201
|
Manna U, Lynn DM. Fabrication of liquid-infused surfaces using reactive polymer multilayers: principles for manipulating the behaviors and mobilities of aqueous fluids on slippery liquid interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3007-3012. [PMID: 25854608 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The design of slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) using nanoporous and chemically reactive polymer multilayers is reported. This approach permits fabrication of slippery anti-fouling coatings on complex surfaces and provides new means to manipulate the mobilities of contacting aqueous fluids. The results expand the range of tools that can be used to manipulate the behaviors of SLIPS and open the door to new applications of this emerging class of soft materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
A cationic surfactant-decorated liquid crystal sensing platform for simple and sensitive detection of acetylcholinesterase and its inhibitor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:25-30. [PMID: 25957073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, construction of the liquid crystal (LC)-based sensing platform for simple and sensitive detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its inhibitor using a cationic surfactant-decorated LC interface was demonstrated. A change of the optical images of LCs from bright to dark appearance was observed when the cationic surfactant, myristoylcholine chloride (Myr), was transferred onto the aqueous/LC interface, due to the formation of a stable surfactant monolayer at the interface. A dark-to-bright change of the optical appearance was then observed when AChE was transferred onto the Myr-decorated LC interface. The sensitivity of this new type of LC-based sensor is 3 orders of magnitude higher in the serum albumin solution than that only in the buffer solution. Noteworthy is that the AChE LC sensor shows a very high sensitivity for the detection of the enzyme inhibitor, which is around 1 fM. The constructed low-cost LC-based sensor is quite simple and convenient, showing high promise for label-free detection of AChE and its inhibitors.
Collapse
|
203
|
Su HW, Lee MJ, Lee W. Surface modification of alignment layer by ultraviolet irradiation to dramatically improve the detection limit of liquid-crystal-based immunoassay for the cancer biomarker CA125. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:57004. [PMID: 26000796 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.057004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC)-based biosensing has attracted much attention in recent years. We focus on improving the detection limit of LC-based immunoassay techniques by surface modification of the surfactant alignment layer consisting of dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOAP). The cancer biomarker CA125 was detected with an array of anti-CA125 antibodies immobilized on the ultraviolet (UV)-modified DMOAP monolayer. Compared with a pristine counterpart, UV irradiation enhanced the binding affinity of the CA125 antibody and reproducibility of immunodetection in which a detection limit of 0.01 ng∕ml for the cancer biomarker CA125 was achieved. Additionally, the optical texture observed under a crossed polarized microscope was correlated with the analyte concentration. In a proof-of-concept experiment using CA125-spiked human serum as the analyte, specific binding between the CA125 antigen and the anti-CA125 antibody resulted in a distinct and concentration-dependent optical response despite the high background caused by nonspecific binding of other biomolecules in the human serum. Results from this study indicate that UVmodification of the alignment layer, as well as detection with LCs of large birefringence, contributes to the enhanced performance of the label-free LC-based immunodetection, which may be considered a promising alternative to conventional label-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Su
- National Chiao Tung University, Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Chang Jung Christian University, Department of Bioscience Technology, Guiren District, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- National Chiao Tung University, Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, Guiren District, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Sidiq S, Verma I, Pal SK. pH-Driven Ordering Transitions in Liquid Crystal Induced by Conformational Changes of Cardiolipin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4741-4751. [PMID: 25856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of interfacial phenomena occurring at aqueous-liquid crystal (LC) interfaces that triggers an orientational ordering transition of the LC in the presence of cardiolipin (CL) by varying pH, salt concentration and valence. In particular, the effects of three different conformational isomeric forms of the CL are observed to cause the response of the LC ordering to vary significantly from one to another at those interfaces. An ordering transition of the LC was observed when the CL is mostly in undissociated (at pH 2) and/or in bicyclic (at pH 4) conformation in which LC shows changes in the optical appearance from bright to dark. By contrast, no change in the optical appearance of the LC was observed when the pH of the system increases to 8 or higher in which the CL mostly exists in the open conformation. Fluorescence microscopy measurements further suggest that pH-dependent conformational forms of the CL have different ability to self-assemble (thus different packing efficiency) at aqueous-LC interfaces leading to dissimilar orientational behavior of the LC. Specifically, we found that change in headgroup-headgroup repulsion of the central phosphatidyl groups of the CL plays a key role in tuning the lipid packing efficiency and thus responses to interfacial phenomena. Orientational ordering transition of the LC was also observed as a function of increasing the ionic strength (buffer capacity) and strongly influenced in the presence of mono and divalent cations. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) measurements provide further insight in modulation of the lipid packing efficiency and alkyl chain conformation of the CL at different pH and ionic conditions. Overall, the results presented in this paper establish that LCs offer a promising approach to differentiate different conformations (label free detection) of the CL through ordering transition of the LC at aqueous-LC interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Lag-burst kinetics of surfactant displacement from the liquid crystal/aqueous interface by bile acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
206
|
Specific detection of avidin–biotin binding using liquid crystal droplets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 127:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
207
|
Alvarez Fernandez A, Keshavarz M, Christianen PCM, Kouwer PHJ. Maximizing Orientational Order in Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystals Using High Magnetic Fields. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501867f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarez Fernandez
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masoumeh Keshavarz
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C. M. Christianen
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and
Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Applications of metal ions and liquid crystals for multiplex detection of DNA. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 439:149-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
209
|
Das D, Sidiq S, Pal SK. A Simple Quantitative Method to Study Protein-Lipopolysaccharide Interactions by Using Liquid Crystals. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:753-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
210
|
Wang X, Yang P, Mondiot F, Li Y, Miller DS, Chen Z, Abbott NL. Interfacial ordering of thermotropic liquid crystals triggered by the secondary structures of oligopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16844-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06996c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ordering at phospholipid-decorated interfaces of liquid crystals is influenced by the secondary structure of oligopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Frederic Mondiot
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Yaoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Daniel S. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
ZHANG M, JANG CH. Anchoring Transitions of Liquid Crystals for Optical Amplification of Phospholipid Oxidation Inhibition by Ascorbic Acid. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1329-33. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
212
|
Sun SH, Lee MJ, Lee YH, Lee W, Song X, Chen CY. Immunoassays for the cancer biomarker CA125 based on a large-birefringence nematic liquid-crystal mixture. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:245-56. [PMID: 25657889 PMCID: PMC4317129 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescence is ubiquitously found in the detection of immunoreaction; though with good sensitivity, this technique requires labeling as well as other time-consuming steps to perform the measurement. An alternative approach involving liquid crystals (LCs) was proposed, based on the fact that an immunocomplex can disturb the orientation of LCs, leading to an optical texture different from the case when only antigen or antibody exists. This method is label-free, easy to manipulate and low-cost. However, its sensitivity was low for practical usage. In this study, we adopted a high-birefringence liquid crystal (LC) to enhance the sensitivity for the immunodetection. Experiments were performed, targeting at the cancer biomarker CA125. We showed that the larger birefringence (Δn = 0.33 at 20 °C) amplifies the detected signal and, in turn, dramatically improves the detection limit. To avoid signal loss from conventional rinsing steps in immunodetection, CA125 antigen and antibody were reacted before immobilized on substrates. We studied the specific binding events and obtained a detection limit as low as 1 ng/ml. The valid temperature ranges were compared by using the typical single-compound LC 5CB and the high-birefringence LC mixture. We further investigated time dependency of the optical textures and affirmed the capability of LC-based immunodetection in distinguishing between specific and nonspecific antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Sun
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 71150,
Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 71101,
Taiwan
- (M.-J. Lee)
| | - Yun-Han Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 71150,
Taiwan
| | - Wei Lee
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, College of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, Guiren Dist., Tainan 71150,
Taiwan
- (W. Lee)
| | - Xiaolong Song
- Jiangsu Hecheng Display Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014,
China
| | - Chao-Yuan Chen
- Jiangsu Hecheng Display Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210014,
China
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Yang L, Khan M, Park SY. Liquid crystal droplets functionalized with charged surfactant and polyelectrolyte for non-specific protein detection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5CBsurfactant droplets were coated with polyelectrolytes for utilization of non-specific protein detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- Polymeric Nano-material Laboratory
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
| | - Mashooq Khan
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- Polymeric Nano-material Laboratory
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
| | - Soo-Young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- Polymeric Nano-material Laboratory
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Choi Y, Lee K, Gupta KC, Park SY, Kang IK. The role of ligand–receptor interactions in visual detection of HepG2 cells using a liquid crystal microdroplet-based biosensor. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8659-8669. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optical (a) and polarized (b) micrographs showing orientational transition in a LC microdroplet on contacting with a HepG2 cell in PBS solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyubae Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kailash C. Gupta
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
- Republic of Korea
- Polymer Research Laboratory
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inn-Kyu Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701
- Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Das D, Sidiq S, Pal SK. Design of bio-molecular interfaces using liquid crystals demonstrating endotoxin interactions with bacterial cell wall components. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystals offer a promising approach to study and quantify the interactions between different bacterial cell membrane components with endotoxin at an aqueous interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- India
| | - Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- India
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Porenta T, Copar S, Ackerman PJ, Pandey MB, Varney MCM, Smalyukh II, Žumer S. Topological switching and orbiting dynamics of colloidal spheres dressed with chiral nematic solitons. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7337. [PMID: 25477195 PMCID: PMC4256655 DOI: 10.1038/srep07337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable configurations formed by defects, inclusions, elastic deformations and topological solitons in liquid crystals are a promising choice for building photonic crystals and metamaterials with a potential for new optical applications. Local optical modification of the director or introduction of colloidal inclusions into a moderately chiral nematic liquid crystal confined to a homeotropic cell creates localized multistable chiral solitons. Here we induce solitons that “dress” the dispersed spherical particles treated for tangential degenerate boundary conditions, and perform controlled switching of their state using focused optical beams. Two optically switchable distinct metastable states, toron and hopfion, bound to colloidal spheres into structures with different topological charges are investigated. Their structures are examined using Q-tensor based numerical simulations and compared to the profiles reconstructed from the experiments. A topological explanation of observed multistability is constructed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Porenta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Copar
- 1] Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [2] J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [3] Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - P J Ackerman
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA [2] Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - M B Pandey
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - M C M Varney
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - I I Smalyukh
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA [2] Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA [3] Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA [4] Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - S Žumer
- 1] Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [2] J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Tan H, Li X, Liao S, Yu R, Wu Z. Highly-sensitive liquid crystal biosensor based on DNA dendrimers-mediated optical reorientation. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
218
|
|
219
|
Nandi R, Singh SK, Singh HK, Singh B, Singh RK. Fabrication of liquid crystal based sensor for detection of hydrazine vapours. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
220
|
Ouyang YT, Guo HX. Phase behavior of amphiphiles at liquid crystals/water interface: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
221
|
Bai Y, Abbasi R, Wang C, Abbott NL. Liquid Crystals Anchored on Mixed Monolayers of Chiral versus Achiral Molecules: Continuous Change in Orientation as a Function of Enantiomeric Excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
222
|
Bai Y, Abbasi R, Wang C, Abbott NL. Liquid crystals anchored on mixed monolayers of chiral versus achiral molecules: continuous change in orientation as a function of enantiomeric excess. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8079-83. [PMID: 24841757 PMCID: PMC4241358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The orientations of liquid crystals (LCs) anchored on monolayers formed from mixtures of chiral versus achiral molecules were compared. Changes in the enantiomeric excess of mixed monolayers of chiral dipeptides gave rise to continuous changes in the orientations of nematic LCs, allowing arbitrary tuning of the azimuthal orientations of LCs over a range of ≈100°. In contrast, the same LCs exhibited discontinuous changes in orientation on surfaces presenting mixtures of achiral molecules. These striking differences in the anchoring of LCs on surfaces presenting chiral versus achiral molecules provide insights into the molecular origins of ordering transitions of LCs, and provide new principles based on chiral monolayers for the rational design of surfaces that permit continuous tuning of the orientations of LCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Bai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Reza Abbasi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
He S, Liang W, Cheng KL, Fang J, Wu ST. Bile acid-surfactant interactions at the liquid crystal/aqueous interface. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:4609-4614. [PMID: 24825535 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between bile acids and surfactants at interfaces plays an important role in fat digestion. In this paper, we study the competitive adsorption of cholic acid (CA) at the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-laden liquid crystal (LC)/aqueous interface formed with cyanobiphenyl (nCB, n = 5-8) and the mixture of 5CB with 4-(4-pentylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile (5PCH). We find that the critical concentration of CA required to displace SDS from the interface linearly decreases from 160 μM to 16 μM by reducing the alkyl chain length of nCB from n = 8 to n = 5 and from 16 μM to 1.5 μM by increasing the 5PCH concentration from 0 wt% to 19 wt% in the 5PCH-5CB binary mixture. Our results clearly demonstrate that the sensitivity of 5PCH-5CB mixtures for monitoring the interaction between CA and SDS at the LC/aqueous interface can be increased by one order of magnitude, compared to 5CB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihui He
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Lin YH, Chen HS, Chen MS, Wang YJ, Chang CM. 39.4:Invited Paper: Liquid Crystals for Ophthalmic Lenses and Biosensing Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2168-0159.2014.tb00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Photonics; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan 30010 R. O. C
| | - Hung-Shan Chen
- Department of Photonics; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan 30010 R. O. C
| | - Ming-Syuan Chen
- Department of Photonics; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan 30010 R. O. C
| | - Yu-Jen Wang
- Department of Photonics; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan 30010 R. O. C
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Photonics; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu Taiwan 30010 R. O. C
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Preparation of QP4VP-b-LCP liquid crystal block copolymer and its application as a biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5369-78. [PMID: 24980600 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interface between nematic liquid crystal, 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), and water in a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid cell coated with QP4VP-b-LCP (quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) (QP4VP) and poly(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-oxyundecylacrylate) (LCP)) was examined for protein and DNA detection. QP4VP-b-LCP was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Quaternization of P4VP with iodomethane (CH3I) made it a strong cationic polyelectrolyte and allowed QP4VP-b-LCP to form complexes with oppositely charged biological species. Several proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin (Hb), α chymotrypsinogen-A (ChTg), and lysozyme (LYZ), were tested for nonspecific protein detection. By injecting the protein solutions into the TEM grid cell, the initial homeotropic orientation of the TEM grid cell changed to a planar orientation above their isoelectric points (PIs) due to electrostatic interactions between QP4VP (+charge) and proteins (-charge), which did not occur below the PIs of the tested proteins. Their minimum concentrations at which the homeotropic to planar configurational change (H-P change) occurred were 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 wt.% for BSA, ChTg, Hb, and LYZ, respectively. One of the strong anionic polyelectrolytes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (due to the phosphate deoxyribose backbone) was also tested. A H-P change was observed with as little as 0.0013 wt.% salmon sperm DNA regardless of the pH of the cell. A H-P change occurred in 5CB and was observed by polarized optical microscopy. This simple and inexpensive setup for nonspecific biomaterial detection provides the basic idea for developing effective selective biosensors by introducing specific binding groups, such as the aptamer and antibody.
Collapse
|
226
|
Biosensor utilizing a liquid crystal/water interface functionalized with poly(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-oxyundecylacrylate-b-((2-dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate)). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 121:400-8. [PMID: 25009103 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interface between the nematic liquid crystal, 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) and water within a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid cell coated with the pH-dependent weak cationic amphiphilic block copolymer poly((4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-oxyundecylacrylate)-b-((2-dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate)) (LCP-b-PDMAEMA) (which was successfully synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization) was subsequently evaluated for protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection. The LCP-b-PDMAEMA monolayer was fabricated using a Langmuir Blodgett trough, transferred to the 5CB-filled TEM grid, and placed on the octadecyltrichlorosilane-coated glass (TEMPDMAEMA) in such a way that the LCP chains were immersed in the 5CB while the PDMAEMA chains were pointed away from the 5CB surface and immersed in water. Several model proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), hemoglobin (Hb), and chymotrypsinogen (ChTg) were tested at pH values ranging from 2 to 12 to determine the role of the charge state of the protein on protein detection by a weak polyelectrolyte such as PDMAEMA. PDMAEMA contains cationic and neutral states below and above the pKa value, respectively, and is thus able to absorb proteins below its pKa threshold through electrostatic interactions. BSA exhibited a homeotropic to planar (H-P) change in orientation within the TEMPDMAEMA grid cell at concentrations greater than 0.02wt% within the pH range between the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA and the pKa of PDMAEMA, where the charge states of BSA and PDMAEMA were negative and positive, respectively. However, this change in orientation did not occur with other proteins that exhibited a pI higher than the pKa of PDMAEMA due to the electrostatic repulsions resulting from their same cationic charges. This result indicates that the electrostatic interactions between proteins and PDMAEMA are a major contributing factor for protein detection by the H-P transformation within the TEMPDMAEMA grid cell. DNA, a pH-independent strong anionic polyelectrolyte, was also tested with the TEMPDMAEMA grid cell, and it exhibited an H-P transformation at the charged state of PDMAEMA below its pKa threshold at concentrations higher than 0.01wt%. Thus, we demonstrated that the TEMPDMAEMA grid cell effectively facilitated the detection of negatively charged biomaterials (i.e.; protein and DNA) through the H-P transformation using the polarized optical microscope. This simple and inexpensive experimental set-up for non-specific biomaterial detection lays the basic groundwork for developing effective biosensors using polyelectrolytes.
Collapse
|
227
|
Noonan PS, Mohan P, Goodwin AP, Schwartz DK. DNA Hybridization-Mediated Liposome Fusion at the Aqueous Liquid Crystal Interface. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2014; 24:3206-3212. [PMID: 25506314 PMCID: PMC4262931 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201303885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The prominence of receptor-mediated bilayer fusion in cellular biology motivates development of biomimetic strategies for studying fusogenic mechanisms. An approach is reported here for monitoring receptor-mediated fusion that exploits the unique physical and optical properties of liquid crystals (LC). PEG-functionalized lipids are used to create an interfacial environment capable of inhibiting spontaneous liposome fusion with an aqueous/LC interface. Then, DNA hybridization between oligonucleotides within bulk phase liposomes and a PEG-lipid monolayer at an aqueous/LC interface is exploited to induce receptor-mediated liposome fusion. These hybridization events induce strain within the liposome bilayer, promote lipid mixing with the LC interface, and consequently create an interfacial environment favoring re-orientation of the LC to a homeotropic (perpendicular) state. Furthermore, the bi-functionality of aptamers is exploited to modulate DNA hybridization-mediated liposome fusion by regulating the availability of the appropriate ligand (i.e., thrombin). Here, a LC-based approach for monitoring receptor (i.e., DNA hybridization)-mediated liposome fusion is demonstrated, liposome properties that dictate fusion dynamics are explored, and an example of how this approach may be used in a biosensing scheme is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Noonan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Praveena Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 80309–0424
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Liquid crystal-based detection of thrombin coupled to interactions between a polyelectrolyte and a phospholipid monolayer. Anal Biochem 2014; 455:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
229
|
Zhang M, Jang CH. Sensitive detection of trypsin using liquid-crystal droplet patterns modulated by interactions between poly-L-lysine and a phospholipid monolayer. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:2569-74. [PMID: 24850496 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-crystal (LC) droplet patterns are formed on a glass slide by evaporating a solution of nematic LC dissolved in heptane. In the presence of an anionic phospholipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) (DOPG), the LCs display a dark cross pattern, indicating a homeotropic orientation. When LC patterns are incubated with an aqueous mixture of DOPG and poly-L-lysine (PLL), there is a transition in the LC pattern from a dark cross to a bright fan shape due to the electrostatic interaction between DOPG and PLL. Known to catalyze the hydrolysis of PLL into oligopeptide fragments, trypsin is preincubated with PLL, significantly decreasing the interactions between PLL and DOPG. LCs adopt a perpendicular orientation at the water-LC droplet interface, which gives rise to a dark cross pattern. This optical response of LC droplets is the basis for a quick and sensitive biosensor for trypsin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 461-701 (Korea)
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Tan LN, Wiepz GJ, Miller DS, Shusta EV, Abbott NL. Liquid crystal droplet-based amplification of microvesicles that are shed by mammalian cells. Analyst 2014; 139:2386-96. [PMID: 24667742 PMCID: PMC4212983 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs) shed by cells are being investigated for their role in intercellular communication and as potential biomarkers of disease, but facile and sensitive methods for their analysis do not exist. Here we demonstrate new principles for analysis of MVs that use micrometer-sized droplets of liquid crystals (LCs) to amplify MVs that are selectively captured via antibody-mediated interactions. The influence of the MVs on the micrometer-sized LC droplets is shown to be readily quantified via use of flow cytometry. The methodology was developed using MVs shed by epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells that contain epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as an important and representative example of MVs containing signaling proteins that play a central role in cancer. The LC droplets were found to be sensitive to 10(6) MVs containing EGFR (relative to controls using isotype control antibody) and to possess a dynamic range of response across several orders of magnitude. Because the 100 nm-sized MVs captured via EGFR generate an optical response in the micrometer-sized LC droplets that can be readily detected by flow cytometry in light scattering mode, the approach possesses significant advantages over direct detection of MVs by flow cytometry. The LC droplets are also substantially more sensitive than techniques such as immunoblotting because the lipid-component of the MVs serves to amplify the antibody-mediated capture of the target proteins in the MVs. Other merits of the approach are defined and discussed in the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lie Na Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Harish T S, Viswanath P. Effect of cations on condensation of a mesogenic amphiphilic molecule at the air-aqueous electrolyte interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1276-82. [PMID: 24296755 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53751j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the interactions of a mesogenic molecule, 4'-octyl-4-biphenyl-carbonitrile (8CB), with some cations (Na(+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+), La(3+) and Al(3+)) dissolved in the aqueous subphase. Surface manometry studies show that the di- (Ni(2+) and Cu(2+)) and trivalent (La(3+)) ions promote condensation in the area per molecule and enhance the stability of the monolayer. This is inferred from the increase in the values of collapse pressure and the compression elastic modulus. The specific ion effect is seen between perchlorate and chloride anions with respect to the Al(3+) cation. The presence of monovalent ions (Na(+)) in the subphase does not influence the isotherm of 8CB. However, in this case, with pH (>6), the isotherm shifts to a higher area per molecule. The excess Gibbs free energy calculated for the 8CB monolayer indicates repulsive interaction for monovalent ions and attractive interaction for multivalent ions in the subphase. Kinetic studies of the monolayer in an ion-enriched subphase have yielded an additional characteristic time constant indicative of reorganization of the monolayer. Ellipsometric adsorption isotherm measurements carried out for representative ions show a reduction in the value of the ellipsometric angle with increasing valency. Our studies indicate that the interaction of ions with the 8CB monolayer at the air-electrolyte interface can be promoted by choosing cations of higher valency and anions of larger size, higher polarizability and chaotropic nature. These factors play an important role and can potentially affect the anchoring transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Harish T
- Centre for Soft Matter Research, P.B. No. 1329, Jalahalli, Bangalore - 560 013, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grid filled with 4-cyno-4-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) on the octadecyltrichloro silane-coated glass in an aqueous medium was developed to construct a glucose biosensor by coating poly(acrylicacid-b-4-cynobiphenyl-4-oxyundecylacrylate) (PAA-b-LCP) at the aqueous/5CB interface and immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) covalently to the PAA chains. The glucose was detected from a homeotropic to planar orientational transition of 5CB by polarized optical microscopy under crossed polarizers. The maximum immobilization density of the GOx, 1.3 molecules/nm(2) obtained in this TEM grid cell enabled the detection of glucose at concentrations as low as 0.02 mM with a response time of 10 s. This liquid crystal-based glucose sensor provided a linear response of birefringence of the 5CB to glucose concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2 mM with a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 0.32 mM. This new and sensitive glucose biosensor has the merits of low production cost and easy detection through the naked eye and might be useful for prescreening the glucose level in the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mashooq Khan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University , #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Miller DS, Wang X, Abbott NL. Design of Functional Materials based on Liquid Crystalline Droplets. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014; 26:496-506. [PMID: 24882944 PMCID: PMC4036738 DOI: 10.1021/cm4025028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This brief perspective focuses on recent advances in the design of functional soft materials that are based on confinement of low molecular weight liquid crystals (LCs) within micrometer-sized droplets. While the ordering of LCs within micrometer-sized domains has been explored extensively in polymer-dispersed LC materials, recent studies performed with LC domains with precisely defined size and interfacial chemistry have unmasked observations of confinement-induced ordering of LCs that do not follow previously reported theoretical predictions. These new findings, which are enabled in part by advances in the preparation of LCs encapsulated in polymeric shells, are opening up new opportunities for the design of soft responsive materials based on surface-induced ordering transitions. These materials are also providing new insights into the self-assembly of biomolecular and colloidal species at defects formed by LCs confined to micrometer-sized domains. The studies presented in this perspective serve additionally to highlight gaps in knowledge regarding the ordering of LCs in confined systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Hussain Z, Zafiu C, Küpcü S, Pivetta L, Hollfelder N, Masutani A, Kilickiran P, Sinner EK. Liquid crystal based sensors monitoring lipase activity: a new rapid and sensitive method for cytotoxicity assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 56:210-6. [PMID: 24508543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present liquid crystal (LC) based sensor devices to monitor cell viability. The sensing layer is composed by the LC and a planar monolayer of phospholipids. In the presence of minute traces of phospholipases, which hydrolyze enzymatically phospholipids, the LC-lipid interface is disintegrated. This event causes a change in orientation of the LC, which was followed in a polarized microscope. The lipase activity can be used to measure the cell viability, since members of this enzyme family are released by cells, as they undergo necrosis. The described sensor was used to monitor the presence of the lipases released from three different cell lines, which were either exposed to highly cytotoxic model compounds (sodium azide and paracetamol) or subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to induce cell death by a non-chemical based inducer for apoptosis, such as temperature. Finally, the comparison of lipase activity detected by a state-of-the-art fluorescence assay to the LC based system resulted in the superiority of the LC system concerning incubation time and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hussain
- SONY Deutschland GmbH, Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfingerstrasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zafiu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seta Küpcü
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucineia Pivetta
- SONY Deutschland GmbH, Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfingerstrasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Hollfelder
- SONY Deutschland GmbH, Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfingerstrasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Akira Masutani
- SONY Deutschland GmbH, Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfingerstrasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pinar Kilickiran
- SONY Deutschland GmbH, Materials Science Laboratory, Hedelfingerstrasse 61, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Eva-Kathrin Sinner
- Laboratory for Synthetic Bio-architectures, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Soon CF, Omar WIW, Berends RF, Nayan N, Basri H, Tee KS, Youseffi M, Blagden N, Denyer MCT. Biophysical characteristics of cells cultured on cholesteryl ester liquid crystals. Micron 2014; 56:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
236
|
Sidiq S, Das D, Pal SK. A new pathway for the formation of radial nematic droplets within a lipid-laden aqueous-liquid crystal interface. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra48044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pathway for the formation of liquid crystal (LC) droplets with radial LC ordering is reported for the first time in the presence of surfactants and lipids. Interactions of an enzyme with the topological defects in the LC mediate the response of these droplets and thus provide new designs for stimuli-responsive soft materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali 140306, India
| | - Dibyendu Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali 140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali
- Mohali 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Upadhyay AP, Sadhukhan P, Roy S, Ganesh S Pala R, Sivakumar S. Brownian motion retarded polymer-encapsulated liquid crystal droplets anchored over a patterned substrate via click chemistry. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a five-membered strong triazole ring to facilitate the highly stable anchoring of LC droplet encapsulated polymer capsules over a patterned substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prasenjit Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur, India
| | - Sudeshna Roy
- DST Unit of Soft Nanofabrication
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur, India
| | - Raj Ganesh S Pala
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur, India
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kanpur, India
- DST Unit of Soft Nanofabrication
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Jung YD, Khan M, Park SY. Fabrication of temperature- and pH-sensitive liquid-crystal droplets with PNIPAM-b-LCP and SDS coatings by microfluidics. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4922-4928. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual responsive (temperature and pH) 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) droplets were fabricated that were found to be effective for the detection of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dae Jung
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Mashooq Khan
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu 702-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Zuo F, Liao Z, Zhao C, Qin Z, Li X, Zhang C, Liu D. An air-supported liquid crystal system for real-time reporting of host–guest inclusion events. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1857-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48885c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new method for reporting host–guest inclusion phenomena using an air-supported liquid crystal system based on cyclodextrins was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zuo
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijian Liao
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhenli Qin
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering
- Southwest University for Nationalities
- Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Umadevi S, Ganesh V, Berchmans S. Liquid crystal (LC) monolayer on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO): structural and electrochemical characterization. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superior quality, stable monolayers of LC compounds on ITO substrates are found to be very effective in orienting bulk LC samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Umadevi
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI)
- Karaikudi 630 006, India
| | - V. Ganesh
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI)
- Karaikudi 630 006, India
| | - Sheela Berchmans
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis (EEC) Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI)
- Karaikudi 630 006, India
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Renner LD, Eswaramoorthy P, Ramamurthi KS, Weibel DB. Studying biomolecule localization by engineering bacterial cell wall curvature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84143. [PMID: 24391905 PMCID: PMC3877235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we describe two techniques for exploring the relationship between bacterial cell shape and the intracellular organization of proteins. First, we created microchannels in a layer of agarose to reshape live bacterial cells and predictably control their mean cell wall curvature, and quantified the influence of curvature on the localization and distribution of proteins in vivo. Second, we used agarose microchambers to reshape bacteria whose cell wall had been chemically and enzymatically removed. By combining microstructures with different geometries and fluorescence microscopy, we determined the relationship between bacterial shape and the localization for two different membrane-associated proteins: i) the cell-shape related protein MreB of Escherichia coli, which is positioned along the long axis of the rod-shaped cell; and ii) the negative curvature-sensing cell division protein DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis, which is positioned primarily at cell division sites. Our studies of intracellular organization in live cells of E. coli and B. subtilis demonstrate that MreB is largely excluded from areas of high negative curvature, whereas DivIVA localizes preferentially to regions of high negative curvature. These studies highlight a unique approach for studying the relationship between cell shape and intracellular organization in intact, live bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars D. Renner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Technical University Dresden and the Max-Bergmann-Centre for Biomaterials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prahathees Eswaramoorthy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kumaran S. Ramamurthi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Miller DS, Wang X, Buchen J, Lavrentovich OD, Abbott NL. Analysis of the internal configurations of droplets of liquid crystal using flow cytometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10296-303. [PMID: 24079265 DOI: 10.1021/ac4021193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of flow cytometry to identify the internal ordering (director configurations) of micrometer-sized droplets of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) dispersed in aqueous solutions of adsorbates (surfactants and phospholipids). We reveal that changes in the configurations of the LC droplets induced by the adsorbates generate distinct changes in light scattering plots (side versus forward scattering). Specifically, when compared to bipolar droplets, radial droplets generate a narrower distribution of side scattering intensities (SSC, large angle light scattering) for a given intensity of forward scattering (FSC, small angle light scattering). This difference is shown to arise from the rotational symmetry of a radial LC droplet which is absent for the bipolar configuration of the LC droplet. In addition, the scatter plots for radial droplets possess a characteristic "S-shape", with two or more SSC intensities observed for each intensity of FSC. The origin of the experimentally observed S-shape is investigated via calculation of form factors and established to be due to size-dependent interference effects that differ for the forward and side scattered light. Finally, by analyzing emulsions composed of mixtures of bipolar and radial droplets at rates of up to 10,000 droplets per second, we demonstrate that flow cytometry permits precise determination of the percentage of radial droplets within the mixture with a coefficient of determination of 0.98 (as validated by optical microscopy). Overall, the results presented in this paper demonstrate that flow cytometry provides a promising approach for high throughput quantification of the internal configurations of LC emulsion microdroplets. Because large numbers of droplets can be characterized, it enables statistically robust analyses of LC droplets. The methodology also appears promising for quantification of chemical and biological assays based on adsorbate-induced ordering transitions within LC droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Effect of molecular structure and packing density of an azo self-assembled monolayer on liquid crystal alignment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 407:310-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
244
|
Agarwal A, Sidiq S, Setia S, Bukusoglu E, de Pablo JJ, Pal SK, Abbott NL. Colloid-in-liquid crystal gels that respond to biomolecular interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2785-2784. [PMID: 23554243 PMCID: PMC4025930 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper advances the design of stimuli-responsive materials based on colloidal particles dispersed in liquid crystals (LCs). Specifically, thin films of colloid-in-liquid crystal (CLC) gels undergo easily visualized ordering transitions in response to reversible and irreversible (enzymatic) biomolecular interactions occurring at the aqueous interfaces of the gels. In particular, LC ordering transitions can propagate across the entire thickness of the gels. However, confinement of the LC to small domains with lateral sizes of ∼10 μm does change the nature of the anchoring transitions, as compared to films of pure LC, due to the effects of confinement on the elastic energy stored in the LC. The effects of confinement are also observed to cause the response of individual domains of the LC within the CLC gel to vary significantly from one to another, indicating that manipulation of LC domain size and shape can provide the basis of a general and facile method to tune the response of these LC-based physical gels to interfacial phenomena. Overall, the results presented in this paper establish that CLC gels offer a promising approach to the preparation of self-supporting, LC-based stimuli-responsive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Sumyra Sidiq
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Shilpa Setia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306, India
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Fleischmann EK, Zentel R. Liquid-crystalline ordering as a concept in materials science: from semiconductors to stimuli-responsive devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8810-27. [PMID: 23881749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
While the unique optical properties of liquid crystals (LCs) are already well exploited for flat-panel displays, their intrinsic ability to self-organize into ordered mesophases, which are intermediate states between crystal and liquid, gives rise to a broad variety of additional applications. The high degree of molecular order, the possibility for large scale orientation, and the structural motif of the aromatic subunits recommend liquid-crystalline materials as organic semiconductors, which are solvent-processable and can easily be deposited on a substrate. The anisotropy of liquid crystals can further cause a stimuli-responsive macroscopic shape change of cross-linked polymer networks, which act as reversibly contracting artificial muscles. After illustrating the concept of liquid-crystalline order in this Review, emphasis will be placed on synthetic strategies for novel classes of LC materials, and the design and fabrication of active devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Kristina Fleischmann
- Institut für organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Fleischmann EK, Zentel R. Flüssigkristalline Ordnung als Konzept in den Materialwissenschaften: von Halbleitern zu funktionalen Bauteilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
247
|
Abstract
Topological defects that form on surfaces of ordered media, dubbed boojums, are ubiquitous in superfluids, liquid crystals (LCs), Langmuir monolayers, and Bose-Einstein condensates. They determine supercurrents in superfluids, impinge on electrooptical switching in polymer-dispersed LCs, and mediate chemical response at nematic-isotropic fluid interfaces, but the role of surface topology in the appearance, stability, and core structure of these defects remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate robust generation of boojums by controlling surface topology of colloidal particles that impose tangential boundary conditions for the alignment of LC molecules. To do this, we design handlebody-shaped polymer particles with different genus g. When introduced into a nematic LC, these particles distort the nematic molecular alignment field while obeying topological constraints and induce at least 2g - 2 boojums that allow for topological charge conservation. We characterize 3D textures of boojums using polarized nonlinear optical imaging of molecular alignment and explain our findings by invoking symmetry considerations and numerical modeling of experiment-matching director fields, order parameter variations, and nontrivial handle-shaped core structure of defects. Finally, we discuss how this interplay between the topologies of colloidal surfaces and boojums may lead to controlled self-assembly of colloidal particles in nematic and paranematic hosts, which, in turn, may enable reconfigurable topological composites.
Collapse
|
248
|
Fukuhara K, Fujii Y, Nagashima Y, Hara M, Nagano S, Seki T. Liquid-Crystalline Polymer and Block Copolymer Domain Alignment Controlled by Free-Surface Segregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
249
|
Fukuhara K, Fujii Y, Nagashima Y, Hara M, Nagano S, Seki T. Liquid-Crystalline Polymer and Block Copolymer Domain Alignment Controlled by Free-Surface Segregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5988-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
250
|
Applications of biomaterials to liquid crystals. Molecules 2013; 18:4703-17. [PMID: 23603952 PMCID: PMC6270325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, chemically synthesized proteins and peptides are attractive building blocks and have potential in many important applications as biomaterials. In this review, applications of biomaterials to thermotropic liquid crystals are discussed. The review covers the improvement of the performance of liquid crystal displays using liquid crystal physical gels consisting of a liquid crystal and amino acid-based gelators, and also new functionalization of liquid crystals. Moreover, the influence of DNA, which is one of the more attractive biomaterials, dispersed in thermotropic liquid crystals and its potential use in the liquid crystal industry is described. In addition, we found interesting results during electrooptical measurements of liquid crystals doped with DNA, and explain them from the point of view of biological applications. These recent approaches suggest that these biomaterials may be applicable in the electronic device industry and should be considered as an interesting material with their physical properties having the potential to create or refine an industrial product.
Collapse
|