysts. Tissue-sparing procedures are nevertheless becoming more common. Endoscopic techniques have become the standard procedures in many areas because of the advantages they offer in terms of surgical technique and in rehabilitation. One key aspect in spinal surgery was the development of instruments for sufficient bone resection carried out under continuous visual control. This enabled endoscopes to be used when operating on z-joint cysts. The objective of this prospective study was to examine the technical possibilities for the full-endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal technique in lumbar z-joint cysts. A total of 74 patients were followed up for 2 years. The results show that 85% of the patients no longer have any leg pain or that the pain had been almost completely eliminated, and 11 % experience occasional pain. The complication rate was low. The full-endoscopic techniques brought advantages in the following areas: operation, complications, traumatization, and rehabilitation. The recorded results show that full-endoscopic resection of a z-joint cyst using an interlaminar and transforaminal approach provides an adequate and safe supplement, and is an alternative to conventional procedures when the indication criteria are fulfilled. It also offers the advantages of a minimally invasive intervention.

Current techniques in the management of cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy

Posterior decompressive procedures are a fundamental component of the surgical treatment of symptomatic cervical degenerative disease. Posterior approaches have the appeal of avoiding complications associated with anterior approaches such as esophageal injury, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, dysphagia, and adjacent-level disease after fusion. Although open procedures are effective, the extensive subperiosteal stripping of the paraspinal musculature leads to increased blood loss, longer hospital stays, and more postoperative pain, and potentially contributes to instability. Minimally invasive access has been developed to limit approach-related morbidity. This article reviews current techniques in minimally invasive surgical management of cervical myelopathy and radiculopathy.

Long-term results of anterior versus posterior operations for herniated cervical discs: analysis of 6,000 patients

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the long-term outcomes of anterior versus posterior approaches for cervical disc herniation.

METHODS

The records of 6,000 patients who had operations for cervical disc herniation (radiating arm pain and/or motor symptoms involving the upper extremity) and who had been followed for at least 2 years (mean: 7.1 years) were culled from the world literature and included in this analysis. The outcome (good/excellent, according to the patient) of anterior versus posterior surgery was compared.

RESULTS

Of the 6,000 patients, 2,888 (48.1%) had anterior operations (anterior cervical discectomies, with or without fusion) and 3,112 (51.9%) patients were operated on posteriorly (laminoforaminotomies/'keyhole' facetectomies). Although initially equal, in long-term follow-up, patients who had anterior operations had 80% good/excellent results, whereas patients with the posterior approach had 94% good/excellent results. The difference was significant (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The better long-term results with the posterior operation might be due to the more complete opening of the foramen for neural decompression at the time of the operation and thereafter.

Prospective randomized trial of chemonucleolysis compared with surgery for soft disc herniation with 1-year, intermediate, and long-term outcome: part I: the clinical outcome

STUDY DESIGN

A prospective consecutive series of 100 patients computer randomized into 2 groups to have treatment by either chemonucleolysis or surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the complications and clinical outcome between the groups at 1 year, and at 10 to 13 and 24 to 27 years.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Chemonucleolysis was introduced in 1964 and became widely used. Its efficacy was proven by several randomized studies when compared with a placebo and surgery. The manufacturing of Chemonucleolysis was ceased in 2001.

METHODS

One hundred consecutive patients were enrolled for the study and randomized according to age, sex, and disc level. They were followed up at 1 year with self-assessment questionnaires to establish if they were completely better, improved, the same or worse. At 10 to 13 years, 61 patients (32 chemonuceolysis and 29 surgery) and at 24 to 27 years, 45 patients (24 chemonucleolysis and 21 surgery) were self-assessed by questionnaire according to the Macnab criteria.

RESULTS

Forty-eight patients were treated by chemonucleolysis and 52 by surgery. Ten patients treated by chemonucleolysis underwent surgery within 8 weeks. At 1 year, 10 to 13 years, and 24 to 27 years, 94%, 72%, and 63% of patients treated by chemonucleolysis had good or excellent results compared with 96%, 72%, and 67% of patients who underwent surgery, respectively. There was no difference in the clinical outcome between the treatments at any of the follow-up time points. There were 2 serious complications, 1in each treatment group.

CONCLUSION

Chemonucleolysis is as effective as surgery when assessed according to intention-to-treat analysis, with reduced complications, and age has no bearing on the outcome. The authors think that restoration of its availability would be beneficial to patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

1.

A meta-analysis comparing the results of cervical disc arthroplasty with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of symptomatic cervical disc disease

BACKGROUND

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is a standard treatment for symptomatic cervical disc disease, but pseudarthrosis and accelerated adjacent-level disc degeneration may develop. Cervical disc arthroplasty was developed to preserve the kinematics of the functional spinal unit. Trials comparing arthroplasty with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion have shown unclear benefits in terms of clinical results, neck motion at the operated level, adverse events, and the need for secondary surgical procedures.

METHODS

Only randomized clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis, and the search strategy followed the requirements of the Cochrane Library Handbook. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each included study and extracted the relevant data.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven randomized clinical trials were included; twelve studies were Level I and fifteen were Level II. The results of the meta-analysis indicated longer operative times, more blood loss, lower neck and arm pain scores reported on a visual analog scale, better neurological success, greater motion at the operated level, fewer secondary surgical procedures, and fewer such procedures that involved supplemental fixation or revision in the arthroplasty group compared with the anterior cervical discectomy and fusion group. These differences were significant (p < 0.05). The two groups had similar lengths of hospital stay, Neck Disability Index scores, and rates of adverse events, removals, and reoperations (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The meta-analysis revealed that anterior cervical discectomy and fusion was associated with shorter operative times and less blood loss compared with arthroplasty. Other outcomes after arthroplasty (length of hospital stay, clinical indices, range of motion at the operated level, adverse events, and secondary surgical procedures) were superior or equivalent to the outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Cervical spinal epidural hematoma following cervical posterior laminoforaminotomy

A 65-year-old man who had lateral cervical disc herniation underwent cervical posterior laminoforaminotomy at C5-6 and C6-7 level right side. During the operation, there was no serious surgical bleeding event. After operation, he complained persistent right shoulder pain and neck pain. Repeated magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed diffuse cervical epidural hematoma (EDH) extending from C5 to T1 level right side and spinal cord compression at C5-6-7 level. He underwent exploration. There was active bleeding at muscular layer. Muscular active bleeding was controlled and intramuscular hematoma was removed. The patient's symptom was reduced after second operation. Symptomatic postoperative spinal EDH requiring reoperation is rare. Meticulous bleeding control is important before wound closure. In addition, if patient presents persistent or aggravated pain after operation, rapid evaluation using MRI and second look operation is needed as soon as possible.

Percutaneous posterior cervical fusion with the DTRAX Facet System for single-level radiculopathy: results in 60 patients

OBJECT

The authors present 1-year results in 60 patients with cervical radiculopathy due to spondylosis and stenosis that was treated with a bilateral percutaneous facet implant. The implant consists of a screw and washer that distracts and immobilizes the cervical facet for root decompression and fusion. Clinical and radiological results are analyzed.

METHODS

Between 2009 and 2011, 60 patients were treated with the DTRAX Facet System in a multicenter prospective single-arm study. All patients had symptomatic clinical radiculopathy, and conservative management had failed. The majority of patients had multilevel radiographically confirmed disease. Only patients with single-level radiculopathy confirmed by history, physical examination, and in some cases confirmatory nerve blocks were included. Patients were assessed preoperatively with Neck Disability Index, visual analog scale, quality of life questionnaire (Short Form-12 version 2), CT scans, MRI, and dynamic radiographs. Surgery was percutaneous posterior bilateral facet implants consisting of a screw and expandable washer and iliac crest bone aspirate. Patients underwent postoperative assessments at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year with validated outcome questionnaires. Alterations of segmental and overall cervical lordosis, foraminal dimensions, device retention and fusion criteria were assessed for up to 1 year with CT reconstructions and radiographs. Fusion criteria were defined as bridging trabecular bone between the facets, translational motion < 2 mm, and angular motion < 5°.

RESULTS

All patients were followed to 1 year postoperatively. Ages in this cohort ranged from 40 to 75 years, with a mean of 53 years. Forty-two patients were treated at C5-6, 8 at C6-7, 7 at C4-5, and 3 at C3-4. Fifty-six had bilateral implants; 4 had unilateral implants due to intraoperative facet fracture (2 patients) and inability to access the facet (2 patients). The Neck Disability Index, Short Form-12 version 2, and visual analog scale scores were significantly improved at 2 weeks and remained significantly improved up to 1 year. At the treated level, 93% had intrafacet bridging trabecular bone on CT scans, translational motion was < 2 mm in 100% and angular movement was < 5° in 83% at the 1-year follow-up. There was no significant change in overall cervical lordosis. There was a 1.6° loss of segmental lordosis at the treated level at 1 year that was significant. Foraminal width, volume, and posterior disc height was significantly increased at 6 months and returned to baseline levels at 1 year. There was no significant decrease in foraminal width and height at adjacent levels. There were no reoperations or surgery- or device-related complications, including implant failure or retained hardware.

CONCLUSIONS

Results indicate that the DTRAX Facet System is safe and effective for treatment of cervical radiculopathy.

Full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation: the causes and prophylaxis of conversion to open

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the causes of conversion to open for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation with use of full endoscopic (FE) technique, and prophylaxis of conversion to open also proposed.

METHOD

50 patients with lumbar disc herniation underwent discectomy using unilateral portal FE interlaminar approach collected from August 2008 to August 2010. All FE operations were performed under general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation. According to the level incision of the ligament flavum, the starting point of nerve root at the dura under endoscopic view was classified as: Type I (starting point of the nerve root was higher than the incision) and Type II (the starting point of nerve root was lower than the incision). The causes and effective prophylactic measurements for cases of conversion to open were analyzed.

RESULTS

There were 47 cases classified as Type I for a rate of 94 %, and Type II in 3 cases for a rate of 6 %. Five cases were converted to open surgery, and the conversion rate was 10 %. There were three males and two females with a mean age of 36.2 (29-44) years, the average duration of symptoms was 58.4 (35-105) days. The level was L5-S1 in four cases and L4-5 in one, lateral extrusion in three cases, paracentral extrusion in one, and sequestration in one. Leg pain resolved in three cases and improved in two after open surgery. Of five cases of conversion to open, misplacement of the working portal occurred in one case (Type I). Difficult dissection of nerve root and hemostasis resulting in open conversion occurred in one case (Type II); this patient sustained a dural injury. The nerve root could not be exposed in three cases (Type II), the FE changed to open finally. During the open procedure with Type II, we found that the location of origin of the nerve root was caudal to the inferior laminar edge. Therefore, partial removal of bony structures along lateral recess was necessary in order to visualize the nerve root.

CONCLUSION

Misplacement of working portal during the exposure of the ligament flavum and difficulty in indentifying anatomy are potential causes for conversion to open in the initial adoption of FE technique. However, uncommon conditions such as variation of the nerve root origin can also result in conversion to open in experienced hands. Endoscopic experience, proper patient selection and specific radiographic examination are needed to obtain optimal outcomes using a full endoscopic technique for microdiscectomies.

Minimally invasive cervical spine foraminotomy and lateral mass screw placement

STUDY DESIGN

This technique article describes accomplishing multilevel posterior cervical decompression and lateral mass screw placement through a tubular retraction system.

OBJECTIVE

Multilevel foraminotomy and instrumented fusion using lateral mass screw fixation can be achieved through a minimally invasive technique using specialized retractors and intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been adapted to the cervical spine with good results. These techniques have the theoretical advantages of reducing morbidity, blood loss, perioperative pain, and length of hospital stay associated with conventional open posterior spinal exposure.

METHODS

Minimally invasive access to the posterior cervical spine was performed with exposure through a paramedian muscle-splitting approach. With the assistance of a specialized tubular retraction system with a deep soft tissue expansion mechanism, multilevel posterior cervical decompression and fusion can be accomplished.

RESULTS

Minimized access to perform multilevel posterior cervical foraminotomy and fusion can be safely accomplished with tubular retraction systems. Complications associated with these techniques can include inadequate decompression, improper instrumentation placement, or neurologic injury due to poor access and visualization.

CONCLUSION

Multilevel foraminotomy and instrumented fusion using lateral mass screw fixation can be safely achieved using these techniques. Complications associated with these strategies are typically due to inadequate visualization, incomplete decompression, or poor placement of instrumentation. As with all minimally invasive spine techniques, the surgeon must ensure that goals of the surgery, both technical and clinical outcomes, are comparable to those of a conventional open procedure.

Evaluation of treatment effectiveness for the herniated cervical disc: a systematic review

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effectiveness of interventions for treating cervical disc herniation.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Cervical disc herniation is 1 of the 23 specific disorders included in the CANS (Complaints of the Arm, Neck, and/or Shoulder) model. Treatment options range from conservative to surgical, but evidence for the effectiveness of these interventions is not yet well documented.

METHODS

The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, and CINAHL were searched for relevant systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) up to February 2009. Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, assessed the methodological quality, and extracted data.

RESULTS

Pooling of the data was not possible; thus, a best-evidence synthesis was used to summarize the results. Of the 11 RCTs included, 1 compared conservative with surgical intervention, and 10 compared various surgical interventions. No evidence was found for the effectiveness of conservative treatment (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cortisonics, and physical therapy) compared with percutaneous nucleoplasty. Moderate evidence was found for the effectiveness of anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF) using a titanium cage compared with ACDF using polymethyl methacrylate, and for BRYAN cervical disc (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) prostheses compared with ACDF using allograft bone and plating. No outcomes regarding adjacent-level disease were reported. There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of ACD compared with ACDF. Only limited or no evidence was found for the other surgical interventions.

CONCLUSION

No evidence for effectiveness of conservative treatment compared with surgery was found. Although there is moderate evidence for the effectiveness of some surgical interventions, no unequivocal evidence for the superiority of 1 particular surgical treatment was found. Worldwide, most patients receive supplementary implants; however, cervical discectomy without graft may be preferred because of similar outcomes, lower costs, and possibly a lower risk of adjacent-level disease. More high-quality RCTs using validated outcome measures (including adjacent level disease) are needed.

Minimally invasive approaches to the cervical spine

Minimally invasive approaches and operative techniques are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of cervical spine disorders. Minimally invasive spine surgery attempts to decrease iatrogenic muscle injury, decrease pain, and speed postoperative recovery with the use of smaller incisions and specialized instruments. This article explains in detail minimally invasive approaches to the posterior spine, the techniques for posterior cervical foraminotomy and arthrodesis via lateral mass screw placement, and anterior cervical foraminotomy. Complications are also discussed. Additionally, illustrated cases are presented detailing the use of minimally invasive surgical techniques.

An aid to the explanation of surgical risks and complications: the International Spinal Surgery Information Sheet

STUDY DESIGN

Presentation and analysis of a patient information sheet.

OBJECTIVE

To produce an evidence-based information sheet that will serve as an aide-memoire to the process of taking informed consent prior to spinal surgery.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Consent for a surgical intervention is the end of a process of discussion between the surgeon and the patient. It is essential that the patient has been provided with sufficient information to make an informed judgment as to whether the benefits of a proposed procedure will outweigh its risks.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane database of systematic reviews and personal libraries for articles reporting complications of the surgical treatment of spinal diseases with particular reference to the most commonly treated conditions. A draft document was drawn up referencing the odds of specific complications. This was circulated to the National Health Service Scotland Central Legal Office for scrutiny and to an English language expert at the University of Edinburgh for translation to lay English. Finally, the document was issued to 50 patients in the outpatient clinic and scored on visual analog scales (VAS) for the ease of understanding, usefulness, and length.

RESULTS

The product of this project was a two-page A4 sheet, with the front page outlining information applicable to spinal surgery "in general" and a back page detailing all common risks, relating to a headline procedure, that a Court of Law would expect a surgeon to discuss. The patients' VAS score (0-10) for "ease of understanding" was 8.8 ± 1.3 and for "usefulness" 8.9 ± 1.0 (means ± SD). Forty-three of 50 patients (86%) indicated that the length of the document was "just right" and seven (14%) of them that it was "too long."

CONCLUSION

The ISSiS is user friendly and can be employed as a tool in the process of obtaining consent.

Minimally Invasive versus Open Cervical Foraminotomy: A Systematic Review

Posterior cervical laminoforaminotomy is an effective treatment for cervical radiculopathy due to disc herniations or spondylosis. Over the last decade, minimally invasive (i.e., percutaneous) procedures have become increasingly popular due to a smaller incision size and presumed benefits in postoperative outcomes. We performed a systematic review of the literature and identified studies of open or percutaneous laminoforaminotomy that reported one or more perioperative outcomes. Of 162 publications found by our initial screening, 19 were included in the final analysis. Summative results indicate that patients undergoing percutaneous cervical laminoforaminotomy have lower blood loss by 120.7 mL (open: 173.5 mL, percutaneous: 52.8 mL, n = 670), a shorter surgical time by 50.0 minutes (open: 108.3 minutes, percutaneous: 58.3 minutes, n = 882), less inpatient analgesic use by 25.1 Eq (open: 27.6 Eq, percutaneous: 2.5 Eq, n = 356), and a shorter hospital stay by 2.2 days (open: 3.2 days, percutaneous: 1.0 days, n = 1472), compared with patients undergoing open procedures. However, the heterogeneous nature of published data calls into question the reliability of these summative results. Further structured trials should be conducted to better characterize the risks and benefits of percutaneous laminoforaminotomy.

Posterior cervical inclinatory foraminotomy for spondylotic radiculopathy preliminary

Posterior cervical foraminotomy is an attractive therapeutic option in selected cases of cervical radiculopathy that maintains cervical range of motion and minimize adjacent-segment degeneration. The focus of this procedure is to preserve as much of the facet as possible with decompression. Posterior cervical inclinatory foraminotomy (PCIF) is a new technique developed to offer excellent results by inclinatory decompression with minimal facet resection. The highlight of our PCIF technique is the use of inclinatory drilling out for preserving more of facet joint. The operative indications are radiculopathy from cervical foraminal stenosis (single or multilevel) with persistent or recurrent root symptoms. The PCIFs were performed between April 2007 and December 2009 on 26 male and 8 female patients with a total of 55 spinal levels. Complete and partial improvement in radiculopathic pain were seen in 26 patients (76%), and 8 patients (24%), respectively, with preserving more of facet joint. We believe that PCIF allows for preserving more of the facet joint and capsule when decompressing cervical foraminal stenosis due to spondylosis. We suggest that our PCIF technique can be an effective alternative surgical approach in the management of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

Minimally invasive versus open approach for cervical laminoforaminotomy

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive posterior cervical foraminotomy for radicular symptoms has become more prevalent. The reported experience with microscopic tubular assisted posterior cervical laminoforaminotomy (MTPF) for the treatment of radicular pain is lacking. Tubular assisted techniques have been considered to offer significant benefit, over open procedures, in terms of minimizing tissue damage, operative time, blood loss, analgesic requirements and length of hospital stay. We hypothesized that MTPF reduces post-operative analgesic requirements and length of hospital stay over the traditional open laminoforaminotomy, with no difference in complication rates and, secondly, that MTPF is comparable to endoscopic posterior foraminotomy (EPF).

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of 107 patients who underwent posterior cervical laminoforaminotomy for radicular pain between 1999 and 2009. Patient demographics, intra-operative parameters, length of hospitalization, post-operative analgesic use, complications and short-term neurological outcome were compared between groups.

RESULTS

Between 1999 and 2009, a total of 107 patients were identified to have undergone a cervical foraminotomy. An open approach was used in 65 patients, while 42 underwent MTPF. Operative time and complications were comparable between groups. Significant differences favoring MTPF were observed in operative blood loss, post-operative analgesic use and length of hospital stay (p<0.001). All results were comparable to previous reports utilizing EPF.

CONCLUSIONS

MTPF for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy significantly reduces blood loss, post-operative analgesic use and length of hospital stay compared to the standard open approach. Operative time and complication rates were comparable between both techniques, whilst MTPF offered similar results compared to EPF.

Endoscopic-guided percutaneous radiofrequency cordotomy

The authors present the first clinical implementation of an endoscopic-assisted percutaneous anterolateral radiofrequency cordotomy. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the intradural endoscopic visualization of the cervical spinal cord via a percutaneous approach to refine the spinal target for anterolateral cordotomy, avoiding undesired trauma to the spinal tissue or injury to blood vessels. Initially, a lateral puncture of the spinal canal in the C1-2 interspace is performed, guided by fluoroscopy. As soon as CSF is reached by the guide cannula (17-gauge needle), the endoscope can be inserted for visualization of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. The endoscopic visualization provided clear identification of the pial surface of the spinal cord, arachnoid membrane, dentate ligament, dorsal and ventral root entry zone, and blood vessels. The target for electrode insertion into the spinal cord was determined to be the midpoint from the dentate ligament and the ventral root entry zone. The endoscopic guidance shortened the fluoroscopy usage time and no intrathecal contrast administration was needed. Cordotomy was performed by a standard radiofrequency method after refining of the neurophysiological target. Satisfactory analgesia was provided by the procedure with no additional complications or CSF leak. The initial use of this technique suggests that a percutaneous endoscopic procedure may be useful for particular manipulation of the spinal cord, possibly adding a degree of safety to the procedure and improving its effectiveness.

Morphometric study of the nerve roots around the lateral mass for posterior foraminotomy

OBJECTIVE

Morphometric data on dorsal cervical anatomy were examined in an effort to protect the nerve root near the lateral mass during posterior foraminotomy.

METHODS

Using 25 adult formalin-fixed cadaveric cervical spines, measurements were taken at the lateral mass from C3 to C7 via a total laminectomy and a medial one-half facetectomy. The morphometric relationship between the nerve roots and structures of the lateral mass was investigated. Results from both genders were compared.

RESULTS

Following the total laminectomy, from C3 to C7, the mean of the vertical distance from the medial point of the facet (MPF) of the lateral mass to the axilla of the root origin was 3.2-4.7 mm. The whole length of the exposed root had a mean of 4.2-5.8 mm. Following a medial one-half facetectomy, from C3 to C7, the mean of the vertical distance to the axilla of the root origin was 2.1-3.4 mm, based on the MPF. Mean vertical distances from the MPF to the medial point of the root that crossed the inferior margin of the intervertebral disc were 1.2-2.7 mm. The mean distance of the exposed root was 8.2-9.0 mm, and the mean angle between the dura and the nerve root was significantly different between males and females, at 53.4-68.4 degrees .

CONCLUSION

These data will aid in reducing root injuries during posterior cervical foraminotomy.

Management of unilateral cervical radiculopathy in the military: the cost effectiveness of posterior cervical foraminotomy compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

Object

To review the cost effectiveness for the management of a unilateral cervical radiculopathy with either posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) or anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in military personnel, with a particular focus on time required to return to active-duty service.

Methods

Following internal review board approval, the authors conducted a retrospective review of 38 cases in which patients underwent surgical management of unilateral cervical radiculopathy. Nineteen patients who underwent PCF were matched for age, treatment level, and surgeon to 19 patients who had undergone ACDF. Successful outcome was determined by return to full, unrestricted active-duty military service. The difference in time of return to active duty was compared between the groups. In addition, a cost analysis consisting of direct and indirect costs was used to compare the PCF group to the ACDF group.

Results

A total of 21 levels were operated on in each group. There were 17 men and 2 women in the PCF group, whereas all 19 patients in the ACDF group were men. The average age at the time of surgery was 41.5 years (range 27–56 years) and 39.3 years (range 24–52 years) for the PCF and ACDF groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in operating room time, estimated blood loss, or postoperative narcotic refills. Complications included 2 cases of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in the ACDF group. The average time to return to unrestricted full duty was 4.8 weeks (range 1–8 weeks) in the PCF group and 19.6 weeks (range 12–32 weeks) in the ACDF group, a difference of 14.8 weeks (p < 0.001). The direct costs of each surgery were $3570 for the PCF and $10,078 for the ACDF, a difference of $6508. Based on the 14.8-week difference in time to return to active duty, the indirect cost was calculated to range from $13,586 to $24,045 greater in the ACDF group. Total cost (indirect plus direct) ranged from $20,094 to $30,553 greater in the ACDF group.

Conclusions

In the management of unilateral posterior cervical radiculopathy for military active-duty personnel, PCF offers a benefit relative to ACDF in immediate short-term direct and long-term indirect costs. The indirect cost of a service member away from full, unrestricted active duty 14.8 weeks longer in the ACDF group was the main contributor to this difference.

Plasma disc decompression for contained cervical disc herniation: a randomized, controlled trial

Prospective case series studies have shown that plasma disc decompression (PDD) using the COBLATION SpineWand device (ArthroCare Corporation, Austin, TX) is effective for decompressing the disc nucleus in symptomatic contained cervical disc herniations. This prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous PDD as compared to conservative care (CC) through 1 year. Patients (n = 115) had neck/arm pain >50 on the visual analog scale (VAS) pain scale and had failed at least 30 days of failed CC. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either PDD (n = 62) or CC (n = 58). Clinical outcome was determined by VAS pain score, neck disability index (NDI) score, and SF-36 health survey, collected at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. The PDD group had significantly lower VAS pain scores at all follow-up time points (PDD vs. CC: 6 weeks, -46.87 +/- 2.71 vs. -15.26 +/- 1.97; 3 months, -53.16 +/- 2.74 vs. -30.45 +/- 2.59; 6 months, -56.22 +/- 2.63 vs. -40.26 +/- 2.56; 1 year, -65.73 +/- 2.24 vs. -36.45 +/- 2.86; GEE, P < 0.0001). PDD patients also had significant NDI score improvement over baseline when compared to CC patients at the 6 weeks (PDD vs. CC: -9.15 +/- 1.06 vs. -4.61 +/- 0.53, P < 0.0001) and 1 year (PDD vs. CC: -16.70 +/- 0.29 vs. -12.40 +/- 1.26, P = 0.005) follow-ups. PDD patients showed statistically significant improvement over baseline in SF-36 physical component summary scores when compared to CC patients at 6 weeks and 1 year (PDD vs. CC: 8.86 + 8.04 vs. 4.24 +/- 3.79, P = 0.0004; 17.64 +/- 10.37 vs. 10.50 +/- 10.6, P = 0.0003, respectively). In patients who had neck/arm pain due to a contained cervical disc herniation, PDD was associated with significantly better clinical outcomes than a CC regimen. At 1 year, CC patients appeared to suffer a "relapse, showing signs of decline in most measurements, whereas PDD patients showed continued stable improvement.

Surgical treatment for lumbar lateral recess stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach versus conventional microsurgical technique: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

OBJECT

Extensive decompression with laminectomy where appropriate is often still described as the method of choice in surgery for lateral recess stenosis. Nonetheless, tissue-sparing procedures are becoming more common. Endoscopic techniques have become the standard in many areas because of the advantages they offer in surgical technique and in rehabilitation. Transforaminal and interlaminar access provide 2 full-endoscopic (FE) techniques for lumbar spine surgery. The goal of this prospective randomized controlled study was to compare the surgical results for the FE technique via the interlaminar approach with those of the conventional microsurgical technique in patients with degenerative lateral recess stenosis.

METHODS

A total of 161 patients with FE or microsurgical decompression underwent follow-up for 2 years. In addition to general and specific parameters, the following measuring instruments were used: visual analog scale, German version of the North American Spine Society instrument, and the Oswestry low-back pain disability questionnaire.

RESULTS

The results show that 74.5% of patients reported no longer having leg pain, and 20.5% had only occasional pain. The clinical results were the same in both groups. The rate of complications and revisions was significantly reduced in the FE group. The FE techniques brought advantages in the following areas: operation, complications, traumatization, and rehabilitation.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical results of the FE interlaminar technique are equal to those of the microsurgical technique. At the same time, there are advantages in the operation technique, such as reduced traumatization. The FE interlaminar spinal decompression procedure is a sufficient and safe supplement and alternative to microsurgical procedures.

Endoscopic spinal tethered cord release: operative technique

PURPOSE

This study aims to describe solely endoscopic surgical techniques for the treatment of spinal pathology. Here, we present a novel endoscopic technique for surgical untethering of the spinal cord by filum sectioning and discuss endoscopic surgical management of this entity.

METHODS

Two patients (ages 8 months and 10 years) presented with leg weakness, urine and bowel dysfunction, low back and neck pain, and thickened, fatty filum terminale. The elder patient presented with clinical incontinence and abnormal urodynamic studies.

RESULTS

Both patients underwent a solely endoscopic approach using 0 degrees and 30 degrees , 4 mm in diameter and 18 cm in length rigid endoscopes via a hemilaminectomy. Intradural microdissection under a direct visualization of endoscope delivered the fatty filum into the durotomy. Electrical stimulation was performed while the lower extremities and the anal sphincter were monitored for electromyographic activity. After acquisition of positive controls, the filum was identified by the lack of sphincter and lower extremity electromyographic responses and was then cauterized and cut. Both patients had significant improvement of their preoperative symptoms, and one patient had resolution of the abnormal urodynamics and her Chiari symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Tethered spinal cords can be safely and effectively untethered endoscopically. This procedure provides the advantages of reduced soft tissue injury, less postoperative pain, minimal blood loss, a smaller incision, and a shorter hospitalization. However, whether the endoscopic untethering technique achieves benefits above those associated with the open procedure remains to be determined by a control study.

Full-endoscopic anterior decompression versus conventional anterior decompression and fusion in cervical disc herniations

Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) is the standard for cervical discectomies. With the full-endoscopic anterior cervical discectomy (FACD) a minimally invasive procedure is available. The objective of this prospective, randomised, controlled study was to compare the results of FACD with those of ACDF in mediolateral soft disc herniations. A total of 103 patients with ACDF or FACD were followed up for two years. In addition to general parameters specific measuring instruments were used. Postoperatively 85.9% of the patients no longer had arm pain, and 10.1% had occasional pain. There were no significant clinical differences between the decompression with or without fusion. The full-endoscopic technique afforded advantages in operation technique, rehabilitation and soft tissue injury. The recorded results show that FACD is a sufficient and safe alternative to conventional procedures when the indication criteria are fulfilled. At the same time, it offers the advantages of a minimally invasive intervention.