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Petiti JP, Sosa LDV, Sabatino ME, Vaca AM, Gutiérrez S, De Paul AL, Torres AI. Involvement of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways in the refractory behavior of GH3B6 pituitary tumor cells to the inhibitory effect of TGFβ1. Endocrinology 2015; 156:534-47. [PMID: 25393149 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumor cells have a poor response to the growth inhibitory effect of TGFβ1, possibly resulting from the cross talk of TGFβ/Smads signal with other signaling pathways, an undescribed mechanism in these tumoral cells. To address this hypothesis, we investigated whether the mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways were able to regulate the antimitogenic effect of TGFβ1 on GH3B6 cells. TGFβ1 treatment decreased the cell proliferation and induced an activation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3 (Smad2/3), effects that were potentiated by MEK and PI3K inhibitors, thus indicating the existence of a cross talk between TGFβ1/Smad with the MEK/ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt pathways. In addition, through immunoprecipitation assays, a direct interaction was observed between Smad2/3-ERK1/2 and Smad2/3-Akt, which decreased when the GH3B6 cells were incubated with TGFβ1 in the presence of MEK or PI3K inhibitors, thereby suggesting that the ERK1/2- and Akt-activated states were involved. These Smad2/3-ERK1/2 and Smad2/3-Akt associations were also confirmed by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. These findings indicate that the TGFβ1-antimitogenic effect in GH3B6 cells was attenuated by the MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways via modulating Smad2/3 phosphorylation. This molecular mechanism could explain in part the refractory behavior of pituitary tumor cells to the inhibitory effect of TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Petiti
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina
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202
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Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 at specific linker threonine indicates slow-cycling intestinal stem-like cells before reentry to cell cycle. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:362-74. [PMID: 25185661 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quiescent (slow-cycling) and active (rapid-cycling) stem cells are demonstrated in small intestines. We have identified significant expression of Smad2/3, phosphorylated at specific linker threonine residues (pSmad2/3L-Thr), in murine stomach, and suggested these cells are epithelial stem cells. AIM Here, we explore whether pSmad2/3L-Thr could serve as a biomarker for small intestine and colon stem cells. METHODS We examined small intestines and colons from C57BL/6 mice and colons with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We performed double-immunofluorescent staining of pSmad2/3L-Thr with Ki67, cytokeratin 8, chromogranin A, CDK4, DCAMKL1, and Musashi-1. Small intestines and colons from Lgr5-EGFP knock-in mice were examined by pSmad2/3L-Thr immunofluorescent staining. To examine BrdU label retention of pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells, we collected specimens after BrdU administration and observed double-immunofluorescent staining of pSmad2/3L-Thr with BrdU. RESULTS In small intestines and colons, pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells were detected around crypt bases. Immunohistochemical co-localization of pSmad2/3L-Thr with Ki67 was not observed. pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells showed co-localization with cytokeratin 8, CDK4, and Musashi-1 and different localization from chromogranin A and DCAMKL1 immunostaining-positive cells. Under a light microscope, pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells were morphologically undifferentiated. In Lgr5-EGFP knock-in mice, some but not all pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells showed co-localization with Lgr5. pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells showed co-localization with BrdU at 5, 10, and 15 days after administration. In DSS-induced colitis, pSmad2/3L-Thr and Ki67 immunostaining-positive cells increased in the regeneration phase and decreased in the injury phase. CONCLUSION In murine small intestines and colons, we suggest pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-strongly positive cells are epithelial stem-like cells just before reentry to the cell cycle.
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Alexi P, Tihaa L, Haas U, Weiskirchen R. Platelet-derived growth factor-D modulates extracellular matrix homeostasis and remodeling through TIMP-1 induction and attenuation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinase activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:307-13. [PMID: 25576870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is a more recent recognized growth factor involved in the regulation of several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, transformation, invasion, and angiogenesis by binding to and activating its cognate receptor PDGFR-β. After bile duct ligation or in the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis model, PDGF-D showed upregulation comparable to PDGF-B. Moreover, adenoviral PDGF-D gene transfer induced hepatic stellate cell proliferation and liver fibrosis. We here investigated the molecular mechanism of PDGF-D involvement in liver fibrogenesis. Therefore, the GRX mouse cell line was stimulated with PDGF-D and evaluated for fibrotic markers and PDGF-D signaling pathways in comparison to the other PDGF isoforms. We found that PDGF-D failed to enhance Col I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) production but has capacity to upregulate expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 (TIMP-1) resulting in attenuation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinase activity as indicated by gelatinase zymography. This phenomenon was restored through application of a PDGF-D neutralizing antibody. Unexpectedly, PDGF-D incubation decreased both PDGFR-α and -β in mRNA and protein levels, and PDGF-D phosphorylated typrosines specific for PDGFR-α and -β. We conclude that PDGF-D intensifies fibrogenesis by interfering with the fibrolytic activity of the TIMP-1/MMP system and that PDGF-D signaling is mediated through both PDGF-α and -β receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany.
| | - Pascal Alexi
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Lidia Tihaa
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany.
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204
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MAPK inhibitors differently modulate TGF-β/Smad signaling in HepG2 cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3643-51. [PMID: 25560488 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which crosstalk with TGF-β/Smad signaling via linker phosphorylation of Smad2/3 to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. After DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats showed increased phosphorylation of JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2, we next antagonized TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of JNK1/2, p38, ERK1/2, Smad2/3 signaling in HepG2 cells using SP600125, SB203580, and PD98059, respectively. Cell proliferation and invasion were assessed by MTT assay and transwell invasion chambers, respectively. Smad2/3, Smad4, and Smad7 expressions and PAI-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription were measured by using immuno-precipitation/immuno-blotting and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. All the MAPK-specific inhibitors suppressed cell invasion, while all but PD98059 suppressed cell proliferation. Both SP600125 and SB203580 blocked pSmad2C/L and oncogenic pSmad3L. PD98059 blocked pSmad2L but had no effect on elevated pSmad2C and oncogenic pSmad3L. All but PD98059 blocked Smad2/3/4 complex formation and restored Smad7 expression, while all the three MAPK-Specific inhibitors repressed PAI-1 mRNA transcription. Both SP600125 and SB203580 inhibited HepG2 cells' proliferation and invasion by blocking oncogenic pSmad3L and Smad2/3/4 complex formation. PD98059 repressed PAI-1 mRNA by an unknown mechanism.
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205
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Papageorgis P, Stylianopoulos T. Role of TGFβ in regulation of the tumor microenvironment and drug delivery (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:933-43. [PMID: 25573346 PMCID: PMC4306018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of cell signaling homeostasis is a predominant feature of cancer initiation and progression. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine, which regulates numerous biological processes of various tissues in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Aberrant activity of TGFβ signaling is well known to play dual roles in cancer, depending on tumor stage and cellular context. The crucial roles of TGFβ in modulating the tumor microenvironment, its contribution to the accumulation of mechanical forces within the solid constituents of a tumor and its effects on the effective delivery of drugs are also becoming increasingly clear. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the efforts to unravel the effects of TGFβ signaling in various components of the tumor microenvironment and how these influence the generation of forces and the efficacy of drugs. We also report the implications of tumor mechanics in cancer therapy and the potential usage of anti-TGFβ agents to enhance drug delivery and augment existing therapeutic approaches. These findings provide new insights towards the significance of targeting TGFβ pathway to enhance personalized tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
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206
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Kim E, Yoon SY, Shin YJ. Oxidative Stress in Cornea. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1935-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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207
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Lindsey S, Langhans SA. Crosstalk of Oncogenic Signaling Pathways during Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2014; 4:358. [PMID: 25566498 PMCID: PMC4263086 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell transformation have been well-documented in multiple cancer cell models and are believed to be one of the earliest events in tumor progression. Genetic and epigenetic modifications shift cells toward either end of the EMT spectrum, and can be influenced by the microenvironment surrounding a tumor. EMT and mesenchymal–epithelial transition are critical to normal function and development and an intricate network of transcription factors and transcriptional regulators tightly regulates these processes. As evidenced in normal and transformed cell lines, many signaling pathways trigger EMT during development and differentiation. The signaling pathways include those triggered by different members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, hypoxia-inducible factor, Wnt, Notch, and many others. Functional redundancies allow cells to undergo EMT even if these key transcriptional regulators are lacking, but these same redundancies also make these pathways particularly susceptible to gain-of-function mutations or constitutive signal activation; the “forced” transition toward either a mesenchymal or epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lindsey
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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208
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Cheung JW, McCulloch CA, Santerre JP. Establishing a gingival fibroblast phenotype in a perfused degradable polyurethane scaffold: Mediation by TGF-β1, FGF-2, β1-integrin, and focal adhesion kinase. Biomaterials 2014; 35:10025-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zou A, Lambert D, Yeh H, Yasukawa K, Behbod F, Fan F, Cheng N. Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma predicts poor prognosis and is inversely associated with expression of TGF-β signaling proteins. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:781. [PMID: 25344051 PMCID: PMC4221705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CXCL1 is a chemotactic cytokine shown to regulate breast cancer progression and chemo-resistance. However, the prognostic significance of CXCL1 expression in breast cancer has not been fully characterized. Fibroblasts are important cellular components of the breast tumor microenvironment, and recent studies indicate that this cell type is a potential source of CXCL1 expression in breast tumors. The goal of this study was to further characterize the expression patterns of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma, determine the prognostic significance of stromal CXCL1 expression, and identify factors affecting stromal CXCL1 expression. Methods Stromal CXCL1 protein expression was analyzed in 54 normal and 83 breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry staining. RNA expression of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma was analyzed through data mining in http://www.Oncomine.org. The relationships between CXCL1 expression and prognostic factors were analyzed by univariate analysis. Co-immunofluorescence staining for CXCL1, α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and Fibroblast Specific Protein 1 (FSP1) expression was performed to analyze expression of CXCL1 in fibroblasts. By candidate profiling, the TGF-β signaling pathway was identified as a regulator of CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts. Expression of TGF-β and SMAD gene products were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and data mining analysis. The relationships between stromal CXCL1 and TGF-β signaling components were analyzed by univariate analysis. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts isolated from MMTV-PyVmT mammary tumors were treated with recombinant TGF-β and analyzed for CXCL1 promoter activity by luciferase assay, and protein secretion by ELISA. Results Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlated with tumor grade, disease recurrence and decreased patient survival. By co-immunofluorescence staining, CXCL1 expression overlapped with expression of α-SMA and FSP1 proteins. Expression of stromal CXCL1 protein expression inversely correlated with expression of TGF-β signaling components. Treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-β suppressed CXCL1 secretion and promoter activity. Conclusions Increased CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlates with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, CXCL1 expression is localized to α-SMA and FSP1 positive fibroblasts, and is negatively regulated by TGF-β signaling. These studies indicate that decreased TGF-β signaling in carcinoma associated fibroblasts enhances CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts, which could contribute to breast cancer progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-781) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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210
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Kamato D, Rostam MA, Piva TJ, Babaahmadi Rezaei H, Getachew R, Thach L, Bernard R, Zheng W, Little PJ, Osman N. Transforming growth factor β-mediated site-specific Smad linker region phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1722-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates the function of vascular endothelial cells and may be involved in endothelial dysfunction. The canonical TGF-β pathway involves TGF-β receptor-mediated carboxy-terminal phosphorylation of Smad2; however, TGF-β signalling also activates numerous serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate Smad2 in its linker region. The expression of phosphorylated Smad linker proteins were determined following TGF-β stimulation in the absence and presence of different serine/threonine kinase inhibitors in vascular endothelial cells.
Methods
Proteins were quantified by Western blotting using specific antibodies to individual phosphorylated Smad2 linker region residues.
Key findings
TGF-β mediated the phosphorylation of all four Smad2 linker region residues of interest. Erk and Jnk specifically phosphorylate Ser245 while all mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate Ser250 and Ser255. Thr220 and Ser245 are phosphorylated by phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), while Ser255 was phosphorylated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. CDK and GSK-3 were shown to phosphorylate Thr220 and Ser245. TGF-β also mediated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression that was attenuated by p38 and CDK inhibitors.
Conclusions
TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation of individual serine/threonine sites in the linker region of Smad2 occurs in a highly specific manner by kinases. These phosphorylations provide an opportunity to further understand a therapeutically targeted and very specific signalling pathway in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Terence J Piva
- Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi Rezaei
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Robel Getachew
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Prahran, Vic, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Prahran, Vic, Australia
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211
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Bae E, Sato M, Kim RJ, Kwak MK, Naka K, Gim J, Kadota M, Tang B, Flanders KC, Kim TA, Leem SH, Park T, Liu F, Wakefield LM, Kim SJ, Ooshima A. Definition of smad3 phosphorylation events that affect malignant and metastatic behaviors in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6139-49. [PMID: 25205100 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Smad3, a major intracellular mediator of TGFβ signaling, functions as both a positive and negative regulator in carcinogenesis. In response to TGFβ, the TGFβ receptor phosphorylates serine residues at the Smad3 C-tail. Cancer cells often contain high levels of the MAPK and CDK activities, which can lead to the Smad3 linker region becoming highly phosphorylated. Here, we report, for the first time, that mutation of the Smad3 linker phosphorylation sites markedly inhibited primary tumor growth, but significantly increased lung metastasis of breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, mutation of the Smad3 C-tail phosphorylation sites had the opposite effect. We show that mutation of the Smad3 linker phosphorylation sites greatly intensifies all TGFβ-induced responses, including growth arrest, apoptosis, reduction in the size of putative cancer stem cell population, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and invasive activity. Moreover, all TGFβ responses were completely lost on mutation of the Smad3 C-tail phosphorylation sites. Our results demonstrate a critical role of the counterbalance between the Smad3 C-tail and linker phosphorylation in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our findings have important implications for therapeutic intervention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Bae
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misako Sato
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ran-Ju Kim
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kwak
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jungsoo Gim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Binwu Tang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tae-Aug Kim
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Akira Ooshima
- CHA Cancer Research Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea. Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Havis E, Bonnin MA, Olivera-Martinez I, Nazaret N, Ruggiu M, Weibel J, Durand C, Guerquin MJ, Bonod-Bidaud C, Ruggiero F, Schweitzer R, Duprez D. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse limb tendon cells during development. Development 2014; 141:3683-96. [PMID: 25249460 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular signals driving tendon development are not fully identified. We have undertaken a transcriptome analysis of mouse limb tendon cells that were isolated at different stages of development based on scleraxis (Scx) expression. Microarray comparisons allowed us to establish a list of genes regulated in tendon cells during mouse limb development. Bioinformatics analysis of the tendon transcriptome showed that the two most strongly modified signalling pathways were TGF-β and MAPK. TGF-β/SMAD2/3 gain- and loss-of-function experiments in mouse limb explants and mesenchymal stem cells showed that TGF-β signalling was sufficient and required via SMAD2/3 to drive mouse mesodermal stem cells towards the tendon lineage ex vivo and in vitro. TGF-β was also sufficient for tendon gene expression in late limb explants during tendon differentiation. FGF does not have a tenogenic effect and the inhibition of the ERK MAPK signalling pathway was sufficient to activate Scx in mouse limb mesodermal progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Havis
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Inserm U1156, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Ange Bonnin
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Inserm U1156, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Isabel Olivera-Martinez
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Nicolas Nazaret
- ProfileXpert, SFR Lyon-Est, UMS 3453 CNRS/US7 INSERM, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Mathilde Ruggiu
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Jennifer Weibel
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Charles Durand
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Christelle Bonod-Bidaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France
| | - Ronen Schweitzer
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Delphine Duprez
- CNRS UMR 7622, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Paris F-75005, France Inserm U1156, Paris F-75005, France
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213
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Mincione G, Tarantelli C, Vianale G, Di Marcantonio MC, Cotellese R, Francomano F, Di Nicola M, Costantini E, Cichella A, Muraro R. Mutual regulation of TGF-β1, TβRII and ErbB receptors expression in human thyroid carcinomas. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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214
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Takahashi Y, Fukui T, Kishimoto M, Suzuki R, Mitsuyama T, Sumimoto K, Okazaki T, Sakao M, Sakaguchi Y, Yoshida K, Uchida K, Nishio A, Matsuzaki K, Okazaki K. Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 at the specific linker threonine residue indicates slow-cycling esophageal stem-like cells before re-entry to the cell cycle. Dis Esophagus 2014; 29:107-15. [PMID: 25168378 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The stem cell compartment in the esophageal epithelium is possibly located in the basal layer. We have identified significant expression of Smad2/3, phosphorylated at specific linker threonine residues (pSmad2/3L-Thr), in the epithelial cells of murine stomach and intestine, and have suggested that these cells are epithelial stem cells. In this study, we explore whether pSmad2/3L-Thr could serve as a biomarker for esophageal stem cells. We examined esophageal tissues from normal C57BL/6 mice and those with esophagitis. Double immunofluorescent staining of pSmad2/3L-Thr with Ki67, CDK4, p63, or CK14 was performed. After immunofluorescent staining, we stained the same sections with hematoxylin-eosin and observed these cells under a light microscope. We used the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling assay to examine label retention of pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells. We collected specimens 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after repeated BrdU administrations and observed double immunofluorescent staining of pSmad2/3L-Thr with BrdU. In the esophagus, pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells were detected in the basal layer. These cells were detected between Ki67 immunostaining-positive cells, but they were not co-localized with Ki67. pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells showed co-localization with CDK4, p63, and CK14. Under a light microscope, pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells indicated undifferentiated morphological features. Until 20 days follow-up period, pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells were co-localized with BrdU. pSmad2/3L-Thr immunostaining-positive cells significantly increased in the regeneration phase of esophagitis mucosae, as compared with control mice (esophagitis vs. CONTROL 6.889 ± 0.676/cm vs. 4.293 ± 0.659/cm; P < 0.001). We have identified significant expression of pSmad2/3L-Thr in the specific epithelial cells of murine esophagi. We suggest that these cells are slow-cycling epithelial stem-like cells before re-entry to the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takahashi
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - T Fukui
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - M Kishimoto
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - R Suzuki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - T Mitsuyama
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - K Sumimoto
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - T Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - M Sakao
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Y Sakaguchi
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - K Yoshida
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - A Nishio
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - K Matsuzaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - K Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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215
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Transforming growth factor-β1 signaling represses testicular steroidogenesis through cross-talk with orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104812. [PMID: 25140527 PMCID: PMC4139307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) mediated-steroidogenesis in testicular Leydig cells. However, the mechanism by which TGF-β1 controls the steroidogenesis in Leydig cells is not well understood. Here, we investigated the possibility that TGF-β1 represses steroidogenesis through cross-talk with the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. Nur77, which is induced by LH/cAMP signaling, is one of major transcription factors that regulate the expression of steroidogenic genes in Leydig cells. TGF-β1 signaling inhibited cAMP-induced testosterone production and the expression of steroidogenic genes such as P450c17, StAR and 3β-HSD in mouse Leydig cells. Further, TGF-β1/ALK5 signaling repressed cAMP-induced and Nur77-activated promoter activity of steroidogenic genes. In addition, TGF-β1/ALK5-activated Smad3 repressed Nur77 transactivation of steroidogenic gene promoters by interfering with Nur77 binding to DNA. In primary Leydig cells isolated from Tgfbr2flox/flox Cyp17iCre mice, TGF-β1-mediated repression of cAMP-induced steroidogenic gene expression was significantly less than that in primary Leydig cells from Tgfbr2flox/flox mice. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad3 signaling represses the expression of steroidogenic genes via the suppression of Nur77 transactivation in testicular Leydig cells. These findings may provide a molecular mechanism involved in the TGF-β1-mediated repression of testicular steroidogenesis.
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216
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Dutta DJ, Zameer A, Mariani JN, Zhang J, Asp L, Huynh J, Mahase S, Laitman BM, Argaw AT, Mitiku N, Urbanski M, Melendez-Vasquez CV, Casaccia P, Hayot F, Bottinger EP, Brown CW, John GR. Combinatorial actions of Tgfβ and Activin ligands promote oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination. Development 2014; 141:2414-28. [PMID: 24917498 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the embryonic CNS, development of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes is limited by bone morphogenetic proteins, which constitute one arm of the transforming growth factor-β (Tgfβ) family and signal canonically via Smads 1/5/8. Tgfβ ligands and Activins comprise the other arm and signal via Smads 2/3, but their roles in oligodendrocyte development are incompletely characterized. Here, we report that Tgfβ ligands and activin B (ActB) act in concert in the mammalian spinal cord to promote oligodendrocyte generation and myelination. In mouse neural tube, newly specified oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) are first exposed to Tgfβ ligands in isolation, then later in combination with ActB during maturation. In primary OLP cultures, Tgfβ1 and ActB differentially activate canonical Smad3 and non-canonical MAP kinase signaling. Both ligands enhance viability, and Tgfβ1 promotes proliferation while ActB supports maturation. Importantly, co-treatment strongly activates both signaling pathways, producing an additive effect on viability and enhancing both proliferation and differentiation such that mature oligodendrocyte numbers are substantially increased. Co-treatment promotes myelination in OLP-neuron co-cultures, and maturing oligodendrocytes in spinal cord white matter display strong Smad3 and MAP kinase activation. In spinal cords of ActB-deficient Inhbb(-/-) embryos, apoptosis in the oligodendrocyte lineage is increased and OLP numbers transiently reduced, but numbers, maturation and myelination recover during the first postnatal week. Smad3(-/-) mice display a more severe phenotype, including diminished viability and proliferation, persistently reduced mature and immature cell numbers, and delayed myelination. Collectively, these findings suggest that, in mammalian spinal cord, Tgfβ ligands and ActB together support oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar J Dutta
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andleeb Zameer
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - John N Mariani
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Linnea Asp
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jimmy Huynh
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sean Mahase
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin M Laitman
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Azeb Tadesse Argaw
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nesanet Mitiku
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fernand Hayot
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Systems Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chester W Brown
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gareth R John
- Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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217
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Nagalingam RS, Sundaresan NR, Noor M, Gupta MP, Solaro RJ, Gupta M. Deficiency of cardiomyocyte-specific microRNA-378 contributes to the development of cardiac fibrosis involving a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ1)-dependent paracrine mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27199-27215. [PMID: 25104350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of cardiac fibrosis is critical for controlling adverse cardiac remodeling during heart failure. Previously we identified miR-378 as a cardiomyocyte-abundant miRNA down-regulated in several experimental models of cardiac hypertrophy and in patients with heart failure. To understand the consequence of miR-378 down-regulation during cardiac remodeling, our current study employed a locked nucleic acid-modified antimiR to target miR-378 in vivo. Results showed development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis in mouse hearts. Mechanistically, miR-378 depletion was found to induce TGFβ1 expression in mouse hearts and in cultured cardiomyocytes. Among various secreted cytokines in the conditioned-media of miR-378-depleted cardiomyocytes, only TGFβ1 levels were found to be increased. The increase was prevented by miR-378 expression. Treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with the conditioned media of miR-378-depleted myocytes activated pSMAD2/3 and induced fibrotic gene expression. This effect was counteracted by including a TGFβ1-neutralizing antibody in the conditioned-medium. In cardiomyocytes, adenoviruses expressing dominant negative N-Ras or c-Jun prevented antimiR-mediated induction of TGFβ1 mRNA, documenting the importance of Ras and AP-1 signaling in this response. Our study demonstrates that reduction of miR-378 during pathological conditions contributes to cardiac remodeling by promoting paracrine release of profibrotic cytokine, TGFβ1 from cardiomyocytes. Our data imply that the presence in cardiomyocyte of miR-378 plays a critical role in the protection of neighboring fibroblasts from activation by pro-fibrotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu S Nagalingam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | | | - Mariam Noor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and.
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218
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Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Crosstalk between MAPK Pathway and Smad-Dependent TGF-β Signal Transduction. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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219
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Gaarenstroom T, Hill CS. TGF-β signaling to chromatin: how Smads regulate transcription during self-renewal and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:107-18. [PMID: 24503509 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the TGF-β superfamily (including the TGF-βs, Nodal and BMPs) play instructive roles during embryonic development. This is achieved by regulation of genes important for both maintaining pluripotency and germ layer specification and differentiation. Here we review how the TGF-β superfamily ligands signal to the chromatin to regulate transcription during development. The effectors of the pathway, the Smad transcription factors, are regulated in a combinatorial and spatiotemporal manner. This occurs via post-translational modifications affecting stability, localization and activity, as well as through interactions with other transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes, which occur on DNA. Expression profiling and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation have defined Smad target genes and binding sites on a genome-wide scale, which vary between cell types and differentiation stages. This has led to the insight that Smad-mediated transcriptional responses are influenced by the presence of master transcription factors, such as OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG in embryonic stem cells, interaction with other signal-induced factors, as well as by the general chromatin remodeling machinery. Interplay with transcriptional repressors and the polycomb group proteins also regulates the balance between expression of self-renewal and mesendoderm-specific genes in embryonic stem cells and during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gaarenstroom
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom.
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220
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Yoshida K, Murata M, Yamaguchi T, Matsuzaki K. TGF-β/Smad signaling during hepatic fibro-carcinogenesis (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1363-71. [PMID: 25050845 PMCID: PMC4151811 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After hepatitis virus infection, plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)-β increases in either the acute or chronic inflammatory microenvironment. Although TGF-β is upregulated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, it is one of the most potent growth inhibitors for hepatocytes. This cytokine also upregulates extracellular matrix (ECM) production of hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, TGF-β is considered to be the major factor regulating liver carcinogenesis and accelerating liver fibrosis. Smad2 and Smad3 act as the intracellular mediators of TGF-β signal transduction pathway. We have generated numerous antibodies against individual phosphorylation sites in Smad2/3, and identified 3 types of phosphorylated forms (phospho-isoforms): COOH-terminally phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2C and pSmad3C), linker phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L and pSmad3L) and dually phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C). These Smad phospho-isoforms are categorized into 3 groups: cytostatic pSmad3C signaling, mitogenic pSmad3L signaling and invasive/fibrogenic pSmad2L/C signaling. In this review, we describe differential regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling after acute or chronic liver injuries. In addition, we consider how chronic inflammation associated with hepatitis virus infection promotes hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis (fibro-carcinogenesis), focusing on alteration of Smad phospho-isoform signaling. Finally, we show reversibility of Smad phospho-isoform signaling after therapy against hepatitis virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Miki Murata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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221
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Identification and characterization of functional Smad8 and Smad4 homologues from Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3745-57. [PMID: 25039015 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smad family proteins are essential cellular mediators of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. In the present study, we identified two members of the Smad proteins, Smad8 and Smad4 homologues (termed as EgSmadE and EgSmadD, respectively), from Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE). Phylogenetic analysis placed EgSmadE in the Smad1, 5, and 8 subgroup of the R-Smad sub-family and EgSmadD in the Co-Smad family. Furthermore, EgSmadE and EgSmadD attained a high homology to EmSmadE and EmSmadD of E. multilocularis, respectively. Both EgSmadE and EgSmadD were co-expressed in the larval stages and exhibited the highest transcript levels in activated protoscoleces, and their encoded proteins were co-localized in the sub-tegumental and tegumental layer of the parasite. As shown by yeast two-hybrid and pull-down analysis, EgSmadE displayed a positive binding interaction with EgSmadD. In addition, EgSmadE localized in the nuclei of Mv1Lu cells (mink lung epithelial cells) upon treatment with human TGF-β1 or human BMP2, indicating that EgSmadE is capable of being translocated into nucleus, in vitro. Our study suggests that EgSmadE and EgSmadD may take part in critical biological processes, including echinococcal growth, development, and parasite-host interaction.
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222
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Inoue SI, Moriya M, Watanabe Y, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Niihori T, Oba D, Ono M, Kure S, Ogura T, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. New BRAF knockin mice provide a pathogenetic mechanism of developmental defects and a therapeutic approach in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6553-66. [PMID: 25035421 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is one of the 'RASopathies', a group of phenotypically overlapping syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Germline mutations in BRAF cause CFC syndrome, which is characterized by heart defects, distinctive facial features and ectodermal abnormalities. To define the pathogenesis and to develop a potential therapeutic approach in CFC syndrome, we here generated new knockin mice (here Braf(Q241R/+)) expressing the Braf Q241R mutation, which corresponds to the most frequent mutation in CFC syndrome, Q257R. Braf(Q241R/+) mice manifested embryonic/neonatal lethality, showing liver necrosis, edema and craniofacial abnormalities. Histological analysis revealed multiple heart defects, including cardiomegaly, enlarged cardiac valves, ventricular noncompaction and ventricular septal defects. Braf(Q241R/+) embryos also showed massively distended jugular lymphatic sacs and subcutaneous lymphatic vessels, demonstrating lymphatic defects in RASopathy knockin mice for the first time. Prenatal treatment with a MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, rescued the embryonic lethality with amelioration of craniofacial abnormalities and edema in Braf(Q241R/+) embryos. Unexpectedly, one surviving pup was obtained after treatment with a histone 3 demethylase inhibitor, GSK-J4, or NCDM-32b. Combination treatment with PD0325901 and GSK-J4 further increased the rescue from embryonic lethality, ameliorating enlarged cardiac valves. These results suggest that our new Braf knockin mice recapitulate major features of RASopathies and that epigenetic modulation as well as the inhibition of the ERK pathway will be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan and
| | | | | | | | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ogura
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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223
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Ottley E, Gold E. microRNA and non-canonical TGF-β signalling: implications for prostate cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:49-60. [PMID: 24985060 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing worldwide and marks a significant health issue. Paired with this, current therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer, notably androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), fail to provide a consistent level of efficacy throughout the treatment period, highlighting the need for new robust therapies. Growth factors, such as Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β), possess the ability to impede cancer development in the early stages, via alterations in either apoptosis, cell proliferation, or the promotion of cellular senescence. However, later in the pathogenesis, advanced prostate cancer cells become insensitive to the previously beneficial effects of TGF-β. The molecular mechanisms behind this acquired insensitivity are not well understood. Thus, the aim of this review is to examine the effects of a class of small non-coding RNA, microRNA (miRNA), on TGF-β signalling. The impact of miRNA on the canonical TGF-β Smad signalling pathway has been well investigated, hence, in this review, we will examine whether miRNA targeting members of non-canonical TGF-β signalling members, such as, Erk, RhoA, PI3K/Akt and JNK/p38 could provide alternate therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ottley
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elspeth Gold
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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224
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Liu X, Hubchak SC, Browne JA, Schnaper HW. Epidermal growth factor inhibits transforming growth factor-β-induced fibrogenic differentiation marker expression through ERK activation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2276-83. [PMID: 24905473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays an important and complex role in renal fibrogenesis. The seemingly simple TGF-β/Smad cascade is intensively regulated at several levels, including crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for epithelial cells and is elevated in diseased kidneys. In this study, we examined its effect on TGF-β-induced fibrotic changes in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Simultaneous treatment with EGF specifically inhibited basal and TGF-β-induced type-I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression at both mRNA and protein levels. These effects were prevented by inhibition of either the EGF receptor kinase or its downstream MEK kinase but not by blockade of either the JNK or PI3K pathway. Overexpression of a constitutively active MEK1 construct mimicked the inhibitory effect of EGF. Further, EGF suppressed Smad transcriptional activities, as shown by reduced activation of ARE-luc and SBE-luc. Both reductions were prevented by MEK inhibition. However, EGF did not block Smad2 or Smad3 phosphorylation by TGF-β, or Smad2/3 nuclear import. Finally EGF induced the phosphorylation and expression of TGIF, a known TGF-β/Smad repressor. Both the phosphorylation and the induction were blocked by a MEK inhibitor. Overexpression of TGIF abolished TGF-β-induced αSMA promoter activity. Together these results suggest that EGF inhibits two TGF-β-stimulated markers of EMT through EGF receptor tyrosine kinase and downstream ERK activation, but not through PI3K or JNK. The inhibition results from effector mechanisms downstream of Smads, and most likely involves the transcriptional repressor, TGIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Susan C Hubchak
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - James A Browne
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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225
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Tsou PS, Haak AJ, Khanna D, Neubig RR. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C2-13. [PMID: 24740541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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226
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Basu D, Lettan R, Damodaran K, Strellec S, Reyes-Mugica M, Rebbaa A. Identification, mechanism of action, and antitumor activity of a small molecule inhibitor of hippo, TGF-β, and Wnt signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1457-67. [PMID: 24694946 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic signaling pathways, in particular those mediated by Wnt and TGF-β, are known to play key roles in tumor progression through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Their simultaneous targeting could therefore represent a desirable anticancer strategy. On the basis of recent findings that both Wnt and TGF-β-associated pathways are regulated by Hippo signaling in mammalian cells, we reasoned that targeting the latter would be more effective in inhibiting EMT. In a search for such inhibitors, we identified a small molecule (C19) with remarkable inhibitory activity not only against Hippo, but also against Wnt and TGF-β pathways. C19 inhibited cancer cell migration, proliferation, and resistance to doxorubicin in vitro, and exerted strong antitumor activity in a mouse tumor model. Mechanistically, C19 induced GSK3-β-mediated degradation of the Hippo transducer TAZ, through activation of the Hippo kinases Mst/Lats and the tumor suppressor kinase AMPK upstream of the degradation complex. Overall, this study identified C19 as a multi-EMT pathway inhibitor with a unique mechanism of action. The findings that both AMPK and Mst/Lats mediate the antitumor activity of C19 shed light on a potential cross-talk between metabolic and organ size control pathways in regulating cancer progression. By simultaneously targeting these two pathways, C19 may represent a new type of agents to suppress cancer progression and/or its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Basu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Lettan
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Strellec
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miguel Reyes-Mugica
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Abdelhadi Rebbaa
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh; and Department of Chemistry, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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227
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M2 macrophages promote beta-cell proliferation by up-regulation of SMAD7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1211-20. [PMID: 24639504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321347111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of signaling pathways that regulate beta-cell replication is critical for beta-cell therapy. Here, we show that blocking pancreatic macrophage infiltration after pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) completely inhibits beta-cell proliferation. The TGFβ superfamily signaling inhibitor SMAD7 was significantly up-regulated in beta cells after PDL. Beta cells failed to proliferate in response to PDL in beta-cell-specific SMAD7 mutant mice. Forced expression of SMAD7 in beta cells by itself was sufficient to promote beta-cell proliferation in vivo. M2, rather than M1 macrophages, seem to be the inducers of SMAD7-mediated beta-cell proliferation. M2 macrophages not only release TGFβ1 to directly induce up-regulation of SMAD7 in beta cells but also release EGF to activate EGF receptor signaling that inhibits TGFβ1-activated SMAD2 nuclear translocation, resulting in TGFβ signaling inhibition. SMAD7 promotes beta-cell proliferation by increasing CyclinD1 and CyclinD2, and by inducing nuclear exclusion of p27. Our study thus reveals a molecular pathway to potentially increase beta-cell mass through enhanced SMAD7 activity induced by extracellular stimuli.
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228
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Qu X, Li X, Zheng Y, Ren Y, Puelles VG, Caruana G, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Li J. Regulation of renal fibrosis by Smad3 Thr388 phosphorylation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:944-952. [PMID: 24485922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes tissue fibrosis via receptor-mediated phosphorylation of the receptor-activated Smad2/3, together with Smad4. Of these, Smad3 plays a major profibrotic role in mouse models of tissue fibrosis. Transcriptional activity of the Smad3 protein is regulated by phosphorylation of residues in the C-terminal domain and the linker region. Herein, we examined the role of a novel phosphorylation site within the MH2 domain (T388) in the regulation of Smad3 activity. Confocal microscopy using an Smad3 phosphorylated T388-specific antibody identified phosphorylation of Smad3 T388 in myofibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells in human focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and mouse models of unilateral ureteric obstruction and diabetic nephropathy, whereas phosphorylated T388 was largely absent in normal kidney. In vitro, TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of Smad3 T388 in a biphasic pattern. A point mutation of T388/V in an Smad3 construct demonstrated that phosphorylation of T388 promotes Smad3 binding to Smad4 and CDK8, but was not necessary for nuclear translocation. Furthermore, T388 phosphorylation was required for TGF-β-induced collagen I gene promoter activity and extracellular matrix production in cultured fibroblasts. In conclusion, our study identifies phosphorylation of T388 in the Smad3 MH2 domain as an important mechanism that regulates the profibrotic TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway, which has direct relevance to human and experimental fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Qu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Xueling Li
- Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Victor G Puelles
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Georgina Caruana
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and the Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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229
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Sun YBY, Qu X, Li X, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Li J. Endothelial dysfunction exacerbates renal interstitial fibrosis through enhancing fibroblast Smad3 linker phosphorylation in the mouse obstructed kidney. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84063. [PMID: 24391884 PMCID: PMC3877161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and enhanced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad3 signalling are common features of progressive renal fibrosis. This study investigated a potential link between these mechanisms. In unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) we observed an acute (6 hr) down-regulation of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3/eNOS) levels and increased phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad3 at T179 and S208 in Smad3/JNK complexes. These events preceded Smad3 C-terminal domain phosphorylation and the induction of myofibroblast proliferation at 48 hrs. Mice deficient in NOS3 showed enhanced myofibroblast proliferation and collagen accumulation compared to wild type mice in a 7 day UUO model. This was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of Smad3 T179 and S208 by 92% and 88%, respectively, whereas Smad3-C-terminal phosphorylation was not affected. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) can suppress renal fibrosis in the UUO model, and further analysis herein showed that RvD1 protected against endothelial dysfunction and suppressed Smad3/JNK complex formation with a consequent reduction in phosphorylation of Smad3 T179 and S208 by 78% and 65%, respectively, while Smad3 C-terminal phosphorylation was unaltered. In vitro, conditioned media from mouse microvascular endothelial cells (MMEC) treated with a general inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME) augmented the proliferation and collagen production of renal fibroblasts (NRK49F cells) compared to control MMEC media and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of JNK and Smad3 T179 and S208, whereas Smad3-C-terminal domain phosphorylation was unaffected. The addition of RvD1 to L-NAME treated MMEC abrogated these effects of the conditioned media on renal fibroblasts. Finally, Smad3 T179/V and S208/A mutations significantly inhibit TGF-β1 induced up-regulation collagen I promoter. In conclusion, these data suggest that endothelial dysfunction can exacerbate renal interstitial fibrosis through increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen production via enhanced Smad3 linker phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bo Yang Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xinli Qu
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xueling Li
- The Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University,Hohhot,Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - David J. Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health and Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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230
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TGF-β signaling in stem cells and tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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231
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Miyares RL, Stein C, Renisch B, Anderson JL, Hammerschmidt M, Farber SA. Long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetase 4A regulates Smad activity and dorsoventral patterning in the zebrafish embryo. Dev Cell 2013; 27:635-47. [PMID: 24332754 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and their metabolites are critical players in cell biology and embryonic development. Here we show that long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4a (Acsl4a), an LC-PUFA activating enzyme, is essential for proper patterning of the zebrafish dorsoventral axis. Loss of Acsl4a results in dorsalized embryos due to attenuated bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. We demonstrate that Acsl4a modulates the activity of Smad transcription factors, the downstream mediators of Bmp signaling. Acsl4a promotes the inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and the Akt-mediated inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3, critical inhibitors of Smad activity. Consequently, introduction of a constitutively active Akt can rescue the dorsalized phenotype of Acsl4a-deficient embryos. Our results reveal a critical role for Acsl4a in modulating Bmp-Smad activity and provide a potential avenue for LC-PUFAs to influence a variety of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Linda Miyares
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Cornelia Stein
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Renisch
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Steven Arthur Farber
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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232
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The microRNA networks of TGFβ signaling in cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2857-69. [PMID: 24323563 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling regulates a host of activities ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis. The normal as well as tumor cells respond to this cytokine signaling pathway in a highly context-dependent manner. It acts as a potent tumor suppressor initially by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. But advanced tumors often misuse TGFβ signaling for tumor progression by selectively disabling the tumor suppressor arm and using other properties of TGFβ signaling such as induction of angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and metastases. This dual role of TGFβ in cancer remained a mystery until recently. But recent advances in the field of microRNA provided a deeper understanding about this dual nature of TGFβ signaling in cancers. In the present review, we present an account of the role of microRNAs in deregulating TGFβ signaling and modulating cancer cell behavior during tumor initiation and cancer progression. This review also includes a discussion on the recent advances in the deregulation of TGFβ signaling in carcinogenesis.
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233
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Stolfi C, Marafini I, De Simone V, Pallone F, Monteleone G. The dual role of Smad7 in the control of cancer growth and metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23774-90. [PMID: 24317436 PMCID: PMC3876077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad7 was initially identified as an inhibitor of Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β due mainly to its ability to bind TGF-β receptor type I and prevent TGF-β-associated Smad signaling. More recently, it has been demonstrated that Smad7 can interact with other intracellular proteins and regulate also TGF-β-independent signaling pathways thus making a valid contribution to the neoplastic processes in various organs. In particular, data emerging from experimental studies indicate that Smad7 may differently modulate the course of various tumors depending on the context analyzed. These observations, together with the demonstration that Smad7 expression is deregulated in many cancers, suggest that therapeutic interventions around Smad7 can help interfere with the development/progression of human cancers. In this article we review and discuss the available data supporting the role of Smad7 in the modulation of cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Stolfi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-6-7259-6150 (G.S.); Fax: +39-6-7259-6391 (G.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (C.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +39-6-7259-6150 (G.S.); Fax: +39-6-7259-6391 (G.S.)
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234
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Bera A, Zhao S, Cao L, Chiao PJ, Freeman JW. Oncogenic K-Ras and loss of Smad4 mediate invasion by activating an EGFR/NF-κB Axis that induces expression of MMP9 and uPA in human pancreas progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82282. [PMID: 24340014 PMCID: PMC3855364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating K-Ras mutations and inactivating mutations of Smad4 are two common genetic alterations that occur in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). To further study the individual and combinatorial roles of these two mutations in the pathogenesis of PDAC, immortalized human pancreas nestin postive cells (HPNE) were genetically modified by either expressing oncogenic K-Ras (HPNE/K-Ras), by shRNA knock down of Smad4 (HPNE/ShSmad4) or by creating both alterations in the same cell line (HPNE/K-Ras/ShSmad4). We previously found that expression of oncogenic K-Ras caused an increase in expression of EGFR and loss of Smad4 further enhanced the up regulation in expression of EGFR and that this increase in EGFR was sufficient to induce invasion. Here we further investigated the mechanism that links mutational alterations and EGFR expression with invasion. The increase in EGFR signaling was associated with up regulation of MMP9 and uPA protein and activity. Moreover, the increase in EGFR signaling promoted a nuclear translocation and binding of RelA (p65), a subunit of NF-κB, to the promoters of both MMP-9 and uPA. Treatment of HPNE/K-Ras/ShSmad4 cells with an inhibitor of EGFR reduced EGF-mediated NF-κB nuclear translocation and inhibitors of either EGFR or NF-κB reduced the increase in MMP-9 or uPA expression. In conclusion, this study provides the mechanism of how a combination of oncogenic K-Ras and loss of Smad4 causes invasion and provides the basis for new strategies to inhibit metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakesh Bera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lin Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James W. Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Research and Development, Audie Murphy Veterans Administration Hospital, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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235
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Fuentes-Calvo I, Crespo P, Santos E, López-Novoa JM, Martínez-Salgado C. The small GTPase N-Ras regulates extracellular matrix synthesis, proliferation and migration in fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2734-2744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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236
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Kim S, Lim JH, Woo CH. ERK5 Inhibition Ameliorates Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating Smad3 Acetylation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1758-1768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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237
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Pauklin S, Vallier L. The cell-cycle state of stem cells determines cell fate propensity. Cell 2013; 155:135-47. [PMID: 24074866 PMCID: PMC3898746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells are fundamentally associated with cell-cycle progression to enable tissue specification, organ homeostasis, and potentially tumorigenesis. However, technical challenges have impaired the study of the molecular interactions coordinating cell fate choice and cell-cycle progression. Here, we bypass these limitations by using the FUCCI reporter system in human pluripotent stem cells and show that their capacity of differentiation varies during the progression of their cell cycle. These mechanisms are governed by the cell-cycle regulators cyclin D1–3 that control differentiation signals such as the TGF-β-Smad2/3 pathway. Conversely, cell-cycle manipulation using a small molecule directs differentiation of hPSCs and provides an approach to generate cell types with a clinical interest. Our results demonstrate that cell fate decisions are tightly associated with the cell-cycle machinery and reveal insights in the mechanisms synchronizing differentiation and proliferation in developing tissues. Cell fate decisions are cell-cycle dependent Control of endoderm versus neuroectoderm differentiation by cyclin D-CDK4/6 Cyclin Ds control TGF-β-Smad2/3 transcriptional activity Differentiation of hPSCs can be directed by manipulation of the cell cycle
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Pauklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
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238
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Araf kinase antagonizes Nodal-Smad2 activity in mesendoderm development by directly phosphorylating the Smad2 linker region. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1728. [PMID: 23591895 PMCID: PMC3644095 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad2/3-mediated transforming growth factor β signalling and the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk cascade have important roles in stem cell and development and tissue homeostasis. However, it remains unknown whether Raf kinases directly crosstalk with Smad2/3 signalling and how this would regulate embryonic development. Here we show that Araf antagonizes mesendoderm induction and patterning activity of Nodal/Smad2 signals in vertebrate embryos by directly inhibiting Smad2 signalling. Knockdown of araf in zebrafish embryos leads to an increase of activated Smad2 with a decrease in linker phosphorylation; consequently, the embryos have excess mesendoderm precursors and are dorsalized. Mechanistically, Araf physically binds to and phosphorylates Smad2 in the linker region with S253 being indispensable in a Mek/Erk-independent manner, thereby attenuating Smad2 signalling by accelerating degradation of activated Smad2. Our findings open avenues for investigating the potential significance of Raf regulation of transforming growth factor β signalling in versatile biological and pathological processes in the future.
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239
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Barnette DN, Hulin A, Ahmed ASI, Colige AC, Azhar M, Lincoln J. Tgfβ-Smad and MAPK signaling mediate scleraxis and proteoglycan expression in heart valves. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 65:137-46. [PMID: 24157418 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mature heart valves are complex structures consisting of three highly organized extracellular matrix layers primarily composed of collagens, proteoglycans and elastin. Collectively, these diverse matrix components provide all the necessary biomechanical properties for valve function throughout life. In contrast to healthy valves, myxomatous valve disease is the most common cause of mitral valve prolapse in the human population and is characterized by an abnormal abundance of proteoglycans within the valve tri-laminar structure. Despite the clinical significance, the etiology of this phenotype is not known. Scleraxis (Scx) is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor that we previously showed to be required for establishing heart valve structure during remodeling stages of valvulogenesis. In this study, we report that remodeling heart valves from Scx null mice express decreased levels of proteoglycans, particularly chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), while overexpression in embryonic avian valve precursor cells and adult porcine valve interstitial cells increases CSPGs. Using these systems we further identify that Scx is positively regulated by canonical Tgfβ2 signaling during this process and this is attenuated by MAPK activity. Finally, we show that Scx is increased in myxomatous valves from human patients and mouse models, and overexpression in human mitral valve interstitial cells modestly increases proteoglycan expression consistent with myxomatous mitral valve phenotypes. Together, these studies identify an important role for Scx in regulating proteoglycans in embryonic and mature valve cells and suggest that imbalanced regulation could influence myxomatous pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien N Barnette
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016189 (R-189), Miami, FL, USA; Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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240
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Browne JA, Liu X, Schnaper HW, Hayashida T. Serine-204 in the linker region of Smad3 mediates the collagen-I response to TGF-β in a cell phenotype-specific manner. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2928-37. [PMID: 24080014 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling in fibrogenesis is complex. Previous work by our lab suggests that ERK MAP kinase phosphorylates the linker region (LR) of Smad3 to enhance TGF-β-induced collagen-I accumulation. However the roles of the individual Smad3LR phosphorylation sites (T179, S204, S208 and S213) in the collagen-I response to TGF-β are not clear. To address this issue, we tested the ability of Smad3 constructs expressing wild-type Smad3 or Smad3 with mutated LR phosphorylation sites to reconstitute TGF-β-stimulated COL1A2 promoter activity in Smad3-null or -knockdown cells. Blocking ERK in fibroblasts and renal mesangial cells inhibited both S204 phosphorylation and Smad3-mediated COL1A2 promoter activity. Mutations replacing serine at S204 or S208 in the linker region decreased Smad3-mediated COL1A2 promoter activity, whereas mutating T179 enhanced basal COL1A2 promoter activity and did not prevent TGF-β stimulation. Interestingly, mutation of all four Smad3LR sites (T179, S204, S208 and S213) was not inhibitory, suggesting primacy of the two inhibitory sites. These results suggest that in these mesenchymal cells, phosphorylation of the T179 and possibly S213 sites may act as a brake on the signal, whereas S204 phosphorylation by ERK in some manner releases that brake. Renal epithelial cells (HKC) respond differently from MEF or mesangial cells; blocking ERK neither changed TGF-β-stimulated S204 phosphorylation nor prevented Smad3-mediated COL1A2 promoter activity in HKC. Furthermore, re-expression of wild type-Smad3 or the S204A-Smad3 mutant in Smad3-knockdown HKC reconstituted Smad3-mediated COL1A2 promoter activity. Collectively, these data suggest that Serine-204 phosphorylation in the Smad3LR is a critical event by which ERK enhances Smad3-mediated COL1A2 promoter activity in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Browne
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 310 E Superior Street, Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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241
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Schedlich LJ, Yenson VM, Baxter RC. TGF-β-induced expression of IGFBP-3 regulates IGF1R signaling in human osteosarcoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:56-64. [PMID: 23831640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways initiated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important in osteosarcoma cell growth. We have investigated a role for endogenous IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in mediating cross-talk between TGF-β receptor and type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathways in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. TGF-β1 indirectly activated the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway and induced the expression of IGFBP-3, an important regulator of IGF1R activity. IGFBP-3 attenuated TGF-β1 activation of ERK1/2 and Akt in MG-63 cells, and inhibited TGF-β1-induced cell cycle progression and proliferation. This effect of IGFBP-3 was blocked by inhibiting IGF1R signaling. TGF-β1 phosphorylated Smad2 on the non-receptor substrate sites (Ser245/250/255). Blocking the TGF-β1-induced expression of IGFBP-3 enhanced pSmad2(Ser245/250/255) and increased its nuclear accumulation. These results suggest an important role for TGF-β1 in osteosarcoma cell growth, with the induction of IGFBP-3 by TGF-β1 serving in a negative-feedback loop to control cell growth by preventing activation of the IGF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J Schedlich
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
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242
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Oncogenic PAK4 regulates Smad2/3 axis involving gastric tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2013; 33:3473-84. [PMID: 23934187 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling effector Smad2/3 was detected in several types of tumors, which acts as oncogenic factor and tumor suppressor, but the relationship between these events has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that PAK4 interacts with and modulates phosphorylation of Smad2/3 via both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms, which attenuate Smad2/3 axis transactivation and TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells. First, PAK4 interaction with Smad2/3, which is independent of PAK4 kinase activity, blocks TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 Ser465/467 or Smad3 Ser423/425 and the consequent activation. In addition, PAK4 phosphorylates Smad2 on Ser465, leading to the degradation of Smad2 through ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway under hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation. Interestingly, PAK4 expression correlates negatively with phospho-Ser465/467 Smad2 but positively with phospho-Ser465 Smad2 in gastric cancer tissues. Furthermore, the expressions of HGF, phospho-Ser474 PAK4 and phospho-Ser465 Smad2 are markedly increased in gastric cancer tissues, and the expression of Smad2 is decreased in gastric cancer tissues. Our results document an oncogenic role of PAK4 in repression of Smad2/3 transactivation that involved in tumorigenesis, and suggest PAK4 as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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243
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Yamane H, Paul WE. Early signaling events that underlie fate decisions of naive CD4(+) T cells toward distinct T-helper cell subsets. Immunol Rev 2013; 252:12-23. [PMID: 23405892 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells are a major cell population that play an important role in governing acquired immune responses to a variety of foreign antigens as well as inducing some types of autoimmune diseases. There are at least four distinct Th cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and inducible T-regulatory cells), each of which has specialized functions to control immune responses. Each of these cell types emerge from naive CD4(+) T cells after encounter with foreign antigens presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Each Th cell subset expresses a unique set of transcription factors and produces hallmark cytokines. Both T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation and the cytokine environment created by activated CD4(+) T cells themselves, by 'partner' DCs, and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation, play an important role in the fate decisions toward distinct Th subsets. Here, we review how TCR-mediated signals in collaboration with the cytokine environment influence the fate decisions of naive CD4(+) T cells toward distinct Th subsets at the early stages of activation. We also discuss the roles of TCR-proximal signaling intermediates and of the Notch pathway in regulating the differentiation to distinct Th phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Yamane
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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244
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Matsuzaki K. Smad phospho-isoforms direct context-dependent TGF-β signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:385-99. [PMID: 23871609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of TGF-β signaling has deepened our appreciation of normal epithelial cell homeostasis and its dysfunction in such human disorders as cancer and fibrosis. Smad proteins, which convey signals from TGF-β receptors to the nucleus, possess intermediate linker regions connecting Mad homology domains. Membrane-bound, cytoplasmic, and nuclear protein kinases differentially phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 to create C-tail (C), the linker (L), or dually (L/C) phosphorylated (p, phospho-) isoforms. According to domain-specific phosphorylation, distinct transcriptional responses, and selective metabolism, Smad phospho-isoform pathways can be grouped into 4 types: cytostatic pSmad3C signaling, mitogenic pSmad3L (Ser-213) signaling, invasive/fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C or pSmad3L (Ser-204)/C signaling, and mitogenic/migratory pSmad2/3L (Thr-220/179)/C signaling. We outline how responses to TGF-β change through the multiple Smad phospho-isoforms as normal epithelial cells mature from stem cells through progenitors to differentiated cells, and further reflect upon how constitutive Ras-activating mutants favor the Smad phospho-isoform pathway promoting tumor progression. Finally, clinical analyses of reversible Smad phospho-isoform signaling during human carcinogenesis could assess effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing human cancer risk. Spatiotemporally separate, functionally different Smad phospho-isoforms have been identified in specific cells and tissues, answering long-standing questions about context-dependent TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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245
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Zhang X, Min KW, Liggett J, Baek SJ. Disruption of the transforming growth factor-β pathway by tolfenamic acid via the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2900-7. [PMID: 23864386 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) modulates diverse cell physiological processes and plays a complicated role in tumor development. It has been well established that TGF-β inhibits cell proliferation in normal and early stage carcinoma and facilitates tumor metastasis in late-stage carcinoma. Therefore, blocking TGF-β signaling in advanced stage carcinogenesis provides a potentially interesting chemotherapeutic strategy. We aimed to determine the effect of tolfenamic acid (TA) on TGF-β-induced protumorigenic activity. Here, we demonstrate that TA attenuates tumor-promoting effects of TGF-β in cancer cells. Further observation indicates TA blocks the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and this blockage is mainly attributed to the interference of TGF-β1-driven phosphorylation of Smad2/3. We also show that TA could exert this effect on cancer cell lines from several different origins and that TA is much better than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with respect to inhibition of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. Finally, extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase plays a role in TA-induced suppression of Smad2/3 phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of Smad2/3 in response to TGF-β1. Our study provides a possible mechanism by which TA affects anticancer activity by inhibiting the TGF-β pathway and sheds light on the application of TA for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and
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246
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Shimmi O, Newfeld SJ. New insights into extracellular and post-translational regulation of TGF-β family signalling pathways. J Biochem 2013; 154:11-9. [PMID: 23698094 PMCID: PMC3693483 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted proteins are present in all multicellular animals. TGF-β proteins are versatile intercellular signalling molecules that orchestrate cell fate decisions during development and maintain homeostasis in adults. The Smad family of signal transducers implements TGF-β signals in responsive cells. Given the ability of TGF-β ligands to induce dramatic responses in target cells, numerous regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent unintended consequences. Here we review new reports of extracellular and post-translational regulation in Drosophila and vertebrates. Extracellular topics include the regulation of TGF-β signalling range and the coordination between tissue morphogenesis and TGF-β signalling. Post-translational topics include the regulation of TGF-β signal transduction by Gsk3-β phosphorylation of Smads and by cycles of Smad mono- and deubiquitylation. Extension of the ubiquitylation data to the Hippo pathway is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Stuart J. Newfeld
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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247
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Kamato D, Burch ML, Piva TJ, Rezaei HB, Rostam MA, Xu S, Zheng W, Little PJ, Osman N. Transforming growth factor-β signalling: role and consequences of Smad linker region phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2017-24. [PMID: 23770288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a secreted homodimeric protein that plays an important role in regulating various cellular responses including cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix production, embryonic development and apoptosis. Disruption of the TGF-β signalling pathway is associated with diverse disease states including cancer, renal and cardiac fibrosis and atherosclerosis. At the cell surface TGF-β complex consists of two type I and two type II transmembrane receptors (TβRI and TβRII respectively) which have serine/threonine kinase activity. Upon TGF-β engagement TβRII phosphorylates TβRI which in turn phosphorylates Smad2/3 on two serine residues at their C-terminus which enables binding to Smad4 to form heteromeric Smad complexes that enter the nucleus to initiate gene transcription including for extracellular matrix proteins. TGF-β signalling is also known to activate other serine/threonine kinase signalling that results in the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad2. The Smad linker region is defined as the domain which lies between the MH1 and MH2 domains of a Smad protein. Serine/threonine kinases that are known to phosphorylate the Smad linker region include mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular-signal regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase, the tyrosine kinase Src, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, rho-associated protein kinase, calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3. This review will cover the role of Smad linker region phosphorylation downstream of TGF-β signalling in vascular cells. Key factors including the identification of the kinases that phosphorylate individual Smad residues, the upstream agents that activate these kinases, the cellular location of the phosphorylation event and the importance of the linker region in regulation and expression of genes induced by TGF-β are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
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248
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Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:251-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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249
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The ALK-1/Smad1 pathway in cardiovascular physiopathology. A new target for therapy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1492-510. [PMID: 23707512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-1 or ALK-1 is a type I cell surface receptor for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of proteins. The role of ALK-1 in endothelial cells biology and in angiogenesis has been thoroughly studied by many authors. However, it has been recently suggested a possible role of ALK-1 in cardiovascular homeostasis. ALK-1 is not only expressed in endothelial cells but also in smooth muscle cells, myofibroblast, hepatic stellate cells, chondrocytes, monocytes, myoblasts, macrophages or fibroblasts, but its role in these cells have not been deeply analyzed. Due to the function of ALK-1 in these cells, this receptor plays a role in several cardiovascular diseases. Animals with ALK-1 haploinsufficiency and patients with mutations in Acvrl1 (the gene that codifies for ALK-1) develop type-2 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Moreover, ALK-1 heterozygous mice develop pulmonary hypertension. Higher levels of ALK-1 have been observed in atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting a possible protector role of this receptor. ALK-1 deficiency is also related to the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Besides, due to the ability of ALK-1 to regulate cell proliferation and migration, and to modulate extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression in several cell types, ALK-1 has been now demonstrated to play an important role in cardiovascular remodeling. In this review, we would like to offer a complete vision of the role of ALK-1 in many process related to cardiovascular homeostasis, and the involvement of this protein in the development of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting the possibility of using the ALK-1/smad-1 pathway as a powerful therapeutic target.
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250
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Osaki LH, Gama P. MAPKs and signal transduction in the control of gastrointestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10143-61. [PMID: 23670595 PMCID: PMC3676833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are activated by several stimuli and transduce the signal inside cells, generating diverse responses including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. Each MAPK cascade comprises a series of molecules, and regulation takes place at different levels. They communicate with each other and with additional pathways, creating a signaling network that is important for cell fate determination. In this review, we focus on ERK, JNK, p38 and ERK5, the major MAPKs, and their interactions with PI3K-Akt, TGFβ/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. More importantly, we describe how MAPKs regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the rapidly renewing epithelia that lines the gastrointestinal tract and, finally, we highlight the recent findings on nutritional aspects that affect MAPK transduction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana H Osaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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