201
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Newton K, Jorgensen NM, Wallace AJ, Buchanan DD, Lalloo F, McMahon RFT, Hill J, Evans DG. Tumour MLH1 promoter region methylation testing is an effective prescreen for Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC). J Med Genet 2014; 51:789-96. [PMID: 25280751 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lynch syndrome (LS) patients have DNA mismatch repair deficiency and up to 80% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Screening of mutation carriers reduces CRC incidence and mortality. Selection for constitutional mutation testing relies on family history (Amsterdam and Bethesda Guidelines) and tumour-derived biomarkers. Initial biomarker analysis uses mismatch repair protein immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability. Abnormalities in either identify mismatch repair deficiency but do not differentiate sporadic epigenetic defects, due to MLH1 promoter region methylation (13% of CRCs) from LS (4% of CRCs). A diagnostic biomarker capable of making this distinction would be valuable. This study compared two biomarkers in tumours with mismatch repair deficiency; quantification of methylation of the MLH1 promoter region using a novel assay and BRAF c.1799T>A, p.(Val600Glu) mutation status in the identification of constitutional mutations. METHODS Tumour DNA was extracted (formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, FFPE tissue) and pyrosequencing used to test for MLH1 promoter methylation and presence of the BRAF c.1799T>A, p.(Val600Glu) mutation 71 CRCs from individuals with pathogenic MLH1 mutations and 73 CRCs with sporadic MLH1 loss. Specificity and sensitivity was compared. FINDINGSS Unmethylated MLH1 promoter: sensitivity 94.4% (95% CI 86.2% to 98.4%), specificity 87.7% (95% CI 77.9% to 94.2%), Wild-type BRAF (codon 600): sensitivity 65.8% (95% CI 53.7% to 76.5%), specificity 98.6% (95% CI 92.4% to 100.0%) for the identification of those with pathogenic MLH1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative MLH1 promoter region methylation using pyrosequencing is superior to BRAF codon 600 mutation status in identifying constitutional mutations in mismatch repair deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Newton
- Department of General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - N M Jorgensen
- Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - A J Wallace
- Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - D D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - F Lalloo
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - R F T McMahon
- Department of Histopathology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK Manchester Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Hill
- Department of General Surgery, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - D G Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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202
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Abstract
Microbiome analysis has identified a state of microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) in patients with chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. The bacterial phylum Proteobacteria is often overrepresented in these individuals, with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent species. It is clear that a complex interplay between the host, bacteria and bacterial genes is implicated in the development of these intestinal diseases. Understanding the basic elements of these interactions could have important implications for disease detection and management. Recent studies have revealed that E. coli utilizes a complex arsenal of virulence factors to colonize and persist in the intestine. Some of these virulence factors, such as the genotoxin colibactin, were found to promote colorectal cancer in experimental models. In this Review, we summarize key features of the dysbiotic states associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer, and discuss how the dysregulated interplay between host and bacteria could favor the emergence of E. coli with pathological traits implicated in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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203
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Tosti E, Katakowski JA, Schaetzlein S, Kim HS, Ryan CJ, Shales M, Roguev A, Krogan NJ, Palliser D, Keogh MC, Edelmann W. Evolutionarily conserved genetic interactions with budding and fission yeast MutS identify orthologous relationships in mismatch repair-deficient cancer cells. Genome Med 2014; 6:68. [PMID: 25302077 PMCID: PMC4189729 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionarily conserved DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system corrects base-substitution and insertion-deletion mutations generated during erroneous replication. The mutation or inactivation of many MMR factors strongly predisposes to cancer, where the resulting tumors often display resistance to standard chemotherapeutics. A new direction to develop targeted therapies is the harnessing of synthetic genetic interactions, where the simultaneous loss of two otherwise non-essential factors leads to reduced cell fitness or death. High-throughput screening in human cells to directly identify such interactors for disease-relevant genes is now widespread, but often requires extensive case-by-case optimization. Here we asked if conserved genetic interactors (CGIs) with MMR genes from two evolutionary distant yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyzes pombe) can predict orthologous genetic relationships in higher eukaryotes. Methods High-throughput screening was used to identify genetic interaction profiles for the MutSα and MutSβ heterodimer subunits (msh2Δ, msh3Δ, msh6Δ) of fission yeast. Selected negative interactors with MutSβ (msh2Δ/msh3Δ) were directly analyzed in budding yeast, and the CGI with SUMO-protease Ulp2 further examined after RNA interference/drug treatment in MSH2-deficient and -proficient human cells. Results This study identified distinct genetic profiles for MutSα and MutSβ, and supports a role for the latter in recombinatorial DNA repair. Approximately 28% of orthologous genetic interactions with msh2Δ/msh3Δ are conserved in both yeasts, a degree consistent with global trends across these species. Further, the CGI between budding/fission yeast msh2 and SUMO-protease Ulp2 is maintained in human cells (MSH2/SENP6), and enhanced by Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor that induces the accumulation of single-strand DNA breaks. This identifies SENP6 as a promising new target for the treatment of MMR-deficient cancers. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the utility of employing evolutionary distance in tractable lower eukaryotes to predict orthologous genetic relationships in higher eukaryotes. Moreover, we provide novel insights into the genome maintenance functions of a critical DNA repair complex and propose a promising targeted treatment for MMR deficient tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0068-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tosti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Joseph A Katakowski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Sonja Schaetzlein
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colm J Ryan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, USA ; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, USA ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Shales
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - Assen Roguev
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, USA ; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, San Francisco, USA ; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA
| | - Deborah Palliser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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Young T, Poobalan Y, Tan EK, Tao S, Ong S, Wehner P, Schwenty-Lara J, Lim CY, Sadasivam A, Lovatt M, Wang ST, Ali Y, Borchers A, Sampath K, Dunn NR. The PDZ domain protein Mcc is a novel effector of non-canonical Wnt signaling during convergence and extension in zebrafish. Development 2014; 141:3505-16. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, a complex set of mass cellular rearrangements shapes the embryonic body plan and appropriately positions the organ primordia. In zebrafish and Xenopus, convergence and extension (CE) movements simultaneously narrow the body axis mediolaterally and elongate it from head to tail. This process is governed by polarized cell behaviors that are coordinated by components of the non-canonical, β-catenin-independent Wnt signaling pathway, including Wnt5b and the transmembrane planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2. However, the intracellular events downstream of Wnt/PCP signals are not fully understood. Here, we show that zebrafish mutated in colorectal cancer (mcc), which encodes an evolutionarily conserved PDZ domain-containing putative tumor suppressor, is required for Wnt5b/Vangl2 signaling during gastrulation. Knockdown of mcc results in CE phenotypes similar to loss of vangl2 and wnt5b, whereas overexpression of mcc robustly rescues the depletion of wnt5b, vangl2 and the Wnt5b tyrosine kinase receptor ror2. Biochemical experiments establish a direct physical interaction between Mcc and the Vangl2 cytoplasmic tail. Lastly, CE defects in mcc morphants are suppressed by downstream activation of RhoA and JNK. Taken together, our results identify Mcc as a novel intracellular effector of non-canonical Wnt5b/Vangl2/Ror2 signaling during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Young
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Yogavalli Poobalan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Shijie Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
| | - Sheena Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Peter Wehner
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Janina Schwenty-Lara
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Akila Sadasivam
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Matthew Lovatt
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Siew Tein Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Karuna Sampath
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, B040, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - N. Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
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205
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Kang SY, Park CK, Chang DK, Kim JW, Son HJ, Cho YB, Yun SH, Kim HC, Kwon M, Kim KM. Lynch-like syndrome: Characterization and comparison with EPCAM deletion carriers. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1568-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kang
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hee Jung Son
- Department of Gastroenterology; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Yun
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Moosik Kwon
- Department of Genetic Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology & Translational Genomics; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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206
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Rengucci C, De Maio G, Casadei Gardini A, Zucca M, Scarpi E, Zingaretti C, Foschi G, Tumedei MM, Molinari C, Saragoni L, Puccetti M, Amadori D, Zoli W, Calistri D. Promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes in pre-neoplastic lesions; potential marker of disease recurrence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:65. [PMID: 25091577 PMCID: PMC4274757 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations of specific genes have been reported to be related to colorectal cancer (CRC) transformation and would also appear to be involved in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. Little data are available on the role of these alterations in determining a different risk of colorectal lesion recurrence. The aim of the present study was to verify whether epigenetic alterations present in pre-neoplastic colorectal lesions detected by colonoscopy can predict disease recurrence. METHODS A retrospective series of 78 adenomas were collected and classified as low (35) or high-risk (43) for recurrence according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Methylation alterations were analyzed by the methylation-specific multiplex ligation probe assay (MS-MLPA) which is capable of quantifying methylation levels simultaneously in 24 different gene promoters. MS-MLPA results were confirmed by pyrosequencing and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Higher levels of methylation were associated with disease recurrence. In particular, MLH1, ATM and FHIT gene promoters were found to be significantly hypermethylated in recurring adenomas. Unconditional logistic regression analysis used to evaluate the relative risk (RR) of recurrence showed that FHIT and MLH1 were independent variables with an RR of 35.30 (95% CI 4.15-300.06, P = 0.001) and 17.68 (95% CI 1.91-163.54, P = 0.011), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Histopathological classification does not permit an accurate evaluation of the risk of recurrence of colorectal lesions. Conversely, results from our methylation analysis suggest that a classification based on molecular parameters could help to define the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and prove an effective method for identifying patients at high risk of recurrence.
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207
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Giardiello FM, Allen JI, Axilbund JE, Boland CR, Burke CA, Burt RW, Church JM, Dominitz JA, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, Levin TR, Lieberman DA, Robertson DJ, Syngal S, Rex DK. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:502-26. [PMID: 25043945 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Multi-Society Task Force, in collaboration with invited experts, developed guidelines to assist health care providers with the appropriate provision of genetic testing and management of patients at risk for and affected with Lynch syndrome as follows: Figure 1 provides a colorectal cancer risk assessment tool to screen individuals in the office or endoscopy setting; Figure 2 illustrates a strategy for universal screening for Lynch syndrome by tumor testing of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer; Figures 3-6 provide algorithms for genetic evaluation of affected and at-risk family members of pedigrees with Lynch syndrome; Table 10 provides guidelines for screening at-risk and affected persons with Lynch syndrome; and Table 12 lists the guidelines for the management of patients with Lynch syndrome. A detailed explanation of Lynch syndrome and the methodology utilized to derive these guidelines, as well as an explanation of, and supporting literature for, these guidelines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John I Allen
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason A Dominitz
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas J Robertson
- White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, White River Junction, Vermont
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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208
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Giardiello FM, Allen JI, Axilbund JE, Boland CR, Burke CA, Burt RW, Church JM, Dominitz JA, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, Levin TR, Lieberman DA, Robertson DJ, Syngal S, Rex DK. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80:197-220. [PMID: 25034835 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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209
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Giardiello FM, Allen JI, Axilbund JE, Boland CR, Burke CA, Burt RW, Church JM, Dominitz JA, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, Levin TR, Lieberman DA, Robertson DJ, Syngal S, Rex DK. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-society Task Force on colorectal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1159-79. [PMID: 25070057 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Multi-Society Task Force, in collaboration with invited experts, developed guidelines to assist health care providers with the appropriate provision of genetic testing and management of patients at risk for and affected with Lynch syndrome as follows: Figure 1 provides a colorectal cancer risk assessment tool to screen individuals in the office or endoscopy setting; Figure 2 illustrates a strategy for universal screening for Lynch syndrome by tumor testing of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer; Figures 3,4,5,6 provide algorithms for genetic evaluation of affected and at-risk family members of pedigrees with Lynch syndrome; Table 10 provides guidelines for screening at-risk and affected persons with Lynch syndrome; and Table 12 lists the guidelines for the management of patients with Lynch syndrome. A detailed explanation of Lynch syndrome and the methodology utilized to derive these guidelines, as well as an explanation of, and supporting literature for, these guidelines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John I Allen
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason A Dominitz
- 1] VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas J Robertson
- 1] White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, USA [2] Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
| | - Sapna Syngal
- 1] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [3] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas K Rex
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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210
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Naba A, Clauser KR, Whittaker CA, Carr SA, Tanabe KK, Hynes RO. Extracellular matrix signatures of human primary metastatic colon cancers and their metastases to liver. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:518. [PMID: 25037231 PMCID: PMC4223627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Despite the fact that tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms controlling colorectal carcinogenesis have been identified, novel prognostic and diagnostic tools as well as novel therapeutic strategies are still needed to monitor and target colon cancer progression. We and others have previously shown, using mouse models, that the extracellular matrix (ECM), a major component of the tumor microenvironment, is an important contributor to tumor progression. In order to identify candidate biomarkers, we sought to define ECM signatures of metastatic colorectal cancers and their metastases to the liver. METHODS We have used enrichment of extracellular matrix (ECM) from human patient samples and proteomics to define the ECM composition of primary colon carcinomas and their metastases to liver in comparison with normal colon and liver samples. RESULTS We show that robust signatures of ECM proteins characteristic of each tissue, normal and malignant, can be defined using relatively small samples from small numbers of patients. Comparisons with gene expression data from larger cohorts of patients confirm the association of subsets of the proteins identified by proteomic analysis with tumor progression and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The ECM protein signatures of metastatic primary colon carcinomas and metastases to liver defined in this study, offer promise for development of diagnostic and prognostic signatures of metastatic potential of colon tumors. The ECM proteins defined here represent candidate serological or tissue biomarkers and potential targets for imaging of occult metastases and residual or recurrent tumors and conceivably for therapies. Furthermore, the methods described here can be applied to other tumor types and can be used to investigate other questions such as the role of ECM in resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Naba
- David H, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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211
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MicroRNA profiling in Muc2 knockout mice of colitis-associated cancer model reveals epigenetic alterations during chronic colitis malignant transformation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99132. [PMID: 24941171 PMCID: PMC4062425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that genetic deletion of the Muc2 gene causes colorectal cancers in mice. The current study further showed that at the early stage (<3 months) the Muc2 knockout mice spontaneously developed chronic inflammation in colon and rectum, similar pathological features as human colitis; and at the late stage (>3 months) the mice exhibited colorectal cancer, including a unique phenotype of rectal prolapsed (rectal severe inflammation and adenocarcinoma). Thus, the age of 3 months might be the key point of the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer. To determine the mechanisms of the malignant transformation, we conducted miRNA array on the colonic epithelial cells from the 3-month Muc2-/- and +/+ mice. MicroRNA profiling showed differential expression of miRNAs (i.e. lower or higher expression enrichments) in Muc2-/- mice. 15 of them were validated by quantitative PCR. Based on relevance to cytokine and cancer, 4 miRNAs (miR-138, miR-145, miR-146a, and miR-150) were validate and were found significantly downregulated in human colitis and colorectal cancer tissues. The network of the targets of these miRNAs was characterized, and interestedly, miRNA-associated cytokines were significantly increased in Muc2-/-mice. This is the first to reveal the importance of aberrant expression of miRNAs in dynamically transformation from chronic colitis to colitis-associated cancer. These findings shed light on revealing the mechanisms of chronic colitis malignant transformation.
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212
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Xiao L, Liu YP, Xiao CX, Ren JL, Guleng B. Serum TFF3 may be a pharamcodynamic marker of responses to chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 25031551 PMCID: PMC4099389 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a secreted protein, serum trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) has been reported to be a biomarker of several malignancies. We further investigated whether TFF3 can be applied as a biomarker for and predictor of responses to chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS Serum and urine samples were collected from 90 patients with gastric cancer, 128 patients with colorectal cancer and 91 healthy individuals. Serum and urine TFF3 levels were measured using an ELISA. RESULTS Serum and urine TFF3 levels were significantly higher in the patients with gastric and colorectal cancer compared with the healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Higher serum levels of TFF3 were significantly correlated with distant metastasis and an advanced stage in the two types of cancer (P < 0.05). Age and the number of lymph node metastases were significantly correlated with serum TFF3 levels in colorectal cancer, and decreased serum TFF3 levels were significantly correlated with responses to chemotherapy in both the gastric and the colorectal cancer partial response (PR) groups. A combination of serum and urine data did not significantly improve the detection of either cancer, although urine levels have shown a significant negative relationship with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that TFF3 may be an effective biomarker of tumor stage and the presence of distant metastasis, and may be a pharmacodynamic marker of response to chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chuan-Xing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen 361004, Fujian Province, China.,Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiangan District, Xiamen 361102, Fujian Province, China
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213
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McClellan JL, Steiner JL, Day SD, Enos RT, Davis MJ, Singh UP, Murphy EA. Exercise effects on polyp burden and immune markers in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:861-8. [PMID: 24859893 PMCID: PMC4432723 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many observational epidemiologic studies suggest an association between exercise and colon cancer risk. The mechanisms contributing to a preventative effect of exercise on colon cancer are complex and multifaceted. Altered immune system function is one possible mechanism that has been largely unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on markers associated with macrophages and select T cell populations in a mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis and to relate this to polyp characteristics. Male ApcMin/+ mice were randomly assigned to either sedentary (Sed) or exercise (Ex) treatment (n=6–9/group). The exercise treatment consisted of treadmill running for 1 h/day and 6 days a week at 15 m/min from 4 until 16 weeks of age. Intestinal polyps were counted and categorized by size. Mucosal tissue was analyzed for mRNA expression of overall macrophages (F4/80), for genes associated with M1 (IL-12, IL-23 and Nos2) and M2 (CD206, IL-10, IL-4, CCL17, CCL22 and Arg-1) macrophages and the macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1, fetuin A and CXCL14. Markers for cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and regulatory T cells were also examined by measuring mRNA expression of CD8 and Foxp3, respectively. While there was no significant difference in overall polyp number between the groups (Sed, 23.3±4.3; and Ex, 16.5±4.3), Ex did have a reduction in the number of large polyps (Sed, 6.1±1.1; and Ex, 3.0±0.6) (P<0.05). This was consistent with a decrease in spleen weight (P<0.05). Similarly, Ex reduced mRNA expression of overall macrophages (F4/80) as well as markers associated with both M1 (IL-12) and M2 (CD206, CCL22 and Arg-1) subtypes (P<0.05) but there was no significant decrease in macrophage chemoattractants. CD8 expression was increased while Foxp3 expression was decreased with Ex (P<0.05). Overall the data provide important new information on immune regulation as a possible mechanism for the documented benefits of exercise training on reducing colon cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L McClellan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Stani D Day
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Mark J Davis
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Udai P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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214
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Irrazábal T, Belcheva A, Girardin S, Martin A, Philpott D. The Multifaceted Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Colon Cancer. Mol Cell 2014; 54:309-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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215
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Dotto GP. Multifocal epithelial tumors and field cancerization: stroma as a primary determinant. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1446-53. [PMID: 24691479 DOI: 10.1172/jci72589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cancer results from altered organ homeostasis rather than from deregulated control of single cells or groups of cells. This applies especially to epithelial cancer, the most common form of human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer lethality. In the vast majority of cases, in situ epithelial cancer lesions do not progress into malignancy, even if they harbor many of the genetic changes found in invasive and metastatic tumors. While changes in tumor stroma are frequently viewed as secondary to changes in the epithelium, recent evidence indicates that they can play a primary role in both cancer progression and initiation. These processes may explain the phenomenon of field cancerization, i.e., the occurrence of multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors that are preceded by and associated with widespread changes of surrounding tissue or organ "fields."
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216
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Wittkopf N, Neurath MF, Becker C. Immune-epithelial crosstalk at the intestinal surface. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:375-87. [PMID: 24469679 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is one of the most complex organs of the human body. It has to exercise various functions including food and water absorption, as well as barrier and immune regulation. These functions affect not only the gut itself, but influence the overall health of the organism. Diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer therefore severely affect the patient's quality of life and can become life-threatening. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play an important role in intestinal inflammation, infection, and cancer development. IECs not only constitute the first barrier in the gut against the lumen, they also constantly signal information about the gut lumen to immune cells, thereby influencing their behaviour. In contrast, by producing various antimicrobial peptides, IECs shape the microbial community within the gut. IECs also respond to cytokines and other mediators of immune cells in the lamina propria. Interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells in the intestine are responsible for gut homeostasis, and modulations of this crosstalk have been reported in studies of gut diseases. This review discusses the wide field of immune-epithelial interactions and shows the importance of immune-epithelial crosstalk in the intestine to gut homeostasis and the overall health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wittkopf
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University, 91052, Erlangen, Germany,
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217
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Rasool S, Rasool V, Naqvi T, Ganai BA, Shah BA. Genetic unraveling of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5067-82. [PMID: 24573608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common disease in both men and women (being the third most common cancer in men and the second most common among women) and thus represents an important and serious public health issue, especially in the western world. Although it is a well-established fact that cancers of the large intestine produce symptoms relatively earlier at a stage that can be easily cured by resection, a large number of people lose their lives to this deadly disease each year. Recent times have seen an important change in the incidence of colorectal cancer in different parts of the world. The etiology of colorectal cancer is multifactorial and is likely to involve the actions of genes at multiple levels along the multistage carcinogenesis process. Exhaustive efforts have been made out in the direction of unraveling the role of various environmental factors, gene mutations, and polymorphisms worldwide (as well as in Kashmir-"a valley of gastrointestinal cancers") that have got a role to play in the development of this disease so that antitumor drugs could be developed against this cancer, first, and, finally, the responsiveness or resistance to these agents could be understood for combating this global issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Rasool
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India
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218
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Ibrahim A, Barnes DR, Dunlop J, Barrowdale D, Antoniou AC, Berg JN. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis manifests as autosomal dominant late-onset colorectal cancer. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 22:1330-3. [PMID: 24549056 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is well defined for families of patients with classical familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). However, the risk for those with an attenuated form of FAP is less well characterised. In this study, we estimated CRC risks for carriers of a novel germline mutation in the APC gene that causes attenuated FAP (AFAP). We performed genetic testing on 53 individuals from seven AFAP families harbouring an identical APC:c.288T>A mutation. Using a modified segregation analysis, we estimated relative and absolute CRC risks for mutation carriers. Twenty-three individuals harboured the disease causing mutation. CRC occurred in 28 individuals (mean 61.7 years, range 32-80 years). The estimated CRC relative risks for mutation carriers aged 60-69 and ≥70 years were 19 (95% CI: 1.77-204.08) and 45 (95% CI: 11.32-180.10), respectively, while the absolute CRC lifetime risk for men was 94% (95% CI: 67.5-99.9%), and for women, 84% (95% CI: 50.9-99.0%). This study shows that AFAP can manifest as autosomal dominant late-onset CRC. These findings highlight a subgroup of inherited CRCs that require new criteria for identification and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline Dunlop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel Barrowdale
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan N Berg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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219
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Abstract
DNA damage response genes play vital roles in the maintenance of a healthy genome. Defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes, especially mutation or aberrant downregulation, are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease, including a predisposition to the development of neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. On the other hand, upregulation of DNA damage response and repair genes can also cause cancer, as well as increase resistance of cancer cells to DNA damaging therapy. In recent years, it has become evident that many of the genes involved in DNA damage repair have additional roles in tumorigenesis, most prominently by acting as transcriptional (co-)factors. Although defects in these genes are causally connected to tumor initiation, their role in tumor progression is more controversial and it seems to depend on tumor type. In some tumors like melanoma, cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair gene upregulation is associated with tumor metastasis, whereas in a number of other cancers the opposite has been observed. Several genes that participate in the DNA damage response, such as RAD9, PARP1, BRCA1, ATM and TP53 have been associated with metastasis by a number of in vitro biochemical and cellular assays, by examining human tumor specimens by immunohistochemistry or by DNA genome-wide gene expression profiling. Many of these genes act as transcriptional effectors to regulate other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, they are aberrantly expressed in numerous human tumors and are causally related to tumorigenesis. However, whether the DNA damage repair function of these genes is required to promote metastasis or another activity is responsible (e.g., transcription control) has not been determined. Importantly, despite some compelling in vitro evidence, investigations are still needed to demonstrate the role of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes in regulating metastatic phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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220
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Reid MD, Saka B, Balci S, Goldblum AS, Adsay NV. Molecular genetics of pancreatic neoplasms and their morphologic correlates: an update on recent advances and potential diagnostic applications. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:168-80. [PMID: 24436263 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp0fkdp7envkev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the most clinically and biologically relevant advances in molecular/genetic characteristics of various pancreatic neoplasms, with morphologic correlation. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing of numerous benign and malignant pancreatic tumors, along with the plethora of highly sensitive molecular studies now available for analyzing these tumors, provide mounting evidence to support the long-held belief that cancer is essentially a genetic disease. These genetic discoveries have not only helped to confirm the age-old, morphology-based classifications of pancreatic neoplasia but have shed new light on their mechanisms. Many of these molecular discoveries are currently being used in preoperative diagnosis. RESULTS Mutations in KRAS, P16/CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4/DPC4 are commonly seen in ductal neoplasia but not in nonductal tumors; ductal adenocarcinomas with SMAD4/DPC4 loss are associated with widespread metastasis and poor prognosis. GNAS and RNF43 mutations have been discovered in most intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms, providing critical molecular fingerprints for their diagnosis. Mutation in DAXX/ATRX is only seen in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, making it a useful potential marker in distinguishing these tumors from mimics. CONCLUSIONS When combined with morphologic observations, molecular studies will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis and morphomolecular signatures associated with specific neoplasms and provide new horizons for precision medicine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Saka
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
| | - Serdar Balci
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
| | | | - N. Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta GA
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221
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Tahara T, Yamamoto E, Madireddi P, Suzuki H, Maruyama R, Chung W, Garriga J, Jelinek J, Yamano HO, Sugai T, Kondo Y, Toyota M, Issa JPJ, Estécio MRH. Colorectal carcinomas with CpG island methylator phenotype 1 frequently contain mutations in chromatin regulators. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:530-38.e5. [PMID: 24211491 PMCID: PMC3918446 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Subgroups of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) characterized by DNA methylation anomalies are termed CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)1, CIMP2, or CIMP-negative. The pathogenesis of CIMP1 colorectal carcinomas, and their effects on patients' prognoses and responses to treatment, differ from those of other CRCs. We sought to identify genetic somatic alterations associated with CIMP1 CRCs. METHODS We examined genomic DNA samples from 100 primary CRCs, 10 adenomas, and adjacent normal-appearing mucosae from patients undergoing surgery or colonoscopy at 3 tertiary medical centers. We performed exome sequencing of 16 colorectal tumors and their adjacent normal tissues. Extensive comparison with known somatic alterations in CRCs allowed segregation of CIMP1-exclusive alterations. The prevalence of mutations in selected genes was determined from an independent cohort. RESULTS We found that genes that regulate chromatin were mutated in CIMP1 CRCs; the highest rates of mutation were observed in CHD7 and CHD8, which encode members of the chromodomain helicase/adenosine triphosphate-dependent chromatin remodeling family. Somatic mutations in these 2 genes were detected in 5 of 9 CIMP1 CRCs. A prevalence screen showed that nonsilencing mutations in CHD7 and CHD8 occurred significantly more frequently in CIMP1 tumors (18 of 42 [43%]) than in CIMP2 (3 of 34 [9%]; P < .01) or CIMP-negative tumors (2 of 34 [6%]; P < .001). CIMP1 markers had increased binding by CHD7, compared with all genes. Genes altered in patients with CHARGE syndrome (congenital malformations involving the central nervous system, eye, ear, nose, and mediastinal organs) who had CHD7 mutations were also altered in CRCs with mutations in CHD7. CONCLUSIONS Aberrations in chromatin remodeling could contribute to the development of CIMP1 CRCs. A better understanding of the biological determinants of CRCs can be achieved when these tumors are categorized according to their epigenetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Priyanka Madireddi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Woonbok Chung
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Garriga
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiro-O Yamano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Minoru Toyota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcos R H Estécio
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Mouse models of cancer: Sleeping Beauty transposons for insertional mutagenesis screens and reverse genetic studies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:86-95. [PMID: 24468652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic complexity and heterogeneity of cancer has posed a problem in designing rationally targeted therapies effective in a large proportion of human cancer. Genomic characterization of many cancer types has provided a staggering amount of data that needs to be interpreted to further our understanding of this disease. Forward genetic screening in mice using Sleeping Beauty (SB) based insertional mutagenesis is an effective method for candidate cancer gene discovery that can aid in distinguishing driver from passenger mutations in human cancer. This system has been adapted for unbiased screens to identify drivers of multiple cancer types. These screens have already identified hundreds of candidate cancer-promoting mutations. These can be used to develop new mouse models for further study, which may prove useful for therapeutic testing. SB technology may also hold the key for rapid generation of reverse genetic mouse models of cancer, and has already been used to model glioblastoma and liver cancer.
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223
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Liang X, Wang P, Gao Q, Tao X. Exogenous activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling induces G₁ arrest in cells with endogenous LKB1 expression. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1019-24. [PMID: 24469340 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein LKB1 is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in cell proliferation, and its inactivation has been linked to tumorigenesis in various cancer types. Current understanding of the LKB1 function is largely restricted to results from experiments on LKB1‑deficient cancer cells, while the regulation and activity of endogenous LKB1 has been rarely investigated. In a previous study, we showed that LKB1 knockdown in two healthy cell lines accelerates cell cycle progression through the G1/S checkpoint by inhibition of the p53 and p16 pathways. In the present study, we examined the effects of overexpression of LKB1 on two healthy and one cancer cell line. Administration of exogenous LKB1 activated LKB1/AMPK signaling and arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase in an LKB1-dependent manner. G1 arrest induced by LKB1 was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin D3, and the upregulation of p53, p21 and p16, while no differences were detected for CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E, p15 and p27. These results indicated that exogenous activation of LKB1/AMPK signaling inhibits the G1/S cell cycle transition, even in cells with an endogenous expression of LKB1. Findings of the present study extend earlier observations on LKB1‑inactivated neoplastic cells and provide novel insights into the growth-inhibitory effects of LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Pilong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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224
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Tahara T, Yamamoto E, Suzuki H, Maruyama R, Chung W, Garriga J, Jelinek J, Yamano HO, Sugai T, An B, Shureiqi I, Toyota M, Kondo Y, Estécio MRH, Issa JPJ. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1311-8. [PMID: 24385213 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium species are part of the gut microbiome in humans. Recent studies have identified overrepresentation of Fusobacterium in colorectal cancer tissues, but it is not yet clear whether this is pathogenic or simply an epiphenomenon. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between Fusobacterium status and molecular features in colorectal cancers through quantitative real-time PCR in 149 colorectal cancer tissues, 89 adjacent normal appearing mucosae and 72 colonic mucosae from cancer-free individuals. Results were correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status, microsatellite instability (MSI), and mutations in BRAF, KRAS, TP53, CHD7, and CHD8. Whole-exome capture sequencing data were also available in 11 cases. Fusobacterium was detectable in 111 of 149 (74%) colorectal cancer tissues and heavily enriched in 9% (14/149) of the cases. As expected, Fusobacterium was also detected in normal appearing mucosae from both cancer and cancer-free individuals, but the amount of bacteria was much lower compared with colorectal cancer tissues (a mean of 250-fold lower for Pan-fusobacterium). We found the Fusobacterium-high colorectal cancer group (FB-high) to be associated with CIMP positivity (P = 0.001), TP53 wild-type (P = 0.015), hMLH1 methylation positivity (P = 0.0028), MSI (P = 0.018), and CHD7/8 mutation positivity (P = 0.002). Among the 11 cases where whole-exome sequencing data were available, two that were FB-high cases also had the highest number of somatic mutations (a mean of 736 per case in FB-high vs. 225 per case in all others). Taken together, our findings show that Fusobacterium enrichment is associated with specific molecular subsets of colorectal cancers, offering support for a pathogenic role in colorectal cancer for this gut microbiome component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Authors' Affiliations: Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake; First Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo; Department of Gastroenterology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita; Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Division of OVP, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
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225
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Tahara T, Yamamoto E, Suzuki H, Maruyama R, Chung W, Garriga J, Jelinek J, Yamano HO, Sugai T, An B, Shureiqi I, Toyota M, Kondo Y, Estécio MRH, Issa JPJ. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 2014. [PMID: 24385213 DOI: 10.1158/0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium species are part of the gut microbiome in humans. Recent studies have identified overrepresentation of Fusobacterium in colorectal cancer tissues, but it is not yet clear whether this is pathogenic or simply an epiphenomenon. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between Fusobacterium status and molecular features in colorectal cancers through quantitative real-time PCR in 149 colorectal cancer tissues, 89 adjacent normal appearing mucosae and 72 colonic mucosae from cancer-free individuals. Results were correlated with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) status, microsatellite instability (MSI), and mutations in BRAF, KRAS, TP53, CHD7, and CHD8. Whole-exome capture sequencing data were also available in 11 cases. Fusobacterium was detectable in 111 of 149 (74%) colorectal cancer tissues and heavily enriched in 9% (14/149) of the cases. As expected, Fusobacterium was also detected in normal appearing mucosae from both cancer and cancer-free individuals, but the amount of bacteria was much lower compared with colorectal cancer tissues (a mean of 250-fold lower for Pan-fusobacterium). We found the Fusobacterium-high colorectal cancer group (FB-high) to be associated with CIMP positivity (P = 0.001), TP53 wild-type (P = 0.015), hMLH1 methylation positivity (P = 0.0028), MSI (P = 0.018), and CHD7/8 mutation positivity (P = 0.002). Among the 11 cases where whole-exome sequencing data were available, two that were FB-high cases also had the highest number of somatic mutations (a mean of 736 per case in FB-high vs. 225 per case in all others). Taken together, our findings show that Fusobacterium enrichment is associated with specific molecular subsets of colorectal cancers, offering support for a pathogenic role in colorectal cancer for this gut microbiome component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Authors' Affiliations: Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake; First Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo; Department of Gastroenterology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita; Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka; Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan; Division of OVP, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; and Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
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Abstract
Beset by poor prognosis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is classified as familial or sporadic. This review elaborates on the known genetic syndromes that underlie familial pancreatic cancer, where there are opportunities for genetic counseling and testing as well as clinical monitoring of at-risk patients. Such subsets of familial pancreatic cancer involve germline cationic trypsinogen or PRSS1 mutations (hereditary pancreatitis), BRCA2 mutations (usually in association with hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome), CDKN2 mutations (familial atypical mole and multiple melanoma), or DNA repair gene mutations (e.g., ATM and PALB2, apart from those in BRCA2). However, the vast majority of familial pancreatic cancer cases have yet to have their genetic underpinnings elucidated, waiting in part for the results of deep sequencing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Madhavan S, Gusev Y, Natarajan TG, Song L, Bhuvaneshwar K, Gauba R, Pandey A, Haddad BR, Goerlitz D, Cheema AK, Juhl H, Kallakury B, Marshall JL, Byers SW, Weiner LM. Genome-wide multi-omics profiling of colorectal cancer identifies immune determinants strongly associated with relapse. Front Genet 2013; 4:236. [PMID: 24312117 PMCID: PMC3834519 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use and benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy to treat stage II colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is not well understood since the majority of these patients are cured by surgery alone. Identification of biological markers of relapse is a critical challenge to effectively target treatments to the ~20% of patients destined to relapse. We have integrated molecular profiling results of several "omics" data types to determine the most reliable prognostic biomarkers for relapse in CRC using data from 40 stage I and II CRC patients. We identified 31 multi-omics features that highly correlate with relapse. The data types were integrated using multi-step analytical approach with consecutive elimination of redundant molecular features. For each data type a systems biology analysis was performed to identify pathways biological processes and disease categories most affected in relapse. The biomarkers detected in tumors urine and blood of patients indicated a strong association with immune processes including aberrant regulation of T-cell and B-cell activation that could lead to overall differences in lymphocyte recruitment for tumor infiltration and markers indicating likelihood of future relapse. The immune response was the biologically most coherent signature that emerged from our analyses among several other biological processes and corroborates other studies showing a strong immune response in patients less likely to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Madhavan
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Yuriy Gusev
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Thanemozhi G. Natarajan
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Krithika Bhuvaneshwar
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Robinder Gauba
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Abhishek Pandey
- Department of Oncology, Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, USA
| | - Bassem R. Haddad
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - David Goerlitz
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | | | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - John L. Marshall
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Stephen W. Byers
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington DC, USA
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228
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Luo T, Wu S, Shen X, Li L. Network cluster analysis of protein-protein interaction network identified biomarker for early onset colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6561-8. [PMID: 24197691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. However, the genetic alterations and molecular mechanism of the early onset CRCs are not fully investigated. The present study aimed to characterize early onset CRC by analyzing its gene expression compared with normal controls and to identify network-based biomarkers of early onset CRC. The gene expression profiles of early onset CRC were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CRC patients were identified. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and the clusters in PPI were analyzed by ClusterONE. Furthermore, the gene ontology functional analysis and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted to the modules in PPI network. A systems biology approach integrating microarray data and PPI was further applied to construct a PPI network in CRC. Total 631 DEGs were identified from the early onset CRC compared to healthy controls. These genes were found to be involved in several biological processes, including cell communication, cell proliferation, cell shape and apoptosis. Five functional modules which may play important roles in the initiation of early onset CRC were identified from the PPI network. Functional annotation revealed that these five modules were involved in the pathways of signal transduction, carcinogenesis and metastasis. The hub nodes of these five modules, CDC42, TEX11, QKI, CAV1 and FN1, may serve as the biomarkers of early onset CRC and have the potential to be targets for therapeutic intervention. However, further investigations are still needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
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229
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Hsu MI, Lin HW. Risk of colorectal cancer in women with pelvic inflammatory disease: a matched cohort study. BJOG 2013; 121:337-42. [PMID: 24131489 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is an important risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) comprises a spectrum of upper genital tract infections and inflammatory diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association between CRC and PID. DESIGN Matched cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database. SETTING Women with PID in Taiwan. POPULATION AND SAMPLE From the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (LHID2005) in Taiwan, we obtained data on women from 13 to 45 years of age who were diagnosed with PID. The women with PID were matched 1:4 to selected members of the population without PID based on age and year of first entry into the LHID2005. METHODS A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the hazard ratio for CRC during the 5-year follow-up period, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and selected comorbid medical disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Colorectal cancer. RESULTS Of the 19,029 women with PID, 30 were diagnosed with CRC during the 78,965 person-year follow-up period. Of the 76,116 control women, 66 were diagnosed with CRC. The CRC hazard ratio during the 5-year follow-up period was 2.00 (95% CI 1.30-3.08) for women with PID relative to control women. Similarly, after adjusting for age, Charlson comorbidity index score, urbanisation level and monthly income, the adjusted CRC hazard ratio was 1.71 (95% CI 1.10-2.65) for the women with PID relative to the women in the comparison cohort. CONCLUSIONS Here we show a weak association between PID and CRC. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate this association and examine plausible mechanisms, including the influence of specific microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-I Hsu
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University-WanFang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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230
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Valvezan AJ, Huang J, Lengner CJ, Pack M, Klein PS. Oncogenic mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) activate mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in mice and zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2013; 7:63-71. [PMID: 24092877 PMCID: PMC3882049 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Truncating mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) are strongly linked to colorectal cancers. APC is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway and constitutive Wnt activation mediated by enhanced Wnt–β-catenin target gene activation is believed to be the predominant mechanism responsible for APC mutant phenotypes. However, recent evidence suggests that additional downstream effectors contribute to APC mutant phenotypes. We previously identified a mechanism in cultured human cells by which APC, acting through glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), suppresses mTORC1, a nutrient sensor that regulates cell growth and proliferation. We hypothesized that truncating Apc mutations should activate mTORC1 in vivo and that mTORC1 plays an important role in Apc mutant phenotypes. We find that mTORC1 is strongly activated in apc mutant zebrafish and in intestinal polyps in Apc mutant mice. Furthermore, mTORC1 activation is essential downstream of APC as mTORC1 inhibition partially rescues Apc mutant phenotypes including early lethality, reduced circulation and liver hyperplasia. Importantly, combining mTORC1 and Wnt inhibition rescues defects in morphogenesis of the anterior-posterior axis that are not rescued by inhibition of either pathway alone. These data establish mTORC1 as a crucial, β-catenin independent effector of oncogenic Apc mutations and highlight the importance of mTORC1 regulation by APC during embryonic development. Our findings also suggest a new model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis in which mTORC1 is activated in parallel with Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Valvezan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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231
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Goruppi S, Dotto GP. Mesenchymal stroma: primary determinant and therapeutic target for epithelial cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:593-602. [PMID: 24074947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multifocal and recurrent epithelial tumors, originating from either dormant or de novo cancer cells, are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The age-dependent increase of cancer incidence has long been assumed to result from the sequential accumulation of cancer-driving or -facilitating mutations with induction of cellular senescence as a protective mechanism. However, recent evidence suggests that the initiation and development of epithelial cancer results from a close interplay with its altered tissue microenvironment, with chronic inflammation, stromal senescence, autophagy, and the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) playing possible primary roles. We will discuss recent progress in these areas, and highlight how this understanding may be used for devising novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to the epithelial cancer problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Goruppi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 13th Street Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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232
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Petanidis S, Anestakis D, Argyraki M, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M, Salifoglou A. Differential expression of IL-17, 22 and 23 in the progression of colorectal cancer in patients with K-ras mutation: Ras signal inhibition and crosstalk with GM-CSF and IFN-γ. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73616. [PMID: 24040001 PMCID: PMC3765247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that aberrant K-ras signaling is responsible for triggering immunological responses and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. Interleukins IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 have been reported in various types of malignancies, but the exact mechanistic role of these molecules remains to be elucidated. Given the role of K-ras and the involvement of interleukins in colorectal tumorigenesis, research efforts are reported for the first time, showing that differentially expressed interleukin IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 levels are associated with K-ras in a stage-specific fashion along colorectal cancer progression. Specifically, a) the effect of K-ras signaling was investigated in the overall expression of interleukins in patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls, and b) an association was established between mutant K-ras and cytokines GM-CSF and IFN-γ. The results indicate that specific interleukins are differentially expressed in K-ras positive patients and the use of K-ras inhibitor Manumycin A decreases both interleukin levels and apoptosis in Caco-2 cells by inhibiting cell viability. Finally, inflammation-driven GM-CSF and IFN-γ levels are modulated through interleukin expression in tumor patients, with interleukin expression in the intestinal lumen and cancerous tissue mediated by aberrant K-ras signaling. Collectively, the findings a) indicate that interleukin expression is influenced by ras signaling and specific interleukins play an oncogenic promoter role in colorectal cancer, highlighting the molecular link between inflammation and tumorigenesis, and b) accentuate the interwoven molecular correlations as leads to new therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Doxakis Anestakis
- Laboratory of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Argyraki
- Laboratory of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Margarita Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Salifoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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233
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Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH. Recent progress in pancreatic cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63:318-48. [PMID: 23856911 PMCID: PMC3769458 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently one of the deadliest of the solid malignancies. However, surgery to resect neoplasms of the pancreas is safer and less invasive than ever, novel drug combinations have been shown to improve survival, advances in radiation therapy have resulted in less toxicity, and enormous strides have been made in the understanding of the fundamental genetics of pancreatic cancer. These advances provide hope but they also increase the complexity of caring for patients. It is clear that multidisciplinary care that provides comprehensive and coordinated evaluation and treatment is the most effective way to manage patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Wolfgang
- Department of Surgery, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Joseph M. Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Daniel A. Laheru
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Alison P. Klein
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Erdek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Elliot K. Fishman
- Department of Radiology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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234
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Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH. Recent progress in pancreatic cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2013. [PMID: 23856911 DOI: 10.1002/caac.21190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently one of the deadliest of the solid malignancies. However, surgery to resect neoplasms of the pancreas is safer and less invasive than ever, novel drug combinations have been shown to improve survival, advances in radiation therapy have resulted in less toxicity, and enormous strides have been made in the understanding of the fundamental genetics of pancreatic cancer. These advances provide hope but they also increase the complexity of caring for patients. It is clear that multidisciplinary care that provides comprehensive and coordinated evaluation and treatment is the most effective way to manage patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Wolfgang
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Associate Professor, Department of Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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235
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Rad and colleagues report findings that underscore the importance of oncogenic BRAF mutation coupled with microsatellite instability, p16Ink4a inactivation, and p53 mutation in the serrated pathway of colon cancer development. These findings provide translational insights into potential therapeutic intervention for BRAF mutant colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 952 BRB, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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236
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DeRycke MS, Gunawardena SR, Middha S, Asmann YW, Schaid DJ, McDonnell SK, Riska SM, Eckloff BW, Cunningham JM, Fridley BL, Serie DJ, Bamlet WR, Cicek MS, Jenkins MA, Duggan DJ, Buchanan D, Clendenning M, Haile RW, Woods MO, Gallinger SN, Casey G, Potter JD, Newcomb PA, Le Marchand L, Lindor NM, Thibodeau SN, Goode EL. Identification of novel variants in colorectal cancer families by high-throughput exome sequencing. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1239-51. [PMID: 23637064 PMCID: PMC3704223 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) in densely affected families without Lynch Syndrome may be due to mutations in undiscovered genetic loci. Familial linkage analyses have yielded disparate results; the use of exome sequencing in coding regions may identify novel segregating variants. METHODS We completed exome sequencing on 40 affected cases from 16 multicase pedigrees to identify novel loci. Variants shared among all sequenced cases within each family were identified and filtered to exclude common variants and single-nucleotide variants (SNV) predicted to be benign. RESULTS We identified 32 nonsense or splice-site SNVs, 375 missense SNVs, 1,394 synonymous or noncoding SNVs, and 50 indels in the 16 families. Of particular interest are two validated and replicated missense variants in CENPE and KIF23, which are both located within previously reported CRC linkage regions, on chromosomes 1 and 15, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Whole-exome sequencing identified DNA variants in multiple genes. Additional sequencing of these genes in additional samples will further elucidate the role of variants in these regions in CRC susceptibility. IMPACT Exome sequencing of familial CRC cases can identify novel rare variants that may influence disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. DeRycke
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shanaka R. Gunawardena
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sumit Middha
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shannon K. McDonnell
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shaun M. Riska
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bruce W Eckloff
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Daniel J. Serie
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - William R. Bamlet
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mine S. Cicek
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David J. Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Daniel Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert W. Haile
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael O. Woods
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | | | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - John D. Potter
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Noralane M. Lindor
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Stephen N. Thibodeau
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Departments of Health Sciences Research, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical Genetics, Medical Genomics Technology and Advanced Genomics Technology Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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237
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Guharoy M, Szabo B, Martos SC, Kosol S, Tompa P. Intrinsic Structural Disorder in Cytoskeletal Proteins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:550-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Guharoy
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Beata Szabo
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Simone Kosol
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Institute of Enzymology; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
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238
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Sox9 induction, ectopic Paneth cells, and mitotic spindle axis defects in mouse colon adenomatous epithelium arising from conditional biallelic Apc inactivation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:493-503. [PMID: 23769888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We generated transgenic mice in which human CDX2 gene elements control expression of a tamoxifen-regulated Cre protein (CDX2P-CreER(T2)) to allow for inducible gene targeting in intestinal epithelium. After tamoxifen dosing of CDX2P-CreER(T2) mice, Cre activity was detected in the distal ileal, cecal, colonic, and rectal epithelium, with selected crypt base, transit amplifying, and surface cells all capable of activating Cre function. Four weeks after tamoxifen dosing of CDX2P-CreER(T2) mice carrying a Cre-activated fluorescent reporter, single crypts were uniformly fluorescence positive or negative, reflecting Cre activation in crypt stem cells. Biallelic inactivation of the Apc tumor suppressor gene via the CDX2P-CreER(T2) transgene in colon epithelium led to acute alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and morphology, along with mitotic spindle misorientation, β-catenin nuclear localization, and induction of the intestinal stem cell markers Lgr5 and Musashi-1 and the Sox9 transcription factor. Normal mouse colon epithelium lacks Paneth cells, a key small intestine niche cell type, and Paneth cell differentiation is dependent on Sox9 function. In Apc-deficient colon epithelium, ectopic Paneth-like cells were seen outside the crypt base, such as new crypt budding sites. Our data indicate Apc inactivation via CDX2P-CreER(T2) targeting in mouse colon epithelium is sufficient to induce adenomatous changes and the generation of Paneth-like cells from neoplastic progenitors, with potentially significant roles in colon adenoma development and progression.
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239
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Bardhan K, Liu K. Epigenetics and colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:676-713. [PMID: 24216997 PMCID: PMC3730326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through a multistage process that results from the progressive accumulation of genetic mutations, and frequently as a result of mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway. However, it has become evident over the past two decades that epigenetic alterations of the chromatin, particularly the chromatin components in the promoter regions of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, play key roles in CRC pathogenesis. Epigenetic regulation is organized at multiple levels, involving primarily DNA methylation and selective histone modifications in cancer cells. Assessment of the CRC epigenome has revealed that virtually all CRCs have aberrantly methylated genes and that the average CRC methylome has thousands of abnormally methylated genes. Although relatively less is known about the patterns of specific histone modifications in CRC, selective histone modifications and resultant chromatin conformation have been shown to act, in concert with DNA methylation, to regulate gene expression to mediate CRC pathogenesis. Moreover, it is now clear that not only DNA methylation but also histone modifications are reversible processes. The increased understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the context of CRC pathogenesis has led to development of epigenetic biomarkers for CRC diagnosis and epigenetic drugs for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, and Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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240
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Day SD, Enos RT, McClellan JL, Steiner JL, Velázquez KT, Murphy EA. Linking inflammation to tumorigenesis in a mouse model of high-fat-diet-enhanced colon cancer. Cytokine 2013; 64:454-62. [PMID: 23735174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many observational epidemiologic studies suggest an association between high-fat-diet (HFD) and colon cancer risk. However, the lack of controlled experimental studies that examine this relationship and the mechanisms involved weaken the basis for inferring a causal relationship. Inflammation plays a role in colon cancer progression and HFDs have been reported to increase inflammation; however, the inflammatory effects of HFD in colon cancer have yet to be firmly established. We examined the effects of a novel HFD that closely mimics the standard American diet (12% and 40% of total caloric intake from saturated fat and total fat, respectively) on macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators in a mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis and relate this to polyp characteristics as well as measures of adiposity. Male Apc(Min/+) mice (7-8/group) were fed a Control Diet (Con) or novel high-fat-diet (HFD) from 4 to 12weeks of age. Body weight and body composition were measured weekly and monthly, respectively. Intestinal tissue was analyzed for polyp burden (number and size). Gene expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators were examined in the adipose tissue and polyps. The HFD increased the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory mediators in the adipose tissue (F4/80, CD11c, TLR-4 and MCP-1) and tumor microenvironment (IL-12, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α). As expected, the HFD increased body weight, body fat percent, fat mass and blood glucose (P<0.05), and was associated with an increase in the number of large polyps (P<0.05) but not total polyps. In summary, consumption of a HFD, similar in macronutrient composition to the standard American diet, altered the expression of macrophage phenotypic markers and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and intestinal polyps and this was associated with increased tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stani D Day
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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241
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Hawkins DS, Spunt SL, Skapek SX. Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: Soft tissue sarcomas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1001-8. [PMID: 23255356 PMCID: PMC3777409 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the US, approximately 850-900 children are diagnosed each year with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Key findings from recent Children's Oncology Group (COG) clinical trials include safe reduction in therapy for low risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), validation of FOXO1 fusion as a prognostic factor, a modest improvement in outcome for high-risk RMS, and a biologically designed non-cytotoxic therapy for pediatric desmoid tumor. Planned Phase 2 trials include targeted agents for VEGF/PDGF, mTOR, and IGF-1R for children with RMS and VEGF for children with non-RMS STS (NRSTS). For RMS, COG Phase 3 trials potentially will explore VEGF/mTOR inhibition or chemotherapy interval compression. For NRSTS, a COG Phase 3 trial will explore VEGF inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98015, USA.
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242
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Sandouk F, Al Jerf F, Al-Halabi MHDB. Precancerous lesions in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:457901. [PMID: 23737765 PMCID: PMC3666221 DOI: 10.1155/2013/457901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the world. The incidence rate (ASR) and age distribution of this disease differ between most of African-Middle-Eastern (AMAGE) and North America and Europe for many reasons. However, in all areas, "CRC" is considered as one of the most preventable cancers, because it might develop from variant processes like polyps and IBD in addition to the genetic pathogenesis which became very well known in this disease. We tried in this paper to review all the possible reasons of the differences in incidence and age between the west and AMAGE. Also we reviewed all the mutations that lead to the hereditary and familiar clustering of this disease with the correlations with the surrounding food and environment of different areas. Then, we focused on the precancerous pathology of this disease with special focusing on early detection depending on new endoscopy technology and most important genetic studies. We lastly reviewed the evidence of some of the surveillance and put suggestions about future surveillance programs and how important those programs are on the psychological aspect of the patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras Al Jerf
- Syrian National Cancer Registry, Office in Charge, Damascus, Syria
| | - M. H. D. Bassel Al-Halabi
- Lab of Human Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
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243
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Serrano M, Lage P, Belga S, Filipe B, Francisco I, Rodrigues P, Fonseca R, Chaves P, Claro I, Albuquerque C, Pereira AD. Bethesda criteria for microsatellite instability testing: impact on the detection of new cases of Lynch syndrome. Fam Cancer 2013; 11:571-8. [PMID: 22776989 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-012-9550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1997 Bethesda Guidelines (BG) were established and in 2004 those criteria were revised (RBG), with the main goal of selecting colorectal cancers (CRC) that should be subjected to microsatellite instability (MSI) testing. High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) is an intermediate marker for mutational analysis of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes involved in the genesis of Lynch Syndrome (LS). We aimed to evaluate and compare BG/RBG in the detection of MSI-H and subsequent identification of pathogenic MMR genes mutations. We included 174 patients with CRC and indication for MSI analysis according to BG or RBG. MSI testing was performed with the Bethesda markers and mutational analysis of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 genes undertaken with DGGE, MLPA and direct sequencing. One hundred fourteen of 174 patients (65.5 %) fulfilled BG and all of them RBG. With the BG, MSI-H was detected in 37/114 (32.5 %) CRCs and mutational analysis was positive in 14/37 (37.8 %) patients. The RBG led to detection of MSI-H in 49/174 (28.2 %) of the CRCs, having the mutational analysis been positive in 16/49 (32.7 %) patients. We could identify 14/114 (12.3 %) new cases of LS, through BG and 16/174 (9.2 %) via RBG. BG presented a similar overall percentage for the detection of MSI-H and mutations when compared with RBG. RBG implicated the analysis of more patients, though they gave rise to detection of two additional LS cases. This difference has a significant impact on the establishment of preventive measures, mainly for CRC, in all the mutation-carriers belonging to these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Serrano
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Rua Professor Lima Basto 1099-023, Lisbon, Portugal.
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244
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Zhang JX, Wang K, Mao ZF, Fan X, Jiang DL, Chen M, Cui L, Sun K, Dang SC. Application of liposomes in drug development--focus on gastroenterological targets. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1325-34. [PMID: 23630417 PMCID: PMC3623572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, liposomes became a focal point in developing drug delivery systems. New liposomes, with novel lipid molecules or conjugates, and new formulations opened possibilities for safely and efficiently treating many diseases including cancers. New types of liposomes can prolong circulation time or specifically deliver drugs to therapeutic targets. This article concentrates on current developments in liposome based drug delivery systems for treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. We will review different types and uses of liposomes in the development of therapeutics for gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Fa Mao
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Li Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Chun Dang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Many mouse models have been developed to evaluate features of colorectal cancer in humans. These can be grouped into genetically-engineered, chemically-induced, and inoculated models. However, none recapitulates all of the characteristics of human colorectal cancer. It is critical to use a specific mouse model to address a particular research question. Here, we review commonly used mouse models for human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Tong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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246
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Buchanan DD, Win AK, Walsh MD, Walters RJ, Clendenning M, Nagler B, Pearson SA, Macrae FA, Parry S, Arnold J, Winship I, Giles GG, Lindor NM, Potter JD, Hopper JL, Rosty C, Young JP, Jenkins MA. Family history of colorectal cancer in BRAF p.V600E-mutated colorectal cancer cases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:917-26. [PMID: 23462926 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports suggest that relatives of colorectal cancer (CRC)-affected probands carrying the BRAF p.V600E mutation are at an increased risk of CRC and extracolonic cancers (ECC). In this study, we estimated the association between a family history of either CRC or ECC and risk of CRC with a BRAF p.V600E mutation. METHODS Population-based CRC cases (probands, ages 18-59 years at diagnosis), recruited irrespective of family cancer history, were characterized for BRAF p.V600E mutation and mismatch repair (MMR) status. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The 690 eligible probands showed a mean age at CRC diagnosis of 46.9 ± 7.8 years, with 313 (47.9%) reporting a family history of CRC and 53 (7.7%) that were BRAF-mutated. Probands with BRAF-mutated, MMR-proficient CRCs were less likely to have a family history of CRC than probands that were BRAF wild-type (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.91; P = 0.03). For probands with a BRAF-mutated CRC, the mean age at diagnosis was greater for those with a CRC-affected first- or second-degree relative (49.3 ± 6.4 years) compared with those without a family history (43.8 ± 10.2 years; P = 0.04). The older the age at diagnosis of CRC with the BRAF p.V600E mutation, the more likely these probands were to show a family history of CRC (OR, 1.09 per year of age; 95% CI, 1.00-1.18; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Probands with early-onset, BRAF-mutated, and MMR-proficient CRC were less likely to have a family history of CRC than probands that were BRAF-wild-type. IMPACT These findings provide useful insights for cancer risk assessment in families and suggest that familial or inherited factors are more important in early-onset, BRAF-wild-type CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Buchanan
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
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249
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Win AK, Hopper JL, Buchanan DD, Young JP, Tenesa A, Dowty JG, Giles GG, Goldblatt J, Winship I, Boussioutas A, Young GP, Parry S, Baron JA, Duggan D, Gallinger S, Newcomb PA, Haile RW, Le Marchand L, Lindor NM, Jenkins MA. Are the common genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer risk for DNA mismatch repair gene mutation carriers? Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1578-87. [PMID: 23434150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have identified at least 15 independent common genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 11 of these variants are associated with CRC risk for carriers of germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. METHODS A total of 927 MMR gene mutation carriers (360 MLH1, 442 MSH2, 85 MSH6 and 40 PMS2) from 315 families enrolled in the Colon Cancer Family Registry, were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs16892766 (8q23.3), rs6983267 (8q24.21), rs719725 (9p24), rs10795668 (10p14), rs3802842 (11q23.1), rs4444235 (14q22.2), rs4779584 (15q13.3), rs9929218 (16q22.1), rs4939827 (18q21.1), rs10411210 (19q13.1) and rs961253 (20p12.3). We used a weighted Cox regression to estimate CRC risk for homozygous and heterozygous carriers of the risk allele compared with homozygous non-carriers as well as for an additive per allele model (on the log scale). RESULTS Over a total of 40,978 person-years observation, 426 (46%) carriers were diagnosed with CRC at a mean age of 44.3 years. For all carriers combined, we found no evidence of an association between CRC risk and the total number of risk alleles (hazard ratio [HR] per risk allele=0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.88-1.07, p=0.52). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the SNPs associated with CRC in the general population are modifiers of the risk for MMR gene mutation carriers overall, and therefore any evidence of proven clinical utility in Lynch syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Dutilh BE, Backus L, van Hijum SAFT, Tjalsma H. Screening metatranscriptomes for toxin genes as functional drivers of human colorectal cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:85-99. [PMID: 23768555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colonic mucosa is in constant physical interaction with a dense and complex bacterial community that comprises health-promoting and pathogenic microbes. Here, we highlight important clinical studies and experimental models that have linked the intestinal microbiota to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Moreover, we use recently published metatranscriptome sequencing data to test whether potentially carcinogenic toxin genes exhibit higher expression levels in human CRC tissue compared to adjacent non-malignant mucosa. Our analyses show a large variation in expression of toxin(-related) genes from different species. Surprisingly, Enterobacterial toxins were among the highest expressed, while Enterobacteria were not among the most abundant species in these samples. Although we can differentiate on- and off-tumour sites based on toxin reads, the read depth profiles are quite similar and show only limited coverage of the toxin genes. Thus, extended metagenomic studies are needed to obtain a high-resolution picture of host-pathogen interactions during human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas E Dutilh
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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