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El-Kharrag R, Berckmueller KE, Madhu R, Cui M, Campoy G, Mack HM, Wolf CB, Perez AM, Humbert O, Kiem HP, Radtke S. Efficient polymer nanoparticle-mediated delivery of gene editing reagents into human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2186-2198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Mukai H, Ogawa K, Kato N, Kawakami S. Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for delivery of nucleic acid, mRNA, and gene editing-based therapeutics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 44:100450. [PMID: 35381574 PMCID: PMC9363157 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are becoming popular as a means of delivering therapeutics, including those based on nucleic acids and mRNA. The mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines are perfect examples to highlight the role played by drug delivery systems in advancing human health. The fundamentals of LNPs for the delivery of nucleic acid- and mRNA-based therapeutics, are well established. Thus, future research on LNPs will focus on addressing the following: expanding the scope of drug delivery to different constituents of the human body, expanding the number of diseases that can be targeted, and studying the change in the pharmacokinetics of LNPs under physiological and pathological conditions. This review article provides an overview of recent advances aimed at expanding the application of LNPs, focusing on the pharmacokinetics and advantages of LNPs. In addition, analytical techniques, library construction and screening, rational design, active targeting, and applicability to gene editing therapy have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan; Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Koki Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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203
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Maeki M, Uno S, Niwa A, Okada Y, Tokeshi M. Microfluidic technologies and devices for lipid nanoparticle-based RNA delivery. J Control Release 2022; 344:80-96. [PMID: 35183654 PMCID: PMC8851889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2021, mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 were approved by the Food and Drug Administration. mRNA vaccines are important for preventing severe COVID-19 and returning to normal life. The development of RNA-delivery technology, including mRNA vaccines, has been investigated worldwide for ~30 years. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a breakthrough technology that stably delivers RNA to target organs, and RNA-loaded LNP-based nanomedicines have been studied for the development of vaccines and nanomedicines for RNA-, gene-, and cell-based therapies. Recently, microfluidic devices and technologies have attracted attention for the production of LNPs, particularly RNA-loaded LNPs. Microfluidics provides many advantages for RNA-loaded LNP production, including precise LNP size controllability, high reproducibility, high-throughput optimization of LNP formulation, and continuous LNP-production processes. In this review, we summarize microfluidic-based RNA-loaded LNP production and its applications in RNA-based therapy and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Maeki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Shuya Uno
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ayuka Niwa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuto Okada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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204
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Wang L, Chen Y, Liu X, Li Z, Dai X. The Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Status and Problems. Front Oncol 2022; 11:704999. [PMID: 35111663 PMCID: PMC8801488 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of disease-related deaths in the world. Although cancer treatment strategies have been improved in recent years, the survival time of cancer patients is still far from satisfied. Cancer immunotherapy, such as Oncolytic virotherapy, Immune checkpoints inhibition, Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy and macrophages genomic modification, has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for different kinds of cancer. However, many patients do not respond to the cancer immunotherapy which warrants further investigation to optimize this strategy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), as a versatile genome engineering tool, has become popular in the biology research field and it was also applied to optimize tumor immunotherapy. Moreover, CRISPR-based high-throughput screening can be used in the study of immunomodulatory drug resistance mechanism. In this review, we summarized the development as well as the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the cancer immunotherapy and discussed the potential problems that may be caused by this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Neurosurgery Department, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangpeng Dai,
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205
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Tarab-Ravski D, Stotsky-Oterin L, Peer D. Delivery strategies of RNA therapeutics to leukocytes. J Control Release 2022; 342:362-371. [PMID: 35041904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing RNA-based therapeutics for cancer, inflammation, and viral diseases is hindered by poor delivery of therapeutic RNA molecules. Targeting leukocytes to treat these conditions holds great promise, as they are key participants in their initiation, drug response, and treatment. The various extra- and intra-cellular obstacles that impediment the clinical implementation of therapeutic RNA can be overcome by utilizing drug delivery systems. However, delivery of therapeutic RNA to leukocytes poses an even greater challenge as these cells are difficult to reach and transfect upon systemic administration. This review briefly describes the existing successful delivery strategies that efficiently target leukocytes in vivo and discuss their potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tarab-Ravski
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Stotsky-Oterin
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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206
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van Hees M, Slott S, Hansen AH, Kim HS, Ji HP, Astakhova K. New approaches to moderate CRISPR-Cas9 activity: Addressing issues of cellular uptake and endosomal escape. Mol Ther 2022; 30:32-46. [PMID: 34091053 PMCID: PMC8753288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is rapidly entering molecular biology and biomedicine as a promising gene-editing tool. A unique feature of CRISPR-Cas9 is a single-guide RNA directing a Cas9 nuclease toward its genomic target. Herein, we highlight new approaches for improving cellular uptake and endosomal escape of CRISPR-Cas9. As opposed to other recently published works, this review is focused on non-viral carriers as a means to facilitate the cellular uptake of CRISPR-Cas9 through endocytosis. The majority of non-viral carriers, such as gold nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and nanoscale zeolitic imidazole frameworks, is developed with a focus toward optimizing the endosomal escape of CRISPR-Cas9 by taking advantage of the acidic environment in the late endosomes. Among the most broadly used methods for in vitro and ex vivo ribonucleotide protein transfection are electroporation and microinjection. Thus, other delivery formats are warranted for in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9. Herein, we specifically revise the use of peptide and nanoparticle-based systems as platforms for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery in vivo. Finally, we highlight future perspectives of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool and the prospects of using non-viral vectors to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja van Hees
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Slott
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Heon Seok Kim
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Hanlee P. Ji
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94350, USA
| | - Kira Astakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark,Corresponding author: Kira Astakhova, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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207
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Targeting Cancer with CRISPR/Cas9-Based Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010573. [PMID: 35008996 PMCID: PMC8745084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating condition characterised by the uncontrolled division of cells with many forms remaining resistant to current treatment. A hallmark of cancer is the gradual accumulation of somatic mutations which drive tumorigenesis in cancerous cells, creating a mutation landscape distinctive to a cancer type, an individual patient or even a single tumour lesion. Gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9-based tools now enables the precise and permanent targeting of mutations and offers an opportunity to harness this technology to target oncogenic mutations. However, the development of safe and effective gene editing therapies for cancer relies on careful design to spare normal cells and avoid introducing other mutations. This article aims to describe recent advancements in cancer-selective treatments based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system, especially focusing on strategies for targeted delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery to affected cells, controlling Cas9 expression in tissues of interest and disrupting cancer-specific genes to result in selective death of malignant cells.
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208
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Lin Y, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Non-viral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system: DNA versus RNA versus RNP. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1166-1192. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01658j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the CRISPR/Cas technology has rapidly become an essential tool in modern biomedical research. The opportunities to specifically modify and correct genomic DNA has also raised big hope...
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209
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Yan J, Kang DD, Turnbull G, Dong Y. Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for screening and editing RNA binding proteins in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114042. [PMID: 34767864 PMCID: PMC8724402 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an important role in RNA metabolism, regulating the stability, localization, and functional dynamics of RNAs. Alternation in the RBP-RNA network has profound implications in cellular physiology, and is related to the development and spread of cancer in certain cases. To regulate the expression of specific genes and their biological activities, various strategies have been applied to target RBPs for cancer treatments, including small-molecule inhibitors, small-interfering RNA, peptides, and aptamers. Recently, the deployment of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has provided a new platform for RBP screening and regulation. This review summarizes the delivery systems of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and their role in RBP-based cancer therapeutics, including identification of novel RBPs and regulation of cancer-associated RBPs. The efficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas9 system is important to the profound understanding and clinical transition of RBPs as cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Diana D. Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gillian Turnbull
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science; The Comprehensive Cancer Center; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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210
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Alburquerque-González B, López-Abellán MD, Luengo-Gil G, Montoro-García S, Conesa-Zamora P. Design of Personalized Neoantigen RNA Vaccines Against Cancer Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Data. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:165-185. [PMID: 36068464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The good clinical results of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in recent cancer therapy and the success of RNA vaccines against SARS-nCoV2 have provided important lessons to the scientific community. On the one hand, the efficacy of ICI depends on the number and immunogenicity of tumor neoantigens (TNAs) which unfortunately are not abundantly expressed in many cancer subtypes. On the other hand, novel RNA vaccines have significantly improved both the stability and immunogenicity of mRNA and its efficient delivery, this way overcoming past technique limitations and also allowing a quick vaccine development at the same time. These two facts together have triggered a resurgence of therapeutic cancer vaccines which can be designed to include individual TNAs and be synthesized in a timeframe short enough to be suitable for the tailored treatment of a given cancer patient.In this chapter, we explain the pipeline for the synthesis of TNA-carrying RNA vaccines which encompasses several steps such as individual tumor next-generation sequencing (NGS), selection of immunogenic TNAs, nucleic acid synthesis, drug delivery systems, and immunogenicity assessment, all of each step comprising different alternatives and variations which will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Alburquerque-González
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Abellán
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Silvia Montoro-García
- Cell Culture Lab, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- Pathology and Histology Department Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, Biomedical Research Institute from Murcia (IMIB), Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain.
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211
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Zhang X, Schuhmachers P, Mourão A, Giansanti P, Murer A, Thumann S, Kuklik‐Roos C, Beer S, Hauck SM, Hammerschmidt W, Küppers R, Kuster B, Raab M, Strebhardt K, Sattler M, Münz C, Kempkes B. PLK1-dependent phosphorylation restrains EBNA2 activity and lymphomagenesis in EBV-infected mice. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53007. [PMID: 34605140 PMCID: PMC8647151 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a life-long latent infection in apparently healthy human immunocompetent hosts, immunodeficient individuals are at particular risk to develop lymphoproliferative B-cell malignancies caused by EBV. A key EBV protein is the transcription factor EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), which initiates B-cell proliferation. Here, we combine biochemical, cellular, and in vivo experiments demonstrating that the mitotic polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) binds to EBNA2, phosphorylates its transactivation domain, and thereby inhibits its biological activity. EBNA2 mutants that impair PLK1 binding or prevent EBNA2 phosphorylation are gain-of-function mutants. They exhibit enhanced transactivation capacities, accelerate the proliferation of infected B cells, and promote the development of monoclonal B-cell lymphomas in infected mice. Thus, PLK1 coordinates the activity of EBNA2 to attenuate the risk of tumor incidences in favor of the establishment of latency in the infected but healthy host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Patrick Schuhmachers
- Viral ImmunbiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - André Mourão
- Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherbergGermany
- Department of ChemistryBavarian NMR CenterTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Piero Giansanti
- Chair of Proteomics and BioanalyticsTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Anita Murer
- Viral ImmunbiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sybille Thumann
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Cornelia Kuklik‐Roos
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Sophie Beer
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core FacilityHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research)University Hospital EssenEssenGermany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and BioanalyticsTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass SpectrometryTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsJohann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsJohann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherbergGermany
- Department of ChemistryBavarian NMR CenterTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunbiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMünchenGermany
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212
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Tang N, Ning Q, Wang Z, Tao Y, Zhao X, Tang S. Tumor microenvironment based stimuli-responsive CRISPR/Cas delivery systems: A viable platform for interventional approaches. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 210:112257. [PMID: 34894597 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems have emerged as robust tools in cancer gene therapy due to their simplicity and versatility. Nevertheless, the genome editing efficiency in tumor sites and the clinical applications of CRISPR/Cas have been compromised by non-specific delivery and genotoxicity. Recently, intelligent delivery systems incorporating sensitive materials in response to endogenous stimuli of the tumor microenvironment (TME) have represented viable platforms for tumor-specific genome editing and reduced side effects of CRISPR/Cas. Spurred by this promising direction, this review first introduces the CRISPR/Cas systems widely employed in cancer therapeutic explorations. Various types of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems sensitive to the stimuli in TME and typical dual-/multiple-responsive CRISPR/Cas carriers are further discussed, emphasizing the correlations between sensitive components and spatiotemporal delivery mechanisms. The genome editing efficiencies of CRISPR/Cas-loaded stimuli-responsive carriers are also summarized both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, stimuli-responsive CRISPR/Cas delivery systems hold great promise for potent cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyang Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, and Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Qian Ning
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Zewei Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, and Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Yifang Tao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, and Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Xuhong Zhao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, and Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-Based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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213
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Xu L, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang G, Falconer RJ, Zhao CX. Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Letao Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Xing Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Robert J. Falconer
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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214
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215
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The Evolution and Future of Targeted Cancer Therapy: From Nanoparticles, Oncolytic Viruses, and Oncolytic Bacteria to the Treatment of Solid Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113018. [PMID: 34835785 PMCID: PMC8623458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While many classes of chemotherapeutic agents exist to treat solid tumors, few can generate a lasting response without substantial off-target toxicity despite significant scientific advancements and investments. In this review, the paths of development for nanoparticles, oncolytic viruses, and oncolytic bacteria over the last 20 years of research towards clinical translation and acceptance as novel cancer therapeutics are compared. Novel nanoparticle, oncolytic virus, and oncolytic bacteria therapies all start with a common goal of accomplishing therapeutic drug activity or delivery to a specific site while avoiding off-target effects, with overlapping methodology between all three modalities. Indeed, the degree of overlap is substantial enough that breakthroughs in one therapeutic could have considerable implications on the progression of the other two. Each oncotherapeutic modality has accomplished clinical translation, successfully overcoming the potential pitfalls promising therapeutics face. However, once studies enter clinical trials, the data all but disappears, leaving pre-clinical researchers largely in the dark. Overall, the creativity, flexibility, and innovation of these modalities for solid tumor treatments are greatly encouraging, and usher in a new age of pharmaceutical development.
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216
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Zhang G, Sun J. Lipid in Chips: A Brief Review of Liposomes Formation by Microfluidics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7391-7416. [PMID: 34764647 PMCID: PMC8575451 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s331639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are ubiquitous tools in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, membrane science and artificial cell. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques have revolutionized the preparation of liposomes on the microscale. State-of-the-art liposomal formation on microfluidic chips and its associated applications are introduced in this review. We attempt to provide a reference for liposomal researchers by comparing various microfluidic techniques for liposomes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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217
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Genome editing in large animal models. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3140-3152. [PMID: 34601132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genome editing technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we treat human diseases, barriers to successful clinical implementation remain. Increasingly, preclinical large animal models are being used to overcome these barriers. In particular, the immunogenicity and long-term safety of novel gene editing therapeutics must be evaluated rigorously. However, short-lived small animal models, such as mice and rats, cannot address secondary pathologies that may arise years after a gene editing treatment. Likewise, immunodeficient mouse models by definition lack the ability to quantify the host immune response to a novel transgene or gene-edited locus. Large animal models, including dogs, pigs, and non-human primates (NHPs), bear greater resemblance to human anatomy, immunology, and lifespan and can be studied over longer timescales with clinical dosing regimens that are more relevant to humans. These models allow for larger scale and repeated blood and tissue sampling, enabling greater depth of study and focus on rare cellular subsets. Here, we review current progress in the development and evaluation of novel genome editing therapies in large animal models, focusing on applications in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection, cancer, and genetic diseases including hemoglobinopathies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), hypercholesterolemia, and inherited retinal diseases.
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218
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Kemp JA, Kwon YJ. Cancer nanotechnology: current status and perspectives. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:34. [PMID: 34727233 PMCID: PMC8560887 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern medicine has been waging a war on cancer for nearly a century with no tangible end in sight. Cancer treatments have significantly progressed, but the need to increase specificity and decrease systemic toxicities remains. Early diagnosis holds a key to improving prognostic outlook and patient quality of life, and diagnostic tools are on the cusp of a technological revolution. Nanotechnology has steadily expanded into the reaches of cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, diagnostics, and imaging, demonstrating the capacity to augment each and advance patient care. Nanomaterials provide an abundance of versatility, functionality, and applications to engineer specifically targeted cancer medicine, accurate early-detection devices, robust imaging modalities, and enhanced radiotherapy adjuvants. This review provides insights into the current clinical and pre-clinical nanotechnological applications for cancer drug therapy, diagnostics, imaging, and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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219
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Ang MJY, Chan SY, Goh YY, Luo Z, Lau JW, Liu X. Emerging strategies in developing multifunctional nanomaterials for cancer nanotheranostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113907. [PMID: 34371084 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer involves a collection of diseases with a common trait - dysregulation in cell proliferation. At present, traditional therapeutic strategies against cancer have limitations in tackling various tumors in clinical settings. These include chemotherapeutic resistance and the inability to overcome intrinsic physiological barriers to drug delivery. Nanomaterials have presented promising strategies for tumor treatment in recent years. Nanotheranostics combine therapeutic and bioimaging functionalities at the single nanoparticle level and have experienced tremendous growth over the past few years. This review highlights recent developments of advanced nanomaterials and nanotheranostics in three main directions: stimulus-responsive nanomaterials, nanocarriers targeting the tumor microenvironment, and emerging nanomaterials that integrate with phototherapies and immunotherapies. We also discuss the cytotoxicity and outlook of next-generation nanomaterials towards clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melgious Jin Yan Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Yi-Yiing Goh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Zichao Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Lau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; NUS Graduate School (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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220
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Pu Y, Yin H, Dong C, Xiang H, Wu W, Zhou B, Du D, Chen Y, Xu H. Sono-Controllable and ROS-Sensitive CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for Augmented/Synergistic Ultrasound Tumor Nanotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104641. [PMID: 34536041 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-based therapeutic genome editing is severely hampered by the difficulties in precise regulation of the in vivo activity of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Herein, sono-controllable and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive sonosensitizer-integrated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), denoted as P/M@CasMTH1, are developed for augmented sonodynamic therapy (SDT) efficacy using the genome-editing technology. P/M@CasMTH1 nanoparticles comprise singlet oxygen (1 O2 )-generating MOF structures anchored with CRISPR-Cas9 systems via 1 O2 -cleavable linkers, which serve not only as a delivery vector of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting MTH1, but also as a sonoregulator to spatiotemporally activate the genome editing. P/M@CasMTH1 escapes from the lysosomes, harvests the ultrasound (US) energy and converts it into abundant 1 O2 to induce SDT. The generated ROS subsequently trigger cleavage of ROS-responsive thioether bonds, thus inducing controllable release of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and initiation of genome editing. The genomic disruption of MTH1 conspicuously augments the therapeutic efficacy of SDT by destroying the self-defense system in tumor cells, thereby causing cellular apoptosis and tumor suppression. This therapeutic strategy for synergistic MTH1 disruption and abundant 1 O2 generation provides a paradigm for augmenting SDT efficacy based on the emerging nanomedicine-enabled genome-editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinying Pu
- Center of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Tumor, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Haohao Yin
- Center of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Tumor, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Huijing Xiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Bangguo Zhou
- Center of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Tumor, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dou Du
- Center of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Tumor, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Huixiong Xu
- Center of Minimally Invasive Treatment for Tumor, Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
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221
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Integrative Metabolomics Reveals Deep Tissue and Systemic Metabolic Remodeling in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205157. [PMID: 34680306 PMCID: PMC8534284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Its etiology remains unknown in most cases. Glioblastoma pathogenesis consists of a progressive infiltration of the white matter by tumoral cells leading to progressive neurological deficit, epilepsy, and/or intracranial hypertension. The mean survival is between 15 to 17 months. Given this aggressive prognosis, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of glioblastoma to unveil new diagnostic strategies and therapeutic targets through a deeper understanding of its biology. (2) Methods: To systematically address this issue, we performed targeted and untargeted metabolomics-based investigations on both tissue and plasma samples from patients with glioblastoma. (3) Results: This study revealed 176 differentially expressed lipids and metabolites, 148 in plasma and 28 in tissue samples. Main biochemical classes include phospholipids, acylcarnitines, sphingomyelins, and triacylglycerols. Functional analyses revealed deep metabolic remodeling in glioblastoma lipids and energy substrates, which unveils the major role of lipids in tumor progression by modulating its own environment. (4) Conclusions: Overall, our study demonstrates in situ and systemic metabolic rewiring in glioblastoma that could shed light on its underlying biological plasticity and progression to inform diagnosis and/or therapeutic strategies.
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222
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Levy ES, Yu J, Estevez A, Mao J, Liu L, Torres E, Leung D, Yen CW. A Systematic Approach for Liposome and Lipodisk Preclinical Formulation Development by Microfluidic Technology. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:111. [PMID: 34651233 PMCID: PMC8516330 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles have transformed the drug delivery field enhancing the therapeutic drug performance of small molecules and biologics with several approved drug products. However, in industry, these more complex drug delivery systems such as liposomes require more material and time to develop. Here, we report a liposome and lipodisk decision tree with model compounds of diverse physicochemical properties to understand how to resourcefully optimize encapsulation efficiency (EE) for these lipid-based drug delivery systems. We have identified trends with physicochemical properties such as Log P, where higher Log P compounds such as curcumin were able to efficiently load into the lipid bilayer resulting in high EE with altering the drug/lipid (D/L) ratio. Moderate Log P compounds such as cyclosporine A and dexamethasone had significantly higher encapsulation in lipodisks, which contain higher amounts of PEG lipid compared to liposomes. The EE of negative Log P compounds, like acyclovir, remained low regardless of altering the D/L ratio and PEG concentrations. In this study, microfluidic techniques were employed to fabricate liposomes and lipodisks formulations allowing for a reproducible strategy for formulation development. Both liposome and lipodisk of curcumin demonstrated enhanced in vivo performance compared with a conventional formulation in the rat pharmacokinetic study. This combination of approaches with multiple model compounds and lipid-based drug delivery systems provides a systematic guidance to effective strategies to generate higher EE with minimal drug waste and expedite the process for preclinical development when applied to industry compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Levy
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jesse Yu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Liling Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Dennis Leung
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
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223
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Lipid Nanoparticles for Organ-Specific mRNA Therapeutic Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101675. [PMID: 34683969 PMCID: PMC8538155 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This article belongs to the Special Issue mRNA Therapeutics: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Katalin Karikó. Abstract Advances in the using in vitro transcribed (IVT) modRNA in the past two decades, especially the tremendous recent success of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, have brought increased attention to IVT mRNA technology. Despite its well-known use in infectious disease vaccines, IVT modRNA technology is being investigated mainly in cancer immunotherapy and protein replacement therapy, with ongoing clinical trials in both areas. One of the main barriers to progressing mRNA therapeutics to the clinic is determining how to deliver mRNA to target cells and protect it from degradation. Over the years, many different vehicles have been developed to tackle this issue. Desirable vehicles must be safe, stable and preferably organ specific for successful mRNA delivery to clinically relevant cells and tissues. In this review we discuss various mRNA delivery platforms, with particular focus on attempts to create organ-specific vehicles for therapeutic mRNA delivery.
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224
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Calderón M, Hedtrich S. The Delivery Challenge of Genome Editing in Human Epithelia. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100847. [PMID: 34165913 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite exciting advances in gene editing, their clinical translation is still hampered by the lack of delivery systems that can encapsulate and deliver gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 or prime editors to the target side. This is particularly challenging in human epithelia, such as the skin and the lung; the latter of which being a mucosal surface that is covered by a mucus layer. In this perspective, the design and biological assessment of delivery systems for gene editing tools like CRISPR in skin and mucosal surfaces are discussed. The current state-of-the-art, current knowledge, and translational gaps, and guide toward improved translation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT Applied Chemistry Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao 48009 Spain
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of British Columbia 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T1Z3 Canada
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225
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Ashok B, Peppas NA, Wechsler ME. Lipid- and Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Systems for the Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 65:102728. [PMID: 34335878 PMCID: PMC8318345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated (Cas) genome editing systems and their applications in human health and medicine has heralded a new era of biotechnology. However, the delivery of CRISPR therapeutics is arguably the most difficult barrier to overcome for translation to in vivo clinical administration. Appropriate delivery methods are required to efficiently and selectively transport all gene editing components to specific target cells and tissues of interest, while minimizing off-target effects. To overcome this challenge, we discuss and critic nanoparticle delivery strategies, focusing on the use of lipid-based and polymeric-based matrices herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaargavi Ashok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Marissa E Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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226
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Meng X, Lou QY, Yang WY, Wang YR, Chen R, Wang L, Xu T, Zhang L. The role of non-coding RNAs in drug resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma and therapeutic potential. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:981-1006. [PMID: 34289530 PMCID: PMC8504146 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the eighth most prevalent cancer in the world, arises from the interaction of multiple factors including tobacco, alcohol consumption, and betel quid. Chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel have now become the first-line options for OSCC patients. Nevertheless, most OSCC patients eventually acquire drug resistance, leading to poor prognosis. With the discovery and identification of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), the functions of dysregulated ncRNAs in OSCC development and drug resistance are gradually being widely recognized. The mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC are intricate and involve drug efflux, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, DNA damage repair, and autophagy. At present, strategies to explore the reversal of drug resistance of OSCC need to be urgently developed. Nano-delivery and self-cellular drug delivery platforms are considered as effective strategies to overcome drug resistance due to their tumor targeting, controlled release, and consistent pharmacokinetic profiles. In particular, the combined application of new technologies (including CRISPR systems) opened up new horizons for the treatment of drug resistance of OSCC. Hence, this review explored emerging regulatory functions of ncRNAs in drug resistance of OSCC, elucidated multiple ncRNA-meditated mechanisms of drug resistance of OSCC, and discussed the potential value of drug delivery platforms using nanoparticles and self-cells as carriers in drug resistance of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yue Lou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Yang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Rong Wang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Lab. of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
- Department of Periodontology, Anhui Stomatology Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, P. R. China
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227
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Ibba ML, Ciccone G, Esposito CL, Catuogno S, Giangrande PH. Advances in mRNA non-viral delivery approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113930. [PMID: 34403751 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) present a great potential as therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of human pathologies, allowing for protein replacement, vaccination, cancer immunotherapy, and genomic engineering. Despite advances in the design of mRNA-based therapeutics, a key aspect for their widespread translation to clinic is the development of safe and effective delivery strategies. To this end, non-viral delivery systems including peptide-based complexes, lipidic or polymeric nanoparticles, and hybrid formulations are attracting growing interest. Despite displaying somewhat reduced efficacy compared to viral-based systems, non-viral carriers offer important advantages in terms of biosafety and versatility. In this review, we provide an overview of current mRNA therapeutic applications and discuss key biological barriers to delivery and recent advances in the development of non-viral systems. Challenges and future applications of this novel therapeutic modality are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Ibba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla L Esposito
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Catuogno
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Wave Life Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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228
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Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system has revolutionized the biomedical research field with its simple and flexible genome editing method. In October 2020, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry in recognition of their outstanding contributions to the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 genetic scissors, which allow scientists to alter DNA sequences with high precision. Recently, the first phase I clinical trials in cancer patients affirmed the safety and feasibility of ex vivo CRISPR-edited T cells. However, specific and effective CRISPR delivery in vivo remains challenging due to the multiple extracellular and intracellular barriers. Here, we discuss the recent advances in novel lipid nanomaterials for CRISPR delivery and describe relevant examples of potential therapeutics in cancers, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science; The Comprehensive Cancer Center; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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229
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Xu X, Liu C, Wang Y, Koivisto O, Zhou J, Shu Y, Zhang H. Nanotechnology-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113891. [PMID: 34324887 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated protein 9) is a potent technology for gene-editing. Owing to its high specificity and efficiency, CRISPR/Cas9 is extensity used for human diseases treatment, especially for cancer, which involves multiple genetic alterations. Different concepts of cancer treatment by CRISPR/Cas9 are established. However, significant challenges remain for its clinical applications. The greatest challenge for CRISPR/Cas9 therapy is how to safely and efficiently deliver it to target sites in vivo. Nanotechnology has greatly contributed to cancer drug delivery. Here, we present the action mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas9, its application in cancer therapy and especially focus on the nanotechnology-based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer gene editing and immunotherapy to pave the way for its clinical translation. We detail the difficult barriers for CRISIR/Cas9 delivery in vivo and discuss the relative solutions for encapsulation, target delivery, controlled release, cellular internalization, and endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Chang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Oliver Koivisto
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Junnian Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland.
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230
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Tarvirdipour S, Skowicki M, Schoenenberger CA, Palivan CG. Peptide-Assisted Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems on the Rise. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9092. [PMID: 34445799 PMCID: PMC8396486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns associated with nanocarriers' therapeutic efficacy and side effects have led to the development of strategies to advance them into targeted and responsive delivery systems. Owing to their bioactivity and biocompatibility, peptides play a key role in these strategies and, thus, have been extensively studied in nanomedicine. Peptide-based nanocarriers, in particular, have burgeoned with advances in purely peptidic structures and in combinations of peptides, both native and modified, with polymers, lipids, and inorganic nanoparticles. In this review, we summarize advances on peptides promoting gene delivery systems. The efficacy of nucleic acid therapies largely depends on cell internalization and the delivery to subcellular organelles. Hence, the review focuses on nanocarriers where peptides are pivotal in ferrying nucleic acids to their site of action, with a special emphasis on peptides that assist anionic, water-soluble nucleic acids in crossing the membrane barriers they encounter on their way to efficient function. In a second part, we address how peptides advance nanoassembly delivery tools, such that they navigate delivery barriers and release their nucleic acid cargo at specific sites in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- Department of Biosystem Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Skowicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (S.T.); (M.S.)
- NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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231
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Accelerating vein-to-vein cell therapy workflows with new bioanalytical strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:164-174. [PMID: 34416662 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapies represent a new era of treatment modalities for cancer. Through agile bioprocessing and bioengineering, patient-derived T-cells can be directed toward cancer biomarkers to impart a more robust and targeted immune response. In order to avoid delays in critical treatment timeframes, new bioanalytical tools are needed to accelerate, streamline, and maximize the throughput of T-cell bioprocessing. This review offers a survey of recent biotechnological advances supporting enhanced and expedited biomanufacturing workflows for autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, ranging from novel genetic engineering techniques and cell sorting platforms to stem cells and tumor organoid models. Collectively, these methods can increase the clinical impact of cancer therapeutics by improving the specificity, efficacy, and timely delivery of cell-based products.
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232
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Hou X, Zaks T, Langer R, Dong Y. Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 6:1078-1094. [PMID: 34394960 PMCID: PMC8353930 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1219] [Impact Index Per Article: 406.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a new category of therapeutic agent to prevent and treat various diseases. To function in vivo, mRNA requires safe, effective and stable delivery systems that protect the nucleic acid from degradation and that allow cellular uptake and mRNA release. Lipid nanoparticles have successfully entered the clinic for the delivery of mRNA; in particular, lipid nanoparticle-mRNA vaccines are now in clinical use against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which marks a milestone for mRNA therapeutics. In this Review, we discuss the design of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery and examine physiological barriers and possible administration routes for lipid nanoparticle-mRNA systems. We then consider key points for the clinical translation of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA formulations, including good manufacturing practice, stability, storage and safety, and highlight preclinical and clinical studies of lipid nanoparticle-mRNA therapeutics for infectious diseases, cancer and genetic disorders. Finally, we give an outlook to future possibilities and remaining challenges for this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Tal Zaks
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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233
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Sioson VA, Kim M, Joo J. Challenges in delivery systems for CRISPR-based genome editing and opportunities of nanomedicine. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:217-233. [PMID: 34350049 PMCID: PMC8316527 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-based genome editing technology has opened extremely useful strategies in biological research and clinical therapeutics, thus attracting great attention with tremendous progress in the past decade. Despite its robust potential in personalized and precision medicine, the CRISPR-based gene editing has been limited by inefficient in vivo delivery to the target cells and by safety concerns of viral vectors for clinical setting. In this review, recent advances in tailored nanoparticles as a means of non-viral delivery vector for CRISPR/Cas systems are thoroughly discussed. Unique characteristics of the nanoparticles including controllable size, surface tunability, and low immune response lead considerable potential of CRISPR-based gene editing as a translational medicine. We will present an overall view on essential elements in CRISPR/Cas systems and the nanoparticle-based delivery carriers including advantages and challenges. Perspectives to advance the current limitations are also discussed toward bench-to-bedside translation in engineering aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Aaron Sioson
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Minjong Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
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234
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Behr M, Zhou J, Xu B, Zhang H. In vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 therapeutics: Progress and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2150-2171. [PMID: 34522582 PMCID: PMC8424283 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Within less than a decade since its inception, CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing has been rapidly advanced to human clinical trials in multiple disease areas. Although it is highly anticipated that this revolutionary technology will bring novel therapeutic modalities to many diseases by precisely manipulating cellular DNA sequences, the low efficiency of in vivo delivery must be enhanced before its therapeutic potential can be fully realized. Here we discuss the most recent progress of in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 systems, highlight innovative viral and non-viral delivery technologies, emphasize outstanding delivery challenges, and provide the most updated perspectives.
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235
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Bagheri AR, Li C, Zhang X, Zhou X, Aramesh N, Zhou H, Jia J. Recent advances in covalent organic frameworks for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5745-5761. [PMID: 34318797 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00960e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of patients diagnosed with cancer has been soaring. Therefore, the design, development, and implementation of new approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of different types of cancers have attracted an increasing amount of attention. To date, different methods have been used for cancer diagnosis and therapy with main drawbacks in terms of severe side effects, e.g., damage to healthy cells, development of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the introduction and application of innovative methods. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are versatile materials with excellent properties in terms of biocompatibility, porous and crystalline structure, and easy functionalization. The porous structure and organic monomers in COFs allow them to load different therapeutic drugs and/or functional species efficiently. These promising properties make COFs ideal candidates for medical application, especially in cancer diagnosis and therapy. To date, many studies have focused on the design and synthesis of novel COFs while their application as diagnostic and therapeutic materials remains less understood. In this review, different synthesis and functionalization approaches of COFs were summarized. In particular, cancer diagnosis and therapy based on COFs were investigated and the advantages and limitations of each method were discussed. Most importantly, the mechanism for cancer therapy of COFs and fundamental challenges and perspectives for the application of COFs in cancer theranostics were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Bagheri
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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236
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Hasanzadeh A, Radmanesh F, Hosseini ES, Hashemzadeh I, Kiani J, Nourizadeh H, Naseri M, Fatahi Y, Chegini F, Madjd Z, Beyzavi A, Kowalski PS, Karimi M. Highly Photoluminescent Nitrogen- and Zinc-Doped Carbon Dots for Efficient Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 and mRNA. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1875-1887. [PMID: 34278778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems is still a challenge. Here we report the development of fluorescent nitrogen- and zinc-doped carbon dots (N-Zn-doped CDs) using one-step microwave-aided pyrolysis based on citric acid, branched PEI25k, and different zinc salts. These versatile nanovectors with a quantum yield of around 60% could not only transfect large CRISPR plasmids (∼9 kb) with higher efficiency (80%) compared to PEI25k and lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo 2K), but they also delivered mRNA into HEK 293T cells with the efficiency 20 times greater than and equal to that of PEI25k and Lipo 2K, respectively. Unlike PEI25k, N-Zn-doped CDs exhibited good transfection efficiency even at low plasmid doses and in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Moreover, these nanovectors demonstrated excellent efficiency in GFP gene disruption by transferring plasmid encoding Cas9 and sgRNA targeting GFP as well as Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteins into HEK 293T-GFP cells. Hence, N-Zn-doped CDs with remarkable photoluminescence properties and high transfection efficiency in the delivery of both CRISPR complexes and mRNA provide a promising platform for developing safe, efficient, and traceable delivery systems for biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Radmanesh
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.,Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
| | - Elaheh Sadat Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Iman Hashemzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Helena Nourizadeh
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Marzieh Naseri
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1417755331, Iran
| | - Fateme Chegini
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Piotr S Kowalski
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran.,Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran.,Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran
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237
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Wang Y, Shahi PK, Wang X, Xie R, Zhao Y, Wu M, Roge S, Pattnaik BR, Gong S. In vivo targeted delivery of nucleic acids and CRISPR genome editors enabled by GSH-responsive silica nanoparticles. J Control Release 2021; 336:296-309. [PMID: 34174352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of gene therapy and genome editing techniques brings up an urgent need to develop safe and efficient nanoplatforms for nucleic acids and CRISPR genome editors. Herein we report a stimulus-responsive silica nanoparticle (SNP) capable of encapsulating biomacromolecules in their active forms with a high loading content and loading efficiency as well as a well-controlled nanoparticle size (~50 nm). A disulfide crosslinker was integrated into the silica network, endowing SNP with glutathione (GSH)-responsive cargo release capability when internalized by target cells. An imidazole-containing component was incorporated into the SNP to enhance the endosomal escape capability. The SNP can deliver various cargos, including nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and mRNA) and CRISPR genome editors (e.g., Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and RNP with donor DNA) with excellent efficiency and biocompatibility. The SNP surface can be PEGylated and functionalized with different targeting ligands. In vivo studies showed that subretinally injected SNP conjugated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and intravenously injected SNP conjugated with GalNAc can effectively deliver mRNA and RNP to murine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and liver cells, respectively, leading to efficient genome editing. Overall, the SNP is a promising nanoplatform for various applications including gene therapy and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Pawan K Shahi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ruosen Xie
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Seth Roge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bikash R Pattnaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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238
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Alves E, Taifour S, Dolcetti R, Chee J, Nowak AK, Gaudieri S, Blancafort P. Reprogramming the anti-tumor immune response via CRISPR genetic and epigenetic editing. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:592-606. [PMID: 34095343 PMCID: PMC8142043 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Precise clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated genetic and epigenetic manipulation of the immune response has become a promising immunotherapeutic approach toward combating tumorigenesis and tumor progression. CRISPR-based immunologic reprograming in cancer therapy comprises the locus-specific enhancement of host immunity, the improvement of tumor immunogenicity, and the suppression of tumor immunoevasion. To date, the ex vivo re-engineering of immune cells directed to inhibit the expression of immune checkpoints or to express synthetic immune receptors (chimeric antigen receptor therapy) has shown success in some settings, such as in the treatment of melanoma, lymphoma, liver, and lung cancer. However, advancements in nuclease-deactivated CRISPR-associated nuclease-9 (dCas9)-mediated transcriptional activation or repression and Cas13-directed gene suppression present novel avenues for the development of tumor immunotherapies. In this review, the basis for development, mechanism of action, and outcomes from recently published Cas9-based clinical trial (genetic editing) and dCas9/Cas13-based pre-clinical (epigenetic editing) data are discussed. Lastly, we review cancer immunotherapy-specific considerations and barriers surrounding use of these approaches in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Alves
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shahama Taifour
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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239
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Gu C, Xiao L, Shang J, Xu X, He L, Xiang Y. Chemical synthesis of stimuli-responsive guide RNA for conditional control of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9934-9945. [PMID: 34377390 PMCID: PMC8317661 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 promotes changes in identity or abundance of nucleic acids in live cells and is a programmable modality of broad biotechnological and therapeutic interest. To reduce off-target effects, tools for conditional control of CRISPR-Cas9 functions are under active research, such as stimuli-responsive guide RNA (gRNA). However, the types of physiologically relevant stimuli that can trigger gRNA are largely limited due to the lack of a versatile synthetic approach in chemistry to introduce diverse labile modifications into gRNA. In this work, we developed such a general method to prepare stimuli-responsive gRNA based on site-specific derivatization of 2′-O-methylribonucleotide phosphorothioate (PS-2′-OMe). We demonstrated CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells triggered by oxidative stress and visible light, respectively. Our study tackles the synthetic challenge and paves the way for chemically modified RNA to play more active roles in gene therapy. Conditional control of CRISPR-Cas9 activity by reactive oxygen species and visible light is achieved using stimuli-responsive guide RNA synthesized by a general method based on RNA 2′-O-methylribonucleotide phosphorothioate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiachen Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Luo He
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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240
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Schlich M, Palomba R, Costabile G, Mizrahy S, Pannuzzo M, Peer D, Decuzzi P. Cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids: The case of ionizable lipid nanoparticles. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10213. [PMID: 33786376 PMCID: PMC7995196 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced nano-delivery system for therapeutic nucleic acids. The great effort put in the development of ionizable lipids with increased in vivo potency brought LNPs from the laboratory benches to the FDA approval of patisiran in 2018 and the ongoing clinical trials for mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Despite these success stories, several challenges remain in RNA delivery, including what is known as "endosomal escape." Reaching the cytosol is mandatory for unleashing the therapeutic activity of RNA molecules, as their accumulation in other intracellular compartments would simply result in efficacy loss. In LNPs, the ability of ionizable lipids to form destabilizing non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is recognized as the key for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. This is motivating a surge in studies aiming at designing novel ionizable lipids with improved biodegradation and safety profiles. In this work, we describe the journey of RNA-loaded LNPs across multiple intracellular barriers, from the extracellular space to the cytosol. In silico molecular dynamics modeling, in vitro high-resolution microscopy analyses, and in vivo imaging data are systematically reviewed to distill out the regulating mechanisms underlying the endosomal escape of RNA. Finally, a comparison with strategies employed by enveloped viruses to deliver their genetic material into cells is also presented. The combination of a multidisciplinary analytical toolkit for endosomal escape quantification and a nature-inspired design could foster the development of future LNPs with improved cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schlich
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Shoshy Mizrahy
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Cancer Biology Research CenterTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Cancer Biology Research CenterTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaLaboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision MedicineGenoaItaly
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Singh MS, Ramishetti S, Landesman-Milo D, Goldsmith M, Chatterjee S, Palakuri R, Peer D. Therapeutic Gene Silencing Using Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100287. [PMID: 33825318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is an aggressive tumor owing to its ability to metastasize from stage II onward. Herein, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that encapsulate combination of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), and eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 3c (eIF3c), to target different cellular pathways essential for ovarian cancer progression are generated. The LNPs are further modified with hyaluronan (tNPs) to target cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) expressing cells. Interestingly, hyaluronan-coated LNPs (tNPs) prolong functional activity and reduce growth kinetics of spheroids in in vitro assay as compared to uncoated LNPs (uNPs) due to ≈1500-fold higher expression of CD44. Treatment of 2D and 3D cultured ovarian cancer cells with LNPs encapsulating both siRNAs result in 85% cell death and robust target gene silencing. In advanced orthotopic ovarian cancer model, intraperitoneal administration of LNPs demonstrates CD44 specific tumor targeting of tNPs compared to uNPs and robust gene silencing in tissues involved in ovarian cancer pathophysiology. At very low siRNA dose, enhanced overall survival of 60% for tNPs treated mice is observed compared to 10% and 20% for single siRNA-, eIF3c-tNP, and PLK1-tNP treatment groups, respectively. Overall, LNPs represent promising platform in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer by improving median- and overall-survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Smriti Singh
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Srinivas Ramishetti
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dalit Landesman-Milo
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Meir Goldsmith
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sushmita Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ramesh Palakuri
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences & Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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242
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Rapid Screening and Identification of Antitumor Ingredients from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Using an Enzyme-Immobilized Magnetic Nanoparticulate System. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082255. [PMID: 33924693 PMCID: PMC8069786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of recent progression in biomedicine and nanotechnology, nanoparticle-based systems have evolved as a new method with extensive applications in responsive therapy, multimodal imaging, drug delivery and natural product separation. Meanwhile, the magnetic nanoparticulate system has aroused great interest for separation and purification because of its excellent magnetic properties. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a highly expressed regulator to promote the growth of various cancers and is an ideal target to treat cancers. In this study, a novel strategy based on ligand–receptor interactions to discover novel PLA2 inhibitors was established, in which PLA2-functionalized Fe3O4@PLGA-PEG-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles were used as a supporting material combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, aiming to accelerate the discovery of novel PLA2 inhibitors from natural sources such as mangrove endophytic fungi. Under the optimized ligand fishing conditions, six target compounds were ultimately fished and identified to be cyclic peptides (1–3) and sterols (4–6), which compounds 1, 2 and 4–6 have well-documented cytotoxicities. Compound 3 exerted better inhibitory effect on A549 cells by experiment. In conclusion, PLA2-functionalized Fe3O4@PLGA-PEG-NH2 magnetic nanoparticles-based ligand fishing provided a feasible, selective and effective platform for the efficient screening and identification of antitumor components from natural products.
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243
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Espiritu D, Gribkova AK, Gupta S, Shaytan AK, Panchenko AR. Molecular Mechanisms of Oncogenesis through the Lens of Nucleosomes and Histones. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3963-3976. [PMID: 33769808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At the cellular level, cancer is the disease of both the genome and the epigenome, and the interplay between genetic mutations and epigenetic states may occur at the level of elementary chromatin units, the nucleosomes. They are formed by a segment of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. In this review, we survey various mechanisms of cancer etiology and progression mediated by histones and nucleosomes. In particular, we discuss the effects of mutations in histones, changes in their expression and slicing on epigenetic dysregulation and carcinogenesis. The links between cancer phenotypes and differential expression of histone variants and isoforms are summarized. Finally, we discourse the geometric and steric effects of DNA compaction in nucleosomes on DNA mutation rate, interactions with transcription factors, including pioneer transcription factors, and prospects of cancer cells' genome and epigenome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Espiritu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Gribkova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Shubhangi Gupta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexey K Shaytan
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi, 354340, Russia.,Bioinformatics Lab, Faculty of Computer Science, HSE University, 11 Pokrovsky Boulevard, Moscow, 109028, Russia
| | - Anna R Panchenko
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute of Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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244
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Novel Strategy to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Sight into the Combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030352. [PMID: 33800235 PMCID: PMC7998274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a significant crisis that threatens human health and safety worldwide. There is an urgent need for new strategies to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. The latest breakthrough in gene-editing tools based on CRISPR/Cas9 has potential application in combating MDR bacterial infections because of their high targeting ability to specifically disrupt the drug resistance genes that microbes use for infection or to kill the pathogen directly. Despite the potential that CRISPR/Cas9 showed, its further utilization has been hampered by undesirable delivery efficiency in vivo. Nanotechnology offers an alternative way to overcome the shortcomings of traditional delivery methods of therapeutic agents. Advances in nanotechnology can improve the efficacy and safety of CRISPR/Cas9 components by using customized nanoparticle delivery systems. The combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and nanotechnology has the potential to open new avenues in the therapy of MDR bacterial infections. This review describes the recent advances related to CRISPR/Cas9 and nanoparticles for antimicrobial therapy and gene delivery, including the improvement in the packaging and localizing efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 components in the NP (nanoparticle)/CRISPR system. We pay particular attention to the strengths and limitations of the nanotechnology-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery system to fight nosocomial pathogens.We highlight the need for more scientific research to explore the combinatorial efficacy of various nanoparticles and CRISPR technology to control and prevent antimicrobial resistance.
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245
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Yang Y, Xu J, Ge S, Lai L. CRISPR/Cas: Advances, Limitations, and Applications for Precision Cancer Research. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:649896. [PMID: 33748164 PMCID: PMC7965951 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.649896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most leading causes of mortalities worldwide. It is caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in 2 types of genes: tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and proto-oncogenes. In recent years, development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has revolutionized genome engineering for different cancer research ranging for research ranging from fundamental science to translational medicine and precise cancer treatment. The CRISPR/CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) are prokaryote-derived genome editing systems that have enabled researchers to detect, image, manipulate and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in various types of living cells. The CRISPR/Cas systems have significant contributions to discovery of proto-oncogenes and TSGs, tumor cell epigenome normalization, targeted delivery, identification of drug resistance mechanisms, development of high-throughput genetic screening, tumor models establishment, and cancer immunotherapy and gene therapy in clinics. Robust technical improvements in CRISPR/Cas systems have shown a considerable degree of efficacy, specificity, and flexibility to target the specific locus in the genome for the desired applications. Recent developments in CRISPRs technology offers a significant hope of medical cure against cancer and other deadly diseases. Despite significant improvements in this field, several technical challenges need to be addressed, such as off-target activity, insufficient indel or low homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency, in vivo delivery of the Cas system components, and immune responses. This study aims to overview the recent technological advancements, preclinical and perspectives on clinical applications of CRISPR along with their advantages and limitations. Moreover, the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas in precise cancer tumor research, genetic, and other precise cancer treatments discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Lai
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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246
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The Current View of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030516. [PMID: 33572797 PMCID: PMC7866271 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing. However, an effective screening or surveillance method is not established. Recently, the NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) guidelines of Japan were revised to incorporate new strategies and evidence for the management and surveillance of NAFLD/NASH. Advanced fibrosis and lifestyle-related and metabolic comorbidities, especially obesity and diabetes mellitus, are associated with HCC development. At the first screening, serum markers of hepatic fibrosis (hyaluronic acid, type IV collagen 7S, and mac-2 binding protein), or the fibrosis (FIB)-4 index or the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS), or a platelet count should be evaluated. When liver fibrosis is indicated, consultation with a gastroenterology specialist should be considered for the second screening. The risk of HCC should be stratified using the FIB-4 index or the NFS. Liver stiffness should be measured using vibration-controlled transient elastography in those at intermediate or high risk. Blood tests and imaging should be performed every 6–12 months in patients with advanced fibrosis for HCC surveillance. We review here what is known about NAFLD-HCC and provide perspectives for future research. Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and can develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of NAFLD-related HCC, which is accompanied by life-threatening complications, is increasing. Advanced fibrosis and lifestyle-related and metabolic comorbidities, especially obesity and diabetes mellitus, are associated with HCC development. However, HCC is also observed in the non-cirrhotic liver. Often, diagnosis is delayed until the tumor is relatively large and the disease is advanced; an effective screening or surveillance method is urgently required. Recently, the NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) guidelines of Japan were revised to incorporate new strategies and evidence for the management and surveillance of NAFLD/NASH. Fibrosis must be tested for noninvasively, and the risk of carcinogenesis must be stratified. The treatment of lifestyle-related diseases is expected to reduce the incidence of NAFLD and prevent liver carcinogenesis.
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247
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Lan T, Chen L, Wei X. Inflammatory Cytokines in Cancer: Comprehensive Understanding and Clinical Progress in Gene Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:E100. [PMID: 33429846 PMCID: PMC7827947 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between chronic inflammation and neoplastic diseases is not fully understood. The inflammatory microenvironment of a tumor is an intricate network that consists of numerous types of cells, cytokines, enzymes and signaling pathways. Recent evidence shows that the crucial components of cancer-related inflammation are involved in a coordinated system to influence the development of cancer, which may shed light on the development of potential anticancer therapies. Since the last century, considerable effort has been devoted to developing gene therapies for life-threatening diseases. When it comes to modulating the inflammatory microenvironment for cancer therapy, inflammatory cytokines are the most efficient targets. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the relationship between inflammation and cancer development, especially focusing on inflammatory cytokines. We also summarize the clinical trials for gene therapy targeting inflammatory cytokines for cancer treatment. Future perspectives concerned with new gene-editing technology and novel gene delivery systems are finally provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Lan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.L.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.L.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.L.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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248
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Schwarzmueller L, Bril O, Vermeulen L, Léveillé N. Emerging Role and Therapeutic Potential of lncRNAs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3843. [PMID: 33352769 PMCID: PMC7767007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on the control of stem cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation. The fine regulation of these cellular processes requires a complex dynamic interplay between several signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, Hippo, EGF, Ephrin, and BMP/TGF-β. During the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), key events, such as oncogenic mutations, influence these signaling pathways, and tilt the homeostatic balance towards proliferation and dedifferentiation. Therapeutic strategies to specifically target these deregulated signaling pathways are of particular interest. However, systemic blocking or activation of these pathways poses major risks for normal stem cell function and tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as potent regulators of key cellular processes often deregulated in cancer. Because of their exceptional tissue and tumor specificity, these regulatory RNAs represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. Here, we discuss how lncRNAs participate in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and how they can contribute to the deregulation of each signaling pathway in CRC. Finally, we describe currently available molecular tools to develop lncRNA-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwarzmueller
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Bril
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Léveillé
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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