201
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Liu NJ, Wang N, Bao JJ, Zhu HX, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Importance of GIPCs in Arabidopsis Leaf Extracellular Vesicles. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1523-1532. [PMID: 32717349 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that play diverse roles in plant development and response. Recently, impressive progress has been made in the isolation and identification of the proteins and RNAs carried in plant EVs; however, the analysis of EV lipid compositions remains rudimentary. Here, we performed lipidomic analysis of Arabidopsis rosette leaf EVs, revealing a high abundance of certain groups of lipids, in particular sphingolipids, in the EVs. Remarkably, the EV sphingolipids are composed of nearly pure glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs), which are green lineage abundant and negatively charged. We further showed that the Arabidopsis TETRASPANIN 8 (TET8) knockout mutant has a lower amount of cellular GIPCs and secrets fewer EVs, companied with impaired reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst toward stresses. Exogenous application of GIPCs promoted the secretion of EVs and ROS burst in both the WT and tet8 mutant. The characteristic enrichment of sphingolipid GIPCs provides valuable insights into the biogenesis and function of plant EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jing-Jing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Xian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 300, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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202
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Hill EH, Solomon PS. Extracellular vesicles from the apoplastic fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:13. [PMID: 32968488 PMCID: PMC7501697 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is a significant constraint to wheat production in temperate cropping regions around the world. Despite its agronomic impacts, the mechanisms allowing the pathogen to asymptomatically invade and grow in the apoplast of wheat leaves before causing extensive host cell death remain elusive. Given recent evidence of extracellular vesicles (EVs)-secreted, membrane-bound nanoparticles containing molecular cargo-being implicated in extracellular communication between plants and fungal pathogen, we have initiated an in vitro investigation of EVs from this apoplastic fungal wheat pathogen. We aimed to isolate EVs from Z. tritici broth cultures and examine their protein composition in relation to the soluble protein in the culture filtrate and to existing fungal EV proteomes. RESULTS Zymoseptoria tritici EVs were isolated from broth culture filtrates using differential ultracentrifugation (DUC) and examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Z. tritici EVs were observed as a heterogeneous population of particles, with most between 50 and 250 nm. These particles were found in abundance in the culture filtrates of viable Z. tritici cultures, but not heat-killed cultures incubated for an equivalent time and of comparable biomass. Bottom-up proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS, followed by stringent filtering revealed 240 Z. tritici EV proteins. These proteins were distinct from soluble proteins identified in Z. tritici culture filtrates, but were similar to proteins identified in EVs from other fungi, based on sequence similarity analyses. Notably, a putative marker protein recently identified in Candida albicans EVs was also consistently detected in Z. tritici EVs. CONCLUSION We have shown EVs can be isolated from the devastating fungal wheat pathogen Z. tritici and are similar to protein composition to previously characterised fungal EVs. EVs from human pathogenic fungi are implicated in virulence, but the role of EVs in the interaction of phytopathogenic fungi and their hosts is unknown. These in vitro analyses provide a basis for expanding investigations of Z. tritici EVs in planta, to examine their involvement in the infection process of this apoplastic wheat pathogen and more broadly, advance understanding of noncanonical secretion in filamentous plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin H. Hill
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601 Australia
| | - Peter S. Solomon
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601 Australia
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203
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Berger E, Colosetti P, Jalabert A, Meugnier E, Wiklander OP, Jouhet J, Errazurig-Cerda E, Chanon S, Gupta D, Rautureau GJ, Geloen A, El-Andaloussi S, Panthu B, Rieusset J, Rome S. Use of Nanovesicles from Orange Juice to Reverse Diet-Induced Gut Modifications in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:880-892. [PMID: 32953937 PMCID: PMC7481887 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have determined whether orange juice-derived nanovesicles (ONVs) could be used for the treatment of obesity-associated intestinal complications. ONVs were characterized by lipidomic, metabolomic, electron microscopy. In vitro, intestinal barriers (IBs = Caco-2+HT-29-MTX) were treated with ONVs and co-cultured with adipocytes to monitor IB fat release. In vivo, obesity was induced with a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD mice) for 12 weeks. Then, half of HFHSD mice were gavaged with ONVs. One-month ONV treatment did not modify HFHSD-induced insulin resistance but reversed diet-induced gut modifications. In the jejunum, ONVs increased villi size, reduced triglyceride content, and modulated mRNA levels of genes involved in immune response (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β), barrier permeability (CLDN1, OCLN, ZO1), fat absorption, and chylomicron release. ONVs targeted microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and angiopoietin-like protein-4 (ANGPTL4), two therapeutic targets to reduce plasma lipids and inflammation in gastrointestinal diseases. Interestingly, ONV treatment did not aggravate liver steatosis, as MTP mRNA was increased in the liver. Therefore, ONVs protected both intestine and the liver from fat overload associated with the HFHSD. As ONVs concentrated amino acids and bioactive lipids versus orange juice, which are deficient in obese patients, the use of ONVs as a dietary supplement could bring physiological relevant compounds in the jejunum to accelerate the restoration of intestinal functions during weight loss in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Berger
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Pascal Colosetti
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Audrey Jalabert
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Oscar P.B. Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale (LPCV), CNRS (UMR5168)/Université Grenoble Alpes/INRAe (UMR1417)/CEA Grenoble, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gilles J.P. Rautureau
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN), FRE 2034, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Geloen
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Baptiste Panthu
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (INRAe U1397, INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, INSA Lyon), Bâtiment CENS ELI-2D, Pierre-Bénite, France
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204
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Zhang J, Qiu Y, Xu K. Characterization of GFP-AtPEN1 as a marker protein for extracellular vesicles isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1791519. [PMID: 32657215 PMCID: PMC8550176 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1791519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted membrane structures enclosing cytosolic components, including pathogenesis-related proteins, tiny RNAs, and microRNAs et al. Their roles are shown to be involved in plant-microbe interactions. Albeit several marker proteins were developed for EVs labeling for Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, we lack similar knowledge on EVs isolated from model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, which serves as an excellent host for plant pathogen studies. Here, we transiently expressed two arabidopsis EV markers AtPEN1 and AtTET8 and one ESCRT protein VPS4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and tested for their ability in EV labeling. We found that GFP tagged AtPEN1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is more stable than other proteins tested, and GFP-AtPEN1 accumulated in Nicotiana benthamiana EVs. Furthermore, we showed that EVs isolated from Nicotiana benthamiana leaf apoplast have typical EV density and vesicle-like morphology. Our finding demonstrates that GFP-AtPEN1 can be used as an excellent marker protein to label Nicotiana benthamiana EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yanglin Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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205
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Jaswal R, Kiran K, Rajarammohan S, Dubey H, Singh PK, Sharma Y, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Gupta N, Sharma TR. Effector Biology of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens: Current Advances and Future Prospects. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126567. [PMID: 33080488 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of fungal pathogens with their host requires a novel invading mechanism and the presence of various virulence-associated components responsible for promoting the infection. The small secretory proteins, explicitly known as effector proteins, are one of the prime mechanisms of host manipulation utilized by the pathogen to disarm the host. Several effector proteins are known to translocate from fungus to the plant cell for host manipulation. Many fungal effectors have been identified using genomic, transcriptomic, and bioinformatics approaches. Most of the effector proteins are devoid of any conserved signatures, and their prediction based on sequence homology is very challenging, therefore by combining the sequence consensus based upon machine learning features, multiple tools have also been developed for predicting apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors. Various post-genomics approaches like transcriptomics of virulent isolates have also been utilized for identifying active consortia of effectors. Significant progress has been made in understanding biotrophic effectors; however, most of it is underway due to their complex interaction with host and complicated recognition and signaling networks. This review discusses advances, and challenges in effector identification and highlighted various features of the potential effector proteins and approaches for understanding their genetics and strategies for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India; Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160014, India
| | - Kanti Kiran
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Himanshu Dubey
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160014, India.
| | - T R Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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206
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Chhuon C, Zhang SY, Jung V, Lewandowski D, Lipecka J, Pawlak A, Sahali D, Ollero M, Guerrera IC. A sensitive S-Trap-based approach to the analysis of T cell lipid raft proteome. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1512-1523. [PMID: 32769147 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d120000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of T cell lipid raft proteome is challenging due to the highly dynamic nature of rafts and the hydrophobic character of raft-resident proteins. We explored an innovative strategy for bottom-up lipid raftomics based on suspension-trapping (S-Trap) sample preparation. Mouse T cells were prepared from splenocytes by negative immunoselection, and rafts were isolated by a detergent-free method and OptiPrep gradient ultracentrifugation. Microdomains enriched in flotillin-1, LAT, and cholesterol were subjected to proteomic analysis through an optimized protocol based on S-Trap and high pH fractionation, followed by nano-LC-MS/MS. Using this method, we identified 2,680 proteins in the raft-rich fraction and established a database of 894 T cell raft proteins. We then performed a differential analysis on the raft-rich fraction from nonstimulated versus anti-CD3/CD28 T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated T cells. Our results revealed 42 proteins present in one condition and absent in the other. For the first time, we performed a proteomic analysis on rafts from ex vivo T cells obtained from individual mice, before and after TCR activation. This work demonstrates that the proposed method utilizing an S-Trap-based approach for sample preparation increases the specificity and sensitivity of lipid raftomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerina Chhuon
- Proteomic Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche SFR Necker US24, Paris, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - Shao-Yu Zhang
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Jung
- Proteomic Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche SFR Necker US24, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Proteomic Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche SFR Necker US24, Paris, France
| | - André Pawlak
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - Dil Sahali
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France.,AP-HP (Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris), Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Mario Ollero
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France .,Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomic Platform Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche SFR Necker US24, Paris, France
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207
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Rocafort M, Fudal I, Mesarich CH. Apoplastic effector proteins of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:9-19. [PMID: 32247857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of an interaction between a plant and a fungus or an oomycete, whether compatibility or incompatibility, is often determined in the hostile extracellular spaces and matrices of the apoplast. Indeed, for compatibility to occur, many plant-associated fungi and oomycetes must first neutralize the apoplast, which is both monitored by plant cell-surface immune receptors, and enriched in plant (and frequently, competitor)-derived antimicrobial compounds. Research is highlighting the diverse roles that fungal and oomycete effector proteins play in the apoplast to promote compatibility, with most recent progress made towards understanding the role of these proteins in evading chitin-triggered immunity. Research is also showcasing the ability of apoplastic effector proteins to bring about incompatibility upon recognition by diverse plant cell-surface immune receptors, and the use of effectoromics to rapidly identify apoplastic effector protein-cell-surface immune receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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208
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Summanwar A, Basu U, Rahman H, Kav NNV. Non-coding RNAs as emerging targets for crop improvement. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110521. [PMID: 32563460 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Food security is affected by climate change, population growth, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. Conventional and molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering techniques have been employed extensively for improving resistance to biotic stress in crop plants. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have permitted the exploration and identification of parts of the genome that extend beyond the regions with protein coding potential. These non-coding regions of the genome are transcribed to generate many types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs are involved in the regulation of growth, development, and response to stresses at transcriptional and translational levels. ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), small RNAs and circular RNAs have been recognized as important regulators of gene expression in plants and have been suggested to play important roles in plant immunity and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this article, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge with respect to lncRNAs and their mechanism(s) of action as well as their regulatory functions, specifically within the context of biotic stresses. Additionally, we have provided insights into how our increased knowledge about lncRNAs may be used to improve crop tolerance to these devastating biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarohi Summanwar
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Urmila Basu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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209
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Liu Y, Wu S, Koo Y, Yang A, Dai Y, Khant H, Osman SR, Chowdhury M, Wei H, Li Y, Court K, Hwang E, Wen Y, Dasari SK, Nguyen M, Tang ECC, Chehab EW, de Val N, Braam J, Sood AK. Characterization of and isolation methods for plant leaf nanovesicles and small extracellular vesicles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102271. [PMID: 32702466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can deliver diverse molecules to target cells. However, they are difficult to obtain in large quantities and can activate host immune responses. Plant-derived vesicles may help to overcome these challenges. We optimized isolation methods for two types of plant vesicles, nanovesicles from disrupted leaf and sEVs from the extracellular apoplastic space of Arabidopsis thaliana. Both preparations yielded intact vesicles of uniform size, and a mean membrane charge of approximately -25 mV. We also demonstrated applicability of these preparative methods using Brassicaceae vegetables. Proteomic analysis of a subset of vesicles with a density of 1.1-1.19 g mL-1 sheds light on the likely cellular origin and complexity of the vesicles. Both leaf nanovesicles and sEVs were taken up by cancer cells, with sEVs showing an approximately three-fold higher efficiency compared to leaf nanovesicles. These results support the potential of plant-derived vesicles as vehicles for therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX.
| | - Sherry Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | | | - An Yang
- BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwan Dai
- BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX.
| | - Htet Khant
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick, MD.
| | | | - Mamur Chowdhury
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Haichao Wei
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Karem Court
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | | | - Yunfei Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Santosh K Dasari
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | | | | | | | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD; Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick, MD.
| | | | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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210
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Lee KP, Liu K, Kim EY, Medina-Puche L, Dong H, Duan J, Li M, Dogra V, Li Y, Lv R, Li Z, Lozano-Duran R, Kim C. PLANT NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE A and Its Putative Receptor PNP-R2 Antagonize Salicylic Acid-Mediated Signaling and Cell Death. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2237-2250. [PMID: 32409317 PMCID: PMC7346577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) participates in local and systemic acquired resistance, which eventually leads to whole-plant resistance to bacterial pathogens. However, if SA-mediated signaling is not appropriately controlled, plants incur defense-associated fitness costs such as growth inhibition and cell death. Despite its importance, to date only a few components counteracting the SA-primed stress responses have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These include other plant hormones such as jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, and proteins such as LESION SIMULATING DISEASE1, a transcription coregulator. Here, we describe PLANT NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE A (PNP-A), a functional analog to vertebrate atrial natriuretic peptides, that appears to antagonize the SA-mediated plant stress responses. While loss of PNP-A potentiates SA-mediated signaling, exogenous application of synthetic PNP-A or overexpression of PNP-A significantly compromises the SA-primed immune responses. Moreover, we identify a plasma membrane-localized receptor-like protein, PNP-R2, that interacts with PNP-A and is required to initiate the PNP-A-mediated intracellular signaling. In summary, our work identifies a peptide and its putative cognate receptor as counteracting both SA-mediated signaling and SA-primed cell death in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Pyo Lee
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Eun Yu Kim
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haihong Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiqing Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Amari K, Niehl A. Nucleic acid-mediated PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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213
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Wang M, Dean RA. Movement of small RNAs in and between plants and fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:589-601. [PMID: 32027079 PMCID: PMC7060135 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in eukaryotes. Here, recent work regarding the mechanisms of how small RNAs move within and between organisms is examined. Small RNAs can move locally and systemically in plants through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively. In fungi, transportation of small RNAs may also be achieved by septal pores and vesicles. Recent evidence also supports bidirectional cross-kingdom communication of small RNAs between host plants and adapted fungal pathogens to affect the outcome of infection. We discuss several mechanisms for small RNA trafficking and describe evidence for transport through naked form, combined with RNA-binding proteins or enclosed by vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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214
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Plant Cells under Attack: Unconventional Endomembrane Trafficking during Plant Defense. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030389. [PMID: 32245198 PMCID: PMC7154882 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies on precise and efficient regulation of intracellular processes in every single cell. Smooth trafficking within the plant endomembrane is a prerequisite for a diverse set of immune responses. Pathogen recognition, signaling into the nucleus, cell wall enforcement, secretion of antimicrobial proteins and compounds, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species, all heavily depend on vesicle transport. In contrast, pathogens have developed a variety of different means to manipulate vesicle trafficking to prevent detection or to inhibit specific plant responses. Intriguingly, the plant endomembrane system exhibits remarkable plasticity upon pathogen attack. Unconventional trafficking pathways such as the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies or fusion of the vacuole with the plasma membrane are initiated and enforced as the counteraction. Here, we review the recent findings on unconventional and defense-induced trafficking pathways as the plant´s measures in response to pathogen attack. In addition, we describe the endomembrane system manipulations by different pathogens, with a focus on tethering and fusion events during vesicle trafficking.
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215
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Kalarikkal SP, Prasad D, Kasiappan R, Chaudhari SR, Sundaram GM. A cost-effective polyethylene glycol-based method for the isolation of functional edible nanoparticles from ginger rhizomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4456. [PMID: 32157137 PMCID: PMC7064537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible nanoparticles (ENPs) are nano-sized vesicles derived from edible plants. These ENPs are loaded with plant derived microRNAs, protein, lipids and phytochemicals. Recently, ginger derived ENPs was shown to prevent inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer, in vivo, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Conventionally, differential centrifugation with an ultra-centrifugation step is employed to purify these ENPs which imposes limitation on the cost-effectiveness of their purification. Herein, we developed polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG6000) based ginger ENP purification (PEG-ENPs) method, which eliminates the need for expensive ultracentrifugation. Using different PEG6000 concentrations, we could recover between 60% to 90% of ENPs compared to ultracentrifugation method. PEG-ENPs exhibit near identical size and zeta potential similar to ultra-ENPs. The biochemical composition of PEG-ENPs, such as proteins, lipids, small RNAs and bioactive content is comparable to that of ultra-ENPs. In addition, similar to ultra-ENPs, PEG-ENPs are efficiently taken up by the murine macrophages and protects cells from hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Since PEG has been approved as food additive, the PEG method described here will provide a cost-effective alternative to purify ENPs, which can be directly used as a dietary supplement in therapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeram Peringattu Kalarikkal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Durga Prasad
- Department of Spice & Flavor Science, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Kasiappan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sachin R Chaudhari
- Department of Spice & Flavor Science, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gopinath M Sundaram
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-CFTRI, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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216
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Foyer CH, Kyndt T, Hancock RD. Vitamin C in Plants: Novel Concepts, New Perspectives, and Outstanding Issues. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:463-485. [PMID: 31701753 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The concept that vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is at the heart of the peroxide processing and redox signaling hub in plants is well established, but our knowledge of the precise mechanisms involved remains patchy at best. Recent Advances: Ascorbate participates in the multifaceted signaling pathways initiated by both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Crucially, the apoplastic ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (DHA) ratio that is regulated by ascorbate oxidase (AO) sculpts the apoplastic ROS (apoROS) signal that controls polarized cell growth, biotic and abiotic defences, and cell to cell signaling, as well as exerting control over the light-dependent regulation of photosynthesis. Critical Issues: Here we re-evaluate the roles of ascorbate in photosynthesis and other processes, addressing the question of how much we really know about the regulation of ascorbate homeostasis and its functions in plants, or how AO is regulated to modulate apoROS signals. Future Directions: The role of microRNAs in the regulation of AO activity in relation to stress perception and signaling must be resolved. Similarly, the molecular characterization of ascorbate transporters and mechanistic links between photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and ascorbate synthesis/homeostasis are a prerequisite to understanding ascorbate homeostasis and function. Similarly, there is little in vivo evidence for ascorbate functions as an enzyme cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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217
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Dubiel M, De Coninck T, Osterne VJS, Verbeke I, Van Damme D, Smagghe G, Van Damme EJM. The ArathEULS3 Lectin Ends up in Stress Granules and Can Follow an Unconventional Route for Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1659. [PMID: 32121292 PMCID: PMC7084908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules are cytoplasmic compartments, which serve as mRNA storage units during stress, therefore regulating translation. The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin ArathEULS3 has been widely described as a stress inducible gene. This study aimed to examine in detail the localization of ArathEULS3 lectin in normal and stressed cells. Colocalization experiments revealed that the nucleo-cytoplasmic lectin ArathEULS3 relocates to stress granules after stress. The ArathEULS3 sequence encodes a protein with a EUL lectin domain and an N-terminal domain with unknown structure and function. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the N-terminal domain sequence contains intrinsically disordered regions and likely does not exhibit a stable protein fold. Plasmolysis experiments indicated that ArathEULS3 also localizes to the apoplast, suggesting that this protein might follow an unconventional route for secretion. As part of our efforts we also investigated the interactome of ArathEULS3 and identified several putative interaction partners important for the protein translation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Dubiel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratório de Moléculas Biologicamente Ativas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, José Aurelio Camara, S/N, 61440-970, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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218
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Munns R, Passioura JB, Colmer TD, Byrt CS. Osmotic adjustment and energy limitations to plant growth in saline soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1091-1096. [PMID: 31006123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots must exclude almost all of the Na+ and Cl- in saline soil while taking up water, otherwise these ions would build up to high concentrations in leaves. Plants evaporate c. 50 times more water than they retain, so 98% exclusion would result in shoot NaCl concentrations equal to that of the external medium. Taking up just 2% of the NaCl allows a plant to osmotically adjust the Na+ and Cl- in vacuoles, while organic solutes provide the balancing osmotic pressure in the cytoplasm. We quantify the costs of this exclusion by roots, the regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport through the plant, and the costs of osmotic adjustment with organic solutes in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Munns
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | - Timothy D Colmer
- ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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219
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Bhatti G, Romero R, Rice GE, Fitzgerald W, Pacora P, Gomez-Lopez N, Kavdia M, Tarca AL, Margolis L. Compartmentalized profiling of amniotic fluid cytokines in women with preterm labor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227881. [PMID: 31945128 PMCID: PMC6964819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Amniotic fluid cytokines have been implicated in the mechanisms of preterm labor and birth. Cytokines can be packaged within or on the surface of extracellular vesicles. The main aim of this study was to test whether the protein abundance internal to and on the surface of extracellular vesicles changes in the presence of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation and proven intra-amniotic infection in women with preterm labor as compared to the women with preterm labor without either intra-amniotic inflammation or proven intra-amniotic infection. Study design Women who had an episode of preterm labor and underwent an amniocentesis for the diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation were classified into three groups: 1) preterm labor without either intra-amniotic inflammation or proven intra-amniotic infection, 2) preterm labor with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, and 3) preterm labor with intra-amniotic infection. The concentrations of 38 proteins were determined on the extracellular vesicle surface, within the vesicles, and in the soluble fraction of amniotic fluid. Results 1) Intra-amniotic inflammation, regardless of detected microbes, was associated with an increased abundance of amniotic fluid cytokines on the extracellular vesicle surface, within vesicles, and in the soluble fraction. These changes were most prominent in women with proven intra-amniotic infection. 2) Cytokine changes on the surface of extracellular vesicles were correlated with those determined in the soluble fraction; yet the magnitude of the increase was significantly different between these compartments. 3) The performance of prediction models of early preterm delivery based on measurements on the extracellular vesicle surface was equivalent to those based on the soluble fraction. Conclusions Differential packaging of amniotic fluid cytokines in extracellular vesicles during preterm labor with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation or proven intra-amniotic infection is reported herein for the first time. The current study provides insights into the biology of the intra-amniotic fluid ad may aid in the development of biomarkers for obstetrical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (GER); (ALT)
| | - Gregory Edward Rice
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (RR); (GER); (ALT)
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Percy Pacora
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RR); (GER); (ALT)
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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220
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Vincent D, Rafiqi M, Job D. The Multiple Facets of Plant-Fungal Interactions Revealed Through Plant and Fungal Secretomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1626. [PMID: 31969889 PMCID: PMC6960344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant secretome is usually considered in the frame of proteomics, aiming at characterizing extracellular proteins, their biological roles and the mechanisms accounting for their secretion in the extracellular space. In this review, we aim to highlight recent results pertaining to secretion through the conventional and unconventional protein secretion pathways notably those involving plant exosomes or extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, plants are well known to actively secrete a large array of different molecules from polymers (e.g. extracellular RNA and DNA) to small compounds (e.g. ATP, phytochemicals, secondary metabolites, phytohormones). All of these play pivotal roles in plant-fungi (or oomycetes) interactions, both for beneficial (mycorrhizal fungi) and deleterious outcomes (pathogens) for the plant. For instance, recent work reveals that such secretion of small molecules by roots is of paramount importance to sculpt the rhizospheric microbiota. Our aim in this review is to extend the definition of the plant and fungal secretomes to a broader sense to better understand the functioning of the plant/microorganisms holobiont. Fundamental perspectives will be brought to light along with the novel tools that should support establishing an environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Maryam Rafiqi
- AgroBioSciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Dominique Job
- CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Institut National des Sciences Appliquées/Bayer CropScience Joint Laboratory (UMR 5240), Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France
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221
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Borniego ML, Molina MC, Guiamét JJ, Martinez DE. Physiological and Proteomic Changes in the Apoplast Accompany Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1635. [PMID: 31969890 PMCID: PMC6960232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast, i.e. the cellular compartment external to the plasma membrane, undergoes important changes during senescence. Apoplastic fluid volume increases quite significantly in senescing leaves, thereby diluting its contents. Its pH elevates by about 0.8 units, similar to the apoplast alkalization in response to abiotic stresses. The levels of 159 proteins decrease, whereas 24 proteins increase in relative abundance in the apoplast of senescing leaves. Around half of the apoplastic proteins of non-senescent leaves contain a N-terminal signal peptide for secretion, while all the identified senescence-associated apoplastic proteins contain the signal peptide. Several of the apoplastic proteins that accumulate during senescence also accumulate in stress responses, suggesting that the apoplast may constitute a compartment where developmental and stress-related programs overlap. Other senescence-related apoplastic proteins are involved in cell wall modifications, proteolysis, carbohydrate, ROS and amino acid metabolism, signaling, lipid transport, etc. The most abundant senescence-associated apoplastic proteins, PR2 and PR5 (e.g. pathogenesis related proteins PR2 and PR5) are related to leaf aging rather than to the chloroplast degradation program, as their levels increase only in leaves undergoing developmental senescence, but not in dark-induced senescent leaves. Changes in the apoplastic space may be relevant for signaling and molecular trafficking underlying senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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222
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Coordination and Crosstalk between Autophagosome and Multivesicular Body Pathways in Plant Stress Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010119. [PMID: 31947769 PMCID: PMC7017292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are two closely related partners in the lysosomal/vacuolar protein degradation system. Autophagosomes are double membrane-bound organelles that transport cytoplasmic components, including proteins and organelles for autophagic degradation in the lysosomes/vacuoles. MVBs are single-membrane organelles in the endocytic pathway that contain intraluminal vesicles whose content is either degraded in the lysosomes/vacuoles or recycled to the cell surface. In plants, both autophagosome and MVB pathways play important roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. More recent studies have revealed that autophagosomes and MVBs also act together in plant stress responses in a variety of processes, including deployment of defense-related molecules, regulation of cell death, trafficking and degradation of membrane and soluble constituents, and modulation of plant hormone metabolism and signaling. In this review, we discuss these recent findings on the coordination and crosstalk between autophagosome and MVB pathways that contribute to the complex network of plant stress responses.
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223
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Ekine-Afolabi BA, Njan AA, Rotimi SO, R. I. A, Elbehi AM, Cash E, Adeyeye A. The Impact of Diet on the Involvement of Non-Coding RNAs, Extracellular Vesicles, and Gut Microbiome-Virome in Colorectal Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583372. [PMID: 33381452 PMCID: PMC7769005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. The third most common cancer and which is most diet related is colorectal cancer (CRC). Although there is complexity and limited understanding in the link between diet and CRC, the advancement in research methods have demonstrated the involvement of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which are a class of ncRNAs are key players in cancer related pathways in the context of dietary modulation. The involvement of ncRNA in cancer progression has recently been clarified throughout the last decade. ncRNAs are involved in biological processes relating to tumor onset and progression. The advances in research have given insights into cell to cell communication, by highlighting the pivotal involvement of extracellular vesicle (EV) associated-ncRNAs in tumorigenesis. The abundance and stability of EV associated ncRNAs act as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer. The understanding of the deranging of these molecules in cancer can give access to modulating the expression of the ncRNAs, thereby influencing the cancer phenotype. Food derived exosomes/vesicles (FDE) are gaining interest in the implication of exosomes in cell-cell communication with little or no understanding to date on the role FDE plays. There are resident microbiota in the colon; to which the imbalance in the normal intestinal occurrence leads to chronic inflammation and the production of carcinogenic metabolites that lead to neoplasm. Limited studies have shown the implication of various types of microbiome in CRC incidence, without particular emphasis on fungi and protozoa. This review discusses important dietary factors in relation to the expression of EV-associated ncRNAs in CRC, the impact of diet on the colon ecosystem with particular emphasis on molecular mechanisms of interactions in the ecosystem, the influence of homeostasis regulators such as glutathione, and its conjugating enzyme-glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism on intestinal ecosystem, oxidative stress response, and its relationship to DNA adduct fighting enzyme-0-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and interaction in the intestinal ecosystem will inform on the diagnostic, preventive and prognosis as well as treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bene A. Ekine-Afolabi
- ZEAB Therapeutic, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bene A. Ekine-Afolabi,
| | - Anoka A. Njan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Anu R. I.
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, India
| | - Attia M. Elbehi
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Care and Health Sciences, University of South Wales, Cardif, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Cash
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, High Impact Cancer Research Postgraduate Certificate Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ademola Adeyeye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
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224
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Hu S, Li Y, Shen J. A Diverse Membrane Interaction Network for Plant Multivesicular Bodies: Roles in Proteins Vacuolar Delivery and Unconventional Secretion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32425960 PMCID: PMC7203423 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking between the membrane-bound organelles in plant cells plays crucial roles in the precise transportation of various materials, and thus supports cell proliferation and cellular polarization. Conventionally, plant prevacuolar compartments (PVCs), identified as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), play important roles in both the secretory pathway as intermediate compartments and the endocytic pathway as late endosomes. In recent years, the PVC/MVBs have been proposed to play important roles in both protein vacuolar delivery and unconventional secretion, but several important questions on the new regulators and environmental cues that coordinate the PVC/MVB-organelle membrane interactions and their biological significances remain. In this review, we first summarize the identity and nature of the plant PVC/MVBs, and then we present an update on our current understanding on the interaction of PVC/MVBs with other organelles in the plant endomembrane system with focus on the vacuole, autophagosome, and plasma membrane (PM) in plant development and stress responses. Finally, we raise some open questions and present future perspectives in the study of PVC/MVB-organelle interactions and associated biological functions.
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225
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Hudzik C, Hou Y, Ma W, Axtell MJ. Exchange of Small Regulatory RNAs between Plants and Their Pests. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:51-62. [PMID: 31636103 PMCID: PMC6945882 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory small RNAs are well known as antiviral agents, regulators of gene expression, and defenders of genome integrity in plants. Several studies over the last decade have also shown that some small RNAs are exchanged between plants and their pathogens and parasites. Naturally occurring trans-species small RNAs are used by host plants to silence mRNAs in pathogens. These gene-silencing events are thought to be detrimental to the pathogen and beneficial to the host. Conversely, trans-species small RNAs from pathogens and parasites are deployed to silence host mRNAs; these events are thought to be beneficial for the pests. The natural ability of plants to exchange small RNAs with invading eukaryotic organisms can be exploited to provide disease resistance. This review gives an overview of the current state of trans-species small RNA research in plants and discusses several outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Hudzik
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Ph.D. Program in Plant Biology, and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Ph.D. Program in Plant Biology, and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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226
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Cui Y, Gao J, He Y, Jiang L. Plant extracellular vesicles. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:3-12. [PMID: 31468195 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis is a key mechanism for delivering materials into the extracellular space for cell function and communication. In plant cells, conventional protein secretion (CPS) is achieved via an ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-Golgi-TGN (trans-Golgi network)-PM (plasma membrane) pathway. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) bypassing these secretory organelles is also in operation and can potentially lead to the formation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in plant cells. Although multiple types of EVs have been identified and shown to play important roles in mediating intercellular communications in mammalian cells, there has been a long debate about the possible existence of EVs in plants because of the presence of the cell wall. However, increasing evidence suggests that plants also release EVs having various functions including unconventional protein secretion, RNA transport, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we present an update on the current knowledge about the nature, secretory mechanism, and function of various types of EVs in plants. The key regulators involved in EV secretion are also summarized and discussed. We pay special attention to the function of EVs in plant defense and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiayang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yilin He
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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227
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Wang L, Abhange KK, Wen Y, Chen Y, Xue F, Wang G, Tong J, Zhu C, He X, Wan Y. Preparation of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Ultrasonication for Skin Rejuvenation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22638-22645. [PMID: 31909348 PMCID: PMC6941387 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer-enclosed vesicles of submicron size that are secreted by various cells. As mediators of intercellular communication, EVs can alter the physiological state of recipient cells by delivering encapsulated proteins and nucleic acids. Incontestably, growing evidence has shown important biological roles and the clinical relevance of EVs. The use of stem cell-derived EVs as a cell-free therapeutic modality for skin treatment has emerged as a promising application in dermatology. However, the moderate isolation efficiency of prevalent ultracentrifugation and low secretion rate make the massive low-cost production of EVs difficult. Here, we report development of engineered EVs (eEV) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) for skin treatment. Ultrasonication was used to shear intact hucMSCs for only 1 min, followed by regular centrifugation and filtration for producing nanoscale eEVs. This approach has ∼20-fold higher yield and ∼100-fold faster production than that of naturally secreted EVs (nsEV), while the production cost decreased to less than 10%. The eEVs have similar morphology, size distribution, and typical protein markers compared to nsEVs. Moreover, in vitro, both nsEVs and eEVs promote the proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts and increase in the expression of collagen, elastin, and fibronectin, whereas the matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-3 production can be significantly reduced. The wound-healing study in mice showed that both nsEVs and eEVs promote wound recovery in comparison with the controls. In sum, our results indicate that hucMSC-derived eEVs prepared by ultrasonication potentially can be used to increase skin extracellular matrix and enhance skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Wang
- Department
of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of
Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital
of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- Department
of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Komal K. Abhange
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Yi Wen
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Yundi Chen
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Fei Xue
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Guosheng Wang
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jinlong Tong
- Department
of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Chuandong Zhu
- Department
of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Xia He
- Department
of Radiotherapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of
Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital
of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- The
Pq Laboratory of Micro/Nano BiomeDx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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228
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Lee R, Ko HJ, Kim K, Sohn Y, Min SY, Kim JA, Na D, Yeon JH. Anti-melanogenic effects of extracellular vesicles derived from plant leaves and stems in mouse melanoma cells and human healthy skin. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 9:1703480. [PMID: 32002169 PMCID: PMC6968621 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1703480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer interest in cosmetic industry products that produce whitening effects has increased demand for agents that decrease melanin production. Many such anti-melanogenic agents are associated with side effects, such as contact dermatitis and high toxicity, and also exhibit poor skin penetration. Considerable recent research has focused on plant-derived products as alternatives to chemotherapeutic agents that possess fewer side effects. In the current study, we investigated the anti-melanogenic effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) extracted from leaves and stems of Dendropanax morbifera. Using spectrophotometric and biochemical approaches, we found that leaf-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) and stem-derived extracellular vesicles (SEVs) reduced melanin content and tyrosinase (TYR) activity in the B16BL6 mouse melanoma cell line in a concentration-dependent manner. An electron microscopy analysis further confirmed that LEVs and SEVs induce a concentration-dependent decrease in melanin content in melanoma cells. Both LEVs and SEVs exerted a greater whitening effect on melanoma cells than arbutin, used as a positive control, with LEVs producing the greater effect. Notably, neither LEVs nor SEVs induced significant cytotoxicity. We also examined the effects of plant-derived EVs on the expression of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRPs) in melanoma cells. LEVs inhibited expression of melanogenesis-related genes and proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2. In a human epidermis model, LEVs exerted a stronger inhibitory effect on melanin production than arbutin. Collectively, our data suggest that LEVs from D. morbifera may be a novel candidate natural substance for use as an anti-melanogenic agent in cosmeceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Lee
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ju Ko
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yehjoo Sohn
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Min
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hun Yeon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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229
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The green peach aphid gut contains host plant microRNAs identified by comprehensive annotation of Brassica oleracea small RNA data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18904. [PMID: 31827121 PMCID: PMC6906386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all organisms, aphids, plant sap-sucking insects that house a bacterial endosymbiont called Buchnera, are members of a species interaction network. Ecological interactions across such networks can result in phenotypic change in network members mediated by molecular signals, like microRNAs. Here, we interrogated small RNA data from the aphid, Myzus persicae, to determine the source of reads that did not map to the aphid or Buchnera genomes. Our analysis revealed that the pattern was largely explained by reads that mapped to the host plant, Brassica oleracea, and a facultative symbiont, Regiella. To start elucidating the function of plant small RNA in aphid gut, we annotated 213 unique B. oleracea miRNAs; 32/213 were present in aphid gut as mature and star miRNAs. Next, we predicted targets in the B. oleracea and M. persicae genomes for these 32 plant miRNAs. We found that plant targets were enriched for genes associated with transcription, while the distribution of targets in the aphid genome was similar to the functional distribution of all genes in the aphid genome. We discuss the potential of plant miRNAs to regulate aphid gene expression and the mechanisms involved in processing, export and uptake of plant miRNAs by aphids.
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230
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Chen YS, Lin EY, Chiou TW, Harn HJ. Exosomes in clinical trial and their production in compliance with good manufacturing practice. Tzu Chi Med J 2019; 32:113-120. [PMID: 32269942 PMCID: PMC7137364 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_182_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, 60–200-nm extracellular vesicles secreted from cells, have been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient or drug carrier in disease treatment. Human- and plant-derived exosomes are registered in clinical trials, but more complete reports are available for human-derived exosomes. Because exosomes act as vesicles and carry cell secreting components, they have been used as drug or peptide vehicles to treat diseases. The dendritic cells (DCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are two popular cell sources for exosome preparation. Exosomes from DCs can initiate inflammation in patients, particularly in patients with cancer, as they contain the tumor antigen to induce specific inflammation response. A well-established cell bank of MSCs is available, and these cells can be used as an alternative source for exosome preparation. The major application of MSC-derived exosomes is in inflammation treatment. Exosomes in clinical trials need to comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP). Three important issues are prevalent in GMP for exosomes, i.e., upstream of cell cultivation process, downstream of the purification process, and exosome quality control. This paper concisely reviews exosome development, including exosome generation and clinical trial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shuan Chen
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - En-Yi Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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231
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Cai Q, He B, Weiberg A, Buck AH, Jin H. Small RNAs and extracellular vesicles: New mechanisms of cross-species communication and innovative tools for disease control. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008090. [PMID: 31887135 PMCID: PMC6936782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Arne Weiberg
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Amy H. Buck
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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232
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Saeed B, Brillada C, Trujillo M. Dissecting the plant exocyst. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:69-76. [PMID: 31509792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst is an evolutionary conserved complex that mediates tethering of post-Golgi vesicles derived from the conventional secretory pathway to the plasma membrane (PM), before SNARE-mediated fusion. Through its tethering function, connecting secretory vesicles to the PM, it mediates spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis. As an integral element of the secretory machinery, the exocyst has been implicated in a large variety of processes. However, emerging evidence suggests that it may also cater for unconventional secretory pathways, as well as autophagy. The exocyst entertains a multitude of interactions with proteins and membrane phospholipids, reflecting its highly dynamic nature and the complex regulatory processes that hardwire it with cellular signalling networks. However, our molecular understanding of this essential complex remains fragmentary. Here we review recent work focusing on the molecular features that have revealed both commonalities with yeast and animals, as well as unique characteristics of the plant exocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Saeed
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carla Brillada
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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233
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Cai Q, He B, Jin H. A safe ride in extracellular vesicles - small RNA trafficking between plant hosts and pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:140-148. [PMID: 31654843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plants and pathogens requires the transport of regulatory molecules across cellular boundaries, which is essential for host defense and pathogen virulence. Previous research has largely focused on protein transport, but, which other molecules function in communication, and how they are transported remains under explored. Recent studies discovered that small RNAs (sRNAs) are transported between plants and pathogens, which can silence target genes in the interacting organisms and regulate host immunity and pathogen infection, a mechanism called 'cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi)'. Further studies indicate that plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential for sRNA trafficking and host-pathogen communication. This review will focus on the latest advances in our understanding of plant EVs and their roles in transporting regulatory molecules, especially sRNAs, between hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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234
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Chukhchin DG, Bolotova K, Sinelnikov I, Churilov D, Novozhilov E. Exosomes in the phloem and xylem of woody plants. PLANTA 2019; 251:12. [PMID: 31776666 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes in the secondary phloem and secondary xylem of angiosperms and gymnosperms have physiological roles in the storage and transport of endoglucanases. Knowledge of plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) is limited by their presence in the apoplastic fluid of seeds and leaves. The contents of plant EVs and their biological functions are unclear. The aim of the present study was to expand our knowledge of EVs in woody plants. Sample splits were prepared from branch and stem samples from angiosperms and gymnosperms after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), endoglucanase activity measurement. EVs visualized on the internal layers of the cell walls proved to be exosomes according to their diameter (65-145 nm). SEM revealed cup-shaped structures characteristic of exosomes in a dry state. Plant exosomes in the form of globules in the native state were visualized for the first time by AFM. Exosomes were present both in the active and dormant cambium. Erosion zones were observed at the sites of exosome localization. The activity of endo-1,4-β-glucanase was detected in Picea xylem, while the RNA level was very low, suggesting that endo-1,4-β-glucanases were preserved in the exosomes. There are grounds to assert that endo-1,4-β-glucanases delivered by exosomes participated in pit cavity formation in the S1 layer of xylary fibres. A possible mechanism of endo-1,4-β-glucanase action in the biosynthesis of the secondary wall is proposed. These results demonstrate that the physiological role of the exosomes in the phloem and xylem is the storage and transport of endo-1,4-β-glucanases participating in cell wall remodeling in woody plants. Present study expands our knowledge about plant exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Bolotova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal State Institution "Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Leninsky Prospect, 33, Build. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Churilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Novozhilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
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235
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Cao M, Yan H, Han X, Weng L, Wei Q, Sun X, Lu W, Wei Q, Ye J, Cai X, Hu C, Yin X, Cao P. Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alter macrophage polarization to inhibit melanoma growth. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:326. [PMID: 31775862 PMCID: PMC6882204 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate interspecies communication with mammalian cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) display a continuum of different polarization states between tumoricidal M1 phenotype and tumor-supportive M2 phenotypes, with a lower M1/M2 ratio correlating with tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion. We investigated whether EVs from ginseng can alter M2-like polarization both in vitro and in vivo to promote cancer immunotherapy. Methods A novel EVs-liked ginseng-derived nanoparticles (GDNPs) were isolated and characterized from Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Using GDNPs as an immunopotentiator for altering M2 polarized macrophages, we analyzed associated surface markers, genes and cytokines of macrophages treated with GDNPs. Mice bearing B16F10 melanoma were treated with GDNPs therapy. Tumor growth were assessed, and TAM populations were evaluated by FACS and IF. Results GDNPs significantly promoted the polarization of M2 to M1 phenotype and produce total reactive oxygen species, resulting in increasing apoptosis of mouse melanoma cells. GDNP-induced M1 polarization was found to depend upon Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and myeloid differentiation antigen 88 (MyD88)-mediated signaling. Moreover, ceramide lipids and proteins of GDNPs may play an important role in macrophage polarization via TLR4 activation. We found that GDNPs treatment significantly suppressed melanoma growth in tumor-bearing mice with increased presence of M1 macrophages detected in the tumor tissue. Conclusions GDNPs can alter M2 polarization both in vitro and in vivo, which contributes to an antitumor response. The polarization of macrophages induced by GDNPs is largely dependent on TLR4 and MyD88 signalling. GDNPs as an immunomodulator participate in mammalian immune response and may represent a new class of nano-drugs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaijiang Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wuguang Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueting Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunping Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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236
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Liu Y, Lu S, Liu K, Wang S, Huang L, Guo L. Proteomics: a powerful tool to study plant responses to biotic stress. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:135. [PMID: 31832077 PMCID: PMC6859632 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has provided scientists with the tremendous capability to study plants more precisely than previously possible. Currently, proteomics has been transformed from an isolated field into a comprehensive tool for biological research that can be used to explain biological functions. Several studies have successfully used the power of proteomics as a discovery tool to uncover plant resistance mechanisms. There is growing evidence that indicates that the spatial proteome and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins directly participate in the plant immune response. Therefore, understanding the subcellular localization and PTMs of proteins is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant responses to biotic stress. In this review, we discuss current approaches to plant proteomics that use mass spectrometry, with particular emphasis on the application of spatial proteomics and PTMs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current status of the field, discuss recent research challenges, and encourage the application of proteomics techniques to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Song Lu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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237
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Woith E, Fuhrmann G, Melzig MF. Extracellular Vesicles-Connecting Kingdoms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5695. [PMID: 31739393 PMCID: PMC6888613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells of almost every type of cell or organism, showing their ubiquity in all empires of life. EVs are defined as naturally released particles from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate. These nano- to micrometer scaled spheres shuttle a set of bioactive molecules. EVs are of great interest as vehicles for drug targeting and in fundamental biological research, but in vitro culture of animal cells usually achieves only small yields. The exploration of other biological kingdoms promises comprehensive knowledge on EVs broadening the opportunities for basic understanding and therapeutic use. Thus, plants might be sustainable biofactories producing nontoxic and highly specific nanovectors, whereas bacterial and fungal EVs are promising vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. Importantly, EVs from different eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms are involved in many processes including host-pathogen interactions, spreading of resistances, and plant diseases. More extensive knowledge of inter-species and interkingdom regulation could provide advantages for preventing and treating pests and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of EVs derived from eukaryota and prokaryota and we discuss how better understanding of their intercommunication role provides opportunities for both fundamental and applied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Woith
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
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238
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Hou Y, Ma W. Natural Host-Induced Gene Silencing Offers New Opportunities to Engineer Disease Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:109-117. [PMID: 31606358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is an essential gene-regulation mechanism in eukaryotic organisms. Guided by small RNAs (sRNAs) of 20-25 nt in length, RNA silencing broadly governs a wide range of biological processes. In addition to regulating endogenous gene expression and inhibiting viral infection, accumulating evidence suggests that sRNAs can also function as antimicrobial agents against nonviral pathogens and directly silence gene targets in invading pathogen cells. Here, we summarize current understanding of this host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) process as a defense mechanism during natural infection. Specific focuses will be on recent advancement in the sRNA executors of HIGS and their potential delivery mechanisms from the plant host to filamentous eukaryotic pathogens, including fungi and Phytophthora species. Implications of these new findings in the applications of HIGS as a tool for engineering disease resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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239
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Crane RA, Cardénas Valdez M, Castaneda N, Jackson CL, Riley CJ, Mostafa I, Kong W, Chhajed S, Chen S, Brusslan JA. Negative Regulation of Age-Related Developmental Leaf Senescence by the IAOx Pathway, PEN1, and PEN3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1202. [PMID: 31649689 PMCID: PMC6792297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Early age-related developmental senescence was observed in Arabidopsis cyp79B2/cyp79B3 double mutants that cannot produce indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), the precursor to indole glucosinolates (IGs), camalexin and auxin. The early senescence phenotype was not observed when senescence was induced by darkness. The cyp79B2/cyp79B3 mutants had lower auxin levels, but did not display auxin-deficient phenotypes. Camalexin biosynthesis mutants senesced normally; however, IG transport and exosome-related pen1/pen3 double mutants displayed early senescence. The early senescence in pen1/pen3 mutants depended on salicylic acid and was not observed in pen1 or pen3 single mutants. Quantitation of IGs showed reduced levels in cyp79B2/cyp79B3 mutants, but unchanged levels in pen1/pen3, even though both of these double mutants display early senescence. We discuss how these genetic data provide evidence that IAOx metabolites are playing a protective role in leaf senescence that is dependent on proper trafficking by PEN1 and PEN3, perhaps via the formation of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marielle Cardénas Valdez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Nelly Castaneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Charidan L. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Ciairra J. Riley
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shweta Chhajed
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Judy A. Brusslan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
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240
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Axtell MJ. Second to None: Plant Secondary siRNAs as Defensive Agents against Phytophthora. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:7-9. [PMID: 30629921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic plant pathogen Phytophthora encodes conserved effector proteins to eliminate host secondary siRNAs. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Hou et al. (2019) report that reduction in secondary siRNA levels renders the host hypersusceptible to Phytophthora and plant secondary siRNAs likely serve as trans-species defensive molecules against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Axtell
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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241
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Wang Y, Tyler BM, Wang Y. Defense and Counterdefense During Plant-Pathogenic Oomycete Infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:667-696. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic oomycetes include numerous species that are ongoing threats to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Understanding the molecular dialogs between oomycetes and plants is instrumental for sustaining effective disease control. Plants respond to oomycete infection by multiple defense actions including strengthening of physical barriers, production of antimicrobial molecules, and programmed cell death. These responses are tightly controlled and integrated via a three-layered immune system consisting of a multiplex recognition layer, a resilient signal-integration layer, and a diverse defense-action layer. Adapted oomycete pathogens utilize apoplastic and intracellular effector arsenals to counter plant immunity mechanisms within each layer, including by evasion or suppression of recognition, interference with numerous signaling components, and neutralization or suppression of defense actions. A coevolutionary arms race continually drives the emergence of new mechanisms of plant defense and oomycete counterdefense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;,
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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242
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Small RNA Mobility: Spread of RNA Silencing Effectors and its Effect on Developmental Processes and Stress Adaptation in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174306. [PMID: 31484348 PMCID: PMC6747330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed every day to multiple environmental cues, and tight transcriptome reprogramming is necessary to control the balance between responses to stress and processes of plant growth. In this context, the silencing phenomena mediated by small RNAs can drive transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory modifications, in turn shaping plant development and adaptation to the surrounding environment. Mounting experimental evidence has recently pointed to small noncoding RNAs as fundamental players in molecular signalling cascades activated upon exposure to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although, in the last decade, studies on stress responsive small RNAs increased significantly in many plant species, the physiological responses triggered by these molecules in the presence of environmental stresses need to be further explored. It is noteworthy that small RNAs can move either cell-to-cell or systemically, thus acting as mobile silencing effectors within the plant. This aspect has great importance when physiological changes, as well as epigenetic regulatory marks, are inspected in light of plant environmental adaptation. In this review, we provide an overview of the categories of mobile small RNAs in plants, particularly focusing on the biological implications of non-cell autonomous RNA silencing in the stress adaptive response and epigenetic modifications.
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243
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Clarke CR, Timko MP, Yoder JI, Axtell MJ, Westwood JH. Molecular Dialog Between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:279-299. [PMID: 31226021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants steal sugars, water, and other nutrients from host plants through a haustorial connection. Several species of parasitic plants such as witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are major biotic constraints to agricultural production. Parasitic plants are understudied compared with other major classes of plant pathogens, but the recent availability of genomic and transcriptomic data has accelerated the rate of discovery of the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant parasitism. Here, we review the current body of knowledge of how parasitic plants sense host plants, germinate, form parasitic haustorial connections, and suppress host plant immune responses. Additionally, we assess whether parasitic plants fit within the current paradigms used to understand the molecular mechanisms of microbial plant-pathogen interactions. Finally, we discuss challenges facing parasitic plant research and propose the most urgent questions that need to be answered to advance our understanding of plant parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - John I Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA;
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244
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Santana O, Lara-Rojas F, Arthikala MK, Armada E, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Salgado S, Aguirre J, Quinto C, Cárdenas L. Differential tetraspanin genes expression and subcellular localization during mutualistic interactions in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219765. [PMID: 31437164 PMCID: PMC6705802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia association with plants are two of the most successful plant-microbe associations that allow the assimilation of P and N by plants, respectively. These mutualistic interactions require a molecular dialogue, i.e., legume roots exude flavonoids or strigolactones which induce the Nod factors or Myc factors synthesis and secretion from the rhizobia or fungi, respectively. These Nod or Myc factors trigger several responses in the plant root, including calcium oscillations, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide and H2O2 have emerged as key components that regulate the transitions from proliferation to differentiation in the plant meristems. Similar to the root meristem, the nodule meristem accumulates superoxide and H2O2. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking and ROS generation. Plant tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, and hormonal regulation and recently have been reported as a specific marker of exosomes in animal and plant cells and key players at the site of plant fungal infection. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling of the tetraspanin family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) to determine the specific expression patterns and subcellular localization of tetraspanins during nodulation or under mycorrhizal association. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanins are transcriptionally modulated during the mycorrhizal association, but are also expressed in the infection thread and nodule meristem development. Subcellular localization indicates that tetraspanins have a key role in vesicular trafficking, cell division, and root hair polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandra Salgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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245
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Schuh CMAP, Cuenca J, Alcayaga-Miranda F, Khoury M. Exosomes on the border of species and kingdom intercommunication. Transl Res 2019; 210:80-98. [PMID: 30998903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades exosomes have become increasingly popular in the field of medicine. While until recently they were believed to be involved in the removal of obsolete particles from the cell, it is now known that exosomes are key players in cellular communication, carrying source-specific molecules such as proteins, growth factors, miRNA/mRNA, among others. The discovery that exosomes are not bound to intraspecies interactions, but are also capable of interkingdom communication, has once again revolutionized the field of exosomes research. A rapidly growing body of literature is shedding light at novel sources and participation of exosomes in physiological or regenerative processes, infection and disease. For the purpose of this review we have categorized 6 sources of interest (animal products, body fluids, plants, bacteria, fungus and parasites) and linked their innate roles to the clinics and potential medical applications, such as cell-based therapy, diagnostics or drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M A P Schuh
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile; Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jimena Cuenca
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile; Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile; Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile; Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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246
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Johnson NR, Axtell MJ. Small RNA warfare: exploring origins and function of trans-species microRNAs from the parasitic plant Cuscuta. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:76-81. [PMID: 31029811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants make direct contact with their host's vasculature. In parasitism by Cuscuta, RNA and other macromolecules regularly move between host and parasite. Recently, trans-species microRNA from Cuscuta have been shown to functionally target host genes which have essential roles in host defense. Known pathways for the evolution of microRNAs, and the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer events in the Cuscuta lineage, hint that trans-species microRNAs could originate from captured host genes. It is unknown how the delivery of microRNAs from the parasite to the host takes place. One exciting possibility is through apoplastic export using extracellular vesicles, a process which has recently been shown to transport select small RNAs in plants and fungi. These discoveries represent the initial findings of what may be a widespread mechanism of interactions between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Johnson
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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247
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Movahed N, Cabanillas DG, Wan J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. Turnip Mosaic Virus Components Are Released into the Extracellular Space by Vesicles in Infected Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1375-1388. [PMID: 31019004 PMCID: PMC6752911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reorganizes the endomembrane system of the infected cell to generate endoplasmic-reticulum-derived motile vesicles containing viral replication complexes. The membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a key role in the formation of these vesicles. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that this viral protein, a marker for viral replication complexes, localized in the extracellular space of infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Previously, we showed that viral RNA is associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the proliferation of MVBs during infection and their fusion with the plasma membrane that resulted in the release of their intraluminal vesicles in the extracellular space. Immunogold labeling with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes double-stranded RNA indicated that the released vesicles contained viral RNA. Focused ion beam-extreme high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to generate a three-dimensional image that showed extracellular vesicles in the cell wall. The presence of TuMV proteins in the extracellular space was confirmed by proteomic analysis of purified extracellular vesicles from N benthamiana and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Host proteins involved in biotic defense and in interorganelle vesicular exchange were also detected. The association of extracellular vesicles with viral proteins and RNA emphasizes the implication of the plant extracellular space in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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248
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Collemare J, O'Connell R, Lebrun MH. Nonproteinaceous effectors: the terra incognita of plant-fungal interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:590-596. [PMID: 30851201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular plant-fungal interaction studies have mainly focused on small secreted protein effectors. However, accumulating evidence shows that numerous fungal secondary metabolites are produced at all stages of plant colonization, especially during early asymptomatic/biotrophic phases. The discovery of fungal small RNAs targeting plant transcripts has expanded the fungal repertoire of nonproteinaceous effectors even further. The challenge now is to develop specific functional methods to fully understand the biological roles of these effectors. Studies on fungal extracellular vesicles are also needed because they could be the universal carriers of all kinds of fungal effectors. With this review, we aim to stimulate the nonproteinaceous effector research field to move from descriptive to functional studies, which should bring a paradigm shift in plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard O'Connell
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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249
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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250
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Abstract
Identification of active constituents of our diet is crucial to understand the impact of food on health, and disease development, and for the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals. Until now research into the pharmacological properties of the components of our diet has focused on vitamins, sterols, polyphenols, fiber, etc. But very recently, it has been found that plants contain various types of vesicles which are in contact with the intestinal tract throughout our lives. They participate in intestinal tissue renewal processes and modulate gut microbiota in healthy subjects and have important biological functions against inflammatory diseases (e.g.; colitis injury, liver steatosis) or cancers associated with their specific lipid and miRNA content. In addition, recent data have suggested that plant-derived nanovesicles would be excellent candidates for the delivery of therapeutic agents (e.g.; anti-cancerous drugs, siRNAs) or poorly soluble natural compounds (e.g.; curcumin), as they are able to cross mammalian barriers without inducing either an inflammatory response or necrosis, conversely to conventional liposomes. It is thus important to consider these plant-derived vesicles as new components of our food in order to evaluate their potential for health benefit and food-derived technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397, INSA), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, 69310-Pierre-Bénite, France.
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