201
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Wan NH, Lu TJ, Chen KC, Walsh MP, Trusheim ME, De Santis L, Bersin EA, Harris IB, Mouradian SL, Christen IR, Bielejec ES, Englund D. Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits. Nature 2020; 583:226-231. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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202
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Agne S, Jin J, Kuntz KB, Miatto FM, Bourgoin JP, Jennewein T. Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of unconventional temporal laser modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20943-20953. [PMID: 32680144 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect ranks among the most notable quantum interference phenomena, and is central to many applications in quantum technologies. The fundamental effect appears when two independent and indistinguishable photons are superimposed on a beam splitter, which achieves a complete suppression of coincidences between the two output ports. Much less studied, however, is when the fields share coherence (continuous-wave lasers) or mode envelope properties (pulsed lasers). In this case, we expect the existence of two distinct and concurrent HOM interference regimes: the traditional HOM dip on the coherence length time scale, and a structured HOM interference pattern on the pulse length scale. We develop a theoretical framework that describes HOM interference for laser fields having arbitrary temporal waveforms and only partial overlap in time. We observe structured HOM interference from a continuous-wave laser via fast polarization modulation and time-resolved single photon detection fast enough to resolve these structured HOM dips.
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203
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Rosławska A, Leon CC, Grewal A, Merino P, Kuhnke K, Kern K. Atomic-Scale Dynamics Probed by Photon Correlations. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6366-6375. [PMID: 32479059 PMCID: PMC7315641 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption and emission have their origins in fast atomic-scale phenomena. To characterize these basic steps (e.g., in photosynthesis, luminescence, and quantum optics), it is necessary to access picosecond temporal and picometer spatial scales simultaneously. In this Perspective, we describe how state-of-the-art picosecond photon correlation spectroscopy combined with luminescence induced at the atomic scale with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) enables such studies. We outline recent STM-induced luminescence work on single-photon emitters and the dynamics of excitons, charges, molecules, and atoms as well as several prospective experiments concerning light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. We also describe future strategies for measuring and rationalizing ultrafast phenomena at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosławska
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher C. Leon
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abhishek Grewal
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pablo Merino
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, E28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto
de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 121, E28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Kuhnke
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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204
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Thiel V, Davis AOC, Sun K, D'Ornellas P, Jin XM, Smith BJ. Single-photon characterization by two-photon spectral interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:19315-19324. [PMID: 32672211 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources are a fundamental resource in quantum optics and quantum information science. Photons with differing spectral and temporal shapes do not interfere well and inhibit the performance of quantum applications such as linear optics quantum computing, boson sampling, and quantum networks. Indistinguishability and purity of photons emitted from different sources are crucial properties for many quantum applications. The ability to determine the state of single-photon sources therefore provides a means to assess their quality, compare different sources, and provide feedback for source tuning. Here, we propose and demonstrate a single-configuration experimental method enabling complete characterization of the spectral-temporal state of a pulsed single-photon source having both pure and mixed states. The method involves interference of the unknown single-photon source with a reference at a balanced beam splitter followed by frequency-resolved coincidence detection at the outputs. Fourier analysis of the joint-spectral two-photon interference pattern reveals the density matrix of the single-photon source in the frequency basis. We present an experimental realization of this method for pure and mixed state pulsed single-photon sources.
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205
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Nomerotski A, Keach M, Stankus P, Svihra P, Vintskevich S. Counting of Hong-Ou-Mandel Bunched Optical Photons Using a Fast Pixel Camera. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3475. [PMID: 32575595 PMCID: PMC7349248 DOI: 10.3390/s20123475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The uses of a silicon-pixel camera with very good time resolution (∼nanosecond) for detecting multiple, bunched optical photons is explored. We present characteristics of the camera and describe experiments proving its counting capabilities. We use a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source to generate correlated photon pairs, and exploit the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference effect in a fiber-coupled beam splitter to bunch the pair onto the same output fiber. It is shown that the time and spatial resolution of the camera enables independent detection of two photons emerging simultaneously from a single spatial mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Nomerotski
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (M.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Michael Keach
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (M.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Stankus
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (M.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Svihra
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen Vintskevich
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Per. 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow, Moscow Region, Russia;
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206
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Jin R, Cai W, Ding C, Mei F, Deng G, Shimizu R, Zhou Q. Spectrally uncorrelated biphotons generated from “the family of BBO crystal”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/que2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Bo Jin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern RecognitionWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics DevicesInstitute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University Taiyuan China
| | - Wu‐Hao Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern RecognitionWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chunling Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern RecognitionWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Feng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics DevicesInstitute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University Taiyuan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi University Taiyuan China
| | - Guang‐Wei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences and School of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum InformationUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | | | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences and School of Optoelectronic Science and EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum InformationUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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207
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Paneru D, Cohen E, Fickler R, Boyd RW, Karimi E. Entanglement: quantum or classical? REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:064001. [PMID: 32235071 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab85b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
From its seemingly non-intuitive and puzzling nature, most evident in numerous EPR-like gedanken experiments to its almost ubiquitous presence in quantum technologies, entanglement is at the heart of modern quantum physics. First introduced by Erwin Schrödinger nearly a century ago, entanglement has remained one of the most fascinating ideas that came out of quantum mechanics. Here, we attempt to explain what makes entanglement fundamentally different from any classical phenomenon. To this end, we start with a historical overview of entanglement and discuss several hidden variables models that were conceived to provide a classical explanation and demystify quantum entanglement. We discuss some inequalities and bounds that are violated by quantum states thereby falsifying the existence of some of the classical hidden variables theories. We also discuss some exciting manifestations of entanglement, such as N00N states and the non-separable single particle states. We conclude by discussing some contemporary results regarding quantum correlations and present a future outlook for the research of quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Paneru
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Canada
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208
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209
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Holmes Z, Anders J, Mintert F. Enhanced Energy Transfer to an Optomechanical Piston from Indistinguishable Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:210601. [PMID: 32530653 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.210601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thought experiments involving gases and pistons, such as Maxwell's demon and Gibbs' mixing, are central to our understanding of thermodynamics. Here, we present a quantum thermodynamic thought experiment in which the energy transfer from two photonic gases to a piston membrane grows quadratically with the number of photons for indistinguishable gases, while it grows linearly for distinguishable gases. This signature of bosonic bunching may be observed in optomechanical experiments, highlighting the potential of these systems for the realization of thermodynamic thought experiments in the quantum realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Holmes
- Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Anders
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
- Institut für Physik, Potsdam University, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Mintert
- Controlled Quantum Dynamics Theory Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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210
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Kim Y, Teo YS, Ahn D, Im DG, Cho YW, Leuchs G, Sánchez-Soto LL, Jeong H, Kim YH. Universal Compressive Characterization of Quantum Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:210401. [PMID: 32530676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent quantum technologies utilize complex multidimensional processes that govern the dynamics of quantum systems. We develop an adaptive diagonal-element-probing compression technique that feasibly characterizes any unknown quantum processes using much fewer measurements compared to conventional methods. This technique utilizes compressive projective measurements that are generalizable to an arbitrary number of subsystems. Both numerical analysis and experimental results with unitary gates demonstrate low measurement costs, of order O(d^{2}) for d-dimensional systems, and robustness against statistical noise. Our work potentially paves the way for a reliable and highly compressive characterization of general quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosep Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Yong Siah Teo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Daekun Ahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Gil Im
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Cho
- Center for Quantum Information, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 02792 Seoul, Korea
| | - Gerd Leuchs
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Luis L Sánchez-Soto
- Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Staudtstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Departamento de Óptica, Facultad de Física, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hyunseok Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea
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211
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Morioka N, Babin C, Nagy R, Gediz I, Hesselmeier E, Liu D, Joliffe M, Niethammer M, Dasari D, Vorobyov V, Kolesov R, Stöhr R, Ul-Hassan J, Son NT, Ohshima T, Udvarhelyi P, Thiering G, Gali A, Wrachtrup J, Kaiser F. Spin-controlled generation of indistinguishable and distinguishable photons from silicon vacancy centres in silicon carbide. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2516. [PMID: 32433556 PMCID: PMC7239935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum systems combining indistinguishable photon generation and spin-based quantum information processing are essential for remote quantum applications and networking. However, identification of suitable systems in scalable platforms remains a challenge. Here, we investigate the silicon vacancy centre in silicon carbide and demonstrate controlled emission of indistinguishable and distinguishable photons via coherent spin manipulation. Using strong off-resonant excitation and collecting zero-phonon line photons, we show a two-photon interference contrast close to 90% in Hong-Ou-Mandel type experiments. Further, we exploit the system’s intimate spin-photon relation to spin-control the colour and indistinguishability of consecutively emitted photons. Our results provide a deep insight into the system’s spin-phonon-photon physics and underline the potential of the industrially compatible silicon carbide platform for measurement-based entanglement distribution and photonic cluster state generation. Additional coupling to quantum registers based on individual nuclear spins would further allow for high-level network-relevant quantum information processing, such as error correction and entanglement purification. Defects in silicon carbide can act as single photon sources that also have the benefit of a host material that is already used in electronic devices. Here the authors demonstrate that they can control the distinguishability of the emitted photons by changing the defect spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Morioka
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Advanced Research and Innovation Center, DENSO CORPORATION, Nisshin, 470-0111, Japan.
| | - Charles Babin
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland Nagy
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Izel Gediz
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Di Liu
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew Joliffe
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Niethammer
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Péter Udvarhelyi
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology IQST, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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212
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Volkovich S, Shwartz S. Subattosecond x-ray Hong-Ou-Mandel metrology. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2728-2731. [PMID: 32412452 DOI: 10.1364/ol.382044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that subattosecond delays and subangstrom optical path differences can be measured by using Hong-Ou-Mandel interference measurements with x-rays. Our scheme relies on the subattosecond correlation time of photon pairs that are generated by x-ray spontaneous parametric down-conversion, which leads to a dip in correlation measurements with a comparable width. Therefore, the precision of the measurements is expected to be better than 0.1 attosecond. We anticipate that the scheme we describe in this work will lead to the development of various techniques of quantum measurements with ultra-high precision at x-ray wavelengths.
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213
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Zhu D, Colangelo M, Chen C, Korzh BA, Wong FNC, Shaw MD, Berggren KK. Resolving Photon Numbers Using a Superconducting Nanowire with Impedance-Matching Taper. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3858-3863. [PMID: 32271591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time- and number-resolved photon detection is crucial for quantum information processing. Existing photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors usually suffer from limited timing and dark-count performance or require complex fabrication and operation. Here, we demonstrate a PNR detector at telecommunication wavelengths based on a single superconducting nanowire with an integrated impedance-matching taper. The taper provides a kΩ load impedance to the nanowire, making the detector's output amplitude sensitive to the number of photon-induced hotspots. The prototyping device was able to resolve up to four absorbed photons with 16.1 ps timing jitter and <2 c.p.s. device dark count rate. Its exceptional distinction between single- and two-photon responses is ideal for high-fidelity coincidence counting and allowed us to directly observe bunching of photon pairs from a single output port of a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. This detector architecture may provide a practical solution to applications that require high timing resolution and few-photon discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marco Colangelo
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Changchen Chen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Boris A Korzh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Franco N C Wong
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew D Shaw
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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214
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Castelletto S, Inam FA, Sato SI, Boretti A. Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin-photon interface. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:740-769. [PMID: 32461875 PMCID: PMC7214868 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon sources and their optical spin readout are at the core of applications in quantum communication, quantum computation, and quantum sensing. Their integration in photonic structures such as photonic crystals, microdisks, microring resonators, and nanopillars is essential for their deployment in quantum technologies. While there are currently only two material platforms (diamond and silicon carbide) with proven single-photon emission from the visible to infrared, a quantum spin-photon interface, and ancilla qubits, it is expected that other material platforms could emerge with similar characteristics in the near future. These two materials also naturally lead to monolithic integrated photonics as both are good photonic materials. While so far the verification of single-photon sources was based on discovery, assignment and then assessment and control of their quantum properties for applications, a better approach could be to identify applications and then search for the material that could address the requirements of the application in terms of quantum properties of the defects. This approach is quite difficult as it is based mostly on the reliability of modeling and predicting of color center properties in various materials, and their experimental verification is challenging. In this paper, we review some recent advances in an emerging material, low-dimensional (2D, 1D, 0D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), which could lead to establishing such a platform. We highlight the recent achievements of the specific material for the expected applications in quantum technologies, indicating complementary outstanding properties compared to the other 3D bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faraz A Inam
- Dept. of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. 202002, India
| | - Shin-ichiro Sato
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan
| | - Alberto Boretti
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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215
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Ham BS. The origin of anticorrelation for photon bunching on a beam splitter. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7309. [PMID: 32355259 PMCID: PMC7193647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Copenhagen interpretation, in which the core concepts are Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and nonlocal EPR correlation, has been long discussed. Second-order anticorrelation in a beam splitter represents the origin of these phenomena and cannot be achieved classically. Here, the anticorrelation of nonclassicality in a beam splitter is interpreted using the concept of coherence. Unlike the common understanding of photons having a particle nature, anticorrelation is rooted in the wave nature of coherence optics, described by coherence optics, wherein quantum superposition between two input fields plays a key role. This interpretation may pose fundamental questions about the nature of nonclassicality and pave a road to coherence-based quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung S Ham
- Center for Photon Information Processing, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
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216
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Bartolomei H, Kumar M, Bisognin R, Marguerite A, Berroir JM, Bocquillon E, Plaçais B, Cavanna A, Dong Q, Gennser U, Jin Y, Fève G. Fractional statistics in anyon collisions. Science 2020; 368:173-177. [PMID: 32273465 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional systems can host exotic particles called anyons whose quantum statistics are neither bosonic nor fermionic. For example, the elementary excitations of the fractional quantum Hall effect at filling factor ν = 1/m (where m is an odd integer) have been predicted to obey Abelian fractional statistics, with a phase ϕ associated with the exchange of two particles equal to π/m However, despite numerous experimental attempts, clear signatures of fractional statistics have remained elusive. We experimentally demonstrate Abelian fractional statistics at filling factor ν = ⅓ by measuring the current correlations resulting from the collision between anyons at a beamsplitter. By analyzing their dependence on the anyon current impinging on the splitter and comparing with recent theoretical models, we extract ϕ = π/3, in agreement with predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bartolomei
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Kumar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Bisognin
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Marguerite
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J-M Berroir
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E Bocquillon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - B Plaçais
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Cavanna
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Q Dong
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - U Gennser
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Y Jin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Fève
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
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217
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Joshi C, Farsi A, Dutt A, Kim BY, Ji X, Zhao Y, Bishop AM, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Frequency-Domain Quantum Interference with Correlated Photons from an Integrated Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:143601. [PMID: 32338976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequency encoding of quantum information together with fiber and integrated photonic technologies can significantly reduce the complexity and resource requirements for realizing all-photonic quantum networks. The key challenge for such frequency domain processing of single photons is to realize coherent and selective interactions between quantum optical fields of different frequencies over a range of bandwidths. Here, we report frequency-domain Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with spectrally distinct photons generated from a chip-based microresonator. We use four-wave mixing to implement an active "frequency beam splitter" and achieve interference visibilities of 0.95±0.02. Our work establishes four-wave mixing as a tool for selective high-fidelity two-photon operations in the frequency domain which, combined with integrated single-photon sources, provides a building block for frequency-multiplexed photonic quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Joshi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Avik Dutt
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bok Young Kim
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xingchen Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Andrew M Bishop
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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218
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Rodt S, Reitzenstein S, Heindel T. Deterministically fabricated solid-state quantum-light sources. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:153003. [PMID: 31791035 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The controlled generation of non-classical states of light is a challenging task at the heart of quantum optics. Aside from the mere spirit of science, the related research is strongly driven by applications in photonic quantum technologies, including the fields of quantum communication, quantum computation, and quantum metrology. In this context, the realization of integrated solid-state-based quantum-light sources is of particular interest, due to the prospects for scalability and device integration. This topical review focuses on solid-state quantum-light sources which are fabricated in a deterministic fashion. In this framework we cover quantum emitters represented by semiconductor quantum dots, colour centres in diamond, and defect-/strain-centres in two-dimensional materials. First, we introduce the topic of quantum-light sources and non-classical light generation for applications in photonic quantum technologies, motivating the need for the development of scalable device technologies to push the field towards real-world applications. In the second part, we summarize material systems hosting quantum emitters in the solid-state. The third part reviews deterministic fabrication techniques and comparatively discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The techniques are classified in bottom-up approaches, exploiting the site-controlled positioning of the quantum emitters themselves, and top-down approaches, allowing for the precise alignment of photonic microstructures to pre-selected quantum emitters. Special emphasis is put on the progress achieved in the development of in situ techniques, which significantly pushed the performance of quantum-light sources towards applications. Additionally, we discuss hybrid approaches, exploiting pick-and-place techniques or wafer-bonding. The fourth part presents state-of-the-art quantum-dot quantum-light sources based on the fabrication techniques presented in the previous sections, which feature engineered functionality and enhanced photon collection efficiency. The article closes by highlighting recent applications of deterministic solid-state-based quantum-light sources in the fields of quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum metrology, and by discussing future perspectives in the field of solid-state quantum-light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rodt
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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219
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Xu XY, Pan WW, Kedem Y, Wang QQ, Sun K, Xu JS, Han YJ, Chen G, Li CF, Guo GC. Experimental extraction of nonlocal weak values for demonstrating the failure of a product rule. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1715-1718. [PMID: 32235981 DOI: 10.1364/ol.375448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an alternative method for measuring nonlocal weak values in linear optics, avoiding the use of second-order interaction. The method is based on the concept of modular values. The paths of two photons, initialized in hyperentangled states, are adopted as the meter with the polarization acting as the system. The modular values are read out through the reconstructed final states of the meter. The weak value of nonlocal observables is given through its connection to the modular value. Comparing the weak values of local and nonlocal observables, we demonstrate the failure of product rules for an entangled system. Our results significantly simplify the task of measuring nonlocal weak values and will play an important role in the application of weak measurement.
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220
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Meyer-Scott E, Silberhorn C, Migdall A. Single-photon sources: Approaching the ideal through multiplexing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:041101. [PMID: 32357750 PMCID: PMC8078861 DOI: 10.1063/5.0003320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We review the rapid recent progress in single-photon sources based on multiplexing multiple probabilistic photon-creation events. Such multiplexing allows higher single-photon probabilities and lower contamination from higher-order photon states. We study the requirements for multiplexed sources and compare various approaches to multiplexing using different degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Meyer-Scott
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christine Silberhorn
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Alan Migdall
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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221
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Prabhakar S, Shields T, Dada AC, Ebrahim M, Taylor GG, Morozov D, Erotokritou K, Miki S, Yabuno M, Terai H, Gawith C, Kues M, Caspani L, Hadfield RH, Clerici M. Two-photon quantum interference and entanglement at 2.1 μm. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay5195. [PMID: 32258399 PMCID: PMC7101225 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-enhanced optical systems operating within the 2- to 2.5-μm spectral region have the potential to revolutionize emerging applications in communications, sensing, and metrology. However, to date, sources of entangled photons have been realized mainly in the near-infrared 700- to 1550-nm spectral window. Here, using custom-designed lithium niobate crystals for spontaneous parametric down-conversion and tailored superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, we demonstrate two-photon interference and polarization-entangled photon pairs at 2090 nm. These results open the 2- to 2.5-μm mid-infrared window for the development of optical quantum technologies such as quantum key distribution in next-generation mid-infrared fiber communication systems and future Earth-to-satellite communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Prabhakar
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Taylor Shields
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adetunmise C. Dada
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mehdi Ebrahim
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gregor G. Taylor
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Shigehito Miki
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo 657-0013, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yabuno
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Terai
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Corin Gawith
- Covesion Ltd., Unit A7, The Premier Centre, Premier Way, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 9DG, UK
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Michael Kues
- Hannover Center for Optical Technologies (HOT), Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering–Innovation Across Disciplines), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Robert H. Hadfield
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matteo Clerici
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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222
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Xu ZH, Li YH, Zhou ZY, Liu SL, Li Y, Liu SK, Yang C, Guo GC, Shi BS. High-quality versatile photonic sources for multiple quantum optical experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:5077-5084. [PMID: 32121736 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Entangled sources are important components for quantum information science and technology (QIST). The ability to generate high-quality entangled sources will determine the extent of progress in this field. Unlike previous schemes, a thin quasi-phase matching nonlinear crystal and a dense-wave-division-multiplexing device are used here to build high-quality versatile photonic sources with a simple configuration that can be used to perform Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, time-energy entanglement and multi-channel polarization entanglement experiments. The measurement results from various quantum optical experiments show the high quality of these photonic sources. These multi-functional photonic sources will be very useful in a variety of QIST applications.
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223
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Graffitti F, Barrow P, Pickston A, Brańczyk AM, Fedrizzi A. Direct Generation of Tailored Pulse-Mode Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:053603. [PMID: 32083906 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.053603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technology increasingly uses frequency encoding to enable higher quantum information density and noise resilience. Pulsed time-frequency modes (TFM) represent a unique class of spectrally encoded quantum states of light that enable a complete framework for quantum information processing. Here, we demonstrate a technique for direct generation of entangled TFM-encoded states in single-pass, tailored down-conversion processes. We achieve unprecedented quality in state generation-high rates, heralding efficiency, and state fidelity-as characterized via highly resolved time-of-flight fiber spectroscopy and two-photon interference. We employ this technique in a four-photon entanglement swapping scheme as a primitive for TFM-encoded quantum protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Graffitti
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barrow
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Pickston
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Agata M Brańczyk
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Alessandro Fedrizzi
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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224
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Zhao TM, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li Q, Davanco M, Liu J. Advanced technologies for quantum photonic devices based on epitaxial quantum dots. ADVANCED QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 3:10.1002/qute.201900034. [PMID: 36452403 PMCID: PMC9706462 DOI: 10.1002/qute.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonic devices are candidates for realizing practical quantum computers and networks. The development of integrated quantum photonic devices can greatly benefit from the ability to incorporate different types of materials with complementary, superior optical or electrical properties on a single chip. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) serve as a core element in the emerging modern photonic quantum technologies by allowing on-demand generation of single-photons and entangled photon pairs. During each excitation cycle, there is one and only one emitted photon or photon pair. QD photonic devices are on the verge of unfolding for advanced quantum technology applications. In this review, we focus on the latest significant progress of QD photonic devices. We first discuss advanced technologies in QD growth, with special attention to droplet epitaxy and site-controlled QDs. Then we overview the wavelength engineering of QDs via strain tuning and quantum frequency conversion techniques. We extend our discussion to advanced optical excitation techniques recently developed for achieving the desired emission properties of QDs. Finally, the advances in heterogeneous integration of active quantum light-emitting devices and passive integrated photonic circuits are reviewed, in the context of realizing scalable quantum information processing chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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225
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Identical Quantum Particles, Entanglement, and Individuality. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22020134. [PMID: 33285909 PMCID: PMC7516542 DOI: 10.3390/e22020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Particles in classical physics are distinguishable objects, which can be picked out individually on the basis of their unique physical properties. By contrast, in the philosophy of physics, the standard view is that particles of the same kind (“identical particles”) are completely indistinguishable from each other and lack identity. This standard view is problematic: Particle indistinguishability is irreconcilable not only with the very meaning of “particle” in ordinary language and in classical physical theory, but also with how this term is actually used in the practice of present-day physics. Moreover, the indistinguishability doctrine prevents a smooth transition from quantum particles to what we normally understand by “particles” in the classical limit of quantum mechanics. Elaborating on earlier work, we here analyze the premises of the standard view and discuss an alternative that avoids these and similar problems. As it turns out, this alternative approach connects to recent discussions in quantum information theory.
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226
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Harnchaiwat N, Zhu F, Westerberg N, Gauger E, Leach J. Tracking the polarisation state of light via Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:2210-2220. [PMID: 32121916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide a statistically robust and accurate framework to measure and track the polarisation state of light employing Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. This is achieved by combining the concepts of maximum likelihood estimation and Fisher information applied to photon detection events. Such an approach ensures that the Cramér-Rao bound is saturated and changes to the polarisation state are established in an optimal manner. Using this method, we show that changes in the linear polarisation state can be measured with 0.6 arcminute precision (0.01 degrees).
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227
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Duan ZC, Deng YH, Yu Y, Chen S, Qin J, Wang H, Ding X, Peng LC, Schneider C, Wang DW, Höfling S, Dowling JP, Lu CY, Pan JW. Quantum Beat between Sunlight and Single Photons. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:152-157. [PMID: 31841348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fourth-order quantum beat between sunlight and single photons from a quantum dot. With a fast time-resolved detection system, we observed high-visibility quantum beat between the independent photons of different frequencies from the two astronomically separated light sources. The temporal dynamics of the beat oscillation indicate the coherent behavior of the interfering photons, and the raw visibility of two-photon interference shows violation of the classical limit with a frequency mismatch of three-times the line width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chen Duan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yu-Hao Deng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510275 , China
| | - Si Chen
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian Qin
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Xing Ding
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Li-Chao Peng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Christian Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institüt and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems , Universitat Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- Department of Physics , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310027 , China
| | - Sven Höfling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institüt and Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems , Universitat Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg , Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews KY16 9SS , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Dowling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
- NYU-ECNU Institute for Physics at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , University of Science and Technology of China , Shanghai 201315 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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228
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Mehta K, Achanta VG, Dasgupta S. Generation of non-classical states of photons from a metal-dielectric interface: a novel architecture for quantum information processing. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:256-261. [PMID: 31815988 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06529f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show the possibility to generate photons in a certain class of non-classical states from a metal-dielectric interface using dipole emitters on the interface. The photons emitted into the surface plasmon mode from the initially excited emitters radiate out in free space in a cone-shaped geometry. When detected at two detectors, these photons exhibit coalescence, a clear signature of non-classicality. Such a system can also be employed as a building block for a distributed quantum network. We further show that it is indeed feasible to implement our model using available technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karun Mehta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
| | - Venu Gopal Achanta
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Shubhrangshu Dasgupta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India.
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229
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Ma X, Zhang X, Huang K, Lu X. Low noise measurement method based on differential optical interferometer for cold atom experiments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:175-183. [PMID: 32118948 DOI: 10.1364/oe.381560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and realized a low noise measurement method based on differential optical interferometer to measure trapped cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The configuration is based on a Mach-Zehnder type interferometer, which is composed of two beams of different frequencies. A long-term stability in phase monitor has been obtained by use of the vibration immune mechanism through subtraction of the interferograms imaged on the two photodetectors. With this new configuration, the noise caused by environmental perturbation is greatly reduced at low frequency while the signal of phase shift keeps a good long-term stability.
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230
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Acciai M, Calzona A, Carrega M, Sassetti M. Spectral features of voltage pulses in interacting helical channels. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the interplay of voltage-driven excitations and electron-electron interactions in a pair of counterpropagating helical channels capacitively coupled to a time-dependent gate. By focusing on the non-equilibrium spectral properties of the system, we show how the spectral function is modified by external drives with different time profile in presence of Coulomb interactions. In particular, we focus on a Lorentzian drive and a square single pulse. In presence of strong enough electron-electron interactions, we find that both drives can result in minimal excitations, i.e. characterized by an excess spectral function with a definite sign. This is in contrast with what happens in the non-interacting case, where only properly quantized Lorentzian pulses are able to produce minimal excitations.
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231
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Qu LY, Cotler J, Ma F, Guan JY, Zheng MY, Xie X, Chen YA, Zhang Q, Wilczek F, Pan JW. Color Erasure Detectors Enable Chromatic Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:243601. [PMID: 31922826 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By engineering and manipulating quantum entanglement between incoming photons and experimental apparatus, we construct single-photon detectors which cannot distinguish between photons of very different wavelengths. These color-erasure detectors enable a new kind of intensity interferometry, with potential applications in microscopy and astronomy. We demonstrate chromatic interferometry experimentally, observing robust interference using both coherent and incoherent photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Yuan Qu
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jordan Cotler
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fei Ma
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Guan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yang Zheng
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Xie
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Wilczek
- Center for Theoretical Physics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- T. D. Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Wilczek Quantum Center, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91 Sweden
- Department of Physics and Origins Project, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 25287, USA
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, Shanghai Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, People's Republic of China
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232
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Abstract
The distinguishing of the multiphoton quantum interference effect from the classical one forms one of the most important issues in modern quantum mechanics and experimental quantum optics. For a long time, the two-photon interference (TPI) of correlated photons has been recognized as a pure quantum effect that cannot be simulated with classical lights. In the meantime, experiments have been carried out to investigate the classical analogues of the TPI. In this study, we conduct TPI experiments with uncorrelated photons with different center frequencies from a luminescent light source, and we compare our results with the previous ones of correlated photons. The observed TPI fringe can be expressed in the form of three phase terms related to the individual single-photon and two-photon states, and the fringe pattern is strongly affected by the two single-photon-interference fringes and also by their visibilities. With the exception of essential differences such as valid and accidental coincidence events within a given resolving time and the two-photon spectral bandwidth, the interference phenomenon itself exhibits the same features for both correlated and uncorrelated photons in the single-photon counting regime.
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233
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234
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Quantum mechanics with patterns of light: Progress in high dimensional and multidimensional entanglement with structured light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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235
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Magaña-Loaiza OS, Boyd RW. Quantum imaging and information. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:124401. [PMID: 31639774 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The maturity of fields such as optical physics and quantum optics has brought with it a new era where the photon represents a promising information resource. In the past few years, scientists and engineers have exploited multiple degrees of freedom of the photon to perform information processing for a wide variety of applications. Of particular importance, the transverse spatial degree of freedom has offered a flexible platform to test complex quantum information protocols in a relatively simple fashion. In this regard, novel imaging techniques that exploit the quantum properties of light have also been investigated. In this review article, we define the fundamental parameters that describe the spatial wavefunction of the photon and establish their importance for applications in quantum information processing. More specifically, we describe the underlying physics behind remarkable protocols in which information is processed through high-dimensional spatial states of photons with sub-shot-noise levels or where quantum images with unique resolution features are formed. We also discuss the fundamental role that certain imaging techniques have played in the development of novel methods for quantum information processing and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Magaña-Loaiza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
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236
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Schimpf C, Reindl M, Klenovský P, Fromherz T, Covre Da Silva SF, Hofer J, Schneider C, Höfling S, Trotta R, Rastelli A. Resolving the temporal evolution of line broadening in single quantum emitters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35290-35307. [PMID: 31878701 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light emission from solid-state quantum emitters is inherently prone to environmental decoherence, which results in a line broadening and in the deterioration of photon indistinguishability. Here we employ photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS) to study the temporal evolution of such a broadening in two prominent systems: GaAs and In(Ga)As quantum dots. Differently from previous experiments, the emitters are driven with short laser pulses as required for the generation of high-purity single photons, the time scales we probe range from a few nanoseconds to milliseconds and, simultaneously, the spectral resolution we achieve can be as small as ∼ 2µeV. We find pronounced differences in the temporal evolution of different optical transition lines, which we attribute to differences in their homogeneous linewidth and sensitivity to charge noise. We analyze the effect of irradiation with additional white light, which reduces blinking at the cost of enhanced charge noise. Due to its robustness against experimental imperfections and its high temporal resolution and bandwidth, PCFS outperforms established spectroscopy techniques, such as Michelson interferometry. We discuss its practical implementation and the possibility to use it to estimate the indistinguishability of consecutively emitted single photons for applications in quantum communication and photonic-based quantum information processing.
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237
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Craddock AN, Hannegan J, Ornelas-Huerta DP, Siverns JD, Hachtel AJ, Goldschmidt EA, Porto JV, Quraishi Q, Rolston SL. Quantum Interference between Photons from an Atomic Ensemble and a Remote Atomic Ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:213601. [PMID: 31809132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many remote-entanglement protocols rely on the generation and interference of photons produced by nodes within a quantum network. Quantum networks based on heterogeneous nodes provide a versatile platform by utilizing the complementary strengths of the differing systems. Implementation of such networks is challenging, due to the disparate spectral and temporal characteristics of the photons generated by the different quantum systems. Here, we report on the observation of quantum interference between photons generated from a single ion and an atomic ensemble. The photons are produced on demand by each source located in separate buildings, in a manner suitable for quantum networking. Given these results, we analyze the feasibility of hybrid ion-ensemble remote entanglement generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Craddock
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Hannegan
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D P Ornelas-Huerta
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J D Siverns
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A J Hachtel
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E A Goldschmidt
- Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - J V Porto
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Q Quraishi
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - S L Rolston
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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238
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Abstract
A combination of computational power provided by modern MOSFET-based devices with light assisted wideband communication at the nanoscale can bring electronic technologies to the next level. Obvious obstacles include a size mismatch between electronic and photonic components as well as a weak light–matter interaction typical for existing devices. Polariton modes can be used to overcome these difficulties at the fundamental level. Here, we review applications of such modes, related to the design and fabrication of electro–optical circuits. The emphasis is made on surface plasmon-polaritons which have already demonstrated their value in many fields of technology. Other possible quasiparticles as well as their hybridization with plasmons are discussed. A quasiparticle-based paradigm in electronics, developed at the microscopic level, can be used in future molecular electronics and quantum computing.
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239
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Smith TA, Shih Y. Turbulence-free two-photon double-slit interference with coherent and incoherent light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:33282-33297. [PMID: 31878400 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.033282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a study on a turbulence-free Young's double-slit interferometer. When the environmental turbulence blurs out the classic Young's double-slit interference completely, a two-photon interference pattern is still observable from the measurement of intensity or photon number fluctuation correlation. This two-photon interferometer always produces a turbulence-free interference pattern, when the double-slit interferometer is utilizing both first-order spatially incoherent light and spatially coherent light. This type of two-photon interferometer establishes new capabilities in optical observations and sensing measurements that require high sensitivity and stability.
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240
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Koong ZX, Scerri D, Rambach M, Santana TS, Park SI, Song JD, Gauger EM, Gerardot BD. Fundamental Limits to Coherent Photon Generation with Solid-State Atomlike Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:167402. [PMID: 31702372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.167402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherent generation of indistinguishable single photons is crucial for many quantum communication and processing protocols. Solid-state realizations of two-level atomic transitions or three-level spin-Λ systems offer significant advantages over their atomic counterparts for this purpose, albeit decoherence can arise due to environmental couplings. One popular approach to mitigate dephasing is to operate in the weak-excitation limit, where the excited-state population is minimal and coherently scattered photons dominate over incoherent emission. Here we probe the coherence of photons produced using two-level and spin-Λ solid-state systems. We observe that the coupling of the atomiclike transitions to the vibronic transitions of the crystal lattice is independent of the driving strength, even for detuned excitation using the spin-Λ configuration. We apply a polaron master equation to capture the non-Markovian dynamics of the vibrational manifolds. These results provide insight into the fundamental limitations to photon coherence from solid-state quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Koong
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - D Scerri
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - M Rambach
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - T S Santana
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - S I Park
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - J D Song
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - E M Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - B D Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, United Kingdom
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241
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Zopf M, Keil R, Chen Y, Yang J, Chen D, Ding F, Schmidt OG. Entanglement Swapping with Semiconductor-Generated Photons Violates Bell's Inequality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:160502. [PMID: 31702338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transferring entangled states between photon pairs is essential in quantum communication. Semiconductor quantum dots are the leading candidate for generating polarization-entangled photons deterministically. Here we show for the first time swapping of entangled states between two pairs of photons emitted by a single dot. A joint Bell measurement heralds the successful generation of the Bell state Ψ^{+}, yielding a fidelity of 0.81±0.04 and violating the CHSH and Bell inequalities. Our photon source matches atomic quantum memory frequencies, facilitating implementation of hybrid quantum repeaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zopf
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Keil
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jingzhong Yang
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Disheng Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fei Ding
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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242
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Hashemi Rafsanjani SM. Sorting-based approach to multiphoton interference. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4993-4996. [PMID: 31613247 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton interference is an essential component of quantum technologies such as quantum computation, quantum communication, and quantum metrology. We introduce a sorting-based approach to multiphoton interference and examine its implications for quantum metrology and teleportation. Our examination reveals an extension of the seminal Hong-Ou-Mandel effect whose resultant state is the highly desired multiphoton NOON state. Application of the above perspective to entangled photons reveals a novel approach to quantum qudit teleportation.
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243
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Wu CH, Liu CK, Chen YC, Chuu CS. Revival of Quantum Interference by Modulating the Biphotons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:143601. [PMID: 31702211 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to manipulate the wave packets of single photons or biphotons has enriched quantum optics and quantum information science, with examples ranging from faithful quantum-state mapping and high-efficiency quantum memory to the purification of single photons. Here we demonstrate another fascinating use of wave packet manipulation on restoring quantum interference. By modulating the photons' temporal wave packet, we observe the revival of postselected entanglement that would otherwise be degraded or lost due to poor quantum interference. Our study shows that the amount of the restored entanglement is only limited by the forms of modulation and can achieve full recovery if the modulation function is properly designed. Our work has potential applications in long-distance quantum communication and linear optical quantum computation, particularly for quantum repeaters and large cluster states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Center for Quantum Technology, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Kai Liu
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Center for Quantum Technology, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Center for Quantum Technology, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sung Chuu
- Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Center for Quantum Technology, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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244
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Jeffers J. Nonlocal Coherent Perfect Absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:143602. [PMID: 31702213 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.143602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coherent absorption that occurs at two spatially separated, macroscopic lossy beam splitters is described. A superposition mode of any phase can be chosen as the absorbed or transparent mode. For a nonclassical two-photon NOON-state input, a superposition of two photons entering via one of two separate input modes, a single photon can survive the pair of beam splitters with certainty, implying nonlocal absorption of a single photon, which can be detected via the interference in the two-photon survival probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jeffers
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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245
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Kaneda F, Kwiat PG. High-efficiency single-photon generation via large-scale active time multiplexing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8586. [PMID: 31620555 PMCID: PMC6777972 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic generation of single- and multiphoton states is a key requirement for large-scale optical quantum information and communication applications. While heralded single-photon sources (HSPSs) using nonlinear optical processes have enabled proof-of-principle demonstrations in this area of research, they are not scalable as their probabilistic nature severely limits their generation efficiency. We overcome this limitation by demonstrating a substantial improvement in HSPS efficiency via large-scale time multiplexing. Using an ultra-low loss, adjustable optical delay to multiplex 40 conventional HSPS photon generation processes into each operation cycle, we have observed a factor of 9.7(5) enhancement in efficiency, yielding a 66.7(24)% probability of collecting a single photon with high indistinguishability (90%) into a single-mode fiber per cycle. We also experimentally investigate the trade-off between a high single-photon probability and unwanted multiphoton emission. Upgrading our time-multiplexed source with state-of-the-art HSPS and single-photon detector technologies will enable the generation of >30 coincident photons with unprecedented efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kaneda
- Corresponding author. (F.K.); (P.G.K.)
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246
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Orre VV, Goldschmidt EA, Deshpande A, Gorshkov AV, Tamma V, Hafezi M, Mittal S. Interference of Temporally Distinguishable Photons Using Frequency-Resolved Detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:123603. [PMID: 31633982 PMCID: PMC8489807 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum interference of three photons that are distinguishable in time by resolving them in the conjugate parameter frequency. We show that the multiphoton interference pattern in our setup can be manipulated by tuning the relative delays between the photons, without the need for reconfiguring the optical network. Furthermore, we observe that the symmetries of our optical network and the spectral amplitude of the input photons are manifested in the interference pattern. We also demonstrate time-reversed Hong-Ou-Mandel-like interference in the spectral correlations using time-bin entangled photon pairs. By adding a time-varying dispersion using a phase modulator, our setup can be used to realize dynamically reconfigurable and scalable boson sampling in the time domain as well as frequency-resolved multiboson correlation sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Vikram Orre
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Goldschmidt
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Abhinav Deshpande
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Alexey V. Gorshkov
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Vincenzo Tamma
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Hafezi
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Sunil Mittal
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and IREAP, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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247
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Taballione C, Wolterink TAW, Lugani J, Eckstein A, Bell BA, Grootjans R, Visscher I, Geskus D, Roeloffzen CGH, Renema JJ, Walmsley IA, Pinkse PWH, Boller KJ. 8×8 reconfigurable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:26842-26857. [PMID: 31674557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.026842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of large-scale optical quantum information processing circuits ground on the stability and reconfigurability enabled by integrated photonics. We demonstrate a reconfigurable 8×8 integrated linear optical network based on silicon nitride waveguides for quantum information processing. Our processor implements a novel optical architecture enabling any arbitrary linear transformation and constitutes the largest programmable circuit reported so far on this platform. We validate a variety of photonic quantum information processing primitives, in the form of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference, bosonic coalescence/anti-coalescence and high-dimensional single-photon quantum gates. We achieve fidelities that clearly demonstrate the promising future for large-scale photonic quantum information processing using low-loss silicon nitride.
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248
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Restuccia S, Toroš M, Gibson GM, Ulbricht H, Faccio D, Padgett MJ. Photon Bunching in a Rotating Reference Frame. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:110401. [PMID: 31573252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although quantum physics is well understood in inertial reference frames (flat spacetime), a current challenge is the search for experimental evidence of nontrivial or unexpected behavior of quantum systems in noninertial frames. Here, we present a novel test of quantum mechanics in a noninertial reference frame: we consider Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference on a rotating platform and study the effect of uniform rotation on the distinguishability of the photons. Both theory and experiments show that the rotational motion induces a relative delay in the photon arrival times at the exit beam splitter and that this delay is observed as a shift in the position of the HOM dip. This experiment can be extended to a full general relativistic test of quantum physics using satellites in Earth's orbit and indicates a new route toward the use of photonic technologies for investigating quantum mechanics at the interface with relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Restuccia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Toroš
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M Gibson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Miles J Padgett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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249
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Deng YH, Wang H, Ding X, Duan ZC, Qin J, Chen MC, He Y, He YM, Li JP, Li YH, Peng LC, Matekole ES, Byrnes T, Schneider C, Kamp M, Wang DW, Dowling JP, Höfling S, Lu CY, Scully MO, Pan JW. Quantum Interference between Light Sources Separated by 150 Million Kilometers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:080401. [PMID: 31491194 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report an experiment to test quantum interference, entanglement, and nonlocality using two dissimilar photon sources, the Sun and a semiconductor quantum dot on the Earth, which are separated by ∼150 million kilometers. By making the otherwise vastly distinct photons indistinguishable in all degrees of freedom, we observe time-resolved two-photon quantum interference with a raw visibility of 0.796(17), well above the 0.5 classical limit, providing unambiguous evidence of the quantum nature of thermal light. Further, using the photons with no common history, we demonstrate postselected two-photon entanglement with a state fidelity of 0.826(24) and a violation of Bell inequality by 2.20(6). The experiment can be further extended to a larger scale using photons from distant stars and open a new route to quantum optics experiments at an astronomical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Deng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xing Ding
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Z-C Duan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - M-C Chen
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu He
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Ming He
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jin-Peng Li
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yu-Huai Li
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Li-Chao Peng
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - E S Matekole
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Tim Byrnes
- New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave, Pudong, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - C Schneider
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institt and Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Wrzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wrzburg, Germany
| | - M Kamp
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institt and Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Wrzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wrzburg, Germany
| | - Da-Wei Wang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jonathan P Dowling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Ave, Pudong, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Sven Höfling
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institt and Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen-Center for Complex Material Systems, Universitat Wrzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wrzburg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Marlan O Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Shanghai Branch, Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
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Adcock JC, Vigliar C, Santagati R, Silverstone JW, Thompson MG. Programmable four-photon graph states on a silicon chip. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3528. [PMID: 31388017 PMCID: PMC6684799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Future quantum computers require a scalable architecture on a scalable technology-one that supports millions of high-performance components. Measurement-based protocols, using graph states, represent the state of the art in architectures for optical quantum computing. Silicon photonics technology offers enormous scale and proven quantum optical functionality. Here we produce and encode photonic graph states on a mass-manufactured chip, using four on-chip-generated photons. We programmably generate all types of four-photon graph state, implementing a basic measurement-based protocol, and measure high-visibility heralded interference of the chip's four photons. We develop a model of the device and bound the dominant sources of error using Bayesian inference. The combination of measurement-based quantum computation, silicon photonics technology, and on-chip multi-pair sources will be a useful one for future scalable quantum information processing with photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Adcock
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Caterina Vigliar
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Raffaele Santagati
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Joshua W Silverstone
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK.
| | - Mark G Thompson
- Quantum Engineering Technology (QET) Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory & School of Computer, Electronic Engineering & Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
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