201
|
Gong S, Li Q, Jeter CR, Fan Q, Tang DG, Liu B. Regulation of NANOG in cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:679-87. [PMID: 26013997 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As one of the key pluripotency transcription factors, NANOG plays a critical role in maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency in normal embryonic stem cells. Recent data indicate that NANOG is expressed in a variety of cancers and its expression correlates with poor survival in cancer patients. Of interest, many studies suggest that NANOG enhances the defined characteristics of cancer stem cells and may thus function as an oncogene to promote carcinogenesis. Therefore, NANOG expression determines the cell fate not only in pluripotent cells but also in cancer cells. Although the regulation of NANOG in normal embryonic stem cells is reasonably well understood, the regulation of NANOG in cancer cells has only emerged recently. The current review provides a most updated summary on how NANOG expression is regulated during tumor development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Collene R Jeter
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| | - Qingxia Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, city, Henan, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, city, Smithville, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Sun Y, Luo ZM, Guo XM, Su DF, Liu X. An updated role of microRNA-124 in central nervous system disorders: a review. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:193. [PMID: 26041995 PMCID: PMC4438253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is the most abundant miRNA in the brain. Biogenesis of miR-124 displays specific temporal and spatial profiles in various cell and tissue types and affects a broad spectrum of biological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, the link between dysregulation of miR-124 and CNS disorders, such as neurodegeneration, CNS stress, neuroimmune disorders, stroke, and brain tumors, has become evident. Here, we provide an overview of the specific molecular function of miR-124 in the CNS and a revealing insight for the therapeutic potential of miR-124 in the treatment of human CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Zhu-Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Xiu-Ming Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Yoshioka K, Namiki K, Sudo T, Kasuya Y. p38α controls self-renewal and fate decision of neurosphere-forming cells in adult hippocampus. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:437-44. [PMID: 26101740 PMCID: PMC4472823 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSC) from the adult hippocampus easily lose their activity in vitro. Inhibition of p38α enables successful long-term culture of adult hippocampus NSC. Inhibition of p38α can maintain a high neurogenic capacity for NSC. Neurogenic competence-related microRNAs are upregulated in NSC by p38α inhibition. In vitro expanded NSC by p38α inhibition are beneficial against brain damage.
Neural stem cells (NSC) from the adult hippocampus easily lose their activity in vitro. Efficient in vitro expansion of adult hippocampus-derived NSC is important for generation of tools for research and cell therapy. Here, we show that a single copy disruption or pharmacological inhibition of p38α enables successful long-term neurosphere culture of adult mouse hippocampal cells. Expanded neurospheres with high proliferative activity differentiated into the three neuronal lineages under differentiating conditions. Thus, inhibition of p38α can maintain adult hippocampal NSC activity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yoshioka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sudo
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. Tel.: +81 43 226 2193; fax: +81 43 226 2196.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Smirnova L, Seiler AE, Luch A. microRNA Profiling as Tool for Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing (DNT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 64:20.9.1-20.9.22. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2009s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Current address: Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Berlin Germany
| | - Andrea E.M. Seiler
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Center for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Products Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Hartmann H, Hoehne K, Rist E, Louw AM, Schlosshauer B. miR-124 disinhibits neurite outgrowth in an inflammatory environment. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 362:9-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
206
|
Bizuayehu TT, Johansen SD, Puvanendran V, Toften H, Babiak I. Temperature during early development has long-term effects on microRNA expression in Atlantic cod. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:305. [PMID: 25881242 PMCID: PMC4403832 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental temperature has serious implications in life cycle of aquatic ectotherms. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of temperature acclimation and adaptation of marine organisms is of the uttermost importance for ecology, fisheries, and aquaculture, as it allows modeling the effects of global warming on population dynamics. Regulatory molecules are major modulators of acclimation and adaptation; among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) are versatile and substantial contributors to regulatory networks of development and adaptive plasticity. However, their role in thermal plasticity is poorly known. We have asked whether the temperature and its shift during the early ontogeny (embryonic and larval development) affect the miRNA repertoire of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and if thermal experience has long-term consequences in the miRNA profile. Results We characterized miRNA during different developmental stages and in juvenile tissues using next generation sequencing. We identified 389 putative miRNA precursor loci, 120 novel precursor miRNAs, and 281 mature miRNAs. Some miRNAs showed stage- or tissue-enriched expression and miRNAs, such as the miR-17 ~ 92 cluster, myomiRs (miR-206), neuromiRs (miR-9, miR-124), miR-130b, and miR-430 showed differential expression in different temperature regimes. Long-term effect of embryonic incubation temperature was revealed on expression of some miRNAs in juvenile pituitary (miR-449), gonad (miR-27c, miR-30c, and miR-200a), and liver (let-7 h, miR-7a, miR-22, miR-34c, miR-132a, miR-192, miR-221, miR-451, miR-2188, and miR-7550), but not in brain. Some of differentially expressed miRNAs in the liver were confirmed using LNA-based rt-qPCR. The effect of temperature on methylation status of selected miRNA promoter regions was mostly inconclusive. Conclusions Temperature elevation by several degrees during embryonic and larval developmental stages significantly alters the miRNA profile, both short-term and long-term. Our results suggest that a further rise in seas temperature might affect life history of Atlantic cod. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1503-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steinar D Johansen
- University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Post Box 1490, 8049, Bodø, Norway. .,Arctic University of Norway, FHS, RNA Lab, Dept Med Biol, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Hilde Toften
- Nofima AS, Muninbakken 9-13, P.O. box 6122, NO, 9291, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Igor Babiak
- University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Post Box 1490, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Zhu XL, Wen SY, Ai ZH, Wang J, Xu YL, Teng YC. Screening for characteristic microRNAs between pre-invasive and invasive stages of cervical cancer. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:55-62. [PMID: 25695263 PMCID: PMC4438941 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the characteristic microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed during the pre-invasive and invasive stages of cervical cancer. A gene expression profile (GSE7803) containing 21 invasive squamous cell cervical carcinoma samples, 10 normal squamous cervical epithelium samples and seven high-grade squamous intraepithelial cervical lesion samples, was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using significance analysis of microarray software, and a Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The miRNAs that interacted with the identified DEGs were selected, based on the TarBase v5.0 database. Regulatory networks were constructed from these selected miRNAs along with their corresponding target genes among the DEGs. The regulatory networks were visualized using Cytoscape. A total of 1,160 and 756 DEGs were identified in the pre-invasive and invasive stages of cervical cancer, respectively. The results of the GO enrichment demonstrated that the DEGs were predominantly involved in the immune response and the cell cycle, in the pre-invasive and invasive stages, respectively. Furthermore, a total of 18 and 26 characteristic miRNAs were screened in the pre-invasive and invasive stages, respectively. These miRNAs may be potential biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of the different stages of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Yun Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Li Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Cheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Li J, Fang L, Yu W, Wang Y. MicroRNA-125b suppresses the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1971-1975. [PMID: 25789078 PMCID: PMC4356292 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that serve an important function in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The present study investigated the roles and mechanisms of miRNA-125b (miR-125b) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b was significantly downregulated in the examined HCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-125b reduced HCC cell migration and invasion. By contrast, inhibition of miR-125b expression significantly accelerated HCC cell migration and invasion. In addition, the present study identified transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as a functional downstream target of miR-125b. Furthermore, overexpression of TAZ impaired miR-125b-induced inhibition of invasion in HCC cells. The current study demonstrated that miR-125b may be involved in the tumorigenesis of HCC at least in part by the suppression of TAZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Laifu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Neo WH, Yap K, Lee SH, Looi LS, Khandelia P, Neo SX, Makeyev EV, Su IH. MicroRNA miR-124 controls the choice between neuronal and astrocyte differentiation by fine-tuning Ezh2 expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20788-801. [PMID: 24878960 PMCID: PMC4110287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group protein Ezh2 is a histone H3 Lys-27 histone methyltransferase orchestrating an extensive epigenetic regulatory program. Several nervous system-specific genes are known to be repressed by Ezh2 in stem cells and derepressed during neuronal differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation remain poorly understood. Here we show that Ezh2 levels are dampened during neuronal differentiation by brain-enriched microRNA miR-124. Expression of miR-124 in a neuroblastoma cells line was sufficient to up-regulate a significant fraction of nervous system-specific Ezh2 target genes. On the other hand, naturally elevated expression of miR-124 in embryonic carcinoma cells undergoing neuronal differentiation correlated with down-regulation of Ezh2 levels. Importantly, overexpression of Ezh2 mRNA with a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) lacking a functional miR-124 binding site, but not with the wild-type Ezh2 3′-UTR, hampered neuronal and promoted astrocyte-specific differentiation in P19 and embryonic mouse neural stem cells. Overall, our results uncover a molecular mechanism that allows miR-124 to balance the choice between alternative differentiation possibilities through fine-tuning the expression of a critical epigenetic regulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hao Neo
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Karen Yap
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Suet Hoay Lee
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Liang Sheng Looi
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Piyush Khandelia
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Sheng Xiong Neo
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
| | - Eugene V. Makeyev
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - I-hsin Su
- From the Division of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 65-65138687; Fax: 65-67913858; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Magnetic resonance beacon to detect intracellular microRNA during neurogenesis. Biomaterials 2015; 41:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
211
|
Marcuzzo S, Bonanno S, Kapetis D, Barzago C, Cavalcante P, D'Alessandro S, Mantegazza R, Bernasconi P. Up-regulation of neural and cell cycle-related microRNAs in brain of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice at late disease stage. Mol Brain 2015; 8:5. [PMID: 25626686 PMCID: PMC4318136 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neuron degeneration in motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that bind complementary target sequences and modulate gene expression; they are key molecules for establishing a neuronal phenotype, and in neurodegeneration. Here we investigated neural miR-9, miR-124a, miR-125b, miR-219, miR-134, and cell cycle-related miR-19a and -19b, in G93A-SOD1 mouse brain in pre-symptomatic and late stage disease. Results Expression of miR-9, miR-124a, miR-19a and -19b was significantly increased in G93A-SOD1 whole brain at late stage disease compared to B6.SJL and Wt-SOD1 control brains. These miRNAs were then analyzed in manually dissected SVZ, hippocampus, primary motor cortex and brainstem motor nuclei in 18-week-old ALS mice compared to same age controls. In SVZ and hippocampus miR-124a was up-regulated, miR-219 was down-regulated, and numbers of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) were significantly increased. In G93A-SOD1 brainstem motor nuclei and primary motor cortex, miR-9 and miR-124a were significantly up-regulated, miR-125b expression was also increased. miR-19a and -19b were up-regulated in primary motor cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Expression analysis of predicted miRNA targets identified miRNA/target gene pairs differentially expressed in G93A-SOD1 brain regions compared to controls. Conclusions Hierarchical clustering analysis, identifying two clusters of miRNA/target genes, one characterizing brainstem motor nuclei and primary motor cortex, the other hippocampus and SVZ, suggests that altered expression of neural and cell cycle-related miRNAs in these brain regions might contribute to ALS pathogenesis in G93A-SOD1 mice. Re-establishing their expression to normal levels could be a new therapeutic approach to ALS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0095-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marcuzzo
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Dimos Kapetis
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Claudia Barzago
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Paola Cavalcante
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Sara D'Alessandro
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy. sara.d'
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Pia Bernasconi
- Neurology IV - Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Smirnova L, Hogberg HT, Leist M, Hartung T. Developmental neurotoxicity - challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2015; 31:129-56. [PMID: 24687333 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1403271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years neurodevelopmental problems in children have increased at a rate that suggests lifestyle factors and chemical exposures as likely contributors. When environmental chemicals contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) becomes an enormous concern. But how can it be tackled? Current animal test- based guidelines are prohibitively expensive, at $ 1.4 million per substance, while their predictivity for human health effects may be limited, and mechanistic data that would help species extrapolation are not available. A broader screening for substances of concern requires a reliable testing strategy, applicable to larger numbers of substances, and sufficiently predictive to warrant further testing. This review discusses the evidence for possible contributions of environmental chemicals to DNT, limitations of the current test paradigm, emerging concepts and technologies pertinent to in vitro DNT testing and assay evaluation, as well as the prospect of a paradigm shift based on 21st century technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Centers for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Franzoni E, Booker SA, Parthasarathy S, Rehfeld F, Grosser S, Srivatsa S, Fuchs HR, Tarabykin V, Vida I, Wulczyn FG. miR-128 regulates neuronal migration, outgrowth and intrinsic excitability via the intellectual disability gene Phf6. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25556700 PMCID: PMC4337614 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-128, a brain-enriched microRNA, has been implicated in the control of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis but its potential roles in intervening processes have not been addressed. We show that post-transcriptional mechanisms restrict miR-128 accumulation to post-mitotic neurons during mouse corticogenesis and in adult stem cell niches. Whereas premature miR-128 expression in progenitors for upper layer neurons leads to impaired neuronal migration and inappropriate branching, sponge-mediated inhibition results in overmigration. Within the upper layers, premature miR-128 expression reduces the complexity of dendritic arborization, associated with altered electrophysiological properties. We show that Phf6, a gene mutated in the cognitive disorder Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome, is an important regulatory target for miR-128. Restoring PHF6 expression counteracts the deleterious effect of miR-128 on neuronal migration, outgrowth and intrinsic physiological properties. Our results place miR-128 upstream of PHF6 in a pathway vital for cortical lamination as well as for the development of neuronal morphology and intrinsic excitability. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04263.001 The unique capabilities of the mammalian brain depend on the patterns formed by spatial arrangements and connections between millions (sometimes billions) of electrically active cells called neurons, and on the connections between these neurons. During the development of the cortex, the largest part of the brain, neurons are born in stem cell areas that lie deep inside the brain, and these newly made neurons then migrate outwards to their final positions close to the surface of the adult brain. Franzoni et al. have examined how two molecules, a small RNA called miR-128 and a protein called PHF6, control when and how neurons migrate through the cortex and then grow to form connections with other neurons as they mature. Mutations that disrupt PHF6 can cause intellectual disabilities, and one possible reason for this is that PHF6 is needed to ensure that the neurons migrate to the correction location. Franzoni et al. now show that miR-128 can reduce the production of PHF6 and is therefore responsible for controlling when and where PHF6 is active. Studying miR-128 in detail, they show that although an inactive precursor form of miR-128 is present in stem cells and migrating neurons, the active form of miR-128 is only found in neurons that have already reached their final position in the cortex. Franzoni et al. used genetic methods to override the switch that controls when miR-128 becomes active. When the amount of miR-128 was artificially reduced, the neurons migrated too far. Artificially increasing the amount of miR-128 had the opposite effect: both the movement of the neurons and, later, their growth were defective. PHF6 was the key to these effects: if PHF6 levels were kept close to normal, miR-128 could no longer interfere with the movement and growth of the neurons. Further work will be required to better understand how miR-128 is turned off and on, and how PHF6 acts to control neuronal movement and growth. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04263.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Franzoni
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sam A Booker
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Srinivas Parthasarathy
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Rehfeld
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Grosser
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Swathi Srivatsa
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko R Fuchs
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Gregory Wulczyn
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Hata A, Kang H. Functions of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway through microRNAs (review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:563-8. [PMID: 25571950 PMCID: PMC6904101 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression in essential cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation and development. Recent findings have established that the levels of miRNAs are modulated by cell signaling mechanisms, including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. The BMP signaling pathway controls diverse cellular activities by modulating the levels of miRNAs, indicating the complexity of gene regulation by the BMP signaling pathway. The tight regulation of the levels of miRNAs is critical for maintaining normal physiological conditions, and dysregulated miRNA levels contribute to the development of diseases. In the present review, we discuss different insights (provided over the past decade) into the regulation of miRNAs governed by the BMP signaling pathway and the implications of this regulation on the understanding of the cellular differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), osteoblasts and neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hara Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Abstract
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficiencies in social interaction and communication, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. According to a recent report, the prevalence of this pervasive developmental disorder has risen to 1 in 88. This will have enormous public health implications in the future, and has necessitated the need to discover predictive biomarkers that could index for autism before the onset of symptoms. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. They have recently emerged as prominent epigenetic regulators of various cellular processes including neurodevelopment. They are abundantly present in the brain, and their dysfunction has been implicated in an array of neuropathological conditions including autism. miRNAs, previously known to be expressed only in cells and tissues, have also been detected in extracellular body fluids such as serum, plasma, saliva, and urine. Altered expression of cellular and circulating miRNAs have been observed in autistic individuals compared to healthy controls. miRNAs are now being considered as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for autism.
Collapse
|
216
|
Qiu L, Tan EK, Zeng L. microRNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 888:85-105. [PMID: 26663180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that through imperfect base-pairing with complementary sequences of target mRNA molecules, typically cleave target mRNA, causing subsequent degradation or translation inhibition. Although an increasing number of studies have identified misregulated miRNAs in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which suggests that alterations in the miRNA regulatory pathway could contribute to disease pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological implications of misregulated miRNA expression and the regulation of the key genes involved in NDDs remain largely unknown. In this chapter, we provide evidence of the function and regulation of miRNAs and their association with the neurological events in NDDs. This will help improve our understanding of how miRNAs govern the biological functions of key pathogenic genes in these diseases, which potentially regulate several pathways involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. Additionally, given the growing interest in the therapeutic potential of miRNAs, we discuss current clinical challenges to developing miRNA-based therapeutics for NDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Papadopoulou AS, Serneels L, Achsel T, Mandemakers W, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Dooley J, Lau P, Ayoubi T, Radaelli E, Spinazzi M, Neumann M, Hébert SS, Silahtaroglu A, Liston A, D'Hooge R, Glatzel M, De Strooper B. Deficiency of the miR-29a/b-1 cluster leads to ataxic features and cerebellar alterations in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:275-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
218
|
Díaz NF, Cruz-Reséndiz MS, Flores-Herrera H, García-López G, Molina-Hernández A. MicroRNAs in central nervous system development. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:675-86. [PMID: 24902008 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During early and late embryo neurodevelopment, a large number of molecules work together in a spatial and temporal manner to ensure the adequate formation of an organism. Diverse signals participate in embryo patterning and organization synchronized by time and space. Among the molecules that are expressed in a temporal and spatial manner, and that are considered essential in several developmental processes, are the microRNAs (miRNAs). In this review, we highlight some important aspects of the biogenesis and function of miRNAs as well as their participation in ectoderm commitment and their role in central nervous system (CNS) development. Instead of giving an extensive list of miRNAs involved in these processes, we only mention those miRNAs that are the most studied during the development of the CNS as well as the most likely mRNA targets for each miRNA and its protein functions.
Collapse
|
219
|
Dwivedi Y. Emerging role of microRNAs in major depressive disorder: diagnosis and therapeutic implications. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 24733970 PMCID: PMC3984890 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.1/ydwivedi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health concern. Despite tremendous advances, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with MDD are still unclear. Moreover, a significant number of MDD subjects do not respond to the currently available medication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by modulating translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, or stability of mRNA targets. The role of miRNAs in disease pathophysiology is emerging rapidly. Recent studies demonstrating the involvement of miRNAs in several aspects of neural plasticity, neurogenesis, and stress response, and more direct studies in human postmortem brain provide strong evidence that miRNAs can not only play a critical role in MDD pathogenesis, but can also open up new avenues for the development of therapeutic targets. Circulating miRNAs are now being considered as possible biomarkers in disease pathogenesis and in monitoring therapeutic responses because of the presence and/or release of miRNAs in blood cells as well as in other peripheral tissues. In this review, these aspects are discussed in a comprehensive and critical manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Peredo J, Villacé P, Ortín J, de Lucas S. Human Staufen1 associates to miRNAs involved in neuronal cell differentiation and is required for correct dendritic formation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113704. [PMID: 25423178 PMCID: PMC4244161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins are key elements in the intracellular localization of mRNA and its local translation. Staufen is a double-stranded RNA binding protein involved in the localised translation of specific mRNAs during Drosophila early development and neuronal cell fate. The human homologue Staufen1 forms RNA-containing complexes that include proteins involved in translation and motor proteins to allow their movement within the cell, but the mechanism underlying translation repression in these complexes is poorly understood. Here we show that human Staufen1-containing complexes contain essential elements of the gene silencing apparatus, like Ago1-3 proteins, and we describe a set of miRNAs specifically associated to complexes containing human Staufen1. Among these, miR-124 stands out as particularly relevant because it appears enriched in human Staufen1 complexes and is over-expressed upon differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells in vitro. In agreement with these findings, we show that expression of human Staufen1 is essential for proper dendritic arborisation during neuroblastoma cell differentiation, yet it is not necessary for maintenance of the differentiated state, and suggest potential human Staufen1 mRNA targets involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Peredo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Villacé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ortín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (SdL)
| | - Susana de Lucas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JO); (SdL)
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Babenko O, Kovalchuk I, Metz GAS. Stress-induced perinatal and transgenerational epigenetic programming of brain development and mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:70-91. [PMID: 25464029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts during the past decades have provided intriguing evidence suggesting that stressful experiences during pregnancy exert long-term consequences on the future mental wellbeing of both the mother and her baby. Recent human epidemiological and animal studies indicate that stressful experiences in utero or during early life may increase the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders, arguably via altered epigenetic regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as miRNA expression, DNA methylation, and histone modifications are prone to changes in response to stressful experiences and hostile environmental factors. Altered epigenetic regulation may potentially influence fetal endocrine programming and brain development across several generations. Only recently, however, more attention has been paid to possible transgenerational effects of stress. In this review we discuss the evidence of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of stress exposure in human studies and animal models. We highlight the complex interplay between prenatal stress exposure, associated changes in miRNA expression and DNA methylation in placenta and brain and possible links to greater risks of schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety- or depression-related disorders later in life. Based on existing evidence, we propose that prenatal stress, through the generation of epigenetic alterations, becomes one of the most powerful influences on mental health in later life. The consideration of ancestral and prenatal stress effects on lifetime health trajectories is critical for improving strategies that support healthy development and successful aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Babenko
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Serum MicroRNA-125b as a Potential Biomarker for Glioma Diagnosis. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:163-170. [PMID: 25416859 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers in blood have become increasingly appreciated in the diagnosis of glioma, but most of their diagnostic accuracy was not high enough to be used widely in a clinical context. MicroRNA-125b (miRNA-125b, miR-125b), a member of microRNA cluster, is widely considered as ideal biomarkers for clinical diagnosis in various human cancers. In the current study, we first explored the diagnostic value of serum miR-125b for glioma in a Chinese population, which has not been studied yet. Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of miR-125b in human cancers. Serum miR-125b from the 33 patients with glioma (WHO grades I-IV) and 33 healthy controls were compared. Our results showed that the serum miR-125b level was significantly lower in glioma patients when compared with normal population, and an obvious decreasing trend of miR-125b level along tumor stages was found. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the accuracy in distinguishing glioma cancer patients from healthy controls yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.839 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.743-0.935). When glioma patients at different stages were compared with normal controls, the AUC values of WHO grade II (0.868) and WHO grade III-IV (0.959) were higher than WHO grade I (0.691). In the meta-analysis, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for miR-125b in human cancers diagnosis were 82 % (95 % CI, 76-87 %), 77 % (95 % CI, 70-84 %), and 0.84 (95 % CI, 0.81-0.87), respectively. The results of the present study suggested that miR-125b could be a potential biomarker with relatively high accuracy in the diagnosis of glioma as well as other human cancers.
Collapse
|
223
|
Uziel O, Yosef N, Sharan R, Ruppin E, Kupiec M, Kushnir M, Beery E, Cohen-Diker T, Nordenberg J, Lahav M. The effects of telomere shortening on cancer cells: a network model of proteomic and microRNA analysis. Genomics 2014; 105:5-16. [PMID: 25451739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that shortening of telomeres by telomerase inhibition sensitized cancer cells to cisplatinum, slowed their migration, increased DNA damage and impaired DNA repair. The mechanism behind these effects is not fully characterized. Its clarification could facilitate novel therapeutics development and may obviate the time consuming process of telomere shortening achieved by telomerase inhibition. Here we aimed to decipher the microRNA and proteomic profiling of cancer cells with shortened telomeres and identify the key mediators in telomere shortening-induced damage to those cells. Of 870 identified proteins, 98 were differentially expressed in shortened-telomere cells. 47 microRNAs were differentially expressed in these cells; some are implicated in growth arrest or act as oncogene repressors. The obtained data was used for a network construction, which provided us with nodal candidates that may mediate the shortened-telomere dependent features. These proteins' expression was experimentally validated, supporting their potential central role in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Uziel
- FMRC, RMC, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - N Yosef
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - R Sharan
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - E Ruppin
- School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - M Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - E Beery
- FMRC, RMC, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - T Cohen-Diker
- FMRC, RMC, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - J Nordenberg
- FMRC, RMC, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - M Lahav
- FMRC, RMC, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Li X, Feng R, Huang C, Wang H, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yan H, Wen T. MicroRNA-351 regulates TMEM 59 (DCF1) expression and mediates neural stem cell morphogenesis. RNA Biol 2014; 9:292-301. [DOI: 10.4161/rna.19100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
225
|
Goldie BJ, Barnett MM, Cairns MJ. BDNF and the maturation of posttranscriptional regulatory networks in human SH-SY5Y neuroblast differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:325. [PMID: 25360083 PMCID: PMC4197648 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The SH-SY5Y culture system is a convenient neuronal model with the potential to elaborate human/primate-specific transcription networks and pathways related to human cognitive disorders. While this system allows for the exploration of specialized features in the human genome, there is still significant debate about how this model should be implemented, and its appropriateness for answering complex functional questions related to human neural architecture. In view of these questions we sought to characterize the posttranscriptional regulatory structure of the two-stage ATRA differentiation, BDNF maturation protocol proposed by Encinas et al. (2000) using integrative whole-genome gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression analysis. We report that ATRA-BDNF induced significant increases in expression of key synaptic genes, brain-specific miRNA and miRNA biogenesis machinery, and in AChE activity, compared with ATRA alone. Functional annotation clustering associated BDNF more significantly with neuronal terms, and with synaptic terms not found in ATRA-only clusters. While our results support use of SH-SY5Y as a neuronal model, we advocate considered selection of the differentiation agent/s relative to the system being modeled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Goldie
- The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Schizophrenia Research Institute Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle M Barnett
- The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- The Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia ; Schizophrenia Research Institute Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Qiu L, Zhang W, Tan EK, Zeng L. Deciphering the function and regulation of microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:884-94. [PMID: 25210999 DOI: 10.1021/cn500149w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded, noncoding RNA molecules that are encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA. miRNAs function through imperfect base-pairing with complementary sequences of target mRNA molecules, which is typically via the cleavage of target mRNA with transcriptional repression or translational degradation. An increasing number of studies identified dysregulation of miRNAs in neurodegenerative disease and suggest that alterations in the miRNA regulatory pathway could contribute to the disease pathogenesis. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological implications of dysregulated miRNA expression and regulation of the key genes that are involved in neurodegenerative diseases remain largely unknown. Here, we review the evidence for the functional role of dysregulated miRNAs involved in disease pathogenesis, as well as how miRNAs govern neuronal functions either upstream or downstream of target genes that are disease pathogenic factors. Furthermore, we review the cellular feedback regulation between miRNAs and target genes in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Qiu
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department
of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, SGH Campus, 169856, Singapore
- Research
Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural
Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Zhao H, Tao Z, Wang R, Liu P, Yan F, Li J, Zhang C, Ji X, Luo Y. MicroRNA-23a-3p attenuates oxidative stress injury in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res 2014; 1592:65-72. [PMID: 25280466 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of miR-23a-3p in experimental brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cerebral ischemia reperfusion was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1h in C57/BL6 mice. And miR-23a-3p angomir was transfected to upregulate the miR-23a-3p level. Our results showed that miR-23a-3p levels were transiently increased at 4h after reperfusion in the peri-infarction area, while markedly increased in the infarction core at reperfusion 4h and 24h. Importantly, in vivo study demonstrated that miR-23a-3p angomir treatment through intracerebroventricular injection markedly decreased cerebral infarction volume after MCAO. Simultaneously, miR-23a-3p reduced peroxidative production nitric oxide (NO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and increased the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). In vitro study demonstrated that miR-23a-3p decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage dose-dependently, and reduced protein levels of activated caspase-3 in neuro-2a cells. In addition, miR-23a-3p reduced H2O2-induced production of NO and 3-NT dose-dependently, and reversed the decreased activity of total SOD and MnSOD in neuro-2a cells. Our study indicated that miR-23a-3p suppressed oxidative stress and lessened cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rongliang Wang
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Abstract
Background/Aims Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB)-mediated signaling is vital for neuronal differentiation, survival, plasticity, and cognition. In this study, the focus was placed on TrkB-Shc, a neuron-specific transcript, to determine if microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in TrkB-Shc regulation. Methods A combination of bioinformatics and molecular gene expression analysis techniques was used to assess the effect of miR-409-3p and miR-216b on TrkB-Shc expression. Results miR-409-3p and miR-216b were found to regulate the TrkB-Shc 3′UTR through the identified putative binding sites. When the effect of the miRNAs on TrkB was assessed using SHSY5Y neuronal cells, differential effects were observed between mRNA and protein expression. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of miRNA-mediated regulation in TrkB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wong
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Hollins SL, Goldie BJ, Carroll AP, Mason EA, Walker FR, Eyles DW, Cairns MJ. Ontogeny of small RNA in the regulation of mammalian brain development. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:777. [PMID: 25204312 PMCID: PMC4171549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in coordinating messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and stability in almost all known biological processes, including the development of the central nervous system. Despite our broad understanding of their involvement, we still have a very sparse understanding of specifically how miRNA contribute to the strict regional and temporal regulation of brain development. Accordingly, in the current study we have examined the contribution of miRNA in the developing rat telencephalon and mesencephalon from just after neural tube closure till birth using a genome-wide microarray strategy. RESULTS We identified temporally distinct expression patterns in both the telencephalon and mesencephalon for both miRNAs and their target genes. We demonstrate direct miRNA targeting of several genes involved with the migration, differentiation and maturation of neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miRNA have significant implications for the development of neural structure and support important mechanisms that if disrupted, may contribute to or drive neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Hollins
- />School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, the University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
- />Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Belinda J Goldie
- />School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, the University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
- />Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
- />Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Adam P Carroll
- />School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, the University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
- />Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- />Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- />School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, the University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
- />Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Darryl W Eyles
- />Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072 Australia
- />Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld, 4076 Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- />School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, the University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
- />Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
- />Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Wang CY, Yang SH, Tzeng SF. MicroRNA-145 as one negative regulator of astrogliosis. Glia 2014; 63:194-205. [PMID: 25139829 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrogliosis occurs at the lesion site within days to weeks after spinal cord injury (SCI) and involves the proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes, leading to glia scar formation. Changes in gene expression by deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the process of central nervous system neurodegeneration. Here, we report that mir-145, a miRNA enriched in rat spinal neurons and astrocytes, was downregulated at 1 week and 1 month after SCI. Our in vitro studies using astrocytes prepared from neonatal spinal cord tissues indicated that potent inflammagen lipopolysaccharide downregulated mir-145 expression in astrocytes, suggesting that SCI-triggered inflammatory signaling pathways could play the inhibitory role in astrocytic mir-145 expression. To induce overexpression of mir-145 in astrocytes at the spinal cord lesion site, we developed a lentivirus-mediated pre-miRNA delivery system using the promoter of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte-specific intermediate filament. The results indicated that astrocyte-specific overexpression of mir-145 reduced astrocytic cell density at the lesion border of the injured spinal cord. In parallel, overexpression of mir-145 reduced the size of astrocytes and the number of related cell processes, as well as cell proliferation and migration. Through a luciferase reporter system, we found that GFAP and c-myc were the two potential targets of mir-145 in astrocytes. Together, the findings demonstrate the novel role of mir-145 in the regulation of astrocytic dynamics, and reveal that the downregulation of mir-145 in astrocytes is a critical factor inducing astrogliosis after SCI. GLIA 2015;63:194-205.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Sun E, Shi Y. MicroRNAs: Small molecules with big roles in neurodevelopment and diseases. Exp Neurol 2014; 268:46-53. [PMID: 25128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the development and functions of the brain. Extensive studies have revealed critical roles for miRNAs in brain development and function. Dysregulation or altered expression of miRNAs is associated with abnormal brain development and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases. This review serves to highlight the versatile roles of these small RNA molecules in normal brain development and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders, in particular, two closely related neuropsychiatric disorders of neurodevelopmental origin, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Liu J, Wang L, Su Z, Wu W, Cai X, Li D, Hou J, Pei D, Pan G. A reciprocal antagonism between miR‐376c and TGF‐β signaling regulates neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:4642-56. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-249342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Linli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Su
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiujuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jundi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Herai RR, Stefanacci L, Hrvoj-Mihic B, Chailangkarn T, Hanson K, Semendeferi K, Muotri AR. Micro RNA detection in long-term fixed tissue of cortical glutamatergic pyramidal neurons after targeted laser-capture neuroanatomical microdissection. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:76-82. [PMID: 24992573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formalin fixation (FF) is the standard and most common method for preserving postmortem brain tissue. FF stabilizes cellular morphology and tissue architecture, and can be used to study the distinct morphologic and genetic signatures of different cell types. Although the procedure involved in FF degrades messenger RNA over time, an alternative approach is to use small RNAs (sRNAs) for genetic analysis associated with cell morphology. Although genetic analysis is carried out on fresh or frozen tissue, there is limited availability or impossibility on targeting specific cell populations, respectively. NEW METHOD The goal of this study is to detect miRNA and other classes of sRNA stored in formalin or in paraffin embedded for over decades. Two brain samples, one formed by a mixed population of cortical and subcortical cells, and one formed by pyramidal shaped cells collected by laser-capture microdissection, were subjected to sRNA sequencing. RESULTS Performing bioinformatics analysis over the sequenced sRNA from brain tissue, we detected several classes of sRNA, such as miRNAs that play key roles in brain neurodevelopmental and maintenance pathways, and hsa-mir-155 expression in neurons. Comparison with existing method: Our method is the first to combine the approaches for: laser-capture of pyramidal neurons from long-term formalin-fixed brain; extract sRNA from laser-captured pyramidal neurons; apply a suite of bioinformatics tools to detect miRNA and other classes of sRNAs on sequenced samples having high levels of RNA degradation. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that sRNA can be rescued from laser-captured FF pyramidal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Herai
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, MC 0695, USA
| | - Lisa Stefanacci
- University of California San Diego, Department of Anthropology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Branka Hrvoj-Mihic
- University of California San Diego, Department of Anthropology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, MC 0695, USA
| | - Kari Hanson
- University of California San Diego, Department of Anthropology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katerina Semendeferi
- University of California San Diego, Department of Anthropology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, MC 0695, USA.,Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Meza-Sosa KF, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. microRNAs: key triggers of neuronal cell fate. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:175. [PMID: 25009466 PMCID: PMC4070303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) requires a precisely coordinated series of events. During embryonic development, different intra- and extracellular signals stimulate neural stem cells to become neural progenitors, which eventually irreversibly exit from the cell cycle to begin the first stage of neurogenesis. However, before this event occurs, the self-renewal and proliferative capacities of neural stem cells and neural progenitors must be tightly regulated. Accordingly, the participation of various evolutionary conserved microRNAs is key in distinct central nervous system (CNS) developmental processes of many organisms including human, mouse, chicken, frog, and zebrafish. microRNAs specifically recognize and regulate the expression of target mRNAs by sequence complementarity within the mRNAs 3′ untranslated region and importantly, a single microRNA can have several target mRNAs to regulate a process; likewise, a unique mRNA can be targeted by more than one microRNA. Thus, by regulating different target genes, microRNAs let-7, microRNA-124, and microRNA-9 have been shown to promote the differentiation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors into specific neural cell types while microRNA-134, microRNA-25 and microRNA-137 have been characterized as microRNAs that induce the proliferation of neural stem cells and neural progenitors. Here we review the mechanisms of action of these two sets of microRNAs and their functional implications during the transition from neural stem cells and neural progenitors to fully differentiated neurons. The genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of these microRNAs as well as the role of the recently described natural RNA circles which act as natural microRNA sponges regulating post-transcriptional microRNA expression and function during the early stages of neurogenesis is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuernavaca, México
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Dong Q, Cai N, Tao T, Zhang R, Yan W, Li R, Zhang J, Luo H, Shi Y, Luan W, Zhang Y, You Y, Wang Y, Liu N. An axis involving SNAI1, microRNA-128 and SP1 modulates glioma progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98651. [PMID: 24959930 PMCID: PMC4068992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is an extraordinarily aggressive disease that requires more effective therapeutic options. Snail family zinc finger 1, dysregulated in many neoplasms, has been reported to be involved in gliomas. However, the biological mechanisms underlying SNAI1 function in gliomas need further investigation. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure microRNA-128 (miR-128) expression level and western blot was performed to detect protein expression in U87 and U251 cells and human brain tissues. Cell cycle, CCK-8, transwell and wound-healing assays were performed. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used for identifying the mechanism of SNAI1 and miR-128b regulation. The mechanism of miR-128 targeting SP1 was also tested by luciferase reporter assay. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation staining were used for quantifying SNAI1, SP1 and miR-128 expression levels in human glioma samples. RESULTS The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data revealed that SNAI1 was up-regulated in glioma and we confirmed the findings in normal and glioma tissues. SNAI1 depletion by shRNA retarded the cell cycle and suppressed proliferation and invasion in glioma cell lines. The CGGA data showed that the Pearson correlation index between SNAI1 and miR-128 was negatively correlated. SNAI1 suppressed miR-128b expression by binding to the miR-128b specific promoter motif, and miR-128 targeted SP1 via binding to the 3'-untranslated region of SP1. Moreover, introduction of miR-128 anti-sense oligonucleotide alleviated the cell cycle retardation, proliferation and invasion inhibition induced by SNAI1 shRNA. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation analysis of SNAI1, SP1 and miR-128 unraveled their expression levels and correlations in glioma samples. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the SNAI1/miR-128/SP1 axis, which plays a vital role in glioma progression, may come to be a clinically relevant therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenkang Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Dorweiler JE, Ni T, Zhu J, Munroe SH, Anderson JT. Certain adenylated non-coding RNAs, including 5' leader sequences of primary microRNA transcripts, accumulate in mouse cells following depletion of the RNA helicase MTR4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99430. [PMID: 24926684 PMCID: PMC4057207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA surveillance plays an important role in posttranscriptional regulation. Seminal work in this field has largely focused on yeast as a model system, whereas exploration of RNA surveillance in mammals is only recently begun. The increased transcriptional complexity of mammalian systems provides a wider array of targets for RNA surveillance, and, while many questions remain unanswered, emerging data suggest the nuclear RNA surveillance machinery exhibits increased complexity as well. We have used a small interfering RNA in mouse N2A cells to target the homolog of a yeast protein that functions in RNA surveillance (Mtr4p). We used high-throughput sequencing of polyadenylated RNAs (PA-seq) to quantify the effects of the mMtr4 knockdown (KD) on RNA surveillance. We demonstrate that overall abundance of polyadenylated protein coding mRNAs is not affected, but several targets of RNA surveillance predicted from work in yeast accumulate as adenylated RNAs in the mMtr4KD. microRNAs are an added layer of transcriptional complexity not found in yeast. After Drosha cleavage separates the pre-miRNA from the microRNA's primary transcript, the byproducts of that transcript are generally thought to be degraded. We have identified the 5′ leading segments of pri-miRNAs as novel targets of mMtr4 dependent RNA surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Dorweiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ting Ni
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhu
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, Genetics and Development Biology Center, National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Munroe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTA); (SHM)
| | - James T. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTA); (SHM)
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Vallelunga A, Ragusa M, Di Mauro S, Iannitti T, Pilleri M, Biundo R, Weis L, Di Pietro C, De Iuliis A, Nicoletti A, Zappia M, Purrello M, Antonini A. Identification of circulating microRNAs for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:156. [PMID: 24959119 PMCID: PMC4051126 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which may be misdiagnosed with atypical conditions such as Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), due to overlapping clinical features. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with a key role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. We hypothesized that identification of a distinct set of circulating miRNAs (cmiRNAs) could distinguish patients affected by PD from MSA and healthy individuals. Results. Using TaqMan Low Density Array technology, we analyzed 754 miRNAs and found 9 cmiRNAs differentially expressed in PD and MSA patients compared to healthy controls. We also validated a set of 4 differentially expressed cmiRNAs in PD and MSA patients vs. controls. More specifically, miR-339-5p was downregulated, whereas miR-223*, miR-324-3p, and mir-24 were upregulated in both diseases. We found cmiRNAs specifically deregulated in PD (downregulation of miR-30c and miR-148b) and in MSA (upregulation of miR-148b). Finally, comparing MSA and PD, we identified 3 upregulated cmiRNAs in MSA serum (miR-24, miR-34b, miR-148b). Conclusions. Our results suggest that cmiRNA signatures discriminate PD from MSA patients and healthy controls and may be considered specific, non-invasive biomarkers for differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vallelunga
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Unit of Molecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Unit of Molecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Pilleri
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo Venice, Italy
| | - Roberta Biundo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo Venice, Italy
| | - Luca Weis
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo Venice, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Unit of Molecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Nicoletti
- Section of Neuroscience University of Catania, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Section of Neuroscience University of Catania, Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Unit of Molecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCCS Hospital San Camillo Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Jin M, Zhang T, Liu C, Badeaux MA, Liu B, Liu R, Jeter C, Chen X, Vlassov AV, Tang DG. miRNA-128 suppresses prostate cancer by inhibiting BMI-1 to inhibit tumor-initiating cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4183-95. [PMID: 24903149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
microRNA-128 (miR128) is reduced in prostate cancer relative to normal/benign prostate tissues, but causal roles are obscure. Here we show that exogenously introduced miR128 suppresses tumor regeneration in multiple prostate cancer xenograft models. Cancer stem-like cell (CSC)-associated properties were blocked, including holoclone and sphere formation as well as clonogenic survival. Using a miR128 sensor to distinguish cells on the basis of miR128 expression, we found that miR128-lo cells possessed higher clonal, clonogenic, and tumorigenic activities than miR128-hi cells. miR128 targets the stem cell regulatory factors BMI-1, NANOG, and TGFBR1, the expression of which we found to vary inversely with miR128 expression in prostate cancer stem/progenitor cell populations. In particular, we defined BMI-1 as a direct and functionally relevant target of miR128 in prostate cancer cells, where these genes were reciprocally expressed and exhibited opposing biological functions. Our results define a tumor suppressor function for miR128 in prostate cancer by limiting CSC properties mediated by BMI-1 and other central stem cell regulators, with potential implications for prostate cancer gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville; Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei; and
| | - Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei; and
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville
| | - Mark A Badeaux
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Collene Jeter
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville
| | | | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Smirnova L, Block K, Sittka A, Oelgeschläger M, Seiler AEM, Luch A. MicroRNA profiling as tool for in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing: the case of sodium valproate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98892. [PMID: 24896083 PMCID: PMC4045889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying chemical disturbances during neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) has been established as an alternative in vitro testing approach for the identification of developmental neurotoxicants. miRNAs represent a class of small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of neural development and ESC differentiation and specification. Thus, neural differentiation of mESCs in vitro allows investigating the role of miRNAs in chemical-mediated developmental toxicity. We analyzed changes in miRNome and transcriptome during neural differentiation of mESCs exposed to the developmental neurotoxicant sodium valproate (VPA). A total of 110 miRNAs and 377 mRNAs were identified differently expressed in neurally differentiating mESCs upon VPA treatment. Based on miRNA profiling we observed that VPA shifts the lineage specification from neural to myogenic differentiation (upregulation of muscle-abundant miRNAs, mir-206, mir-133a and mir-10a, and downregulation of neural-specific mir-124a, mir-128 and mir-137). These findings were confirmed on the mRNA level and via immunochemistry. Particularly, the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) as well as muscle-specific genes (Actc1, calponin, myosin light chain, asporin, decorin) were found elevated, while genes involved in neurogenesis (e.g. Otx1, 2, and Zic3, 4, 5) were repressed. These results were specific for valproate treatment and―based on the following two observations―most likely due to the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity: (i) we did not observe any induction of muscle-specific miRNAs in neurally differentiating mESCs exposed to the unrelated developmental neurotoxicant sodium arsenite; and (ii) the expression of muscle-abundant mir-206 and mir-10a was similarly increased in cells exposed to the structurally different HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Based on our results we conclude that miRNA expression profiling is a suitable molecular endpoint for developmental neurotoxicity. The observed lineage shift into myogenesis, where miRNAs may play an important role, could be one of the developmental neurotoxic mechanisms of VPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Smirnova
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katharina Block
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Luch
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
The application of multiple miRNA response elements enables oncolytic adenoviruses to possess specificity to glioma cells. Virology 2014; 458-459:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
241
|
Minami K, Uehara T, Morikawa Y, Omura K, Kanki M, Horinouchi A, Ono A, Yamada H, Ohno Y, Urushidani T. miRNA expression atlas in male rat. Sci Data 2014; 1:140005. [PMID: 25977763 PMCID: PMC4322570 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~22 nucleotide) noncoding RNAs that play pivotal roles in regulation of gene expression. The value of miRNAs as circulating biomarkers is now broadly recognized; such tissue-specific biomarkers can be used to monitor tissue injury and several pathophysiological conditions in organs. In addition, miRNA profiles of normal organs and tissues are important for obtaining a better understanding of the source of modulated miRNAs in blood and how those modulations reflect various physiological and toxicological conditions. This work was aimed at creating an miRNA atlas in rats, as part of a collaborative effort with the Toxicogenomics Informatics Project in Japan (TGP2). We analyzed genome-wide miRNA profiles of 55 different organs and tissues obtained from normal male rats using miRNA arrays. The work presented herein represents a comprehensive dataset derived from normal samples profiled in a single study. Here we present the whole dataset with miRNA profiles of multiple organs, as well as precise information on experimental procedures and organ-specific miRNAs identified in this dataset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Minami
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Tsukuba Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 17-2 Wadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan ; Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuji Morikawa
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. , 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan ; Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ko Omura
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc. , 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kanki
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc. , 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Akira Horinouchi
- Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawaku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan ; National Institute of Health Sciences , 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohno
- National Institute of Health Sciences , 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Urushidani
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan ; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo , Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Cell-type-specific Jumonji histone demethylase gene expression in the healthy rat CNS: detection by a novel flow cytometry method. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:193-207. [PMID: 24735454 PMCID: PMC4034710 DOI: 10.1042/an20130050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how histone demethylation contributes to the regulation of basal gene expression in the brain is largely unknown in any injury model, and especially in the healthy adult brain. Although Jumonji genes are often regulated transcriptionally, cell-specific gene expression of Jumonji histone demethylases in the brain remains poorly understood. Thus, in the present study we profiled the mRNA levels of 26 Jumonji genes in microglia (CD11b+), neurons (NeuN+) and astrocytes (GFAP+) from the healthy adult rat brain. We optimized a method combining a mZBF (modified zinc-based fixative) and FCM (flow cytometry) to simultaneously sort cells from non-transgenic animals. We evaluated cell-surface, intracellular and nuclear proteins, including histones, as well as messenger- and micro-RNAs in different cell types simultaneously from a single-sorted sample. We found that 12 Jumonji genes were differentially expressed between adult microglia, neurons and astrocytes. While JMJD2D was neuron-restricted, PHF8 and JMJD1C were expressed in all three cell types although the expression was highest in neurons. JMJD3 and JMJD5 were expressed in all cell types, but were highly enriched in microglia; astrocytes had the lowest expression of UTX and JHDM1D. Levels of global H3K27 (H3 lysine 27) methylation varied among cell types and appeared to be lowest in microglia, indicating that differences in basal gene expression of specific Jumonji histone demethylases may contribute to cell-specific gene expression in the CNS (central nervous system). This multiparametric technique will be valuable for simultaneously assaying chromatin modifications and gene regulation in the adult CNS.
Collapse
|
243
|
Duan P, Sun S, Li B, Huang C, Xu Y, Han X, Xing Y, Yan W. miR-29a modulates neuronal differentiation through targeting REST in mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97684. [PMID: 24841827 PMCID: PMC4026383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the modulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) upon the neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through targeting RE-1 Silencing Factor (REST), a mature neuronal gene suppressor in neuronal and un-neuronal cells. METHODS Rat bone marrow derived-MSCs were induced into neuron-like cells (MSC-NCs) by DMSO and BHA in vitro. The expression of neuron specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein tau (Tau), REST and its target genes, including synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) and L1 cell adhesion molecular (L1CAM), were detected in MSCs and MSC-NCs. miRNA array analysis was conducted to screen for the upregulated miRNAs after neuronal differentiation. TargetScan was used to predict the relationship between these miRNAs and REST gene, and dual luciferase reporter assay was applied to validate it. Gain and loss of function experiments were used to study the role of miR-29a upon neuronal differentiation of MSCs. The knockdown of REST was conducted to show that miR-29a affected this process through targeting REST. RESULTS MSCs were induced into neuron-like cells which presented neuronal cell shape and expressed NSE and Tau. The expression of REST declined and the expression of SNAP25 and L1CAM increased upon the neuronal differentiation of MSCs. Among 14 upregulated miRNAs, miR-29a was validated to target REST gene. During the neuronal differentiation of MSCs, miR-29a inhibition blocked the downregulation of REST, as well as the upregulation of SNAP25, L1CAM, NSE and Tau. REST knockdown rescued the effect of miR-29a inhibition on the expression of NSE and Tau. Meanwhile, miR-29a knockin significantly decreased the expression of REST and increased the expression of SNAP25 and L1CMA in MSCs, but did not significantly affect the expression of NSE and Tau. CONCLUSION miR-29a regulates neurogenic markers through targeting REST in mesenchymal stem cells, which provides advances in neuronal differentiation research and stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Duan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shiling Sun
- Hematology Department in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chuntian Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuefei Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (Y. Xing); (WY)
| | - Wenhai Yan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (Y. Xing); (WY)
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
De Felice B, Mondola P, Sasso A, Orefice G, Bresciamorra V, Vacca G, Biffali E, Borra M, Pannone R. Small non-coding RNA signature in multiple sclerosis patients after treatment with interferon-β. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:26. [PMID: 24885345 PMCID: PMC4060096 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-coding small RNA molecules play pivotal roles in cellular and developmental processes by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In human diseases, the roles of the non-coding small RNAs in specific degradation or translational suppression of the targeted mRNAs suggest a potential therapeutic approach of post-transcriptional gene silencing that targets the underlying disease etiology. The involvement of non-coding small RNAs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s , Parkinson’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis has been demonstrated. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms. The current standard treatment for SM is interferon ß (IFNß) that is less than ideal due to side effects. In this study we administered the standard IFN-ß treatment to Relapsing-Remitting MS patients, all responder to the therapy; then examined their sncRNA expression profiles in order to identify the ncRNAs that were associated with MS patients’ response to IFNß. Methods 40 IFNß treated Relapsing-Remitting MS patients were enrolled. We analyzed the composition of the entire small transcriptome by a small RNA cloning method, using peripheral blood from Relapsing-Remitting MS patients at baseline and 3 and 6 months after the start of IFNß therapy. Real-time qPCR from the same patients group and from 20 additional patients was performed to profile miRNAs expression. Results Beside the altered expression of several miRNAs, our analyses revealed the differential expression of small nucleolar RNAs and misc-RNAs.For the first time, we found that the expression level of miR-26a-5p changed related to INF-β response. MiR-26a-5p expression was significantly higher in IFN-β treated RRMS patients at 3 months treatment, keeping quite stable at 6 months treatments. Conclusions Our results might provide insights into the mechanisms of action of IFN-β treatment in MS and provide fundamentals for the development of new biomarkers and/or therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna De Felice
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Naples II, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Rehfeld F, Rohde AM, Nguyen DTT, Wulczyn FG. Lin28 and let-7: ancient milestones on the road from pluripotency to neurogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:145-60. [PMID: 24825413 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beginning with their discovery in the context of stem cell fate choice in Caenorhabditis elegans, the microRNA (miRNA) let-7 and the RNA-binding protein Lin28 have been recognized as a regulatory pair with far-reaching impact on stem cell behavior in a wide range of organisms and tissues, including the mammalian brain. In this review, we describe molecular interactions between Lin28 and let-7 and the biological role that each plays in implementing stem cell programs that either maintain stem cell self-renewal and plasticity or drive lineage commitment and differentiation. For Lin28, considerable progress has been made in defining let-7-dependent and let-7-independent functions in the maintenance of pluripotency, somatic cell reprogramming, tissue regeneration, and neural stem cell plasticity. For the pro-differentiation activity of let-7, we focus on emerging roles in mammalian neurogenesis and neuronal function. Specific targets and pathways for let-7 have been identified in embryonic and adult neurogenesis, including corticogenesis, retinal specification, and adult neurogenic niches. Special emphasis is given to examples of feedback and feedforward regulation, in particular within the miRNA biogenesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Rehfeld
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Yatsenko AS, Shcherbata HR. Drosophila miR-9a targets the ECM receptor Dystroglycan to canalize myotendinous junction formation. Dev Cell 2014; 28:335-48. [PMID: 24525189 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of intercellular interactions between various cell types of different origin is vital for organism development and tissue maintenance. Therefore, precise timing, expression pattern, and amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins must be tightly regulated. Particularly, the ECM is important for the development and function of myotendinous junctions (MTJs). We find that precise levels of the ECM receptor Dystroglycan (Dg) are required for MTJ formation in Drosophila and that Dg levels in this process are controlled by miR-9a. In the embryo, Dg is enriched at the termini of the growing muscles facing the tendon matrix and absent from miR-9a-expressing tendons. This gradient of Dg expression is crucial for proper muscle-tendon attachments and is adjusted by miR-9a. In addition to Dg, miR-9a regulates the expression of several other critical muscle genes, and we therefore propose that during embryogenesis, miR-9a specifically controls the expression of mesodermal genes to canalize MTJ morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy S Yatsenko
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Cheng L, Sharples RA, Scicluna BJ, Hill AF. Exosomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23743. [PMID: 24683445 PMCID: PMC3968297 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction microRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA species that are transcriptionally processed in the host cell and released extracellularly into the bloodstream. Normally involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing, the deregulation of miRNA has been shown to influence pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Background Next-generation deep sequencing (NGS) has provided the ability to profile miRNA in biological fluids making this approach a viable screening tool to detect miRNA biomarkers. However, collection and handling procedures of blood needs to be greatly improved for miRNA analysis in order to reliably detect differences between healthy and disease patients. Furthermore, ribonucleases present in blood can degrade RNA upon collection rendering extracellular miRNA at risk of degradation. These factors have consequently decreased sensitivity and specificity of miRNA biomarker assays. Methods Here, we use NGS to profile miRNA in various blood components and identify differences in profiles within peripheral blood compared to cell-free plasma or serum and extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. We also analyse and compare the miRNA content in exosomes prepared by ultracentrifugation methods and commercial exosome isolation kits including treating samples with RNaseA. Conclusion This study demonstrates that exosomal RNA is protected by RNaseA treatment and that exosomes provide a consistent source of miRNA for disease biomarker detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn A Sharples
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Scicluna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia ; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Iyer AN, Bellon A, Baudet ML. microRNAs in axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:78. [PMID: 24672429 PMCID: PMC3953822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain wiring is a highly intricate process in which trillions of neuronal connections are established. Its initial phase is particularly crucial in establishing the general framework of neuronal circuits. During this early step, differentiating neurons extend axons, which reach their target by navigating through a complex environment with extreme precision. Research in the past 20 years has unraveled a vast and complex array of chemotropic cues that guide the leading tip of axons, the growth cone, throughout its journey. Tight regulation of these cues, and of their receptors and signaling pathways, is necessary for the high degree of accuracy required during circuit formation. However, little is known about the nature of regulatory molecules or mechanisms fine-tuning axonal cue response. Here we review recent, and somewhat fragmented, research on the possibility that microRNAs (miRNAs) could be key fine-tuning regulatory molecules in axon guidance. miRNAs appear to shape long-range axon guidance, fasciculation and targeting. We also present several lines of evidence suggesting that miRNAs could have a compartmentalized and differential action at the cell soma, and within axons and growth cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana N Iyer
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Chen HM, DeLong CJ, Bame M, Rajapakse I, Herron TJ, McInnis MG, O'Shea KS. Transcripts involved in calcium signaling and telencephalic neuronal fate are altered in induced pluripotent stem cells from bipolar disorder patients. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e375. [PMID: 25116795 PMCID: PMC3966040 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by dynamic, pathological mood fluctuations from mania to depression. To date, a major challenge in studying human neuropsychiatric conditions such as BP has been limited access to viable central nervous system tissue to examine disease progression. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) now offer an opportunity to analyze the full compliment of neural tissues and the prospect of identifying novel disease mechanisms. We have examined changes in gene expression as iPSC derived from well-characterized patients differentiate into neurons; there was little difference in the transcriptome of iPSC, but BP neurons were significantly different than controls in their transcriptional profile. Expression of transcripts for membrane bound receptors and ion channels was significantly increased in BP-derived neurons compared with controls, and we found that lithium pretreatment of BP neurons significantly altered their calcium transient and wave amplitude. The expression of transcription factors involved in the specification of telencephalic neuronal identity was also altered. Control neurons expressed transcripts that confer dorsal telencephalic fate, whereas BP neurons expressed genes involved in the differentiation of ventral (medial ganglionic eminence) regions. Cells were responsive to dorsal/ventral patterning cues, as addition of the Hedgehog (ventral) pathway activator purmorphamine or a dorsalizing agent (lithium) stimulated expression of NKX2-1 (ventral identity) or EMX2 (dorsal) in both groups. Cell-based models should have a significant impact on our understanding of the genesis and therefore treatment of BP; the iPSC cell lines themselves provide an important resource for comparison with other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C J DeLong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Bame
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - I Rajapakse
- Center for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T J Herron
- Department of Cardiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K S O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3051 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Beveridge NJ, Santarelli DM, Wang X, Tooney PA, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Cairns MJ. Maturation of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex coincides with a dynamic shift in microRNA expression. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:399-409. [PMID: 23378013 PMCID: PMC3932079 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA are small RNAs that provide specificity for the RNA induced silencing complex, which forms the basis of an exquisite combinatorial system for posttranscriptional regulation. This system, essential for complex metazoans, is exemplified in the development of the cerebral cortex. To explore the complexity of human cortical miRNA expression in detail, we analyzed RNA from postmortem prefrontal cortex from 97 subjects aged 2 months to 78 years using miRNA microarray. Global miRNA expression was highest in the early years before declining significantly after adolescence (n = 140 decreased, n = 32 increased). Late adolescence was also marked by an inflection point between miRNA on an upward trajectory vs the majority going down. Functional annotation of target genes displaying inverse mRNA expression patterns in the same tissue were overrepresented in neurodevelopmentally significant pathways including neurological disease (most significantly schizophrenia), nervous system development, and cell-to-cell signaling. As mature miRNA expression is largely posttranscriptionally regulated, miRNA biogenesis gene expression was also examined. Dicer and Exportin-5 displayed significant associations with age; however, neither correlated with global miRNA expression across the lifespan. This investigation of cortical miRNA expression provides a framework for understanding the complex posttranscriptional regulatory environment during development and aging that may form a substrate for changes observed in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Beveridge
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; tel: +61-2-4921-8670, fax: +61-2-4921-7903, e-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|