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Denys K, Vanduffel W, Fize D, Nelissen K, Peuskens H, Van Essen D, Orban GA. The processing of visual shape in the cerebral cortex of human and nonhuman primates: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2551-65. [PMID: 15014131 PMCID: PMC6729498 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3569-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared neural substrates of two-dimensional shape processing in human and nonhuman primates using functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in awake subjects. The comparison of MR activity evoked by viewing intact and scrambled images of objects revealed shape-sensitive regions in occipital, temporal, and parietal cortex of both humans and macaques. Intraparietal cortex in monkeys was relatively more two-dimensional shape sensitive than that of humans. In both species, there was an interaction between scrambling and type of stimuli (grayscale images and drawings), but the effect of stimulus type was much stronger in monkeys than in humans. Shape- and motion-sensitive regions overlapped to some degree. However, this overlap was much more marked in humans than in monkeys. The shape-sensitive regions can be used to constrain the warping of monkey to human cortex and suggest a large expansion of lateral parietal and superior temporal cortex in humans compared with monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Denys
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, K. U. Leuven Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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202
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Könönen M, Pääkkönen A, Pihlajamäki M, Partanen K, Karjalainen PA, Soimakallio S, Aronen HJ. Visual processing of coherent rotation in the central visual field: an fMRI study. Perception 2004; 32:1247-57. [PMID: 14700259 DOI: 10.1068/p3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the brain areas that process coherent motion. To reduce the activity related to eye-movement planning and self-motion perception, rotation was used as coherent motion and the stimulus was restricted to the central visual field. Coherent rotation relative to incoherent random-dot motion resulted in consistent activation in the superior parietal lobule (SPL), in the lateral occipital gyrus (presumptive kinetic occipital region, KO), and in the fusiform gyrus (FG). The main novel finding in present study is the bilateral SPL activation, which has not been found in any previous study contrasting coherent and incoherent motion. It is suggested that the SPL activation is related to form-from-motion processing. The stimulus modification that prevented abrupt appearances of dots at the borders of the stimulus field increased the strength of rolling disk-like percept of the coherent stimulus. This perception of form may also be at least partly responsible for the activation in KO and FG. With this explanation, our three consistent activation areas are in line with previous findings. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that even delicate changes in some stimulus aspects can lead to significant changes in the activation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Könönen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, POB 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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203
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Tsao D, Tootell R. Response to Tyler: Representation of stereoscopic structure in human and monkey cortex. Trends Neurosci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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204
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Koyama M, Hasegawa I, Osada T, Adachi Y, Nakahara K, Miyashita Y. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Macaque Monkeys Performing Visually Guided Saccade Tasks. Neuron 2004; 41:795-807. [PMID: 15003178 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The frontal and parietal eye fields serve as functional landmarks of the primate brain, although their correspondences between humans and macaque monkeys remain unclear. We conducted fMRI at 4.7 T in monkeys performing visually-guided saccade tasks and compared brain activations with those in humans using identical paradigms. Among multiple parietal activations, the dorsal lateral intraparietal area in monkeys and an area in the posterior superior parietal lobule in humans exhibited the highest selectivity to saccade directions. In the frontal cortex, the selectivity was highest at the junction of the precentral and superior frontal sulci in humans and in the frontal eye field (FEF) in monkeys. BOLD activation peaks were also found in premotor areas (BA6) in monkeys, which suggests that the apparent discrepancy in location between putative human FEF (BA6, suggested by imaging studies) and monkey FEF (BA8, identified by microstimulation studies) partly arose from methodological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koyama
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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205
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Morita M, Nakahara K, Hayashi T. A rapid presentation event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of response inhibition in macaque monkeys. Neurosci Lett 2004; 356:203-6. [PMID: 15036630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid presentation event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was applied to macaque monkeys performing a symmetrically rewarded go/no-go task, to investigate neural correlate of response inhibition. Sensorimotor activation related to the task performance was observed predominantly in the hemisphere contralateral to the response forelimb. Furthermore, no-go dominant activation possibly related to response inhibition, was observed in the ventral prefrontal cortex, in accordance with previous electrophysiological studies. These results show the feasibility of rapid presentation event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in behaving monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Morita
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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206
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Claeys KG, Lindsey DT, De Schutter E, Orban GA. A higher order motion region in human inferior parietal lobule: evidence from fMRI. Neuron 2004; 40:631-42. [PMID: 14642285 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The proposal that motion is processed by multiple mechanisms in the human brain has received little anatomical support so far. Here, we compared higher- and lower-level motion processing in the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We observed activation of an inferior parietal lobule (IPL) motion region by isoluminant red-green gratings when saliency of one color was increased and by long-range apparent motion at 7 Hz but not 2 Hz. This higher order motion region represents the entire visual field, while traditional motion regions predominantly process contralateral motion. Our results suggest that there are two motion-processing systems in the human brain: a contralateral lower-level luminance-based system, extending from hMT/V5+ into dorsal IPS and STS, and a bilateral higher-level saliency-based system in IPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristl G Claeys
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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207
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Dubowitz DJ. Direct Comparison of Visual Cortex Activation in Human and Nonhuman Primates Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Methods Enzymol 2004; 385:102-34. [PMID: 15130736 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(04)85007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Dubowitz
- Department of Radiology, Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0677, USA
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208
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Abstract
Image movement provides one of the most potent two-dimensional cues for depth. From motion cues alone, the brain is capable of deriving a three-dimensional representation of distant objects. For many decades, theoretical and empirical investigations into this ability have interpreted these percepts as faithful copies of the projected 3-D structures. Here we review empirical findings showing that perceived 3-D shape from motion is not veridical and cannot be accounted for by the current models. We present a probabilistic model based on a local analysis of optic flow. Although such a model does not guarantee a correct reconstruction of 3-D shape, it is shown to be consistent with human performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Domini
- Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1978, USA.
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209
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The retinotopic organization of primate dorsal V4 and surrounding areas: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in awake monkeys. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12917375 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-19-07395.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we mapped the retinotopic organization throughout the visual cortex of fixating monkeys. The retinotopy observed in areas V1, V2, and V3 was completely consistent with the classical view. V1 and V3 were bordered rostrally by a vertical meridian representation, and V2 was bordered by a horizontal meridian. More anterior in occipital cortex, both areas V3A and MT-V5 had lower and upper visual field representations split by a horizontal meridian. The rostral border of dorsal V4 was characterized by the gradual transition of a representation of the vertical meridian (dorsally) to a representation of the horizontal meridian (more ventrally). Central and ventral V4, on the other hand, were rostrally bordered by a representation of the horizontal meridian. The eccentricity lines ran perpendicular to the ventral V3-V4 border but were parallel to the dorsal V3-V4 border. These results indicate different retinotopic organizations within dorsal and ventral V4, suggesting that the latter regions may not be merely the lower and upper visual field representations of a single area. Moreover, because the present fMRI data are in agreement with previously published electrophysiological results, reported distinctions in the retinotopic organization of human and monkey dorsal V4 reflect genuine species differences that cannot be attributed to technical confounds. Finally, aside from dorsal V4, the retinotopic organization of macaque early visual cortex (V1, V2, V3, V3A, and ventral V4) is remarkably similar to that observed in human fMRI studies. This finding indicates that early visual cortex is mostly conserved throughout hominid evolution.
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210
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Tsao DY, Vanduffel W, Sasaki Y, Fize D, Knutsen TA, Mandeville JB, Wald LL, Dale AM, Rosen BR, Van Essen DC, Livingstone MS, Orban GA, Tootell RBH. Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans. Neuron 2003; 39:555-68. [PMID: 12895427 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stereopsis, the perception of depth from small differences between the images in the two eyes, provides a rich model for investigating the cortical construction of surfaces and space. Although disparity-tuned cells have been found in a large number of areas in macaque visual cortex, stereoscopic processing in these areas has never been systematically compared using the same stimuli and analysis methods. In order to examine the global architecture of stereoscopic processing in primate visual cortex, we studied fMRI activity in alert, fixating human and macaque subjects. In macaques, we found strongest activation to near/far compared to zero disparity in areas V3, V3A, and CIPS. In humans, we found strongest activation to the same stimuli in areas V3A, V7, the V4d topolog (V4d-topo), and a caudal parietal disparity region (CPDR). Thus, in both primate species a small cluster of areas at the parieto-occipital junction appears to be specialized for stereopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Y Tsao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, NMR Center, Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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211
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212
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Dupont P, Sáry G, Peuskens H, Orban GA. Cerebral regions processing first- and higher-order motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17:1509-17. [PMID: 12713654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using PET, we studied the processing of different types of motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task. We used first-order motion and two types of higher-order motion (presented as moving gratings with stripes defined by flickering texture and kinetic boundaries, respectively). In these experiments, we found that all types of motion activate a common set of cortical regions when comparing a direction discrimination task to a detection of the dimming of the fixation point. This set includes left hV3A, bilateral hMT/V5+ and regions in the middle occipital gyrus, bilateral activations in the posterior and anterior parts of the intraparietal sulcus, bilateral precentral gyrus, medial frontal cortex and regions in the cerebellum. No significant differences were observed between different types of motion, even at low statistical thresholds. From this we conclude that, under our experimental conditions, the same cerebral regions are involved in the processing of first-order and higher-order motion in an opposed-direction discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dupont
- K.U.Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie; Campus Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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213
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Orban GA, Fize D, Peuskens H, Denys K, Nelissen K, Sunaert S, Todd J, Vanduffel W. Similarities and differences in motion processing between the human and macaque brain: evidence from fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2003; 41:1757-68. [PMID: 14527539 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present report reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation studies conducted in parallel in awake monkeys and humans using the same motion stimuli in both species. These studies reveal that motion stimuli engage largely similar cortical regions in the two species. These common regions include MT/V5 and its satellites, of which FST contributes more to the human motion complex than is generally assumed in human imaging. These results also establish a direct link between selectivity of MT/V5 neurons for speed gradients and functional activation of human MT/V5 by three-dimensional (3D) structure from motion stimuli. On the other hand, striking functional differences also emerged: in humans V3A and several regions in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are much more motion sensitive than their simian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Orban
- K.U. Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Pyschofysiologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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214
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News in brief. Drug Discov Today 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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215
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Connor
- Department of Neuroscience and the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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