201
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Niediek J, Bain J. Human single-unit recordings reveal a link between place-cells and episodic memory. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:158. [PMID: 25221481 PMCID: PMC4148621 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Niediek
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel ; Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bain
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel
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202
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Merkow MB, Burke JF, Stein JM, Kahana MJ. Prestimulus theta in the human hippocampus predicts subsequent recognition but not recall. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1562-9. [PMID: 25074395 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human theta (4-8 Hz) activity in the medial temporal lobe correlates with memory formation; however, the precise role that theta plays in the memory system remains elusive (Hanslmayr and Staudigl, ). Recently, prestimulus theta activity has been associated with successful memory formation, although its specific cognitive role remains unknown (e.g., Fell et al., 2011). In this report, we demonstrate that prestimulus theta in the hippocampus indexes encoding that supports old-new recognition memory but not recall. These findings suggest that human hippocampal prestimulus theta may preferentially participate in the encoding of item information, as opposed to associative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell B Merkow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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203
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Pezzulo G, van der Meer MAA, Lansink CS, Pennartz CMA. Internally generated sequences in learning and executing goal-directed behavior. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:647-57. [PMID: 25156191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A network of brain structures including hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex, and striatum controls goal-directed behavior and decision making. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these functions are unknown. Here, we review the role of 'internally generated sequences': structured, multi-neuron firing patterns in the network that are not confined to signaling the current state or location of an agent, but are generated on the basis of internal brain dynamics. Neurophysiological studies suggest that such sequences fulfill functions in memory consolidation, augmentation of representations, internal simulation, and recombination of acquired information. Using computational modeling, we propose that internally generated sequences may be productively considered a component of goal-directed decision systems, implementing a sampling-based inference engine that optimizes goal acquisition at multiple timescales of on-line choice, action control, and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Matthijs A A van der Meer
- Department of Biology and Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Carien S Lansink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, Research Priority Program Brain and Cognition, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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204
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Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Value of water mazes for assessing spatial and egocentric learning and memory in rodent basic research and regulatory studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 45:75-90. [PMID: 25116937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maneuvering safely through the environment is central to survival of all animals. The ability to do this depends on learning and remembering locations. This capacity is encoded in the brain by two systems: one using cues outside the organism (distal cues), allocentric navigation, and one using self-movement, internal cues and sometimes proximal cues, egocentric navigation. Allocentric navigation involves the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and surrounding structures (e.g., subiculum); in humans this system encodes declarative memory (allocentric, semantic, and episodic, i.e., memory for people, places, things, and events). This form of memory is assessed in laboratory animals by many methods, but predominantly the Morris water maze (MWM). Egocentric navigation involves the dorsal striatum and connected structures; in humans this system encodes routes and integrated paths and when over-learned becomes implicit or procedural memory. Several allocentric methods for rodents are reviewed and compared with the MWM with particular focus on the Cincinnati water maze (CWM). MWM advantages include minimal training, no food deprivation, ease of testing, reliable learning, insensitivity to differences in body weight and appetite, absence of non-performers, control methods for performance effects, repeated testing capability and other factors that make this test well-suited for regulatory studies. MWM limitations are also reviewed. Evidence-based MWM design and testing methods are presented. On balance, the MWM is arguably the preferred test for assessing learning and memory in basic research and regulatory studies and the CWM is recommended if two tests can be accommodated so that both allocentric (MWM) and egocentric (CWM) learning and memory can be effectively and efficiently assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Child Neurology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Child Neurology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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205
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[New aspects in the field of epilepsy]. DER NERVENARZT 2014; 85:955-64. [PMID: 25022893 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-014-4039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Regarding epilepsy several new developments can be reported. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has suggested a new definition of epilepsy, for the first time including a definition of epilepsy resolution. Progress in the diagnosis relates to new genetic findings, improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the increasing use of stereo electroencephalograms (sEEG). Regarding treatment there are new clinically relevant data on the pathophysiology and prevention of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Zonisamide has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for monotherapy in adults with focal seizures and combination therapy in children aged ≥ 6 years. Retigabin and perampanel have been approved but are currently taken off the market in Germany (only) because the Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (GBA, Joint Federal Committee) did not find any additional therapeutic value as compared to lamotrigine due to a lack of data. A decision regarding a new application for perampanel is pending. Regarding surgical treatment novel ablation techniques (e.g. stereotactic radiofrequency and laser ablation as well as focussed ultrasound ablation) and brain stimulation paradigms are under investigation. Experimental studies, generously supported by the European Union (EU) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) are focusing on (opto-)genetic (e.g. using lentoviral transfection), epigenetic (e.g. micro-RNA-related) approaches and on the investigation of neuronal micronetworks.
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206
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Moroni F, Nobili L, Iaria G, Sartori I, Marzano C, Tempesta D, Proserpio P, Lo Russo G, Gozzo F, Cipolli C, De Gennaro L, Ferrara M. Hippocampal slow EEG frequencies during NREM sleep are involved in spatial memory consolidation in humans. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1157-68. [PMID: 24796545 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Moroni
- Department of Psychology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Roma Italy
- Laboratory of Psychology; Department of Specialized; Diagnostics and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Centre of Epilepsy Surgery “C. Munari”, Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, Section of Genoa, National Research Council; Genova Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Neurosciences; and Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ivana Sartori
- Centre of Epilepsy Surgery “C. Munari”, Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Psychology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Roma Italy
| | - Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Paola Proserpio
- Centre of Epilepsy Surgery “C. Munari”, Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- Centre of Epilepsy Surgery “C. Munari”, Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Francesca Gozzo
- Centre of Epilepsy Surgery “C. Munari”, Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Carlo Cipolli
- Laboratory of Psychology; Department of Specialized; Diagnostics and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Roma Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
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207
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Riva G. Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:236. [PMID: 24834042 PMCID: PMC4018545 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical psychology is starting to explain eating disorders (ED) as the outcome of the interaction among cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal elements. In particular two influential models—the revised cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and the transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral theory—identified possible key predisposing and maintaining factors. These models, even if very influential and able to provide clear suggestions for therapy, still are not able to provide answers to several critical questions: why do not all the individuals with obsessive compulsive features, anxious avoidance or with a dysfunctional scheme for self-evaluation develop an ED? What is the role of the body experience in the etiology of these disorders? In this paper we suggest that the path to a meaningful answer requires the integration of these models with the recent outcomes of cognitive neuroscience. First, our bodily representations are not just a way to map an external space but the main tool we use to generate meaning, organize our experience, and shape our social identity. In particular, we will argue that our bodily experience evolves over time by integrating six different representations of the body characterized by specific pathologies—body schema (phantom limb), spatial body (unilateral hemi-neglect), active body (alien hand syndrome), personal body (autoscopic phenomena), objectified body (xenomelia) and body image (body dysmorphia). Second, these representations include either schematic (allocentric) or perceptual (egocentric) contents that interact within the working memory of the individual through the alignment between the retrieved contents from long-term memory and the ongoing egocentric contents from perception. In this view EDs may be the outcome of an impairment in the ability of updating a negative body representation stored in autobiographical memory (allocentric) with real-time sensorimotor and proprioceptive data (egocentric).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano Milan, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
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208
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Logan CJ. Making progress in non-human mental time travel. Front Psychol 2014; 5:305. [PMID: 24782806 PMCID: PMC3988386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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209
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Memory loss in a nonnavigational spatial task after hippocampal inactivation in monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4315-20. [PMID: 24591610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320562111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has a well-documented role for spatial navigation across species, but its role for spatial memory in nonnavigational tasks is uncertain. In particular, when monkeys are tested in tasks that do not require navigation, spatial memory seems unaffected by lesions of the hippocampus. However, the interpretation of these results is compromised by long-term compensatory adaptation occurring in the days and weeks after lesions. To test the hypothesis that hippocampus is necessary for nonnavigational spatial memory, we selected a technique that avoids long-term compensatory adaptation. We transiently disrupted hippocampal function acutely at the time of testing by microinfusion of the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate. Animals were tested on a self-ordered spatial memory task, the Hamilton Search Task. In the task, animals are presented with an array of eight boxes, each containing a food reinforcer; one box may be opened per trial, with trials separated by a delay. Only the spatial location of the boxes serves as a cue to solve the task. The optimal strategy is to open each box once without returning to previously visited locations. Transient inactivation of hippocampus reduced performance to chance levels in a delay-dependent manner. In contrast, no deficits were seen when boxes were marked with nonspatial cues (color). These results clearly document a role for hippocampus in nonnavigational spatial memory in macaques and demonstrate the efficacy of pharmacological inactivation of this structure in this species. Our data bring the role of the hippocampus in monkeys into alignment with the broader framework of hippocampal function.
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210
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Abstract
Maneuvering safely through the environment is central to survival of almost all species. The ability to do this depends on learning and remembering locations. This capacity is encoded in the brain by two systems: one using cues outside the organism (distal cues), allocentric navigation, and one using self-movement, internal cues and nearby proximal cues, egocentric navigation. Allocentric navigation involves the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and surrounding structures; in humans this system encodes allocentric, semantic, and episodic memory. This form of memory is assessed in laboratory animals in many ways, but the dominant form of assessment is the Morris water maze (MWM). Egocentric navigation involves the dorsal striatum and connected structures; in humans this system encodes routes and integrated paths and, when overlearned, becomes procedural memory. In this article, several allocentric assessment methods for rodents are reviewed and compared with the MWM. MWM advantages (little training required, no food deprivation, ease of testing, rapid and reliable learning, insensitivity to differences in body weight and appetite, absence of nonperformers, control methods for proximal cue learning, and performance effects) and disadvantages (concern about stress, perhaps not as sensitive for working memory) are discussed. Evidence-based design improvements and testing methods are reviewed for both rats and mice. Experimental factors that apply generally to spatial navigation and to MWM specifically are considered. It is concluded that, on balance, the MWM has more advantages than disadvantages and compares favorably with other allocentric navigation tasks.
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