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Can HY, Elmalı M, Karagöz A. Molecular Typing and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Raw Milk, Cheese, Minced Meat, and Chicken Meat Samples. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:175-180. [PMID: 28515641 PMCID: PMC5434204 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: i) to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in raw milk, cheese, beef minced meat, and chicken meat samples; ii) to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates; and iii) to determine clonal relation among the isolates by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Therefore, a total of 160 food samples were randomly collected between August 2014 and May 2015 in Hatay province, located in the southern Turkey. Twenty (12.5%) of the samples were found to be contaminated with S. aureus. A total of 40 isolates from the 20 positive samples were confirmed to be S. aureus by multiplex PCR based on 16S rRNA and nuc gene. The mec A gene was not detected in any of the S. aureus strains. In the present study, 39 out of 40 (97.5%) isolates were found to be resistant to one or more antibiotics. All of isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, oxacillin, and vancomycin. The highest resistance rate was detected in penicillin (95%) and ampicillin (92.5%), followed by tetracycline (30%), erythromycin (20%), ciprofloxacin (12.5%). Nine major patterns were determined by PFGE. In 6 of these patterns, thirty-six strains (90%) had identical PFGE profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Yeşim Can
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Elmalı
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay 31000, Turkey
| | - Alper Karagöz
- Microbiology Reference Laboratories Department, Public Health Institutes of Turkey, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Hakimi Alni R, Mohammadzadeh A, Mahmoodi P, Alikhani MY. RAPD-PCR analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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203
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Rodrigues MX, Silva NCC, Trevilin JH, Cruzado MMB, Mui TS, Duarte FRS, Castillo CJC, Canniatti-Brazaca SG, Porto E. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cheese processing plants. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:5167-5175. [PMID: 28457548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research paper was to characterize coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci from raw milk, Minas cheese, and production lines of Minas cheese processing. One hundred isolates from 3 different cheese producers were characterized using molecular approaches, such as PCR, molecular typing, and DNA sequencing. Staphylococcus aureus (88% of the isolates) was the most abundant followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus warneri. Among the 22 enterotoxin genes tested, the most frequent was seh (62% of the isolates), followed by selx and ser. Hemolysin genes were widely distributed across isolates, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes were also identified. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus were staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec III, IVa, IVd, and others nontypeable. In the phenotypic antibiotic resistance, multiresistant isolates were detected and resistance to penicillin was the most observed. Using spa typing, we identified several types and described a new one, t14969, isolated from cheese. These findings suggest that antibiotic resistance and potentially virulent strains from different sources can be found in the Brazilian dairy processing environment. Further research should be conducted with collaboration from regulatory agencies to develop programs of prevention of virulent and resistant strain dissemination in dairy products and the processing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory Xavier Rodrigues
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil; Department of Food Science, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Júlia Hellmeister Trevilin
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Melina Mary Bravo Cruzado
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Tsai Siu Mui
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigo Sanches Duarte
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Carmen J Contreras Castillo
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Solange Guidolin Canniatti-Brazaca
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ernani Porto
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
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204
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Toxic shock syndrome due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: Two case reports and a literature review in Japan. IDCases 2017; 8:77-80. [PMID: 28491813 PMCID: PMC5423323 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been spreading worldwide, including in Japan. However, few cases of toxic shock syndrome caused by Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have been reported in Japan. We report 2 cases, in middle-aged women, of toxic shock syndrome due to Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via a vaginal portal of entry. The first patient had used a tampon and the second patient had vaginitis due to a cleft narrowing associated with vulvar lichen sclerosus. Both patients were admitted to our hospital with septic shock and severe acute kidney injury and subsequently recovered with appropriate antibiotic treatment. In our review of the literature, 8 cases of toxic shock syndrome caused by Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were reported in Japan. In these 8 cases, the main portals of entry were the skin and respiratory tract; however, the portal of entry of Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a vaginal lesion has not been reported in Japan previously.
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205
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Wang D, Zhang L, Yong C, Shen M, Ali T, Shahid M, Han K, Zhou X, Han B. Relationships among superantigen toxin gene profiles, genotypes, and pathogenic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4276-4286. [PMID: 28434738 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major etiological agents of bovine mastitis, harboring a wide variety of staphylococcal superantigen (SAg) toxin genes. The SAg toxin genes are reported to be closely associated with the pathogenicity of the Staph. aureus causing the bovine mastitis. This study was conducted to investigate SAg toxin gene profiles and to assess the relationships among SAg toxin genes, genotypes of Staph. aureus, and their pathogenic properties. A total of 327 quarter milk samples were collected from bovine mastitis cases for isolation and identification of pathogens. In total, 35 isolates were identified as Staph. aureus, and the prevalence of Staph. aureus in milk samples was 13.6% (35/256). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays were used to detect the SAg toxin genes and to genotype Staph. aureus strains isolated from milk samples of bovine mastitis in 10 dairy herds located in Ningxia, China, respectively. The results showed that among the Staph. aureus isolates (n = 35), 71.4% (n = 25) of isolates carried at least one SAg toxin gene. In total, 18 SAg genes and 21 different gene combination patterns were detected among these isolates. The most common SAg genes in Staph. aureus isolates were sei, sen, and seu (44.0% each), followed by seo, tst, and etB (28.0% each), etA (24.0%), sem and sep (16.0% each), seb, sec, sed, and sek (12.0% each), and sea and seh genes (8.0% each); the seg, sej, and ser genes were present in 4.0% of the isolates. Three gene combinations were found to be related to mobile genetic elements that carried 2 or more genes. The egc-cluster of the seg-sei-sem-sen-seo genes, located on the pathogenicity island Type I υSaβ, was detected in 16% of isolates. Interestingly, we observed 6 RAPD genotypes (I to VI) in Staph. aureus isolates, and 2 of these genotypes were strongly associated with the severity of bovine mastitis; there was a close relationship between the RAPD genotypes and SAg genes. Isolates of RAPD type III were more frequently associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, whereas strains of type VI were mostly related to subclinical mastitis. In addition, SAg genes were related to severity of bovine mastitis. We conclude that an obvious relationship exists among RAPD genotypes, SAg toxin genes, and severity of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfu Yong
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shapotou District, Zhongwei, Ningxia 755000, China
| | - Mingliang Shen
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753000, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Han
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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206
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Dual-Labeled PCR-Based Immunofluorescent Assay for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus Using Cocktail-Sized Liposomal Nanovesicles as Signal Enhancer. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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207
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Schmidt T, Kock MM, Ehlers MM. Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Close Human Contacts in South African Dairy Herds: Genetic Diversity and Inter-Species Host Transmission. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:511. [PMID: 28428772 PMCID: PMC5382207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common etiological agents of contagious bovine mastitis worldwide. The purpose of this study was to genetically characterize a collection of S. aureus isolates (bovine = 146, human = 12) recovered from cases of bovine mastitis and nasal swabs of close human contacts in the dairy environment. Isolates were screened for a combination of clinically significant antimicrobial and virulence gene markers whilst the molecular epidemiology of these isolates and possible inter-species host transmission was investigated using a combination of genotyping techniques. None of the isolates under evaluation tested positive for methicillin or vancomycin resistance encoding genes. Twenty seven percent of the bovine S. aureus isolates tested positive for one or more of the pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg) genes with the sec and sell genes predominating. Comparatively, 83% of the human S. aureus isolates tested positive for one or more PTSAg genes with a greater variety of genes being detected. Genomic DNA macrorestriction followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the bovine isolates generated 58 electrophoretic patterns which grouped into 10 pulsotypes at an 80% similarity level. The majority of the bovine isolates, 93.2% (136/146), clustered into four major pulsotypes. Seven sequence types (ST) were identified among the representative bovine S. aureus isolates genotyped, including: ST8 (CC8), ST97 (CC97), ST351 (CC705), ST352 (CC97), ST508 (CC45), ST2992 (CC97) and a novel sequence type, ST3538 (CC97). Based on PFGE analysis, greater genetic diversity was observed among the human S. aureus isolates. Bovine and human isolates from three sampling sites clustered together and were genotypically indistinguishable. Two of the isolates, ST97 and ST352 belong to the common bovine lineage CC97, and their isolation from close human contacts suggests zoonotic transfer. In the context of this study, the third isolate, ST8 (CC8), is believed to be a human clone which has transferred to a dairy cow and has subsequently caused mastitis. The detection of indistinguishable S. aureus isolates from bovine and human hosts at three of the sampling sites is suggestive of bacterial transmission and supports the need for vigilant monitoring of staphylococcal populations at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schmidt
- Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentPietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoria, South Africa
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208
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Bitrus AA, Zunita Z, Bejo SK, Othman S, Nadzir NAA. In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28376716 PMCID: PMC5381085 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus more than any other human pathogen is a better model for the study of the adaptive evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as it has demonstrated a remarkable ability in its response to new antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of mecA gene from methicillin resistant S. aureus to methicillin susceptible S. aureus. Result The recipient transconjugants were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime and were mecA positive. PCR amplification of mecA after mix culture plating on Luria Bertani agar containing 100 μg/mL showed that 75% of the donor and 58.3% of the recipient transconjugants were mecA positive. Additionally, 61.5% of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive, while 46.2% and 41.75% of both donor and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion In this study, the direction of transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as mecA was observed to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains. This study affirmed the importance of horizontal transfer events in the dissemination of antibiotics resistance among different strains of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakaria Zunita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Othman
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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209
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Robb AR, Wright ED, Foster AME, Walker R, Malone C. Skin infection caused by a novel strain of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in a Siberian husky dog owner. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:jmmcr005087. [PMID: 28663821 PMCID: PMC5382809 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction.Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen of dogs and cats, is rarely reported to cause infection in humans. Here, we describe a case of severe skin infection caused by S. pseudintermedius, in a 47-year-old male, a dog owner; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first such case reported from Scotland. Case presentation. The patient presented with a short history of a severe ecthyma-like lesion on his forehead, with smaller lesions on his abdomen and legs. Bacterial culture revealed Clostridium perfringens, thought to be colonizing the wound, and a Staphylococcus species, identified as S. pseudintermedius by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight MS and confirmed by molecular methods using a PCR-RFLP approach. The patient was treated with flucloxacillin, penicillin V and Fucibet cream, and recovered fully. Zoonotic infection was considered likely; however, screening swabs from his dogs grew S. pseudintermedius of a different clonal type. Both patient and dog strains carried Staphylococcus intermedius exfoliative toxin and leucocidin I, closely related to Panton–Valentine leucocidin, possibly contributing to the severity of the infection. S pseudintermedius, although coagulase positive, is normally negative by rapid slide clumping and latex agglutination tests routinely used to identify Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, S. pseudintermedius may easily be misidentified as a coagulase-negative staphylococcus and considered insignificant. Conclusion. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of a human S. pseudintermedius infection in Scotland. Zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius between pets and owners has been shown. However, in this case zoonosis could not be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Robb
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Elizabeth D Wright
- Department of Microbiology, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK
| | - Adele M E Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK
| | - Colin Malone
- Department of Dermatology, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Bankend Road, Dumfries DG1 4AP, UK
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210
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Mroczkowska A, Żmudzki J, Marszałek N, Orczykowska-Kotyna M, Komorowska I, Nowak A, Grzesiak A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Dors A, Pejsak Z, Hryniewicz W, Wyszomirski T, Empel J. Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus on Polish pig farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170745. [PMID: 28151984 PMCID: PMC5289463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA) draws increasing attention due to its particular ability to colonize farm animals and be transmitted to people, which in turn leads to its spread in the environment. The aim of the study was to determine the dissemination of LA-SA on pig farms selected throughout Poland, characterize the population structure of identified S. aureus, and assess the prevalence of LA-SA carriage amongst farmers and veterinarians being in contact with pigs. METHODS AND FINDINGS The study was conducted on 123 pig farms (89 farrow-to-finish and 34 nucleus herds), located in 15 out of 16 provinces of Poland. Human and pig nasal swabs, as well as dust samples were analyzed. S. aureus was detected on 79 (64.2%) farms from 14 provinces. Amongst these farms LA-SA-positive farms dominated (71/79, 89.9%, 95% CI [81.0%, 95.5%]). The prevalence of LA-MRSA-positive farms was lower than LA-MSSA-positive (36.6% of LA-SA-positive farms, 95% CI [25.5%, 48.9%] vs. 74.6%, 95% CI [62.9%, 84.2%]). In total, 190 S. aureus isolates were identified: 72 (38%) MRSA and 118 (62%) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), of which 174 (92%) isolates were classified to three livestock-associated lineages: CC398 (73%), CC9 (13%), and CC30/ST433 (6%). All CC398 isolates belonged to the animal clade. Four LA-MRSA clones were detected: ST433-IVa(2B) clone (n = 8, 11%), described to the best of our knowledge for the first time, and three ST398 clones (n = 64, 89%) with the most prevalent being ST398-V(5C2&5)c, followed by ST398-V(5C2), and ST398-IVa(2B). Nasal carriage of LA-SA by pig farmers was estimated at 13.2% (38/283), CC398 carriage at 12.7% (36/283) and ST398-MRSA carriage at 3.2% (9/283), whereas by veterinarians at 21.1% (8/38), 18.4% (7/38) and 10.5% (4/38), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of LA-MRSA-positive pig farms in Poland has increased considerably since 2008, when the first MRSA EU baseline survey was conducted in Europe. On Polish pig farms CC398 of the animal clade predominates, this being also reflected in the prevalence of CC398 nasal carriage in farmers and veterinarians. However, finding a new ST433-IVa(2B) clone provides evidence for the continuing evolution of LA-MRSA and argues for further monitoring of S. aureus in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Mroczkowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Natalia Marszałek
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Iga Komorowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Grzesiak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Waleria Hryniewicz
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of Quality Control in Microbiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wyszomirski
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Empel
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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211
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Botoni LS, Scherer CB, Silva RO, Coura FM, Heinemann MB, Paes-Leme FO, Costa-Val AP. Prevalence and in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from skin and nostrils of dogs with superficial pyoderma. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016001200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In order to assess the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from skin and nostrils of dogs with pyoderma, to determine its in vitro susceptibility, and to correlate these data with the presence of the mecA gene, 43 dogs were selected. Samples were collected from secretion of their skin lesions and right nostril, cultured, and analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the bacteria studied. In 62 samples (91%) the microorganism was classified as S. pseudintermedius. The rate of resistance against antibiotics ranged from 7% (amikacin; 4/62) to 77% (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim; 48/62). Resistance against oxacillin was found in 34% of the samples (21/62). Twenty-five samples (37%) were strains that carried the mecA gene. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was found between presence of the mecA gene and oxacillin resistance. Seventeen dogs were mecA gene carriers, and 8 (47%) of them had the gene in the skin lesions and nostril. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was also observed between the presence of mecA gene in the skin lesions and nostrils. Oxacillin resistance in vitro can be safely used to indicate the presence of mecA gene in MRSP samples. The nostrils can be a reservoir of MRSP in dogs.
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Akhi MT, Esmailkhani A, Sadeghi J, Niknafs B, Farzadi L, Akhi A, Nasab EN. The Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Endocervix of Infertile Women in Northwest Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 11:28-32. [PMID: 28367302 PMCID: PMC5215708 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Infertility is one of the major social issues. Due to the asymptomatic cervical infection associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the majority of patients
remain undiagnosed. The present study intended to assess the frequency of S. aureus
isolated from infertile women’s endocervix in northwest Iran. Materials and Methods In a descriptive cross sectional study, specimens were randomly
collected during vagina examination using a sterile speculum and swabbing. After performance
of antibiotic susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Results About 26 (26%) and 9 (9%) women’s urogenital tracts were colonized by S.
aureus and Candida spp., respectively, of which three (11.5%) patients were infected with
fungi and S. aureus, simultaneously. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed high activity
of vancomycin and co-trimoxazole on isolates. Regarding PCR results, mecA sequences
were detected in 7 (26.9%) strains, whilst the tst gene encoding TSST-1 was not detected
in any of clinical strains. Conclusion The prevalence of S. aureus was very high in infertile women. Therefore, it
demands all patients undergoing infertility treatment to be investigated thoroughly for this
type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Akhi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aylin Esmailkhani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Niknafs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aydin Akhi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Najafi Nasab
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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213
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Ferreira M, Bernardo L, Neves L, Campos M, Lamaro-Cardoso J, André M. Virulence profile and genetic variability of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from artisanal cheese. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8589-8597. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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214
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Berla-Kerzhner E, Biber A, Parizade M, Taran D, Rahav G, Regev-Yochay G, Glikman D. Clinical outcomes and treatment approach for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in Israel. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:153-162. [PMID: 27677279 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are increasingly documented worldwide. We recently identified two major CA-MRSA clones in Israel: USA300 and t991. Here, we assessed clinical outcomes by CA-MRSA clones and the physicians' treatment approach to CA-MRSA infections. All community-onset, clinical MRSA isolates detected during 2011-2013 by Maccabi Healthcare Services were collected and characterized phenotypically and genotypically; data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Of 309 patients with MRSA infections, 64 were identified as CA-MRSA (21 %). Of the CA-MRSA infections, 72 % had skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), 38 % were Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)+, the major clone being USA300 (n = 13, 54 %). Of PVL- isolates (n = 40, 62 %), t991 was the major clone. Age was the only predictor for PVL+ CA-MRSA infection (p < 0.001). Patients with PVL+ CA-MRSA had higher incidence of SSTI recurrences (1.061 vs. 0.647 events per patient/per year, p < 0.0001) and were more likely to have the SSTI drained (64 % vs. 21 %, p = 0.003) when compared to PVL- CA-MRSA. USA300 was more common among adults, while t991 was more common among children (p = 0.002). The physician's referral to culture results and susceptibility were the only predictors of appropriate antibiotic therapy (p < 0.001). However, only a minority of physicians referred to culture results, regardless of subspecialties. PVL+ CA-MRSA isolates caused significantly more recurrences of SSTIs and increased the need for drainage compared with PVL- isolates. Physicians' awareness of CA-MRSA as a cause of SSTIs in the community was suboptimal. Culturing of pus-producing SSTIs is crucial for providing adequate antimicrobials and elucidating MRSA epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Biber
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - M Parizade
- Maccabi Healthcare Services, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Taran
- Maccabi Healthcare Services, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Rahav
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - G Regev-Yochay
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Gertner Institute, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - D Glikman
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel. .,The Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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215
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Mishra AK, Yadav P, Mishra A. A Systemic Review on Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS): A Rare and Critical Disease of Neonates. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:150-9. [PMID: 27651848 PMCID: PMC5012080 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) include blistering of skin on superficial layers due to the exfoliative toxins released from Staphylococcus aureus. After the acute exfoliation of skin surface, erythematous cellulitis occurs. The SSSS may be confined to few blisters localized to the infection site and spread to severe exfoliation affecting complete body. The specific antibodies to exotoxins and increased clearence of exotoxins decrease the frequency of SSSS in adults. Immediate medication with parenteral anti-staphylococcal antibiotics is mandatory. Mostly, SSSS are resistant to penicillin. Penicillinase resistant synthetic penicillins such as Nafcillin or Oxacillin are prescribed as emergency treatment medicine. If Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected), antibiotics with MRSA coverage (e.g., Vancomycin or Linezolid) are indicated. Clindamycin is considered as drug of choice to stop the production of exotoxin from bacteria ribosome. The use of Ringer solution to to balance the fluid loss, followed by maintainence therapy with an objective to maintain the fluid loss from exfoliation of skin, application of Cotrimoxazole on topical surface are greatlly considered to treat the SSSS. The drugs that reduce renal function are avoided. Through this article, an attempt has been made to focus the source, etiology, mechanism, outbreaks, mechanism, clinical manisfestation, treatment and other detail of SSSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mishra
- Central Facility of Instrumentation, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, UP, 244102, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Central Facility of Instrumentation, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, UP, 244102, India
| | - Amrita Mishra
- Central Facility of Instrumentation, Faculty of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, UP, 244102, India
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216
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Német Z, Albert E, Nagy K, Csuka E, Dán Á, Szenci O, Hermans K, Balka G, Biksi I. Virulence type and tissue tropism of Staphylococcus strains originating from Hungarian rabbit farms. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:1-6. [PMID: 27599923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcosis has a major economic impact on rabbit farming worldwide. Previous studies described a highly virulent variant, which is disseminated across Europe. Such strains are reported to be capable of inducing uncontrollable outbreaks. The authors describe a survey conducted on 374 Staphylococcus strains isolated from rabbit farms, mostly from Hungary, between 2009 and 2014, from a variety of pathological processes. The virulence type of the strains was determined using a multiplex PCR system. 84.2% of the strains belonged to a previously rarely isolated atypical highly virulent type. Only 6.1% belonged to the typical highly virulent genotype. Even low virulent strains were present at a higher percentage (6.4%). For a small group of strains (3.2%) the detection of the femA gene failed, indicating that these strains probably do not belong to the Staphylococcus aureus species. The results reveal the possibility of the asymptomatic presence of highly virulent strains on rabbit farms. "Non-aureus" Staphylococcus sp. can also have a notable role in the etiology of rabbit staphylococcosis. An association with the lesions and the virulence type was demonstrated. Statistical analysis of data on organotropism showed a significant correlation between septicaemia and the highly virulent genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Német
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary.
| | - Ervin Albert
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary; MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Nagy
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Edit Csuka
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO), H-1143, 2 Tábornok street, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary; MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Katleen Hermans
- Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gyula Balka
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department of Pathology, H-1078 István street 2, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Biksi
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department and Clinic for Production Animals, H-2225 Dóra major, Üllő, Hungary
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217
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Soo Yean CY, Selva Raju K, Xavier R, Subramaniam S, Gopinath SCB, Chinni SV. Molecular Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Non-Protein Coding RNA-Mediated Monoplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158736. [PMID: 27367909 PMCID: PMC4930178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-protein coding RNA (npcRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Bacterial npcRNAs are structurally diversified molecules, typically 50-200 nucleotides in length. They play a crucial physiological role in cellular networking, including stress responses, replication and bacterial virulence. In this study, by using an identified npcRNA gene (Sau-02) in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we identified the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. A Sau-02-mediated monoplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was designed that displayed high sensitivity and specificity. Fourteen different bacteria and 18 S. aureus strains were tested, and the results showed that the Sau-02 gene is specific to S. aureus. The detection limit was tested against genomic DNA from MRSA and was found to be ~10 genome copies. Further, the detection was extended to whole-cell MRSA detection, and we reached the detection limit with two bacteria. The monoplex PCR assay demonstrated in this study is a novel detection method that can replicate other npcRNA-mediated detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yeap Soo Yean
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Kishanraj Selva Raju
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Rathinam Xavier
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | | | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Suresh V. Chinni
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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218
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Yin H, Fang T, Wen H. Combined multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification with lateral flow assay to detect sea
and seb
genes of enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H.Y. Yin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - T.J. Fang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - H.W. Wen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung Taiwan
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219
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Salimena APS, Lange CC, Camussone C, Signorini M, Calvinho LF, Brito MAVP, Borges CAV, Guimarães AS, Ribeiro JB, Mendonça LC, Piccoli RH. Genotypic and phenotypic detection of capsular polysaccharide and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk collected from Brazilian dairy farms. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:97-106. [PMID: 27255108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that frequently causes mastitis in bovine herds worldwide. This pathogen produces several virulence factors, including cell-associated adhesins, toxic and cytolytic exoproteins, and capsular polysaccharides. The aim of the present study was to test for the presence of genes involved in capsular polysaccharide production and biofilm formation in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis samples collected from 119 dairy herds located in three different Brazilian regions, as well as to assay the production of capsular polysaccharides and biofilm, in vitro. The detection of the cap, icaAD, and bap genes was performed using PCR. The detection and quantification of capsular polysaccharide production was performed using ELISA assays. The ability of the isolates to form a biofilm was examined using the polystyrene surface of microtiter plates. All 159 S. aureus isolates investigated harboured the cap gene: 80 % carried the cap5 gene and 20 % carried the cap8 gene. Sixty-nine percent of the isolates expressed capsular polysaccharide (CP) in vitro, 58 % expressed CP5 and 11 % expressed CP8. All of the isolates harboured the icaA and icaD genes, and 95.6 % of the isolates carried the bap gene. Of the 159 isolates analysed, 97.5 % were biofilm producers. A significant association between the capsular genotype and phenotype and the amount of biofilm formation was detected: cap5/CP5 isolates tended to form more biofilm and to produce a thinner CP layer than cap8/CP8 isolates. The results indicate a high potential for pathogenicity among S. aureus isolated from bovine milk collected from three different regions in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra P S Salimena
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Food Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla C Lange
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cecilia Camussone
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria A V P Brito
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiano A V Borges
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Guimarães
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João B Ribeiro
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia C Mendonça
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta H Piccoli
- Food Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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220
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Khoramrooz SS, Mansouri F, Marashifard M, Malek Hosseini SAA, Akbarian Chenarestane-Olia F, Ganavehei B, Gharibpour F, Shahbazi A, Mirzaii M, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Detection of biofilm related genes, classical enterotoxin genes and agr typing among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine with subclinical mastitis in southwest of Iran. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:45-51. [PMID: 27251096 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus by producing biofilm and facilitating chronic infection is a common cause of mastitis in cows and thereby can cause food poisoning by production of enterotoxins in milk. The agr typing method is an important tool for epidemiological investigation about S. aureus. The aims of the present study were to detect biofilm related genes, 5 classical enterotoxin genes and the agr types among S. aureus isolates. The ability of S. aureus isolates to produce biofilm was evaluated by modified CRA plate. Six biofilm related adhesion genes (icaD, icaA, fnbA, bap, clfA and cna), five classical enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and tst-1 gene were detected by PCR methods. Multiplex-PCR was used to determination of the agr groups. 55 out of 80(68.8%) S. aureus isolates were biofilm producer. The icaD gene was detected in 70 (87.5%) of isolates. The prevalence rates of fnbA, icaA, clfA, cna and bap were 72.5, 56.25, 50, 22.5, and 5% respectively. The agr group I and III were detected in 57.5% 25% of studied isolates. The sea, sed and tst-1 genes were found in 10%, 7.5% and 1.25% of isolates respectively. The majority of S. aureus were able to produce biofilm. Significant associations were observed between presence of the icaD, icaA, fnbA, clfA and the cna genes as well as biofilm formation. The present study revealed that isolates with the agr type III are more potent for biofilm production. Our data supported a possible link between the agr types and certain SE genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariba Mansouri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj Branch, Yasooj, Iran
| | - Masoud Marashifard
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | | | - Banafsheh Ganavehei
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj Branch, Yasooj, Iran
| | | | - Ardavan Shahbazi
- Department of Surgery, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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221
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Geraci DM, Giuffrè M, Bonura C, Graziano G, Saporito L, Insinga V, Rinaudo G, Aleo A, Vecchio D, Mammina C. A Snapshot on MRSA Epidemiology in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network, Palermo, Italy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:815. [PMID: 27303395 PMCID: PMC4882316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We performed a 1-year prospective surveillance study on MRSA colonization within the five NICUs of the metropolitan area of Palermo, Italy. The purpose of the study was to assess epidemiology of MRSA in NICU from a network perspective. Methods: Transfer of patients between NICUs during 2014 was traced based on the annual hospital discharge records. In the period February 2014–January 2015, in the NICU B, at the University teaching hospital, nasal swabs from all infants were collected weekly, whereas in the other four NICUs (A, C, D, E) at 4 week-intervals of time. MRSA isolates were submitted to antibiotic susceptibility testing, SCCmec typing, PCR to detect lukS-PV and lukF-PV (lukS/F-PV) genes and the gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), multilocus variable number tandem repeat fingerprinting (MLVF), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: In the period under study, 587 nasal swabs were obtained from NICU B, whereas 218, 180, 157, and 95 from NICUs A, C, D, and E, respectively. Two groups of NICUs at high prevalence and low prevalence of MRSA colonization were recognized. Overall, 113 isolates of MRSA were identified from 102 infants. Six MLVF types (A–F) were detected, with type C being subdivided into five subtypes. Five sequence types (STs) were found with ST22-IVa being the most frequent type in all NICUs. All the MRSA molecular subtypes, except for ST1-IVa, were identified in NICU B. Conclusions: Our findings support the need to approach surveillance and infection control in NICU in a network perspective, prioritizing referral healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Geraci
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Graziano
- Post-graduate Residency School in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Saporito
- Post-graduate Residency School in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Insinga
- Post-graduate Residency School in Pediatrics, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Grazia Rinaudo
- Post-graduate Residency School in Pediatrics, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Aleo
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammina
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro," University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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222
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Motallebi M, Jabalameli F, Asadollahi K, Taherikalani M, Emaneini M. Spreading of genes encoding enterotoxins, haemolysins, adhesin and biofilm among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IIIA isolated from burn patients. Microb Pathog 2016; 97:34-7. [PMID: 27238459 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is an important concern in burn medical centers either in Iran or worldwide. A total of 128 S. aureus isolates were collected from wound infection of burn patients during June 2013 to June 2014. Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) assay was performed for the characterization of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). Genes encoding virulence factors and biofilm were targeted by PCR. Of 128 S. aureus isolates, 77 (60.1%) isolates were MRSA. Fifty four (70.1%) isolates were identified as SCCmec type IIIA. The most frequently detected toxin genes among MRSA isolates with SCCmec type IIIA were sea (64.1%) and hla (51.8%). The rate of coexistence of sea with hla and sea with hla and hlb was 37% and12.9%, respectively. The sec, eta, tst, pvl, hla and hlb genes were not detected in any of the MRSA isolates. The most prevalent genes encoding biofilm was eno, found in 61.1% of isolates, followed by fib and icaA found in 48.1% and 38.8% of the isolates, respectively. The rate of coexistence of fib + eno + icaA + icaD and fib + eno was 20.3% and 9.2%, respectively. The ebps gene was not detected in any of the isolates. In conclusion, our study indicated that the sea, hla, fib and icaA were most frequent genes encoding virulence factors among MRSA with SCCmec type IIIA isolated from burn wound infection. Moreover, the results of this study shows that the rate of coexistence of genes encoding different virulence factor were high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Motallebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Jabalameli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kheirollah Asadollahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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223
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Dawgul M, Baranska-Rybak W, Piechowicz L, Bauer M, Neubauer D, Nowicki R, Kamysz W. The Antistaphylococcal Activity of Citropin 1.1 and Temporin A against Planktonic Cells and Biofilms Formed by Isolates from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: An Assessment of Their Potential to Induce Microbial Resistance Compared to Conventional Antimicrobials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E30. [PMID: 27231918 PMCID: PMC4932548 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) colonizes the vast majority of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Its resistance to antibiotics and ability to form biofilms are the main origins of therapeutic complications. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit strong activity against SA, including antibiotic resistant strains as well as bacteria existing in biofilm form. The purpose of the present work was to determine the antistaphylococcal activity of two amphibian peptides against SA isolated from patients with AD. The AMPs demonstrated permanent activity towards strains exposed to sublethal concentrations of the compounds and significantly stronger antibiofilm activity in comparison to that of conventional antimicrobials. The results suggest the potential application of amphibian AMPs as promising antistaphylococcal agents for the management of skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Dawgul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Lidia Piechowicz
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marta Bauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Damian Neubauer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Roman Nowicki
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
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224
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Vatansever L, Sezer Ç, Bilge N. Carriage rate and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers in Kars City, Turkey. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:608. [PMID: 27247904 PMCID: PMC4864795 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was determine carriage rate and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus among food handlers. Samples were collected by swabbing the mouth, nasal cavity and hands of food workers. The isolation of S. aureus was performed using a culture method and verified by using a genetic method (PCR). The presence of mecA gene was analysed by PCR. The fourteen antimicrobial disks were also used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus. The 56 out of 282 isolates were identified as S. aureus. It is found that 10 workers out of 28 carried S. aureus in their nasal cavity while 4 and 3 workers out of 21 carriered S. aureus in mouth and hands respectively. None of the isolates carried mecA genes and also their antibacterial susceptibility test for methicillin resistance, using cefoxitin (30 µg), shown that all the isolates was susceptible to methicillin. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from food handlers was low. However carriage rate of S. aureus among food handlers was quite high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Vatansever
- Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Sezer
- Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
| | - Nebahat Bilge
- Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
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Karpiński TM, Żaba Z, Chudzicka-Strugała I, Szkaradkiewicz AK, Jaworska A, Zeidler A, Andrzejewska E, Szkaradkiewicz A. Selected Factors of Innate Immunity in Healthy Individuals with S. aureus Nasal Carriage. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:453. [PMID: 27065998 PMCID: PMC4814897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus represents a well-defined factor of risk involving community and hospital-acquired infections. Recently a significance of several host factors has been pointed out and, in particular, of immune determinants in nasal S. aureus colonization. Therefore, this study aimed at analysis of manifestation involving manifestation in the nasal secretions of important components of the host innate immunity - human beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2), lysozyme (Ly), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in healthy individuals and in persons with persistent carriage of S. aureus. The studies were conducted in two groups of healthy volunteers, encompassing non-carriers (group 1) or persistent carriers of S. aureus (group 2). Elisa assays were employed to evaluate levels of HBD-2, Ly, and IFN-γ in nasal secretions of the examined donors. In S. aureus carriers a significant variability of HBD-2 levels was detected, corresponding to, respectively, the high (averaging at 1.46 ng/ml) and the low (averaging at 0.13 ng/ml) secretory response of the defensin. The level of Ly in S. aureus carriers averaged at 1.46 μg/ml and it manifested no significant difference as compared to that noted in non-carriers. In turn, concentrations of IFN-γ in nasal secretions in the group of carriers of S. aureus amounted on the average to 81.7 pg/ml and they were 1.3-fold higher that in the group of non-carriers. The obtained results allow to conclude that IFN-γ secretion by the nasal cavity-colonizing S. aureus remains quantitatively insufficient to eliminate the pathogen. Nevertheless, a significant increase in levels of this host factor may be important for restriction of the staphylococcal colonization and protection against development of an invasive infection. In turn, the role of HBD-2 and Ly in inactivation of the colonizing S. aureus remains doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Karpiński
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Żaba
- Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Anna K Szkaradkiewicz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Jaworska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zeidler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Andrzejewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szkaradkiewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznań, Poland
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226
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Taherikalani M, Mohammadzad MR, Soroush S, Maleki MH, Azizi-Jalilian F, Pakzad I, Sadeghifard N, Asadollahi P, Emaneini M, Monjezi A, Alikhani MY. Determining the prevalence of SCCmec polymorphism, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from selected hospitals in west of Iran. J Chemother 2016; 28:104-9. [PMID: 25976554 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important pathogens worldwide and compared to other staphylococcal species that are associated with higher mortality rate. A total of 500 Staphylococcus spp. was collected from selected hospitals in Ilam, Kermanshah, Khorram Abad and Hamadan cities and, via phenotypic and genotypic methods, was assessed to find MRSA. The presence or absence of prevalent antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes was evaluated among MRSA isolates, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and then the SCCmec typing of these isolates was assayed by multiplex PCR. A total of 372 (74.4%) Stapylococcus spp. isolates were identified as S. aureus, among which 200 (53.8%) possessed the mecA gene and were distinguished as MRSA. All of MRSA isolates contained blaZ gene. The frequency of ermA and ermC genes among erythromycin-resistant MRSA isolates was 21.6% and 66.7%, respectively. The frequency of the virulence genes eta, hla and sea among MRSA isolates was 10%, 80.5% and 100%, respectively. SCCmec type IV accounted for 30.6% of the MRSA isolates and SCCmec type III, SCCmec type II and SCCmec type I accounted for 30%, 22% and 17.5% of the isolates, respectively. The antibiotic resistance genes and the virulence genes of blaZ, hla, sea, eta and ermC had high frequencies among the MRSA isolates. This study showed that the antibiotic resistance genes had higher frequencies among SCCmec types I and IV, which confirms the previous reports in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morovat Taherikalani
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Setareh Soroush
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Farid Azizi-Jalilian
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.,b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Parisa Asadollahi
- a Clinical Microbiology Research Center , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Mohammad Emaneini
- c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aazam Monjezi
- b Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- d Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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227
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Casaes Nunes RS, Pires de Souza C, Pereira KS, Del Aguila EM, Flosi Paschoalin VM. Identification and molecular phylogeny of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates from Minas Frescal cheese in southeastern Brazil: Superantigenic toxin production and antibiotic resistance. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2641-2653. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Corredor Arias LF, Luligo Espinal JS, Moncayo Ortiz JI, Santacruz Ibarra JJ, Álvarez Aldana A. Relationship between super antigenicity, antimicrobial resistance and origin of Staphylococcus aureus isolated. Colomb Med (Cali) 2016; 47:15-20. [PMID: 27226659 PMCID: PMC4868135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes food poisoning as well as hospital and community acquired infections. OBJECTIVE Establish the profile of superantigen genes among hospital isolates in relation to clinical specimen type, susceptibility to antibiotics and hospital or community acquisition. METHODS Eighty one isolates obtained from patients at Colombian hospital, were classified by antimicrobial susceptibility, specimen type and hospital or community acquired . The PCR uniplex and multiplex was used for detection of 22 superantigen genes (18 enterotoxins, tsst-1 and three exfoliative toxins). RESULTS Ninety five point one percent of isolates harbored one or more of the genes with an average of 5.6 genes. Prevalence of individual genes was variable and the most prevalent was seg (51.9%). Thirty nine genotypes were obtained, and the genotype gimnou (complete egc cluster) was the most prevalent alone (16.0%) and in association with other genes (13.6%). The correlation between presence of superantigens and clinical specimen or antimicrobial susceptibility showed no significant difference. But there was significant difference between presence of superantigens and the origin of the isolates, hospital or community acquired (p= 0.049). CONCLUSIONS The results show the variability of the superantigen genes profile in hospital isolates and shows no conclusive relationship with the clinical sample type and antimicrobial susceptibility, but there was correlation with community and hospital isolates. The analysis of the interplay between virulence, epidemic and antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations is needed to predict the future of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Samara Luligo Espinal
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
| | - José Ignacio Moncayo Ortiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
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Puah SM, Chua KH, Tan JAMA. Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Ready-to-Eat Foods: Detection of S. aureus Contamination and a High Prevalence of Virulence Genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:199. [PMID: 26861367 PMCID: PMC4772219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of food poisoning. Its pathogenicity results from the possession of virulence genes that produce different toxins which result in self-limiting to severe illness often requiring hospitalization. In this study of 200 sushi and sashimi samples, S. aureus contamination was confirmed in 26% of the food samples. The S. aureus isolates were further characterized for virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility. A high incidence of virulence genes was identified in 96.2% of the isolates and 20 different virulence gene profiles were confirmed. DNA amplification showed that 30.8% (16/52) of the S. aureus carried at least one SE gene which causes staphylococcal food poisoning. The most common enterotoxin gene was seg (11.5%) and the egc cluster was detected in 5.8% of the isolates. A combination of hla and hld was the most prevalent coexistence virulence genes and accounted for 59.6% of all isolates. Antibiotic resistance studies showed tetracycline resistance to be the most common at 28.8% while multi-drug resistance was found to be low at 3.8%. In conclusion, the high rate of S. aureus in the sampled sushi and sashimi indicates the need for food safety guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Jin Ai Mary Anne Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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230
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El Bayomi RM, Ahmed HA, Awadallah MAI, Mohsen RA, Abd El-Ghafar AE, Abdelrahman MA. Occurrence, Virulence Factors, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Chicken Products and Humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:157-64. [PMID: 26807798 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus in food is a consequence of inadequate hygienic handling and processing, posing a potential risk to public health. The current study aimed to characterize virulence factors, as well as antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from retail chicken products and hand swabs from vendors in Egypt. In addition, genetic relatedness of the isolates from chicken and humans was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using protein A as a target. A total of 110 samples were collected from chicken products (n = 80) and vendors (n = 30). Overall, 30 (37.5%) chicken products samples were positive for S. aureus, whereas hand swabs from meat handlers revealed that 18 (60%) were positive. Ten MRSA strains were characterized by the presence of the mecA gene, comprising seven isolates from chicken and three from humans. Virulence-associated factors were evaluated by PCR, revealing that 31.3% of S. aureus isolates harbored the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene, whereas 10.4% were positive for the sea and sed genes each, and only two isolates were positive for γ-hemolysin-associated gene. Genotyping using spa PCR-RFLP showed identical restriction banding patterns of MRSA isolates of human and chicken meat origin, indicating the genetic relatedness of the isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize PVL-positive MRSA from chicken products and to utilize spa-RFLP for evaluating the genetic relatedness between MRSA of human and chicken origin in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M El Bayomi
- 1 Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- 2 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maysa A I Awadallah
- 2 Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University , Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mohsen
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Abd El-Ghafar
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelrahman
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute , Mansoura Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
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231
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Comparison of community-onset Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in Thailand: a prospective multicentre observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:458.e11-9. [PMID: 26806258 PMCID: PMC4898209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus is a globally distributed cause of human infection, but diagnostic laboratories misidentify this as Staphylococcus aureus. We determined whether there is clinical utility in distinguishing between the two. A prospective cohort study of community-onset invasive staphylococcal sepsis was conducted in adults at four hospitals in northeast Thailand between 2010 and 2013. Of 311 patients analysed, 58 (19%) were infected with S. argenteus and 253 (81%) with S. aureus. Most S. argenteus (54/58) were multilocus sequence type 2250. Infection with S. argenteus was more common in males, but rates of bacteraemia and drainage procedures were similar in the two groups. S. argenteus precipitated significantly less respiratory failure than S. aureus (5.2% versus 20.2%, adjusted OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.74, p 0.015), with a similar but non-significant trend for shock (6.9% versus 12.3%, adjusted OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.15-1.44, p 0.18). This did not translate into a difference in death at 28 days (6.9% versus 8.7%, adjusted OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.24-2.65, p 0.72). S. argenteus was more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs compared with S. aureus, and contained fewer toxin genes although pvl was detected in 16% (9/58). We conclude that clinical differences exist in association with sepsis due to S. argenteus versus S. aureus.
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232
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Shahi SK, Kumar A. Isolation and Genetic Analysis of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1464. [PMID: 26779134 PMCID: PMC4700134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) patients visiting Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, were selected for this study. Bacteria were isolated from swab and deep tissue of 42 patients, for examining their prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity. DFUs of majority of the patients were found infected with Enterococcus spp. (47.61%), Escherichia coli (35.71%), Staphylococcus spp. (33.33%), Alcaligenes spp. (30.95%), Pseudomonas spp. (30.95%), and Stenotrophomonas spp. (30.95%). Antibiotic susceptibility assay of 142 bacteria with 16 antibiotics belonging to eight classes showed the presence of 38 (26.76%) isolates with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. MDR character appeared to be governed by integrons as class 1 integrons were detected in 26 (68.42%) isolates. Altogether six different arrays of genes (aadA1, aadB, aadAV, dhfrV, dhfrXII, and dhfrXVII) were found within class 1 integron. Gene cassette dhfrAXVII-aadAV (1.6 kb) was present in 12 (3 Gram positive and 9 Gram negative) isolates and was conserved across all the isolates as evident from RFLP analysis. In addition to the presence of class 1 integron, six β-lactamase resistance encoding genes namely bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA, bla CTX-M-gp1, bla CTX-M-gp2, and bla CTX-M-gp9 and two methicillin resistance genes namely mecA and femA and vancomycin resistance encoding genes (vanA and vanB) were identified in different isolates. Majority of the MDR isolates were positive for bla TEM (89.47%), bla OXA (52.63%), and bla CTX-M-gp1 (34.21%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from DFUs from North India. In conclusion, findings of this study suggest that class-1 integrons and β-lactamase genes contributed to the MDR in above bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh K Shahi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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Fernandes Dos Santos F, Mendonça LC, Reis DRDL, Guimarães ADS, Lange CC, Ribeiro JB, Machado MA, Brito MAVP. Presence of mecA-positive multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in bovine milk samples in Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:1374-1382. [PMID: 26709182 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are one of the major pathogens causing bovine mastitis. In recent decades, resistance of this genus to oxacillin (methicillin) has been a matter of concern due to the possibility of reducing the effectiveness of mastitis treatments and the transfer of resistance determinants to other bacteria. Oxacillin resistance was studied in 170 staphylococci from bovine milk samples, including 79 Staphylococcus aureus and 91 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The susceptibility profile of 10 antimicrobial agents used in veterinary practice was determined by the Etest method. In addition to the Etest, the phenotypic characterization of oxacillin resistance was tested using the cefoxitin disk diffusion test. All isolates were screened by PCR to detect the mecA gene in 2 different regions of the gene. The isolates with an oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration ≥0.5 µg/mL or resistant to cefoxitin were identified by sequencing a 536-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. This group of isolates was also evaluated for the presence of blaZ and mecC genes. Molecular analysis of the mecA gene was carried out by typing of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). The relatedness of the mecA-positive isolates was evaluated by macrorestriction of chromosomal DNA followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. With the exception of penicillin and oxacillin, 86% of the isolates showed susceptibility to cephalothin, gentamicin, erythromycin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to oxacillin, whereas 47% (n=43) of the CNS isolates were resistant. The CNS isolates showed a higher resistance to cephalothin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin in comparison with S. aureus. The mecA gene was only detected in 10 CNS isolates, identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, and classified into 3 pulsotypes (A, B, and C) and 4 subtypes (A1, B1, B2, and B3). Among the isolates with an oxacillin resistance phenotype, 12 were positive for the blaZ gene, and 9 of them were mecA-positive. Two of the oxacillin-resistant isolates amplified the mecA homolog gene of Staphylococcus sciuri and none amplified mecC. Three SCCmec types, I, IV, and V, were found. Our results suggest that Staphylococcus epidermidis can be a reservoir for mecA for other Staphylococcus species. Studies investigating the molecular and phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal species should be performed for controlling the spread of resistance and the selection of appropriate therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letícia Caldas Mendonça
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro de Lima Reis
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Sá Guimarães
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Christine Lange
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - João Batista Ribeiro
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Machado
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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McDanel JS, Perencevich EN, Diekema DJ, Winokur PL, Johnson JK, Herwaldt LA, Smith TC, Chrischilles EA, Dawson JD, Schweizer ML. Association between microbial characteristics and poor outcomes among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4:51. [PMID: 26668737 PMCID: PMC4677450 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-015-0092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is associated with poor clinical outcomes. This study examined the association between microbial characteristics and poor outcomes among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Findings This retrospective cohort study included 75 patients with MRSA pneumonia who were admitted to two large tertiary care medical centers during 2003–2010. Multivariable models were created using Cox proportional hazards regression and ordinal logistic regression to identify predictors of mortality or increased length of stay (LOS). None of the microbial characteristics (PFGE type, agr dysfunction, SCCmec type, and detection of PVL, ACME, and TSST-1) were significantly associated with 30-day mortality or post-infection hospital length of stay, after adjusting for gender, age, previous hospital admission within 12 months, previous MRSA infection or colonization, positive influenza test, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, and treatment (linezolid or vancomycin). Conclusion Large prospective studies are needed to examine the impact of microbial characteristics on the risk of death and other adverse outcomes among patients with MRSA pneumonia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0092-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S McDanel
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Eli N Perencevich
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Daniel J Diekema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Clinical Quality, Safety, and Performance Improvement, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - J Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Loreen A Herwaldt
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Clinical Quality, Safety, and Performance Improvement, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Tara C Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Present address: Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Dawson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Marin L Schweizer
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA USA
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Cavicchioli V, Scatamburlo T, Yamazi A, Pieri F, Nero L. Occurrence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus in goat milk from small and medium-sized farms located in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8386-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Safety Evaluation of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Microbiota of Salami: Superantigenic Toxin Production and Antimicrobial Resistance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:483548. [PMID: 26697486 PMCID: PMC4677167 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The risks of contracting staphylococci food poisoning by the consumption of improperly manufactured salami and the possibility of this food being reservoirs for antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Nineteen coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) strains were found in commercial and artisanal salami. The species in commercial salami were S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus, and S. carnosus. Artisanal salami showed S. succinus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis but no S. carnosus. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the strains into three major staphylococcal species groups, comprised of 4 refined clusters with similarities superior to 90%. Fifteen strains harbored multiple enterotoxin genes, with high incidence of seb/sec and sea, 57% and 50%, respectively, intermediate incidence of sed/seh/selm and sei/seln/tst-H, 33% and 27%, correspondingly, and low incidence of see/selj/selo and seg, of respectively 13% and 1%. Real time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays confirmed the enterotoxigenicity of the strains, which expressed and produced enterotoxins in vitro. The CNS strains showed multiresistance to several antimicrobials of therapeutic importance in both human and veterinarian medicine, such as β-lactams, vancomycin, and linezolid. The effective control of undue staphylococci in fermented meat products should be adopted to prevent or limit the risk of food poisoning and the spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains.
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237
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Sun J, Yang M, Sreevatsan S, Davies PR. Prevalence and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in Growing Pigs in the USA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143670. [PMID: 26599635 PMCID: PMC4658009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A decade of research of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in pigs shows that the prevalence and predominant genotypes (i.e., ST398, ST9, ST5) of MRSA vary widely geographically, yet knowledge of the epidemiology of S. aureus generally in swine remains rudimentary. To characterize S. aureus, including MRSA, in the US swine industry, we sampled 38 swine herds in 11 states in major swine producing regions. The herds sampled included pigs sourced from 9 different breeding stock companies, and the sample was likely biased towards larger herds that use regular veterinary services. Twenty nasal swabs were collected from 36 groups of growing pigs by 36 swine veterinarians, 2 more herds were sampled opportunistically, and a historically MRSA-positive herd was included as a positive control. S. aureus was detected on 37 of the 38 herds, and in 77% of pigs sampled. Other than the positive control herd, no MRSA were detected in the study sample, yielding a 95% upper confidence limit of 9.3% for MRSA herd prevalence. All but two (ST1-t127; ST2007-t8314) of 1200 isolates belonged to three MLST lineages (ST9, ST398, and ST5) that have been prominent in studies of MRSA in pigs globally. A total of 35 spa types were detected, with the most prevalent being t337 (ST9), t034 (ST398), and t002 (ST5). A purposively diverse subset of 128 isolates was uniformly negative on PCR testing for major enterotoxin genes. The findings support previous studies suggesting a relatively low herd prevalence of MRSA in the US swine industry, but confirm that methicillin susceptible variants of the most common MRSA genotypes found in swine globally are endemic in the US. The absence of enterotoxin genes suggests that the source of toxigenic S. aureus capable of causing foodborne enterotoxicosis from pork products is most likely post-harvest contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Sun
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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238
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Roussel S, Felix B, Vingadassalon N, Grout J, Hennekinne JA, Guillier L, Brisabois A, Auvray F. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:882. [PMID: 26441849 PMCID: PMC4566840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) are frequently reported in France. However, most of them remain unconfirmed, highlighting a need for a better characterization of isolated strains. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity of 112 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 76 distinct SFPOs that occurred in France over the last 30 years. We used a recently developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) protocol and compared this method with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing and carriage of genes (se genes) coding for 11 staphylococcal enterotoxins (i.e., SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SEP, SER). The strains known to have an epidemiological association with one another had identical MLVA types, PFGE profiles, spa-types or se gene carriage. MLVA, PFGE and spa-typing divided 103 epidemiologically unrelated strains into 84, 80, and 50 types respectively demonstrating the high genetic diversity of S. aureus strains involved in SFPOs. Each MLVA type shared by more than one strain corresponded to a single spa-type except for one MLVA type represented by four strains that showed two different-but closely related-spa-types. The 87 enterotoxigenic strains were distributed across 68 distinct MLVA types that correlated all with se gene carriage except for four MLVA types. The most frequent se gene detected was sea, followed by seg and sei and the most frequently associated se genes were sea-seh and sea-sed-sej-ser. The discriminatory ability of MLVA was similar to that of PFGE and higher than that of spa-typing. This MLVA protocol was found to be compatible with high throughput analysis, and was also faster and less labor-intensive than PFGE. MLVA holds promise as a suitable method for investigating SFPOs and tracking the source of contamination in food processing facilities in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roussel
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-AlfortFrance
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da Silva SDSP, Cidral TA, Soares MJDS, de Melo MCN. Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes in Staphylococcus spp. from Food Handlers in a University Restaurant. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:921-5. [PMID: 26352253 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food handlers carrying enterotoxin-producing Staphylococcus are a potential source of food poisoning. The aim of this study was to analyze genes encoding enterotoxins in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolated from the anterior nostrils and hands of food handlers at a university restaurant in the city of Natal, Northeast Brazil. Thirty food handlers were screened for the study. The isolates were subjected to Gram staining, a bacitracin sensitivity test, mannitol fermentation, and catalase and coagulase tests. CoNS and CoPS strains were subsequently identified by a Vitek 2 System (BioMerieux, France) and various biochemical tests. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect genes for enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, and sei) and a disc-diffusion method was used to determine susceptibility to several classes of antimicrobials. All food handlers presented staphylococci on their hands and/or noses. The study found 58 Staphylococcus spp., of which 20.7% were CoPS and 79.3% were CoNS. S. epidermidis was the most prevalent species. Twenty-nine staphylococci (50%) were positive for one or more enterotoxin genes, and the most prevalent genes were seg and sei, each with a frequency of 29.3%. Indeed, CoNS encoded a high percentage of enterotoxin genes (43.5%). However, S. aureus encoded even more enterotoxin genes (75%). Most isolates showed sensitivity to the antibiotics used for testing, except for penicillin (only 35% sensitive). The results from this study reinforce that coagulase-negative as well as coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from food handlers are capable of genotypic enterotoxigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago André Cidral
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Celeste Nunes de Melo
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, RN, Brazil
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240
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Mehrabi F, Asgari A. Resistant Strains of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus; Unknown Risk for Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbation. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e12596. [PMID: 26473065 PMCID: PMC4601249 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite all advances in neurological sciences, there are unknown aspects in the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on this hypothesis, the enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are possible risk factors for exacerbations of MS. Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate the role of resistant strains of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in MS exacerbation. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred nasal swab samples were collected from non-MS (n = 80), MS stable (n = 60) and MS exacerbation (n = 60) groups. Samples were cultured and those that were S. aureus-positive were analyzed for the presence of enterotoxins, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using disk diffusion method. Results: Ninety out of 200 nasal samples (45%) were positive for S. aureus. The highest levels of nasal colonization were seen in MS exacerbation group (68.33%). The most commonly detected enterotoxins were sea (30%), sec (15.55%) and seb (11.11%). There were significant differences between S. aureus colonization and type of samples (P = 0.026) and, also, between type of samples and prevalence of enterotoxins (P = 0.022). The highest levels of enterotoxigenic genes were seen in MS exacerbation group. The S. aureus strains had the highest levels of resistance against tetracycline (80%), ampicillin (72.22%), methicillin (66.66%), erythromycin (66.66%), oxacillin (63.33%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61.11%) and cotrimoxazole (55.55%). Conclusions: Our findings should raise awareness about the role of sea and sec enterotoxins, in resistant strains of S. aureus, as a risk factor for MS exacerbation. It is better to keep MS patients away from polluted environments of hospitals and health centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mehrabi
- Department of Neurology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Asgari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ali Asgari, Department of Infectious Diseases, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123811056, E-mail:
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241
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Prevalence of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus colonising food handlers: does nasal carriage status matter? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2177-81. [PMID: 26306787 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes and nasal carriage status, and determined temporal changes in the prevalence of these genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from healthy carriers between 2002 and 2011. Three large samples of food handlers recruited in 2002, 2003 and 2011 were nasally sampled on two occasions to determine S. aureus colonisation status. Those carrying the same spa type on both occasions were defined as persistent carriers. Genes for SEs SEA-SEU were amplified and associations between carriage status and presence of SE genes were investigated. Although 80 % of nasal isolates harboured at least one SE gene over the sampling period, persistent carriers were significantly more likely to harbour enterotoxigenic S. aureus than transiently colonised subjects [odds ratio (OR) 2.52-3.06]. Strains from persistent carriers more commonly harboured sea, seb and sem. The prevalence of classical SE genes and sej, sem, sen, seo, seq and ses was stable over time, but seh, sel, sep, ser, set and selu increased significantly. Increased toxigenicity of isolates from persistent carriers is consistent with the elevated antibody levels to classical SEs previously reported in persistent carriers, supporting the hypothesis that superantigen production in the nasal cavity may enhance colonisation.
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242
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Akindolire MA, Babalola OO, Ateba CN. Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Milk: A Public Health Implication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10254-75. [PMID: 26308035 PMCID: PMC4586610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and virulence genes determinants of S. aureus isolated from milk obtained from retail outlets of the North-West Province, South Africa. To achieve this, 200 samples of raw, bulk and pasteurised milk were obtained randomly from supermarkets, shops and some farms in the North-West Province between May 2012 and April 2013. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using morphological (Gram staining), biochemical (DNase, catalase, haemolysis and rapid slide agglutination) tests, protein profile analysis (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) and molecular (nuc specific PCR) methods. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using the phenotypic agar diffusion method. Genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins and collagen adhesins were also screened using PCR. Among all the samples examined, 30 of 40 raw milk samples (75%), 25 of 85 bulk milk samples (29%) and 10 of 75 pasteurised milk samples (13%) were positive for S. aureus. One hundred and fifty-six PCR-confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained from 75 contaminated milk samples. A large proportion (60%-100%) of the isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and erythromycin. On the contrary, low level resistance (8.3%-40%) was observed for gentamicin, kanamycin and sulphamethoxazole. Methicillin resistance was detected in 59% of the multidrug resistant isolates and this was a cause for concern. However, only a small proportion (20.6%) of these isolates possessed PBP2a which codes for Methicillin resistance in S. aureus. In addition, 32.7% of isolates possessed the sec gene whereas the sea, seb sed, see, cna, eta, etb genes were not detected. The findings of this study showed that raw, bulk and pasteurised milk in the North-West Province is contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. There is a need to implement appropriate control measures to reduce contamination as well as the spread of virulent S. aureus strains and the burden of disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyiwa Ajoke Akindolire
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa.
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa.
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243
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Xu J, Tan X, Zhang X, Xia X, Sun H. The diversities of staphylococcal species, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in the subclinical mastitis milk from a single Chinese cow herd. Microb Pathog 2015; 88:29-38. [PMID: 26276706 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococci are the leading pathogens of bovine mastitis which is difficult to control. However, the published data on the prevalence of staphylococcal species, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in bovine mastitis from China are limited. In this study, 104 out of 209 subclinical mastitis milk samples from a single Chinese dairy herd were cultured-positive for staphylococci (49.8%), which were further identified as coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) or coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). According to the partial tuf and/or 16S rRNA gene sequence, the 28 CPS isolates were confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus (26.9%), and 76 CNS isolates were assigned to 13 different species (73.1%) with Staphylococcus arlettae, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus chromogenes as the dominant species. In the 28 S. aureus isolates, the most prevalent general virulence genes were coa, Ig and eno (100%), followed by hla (96.4%), hlb (92.9%), fib (92.9%), clfA (89.3%), clfB (85.7%) and nuc (85.7%). Both exotoxin and biofilm-associated genes were significantly less prevalent than the previously reported. Although 19 different virulence gene patterns were found, only one was dominant (32.1%). The prevalence of blaZ (82.1%) or mecA gene (35.7%) was much higher than the previously reported. In the 76 CNS isolates, the virulence genes were significantly less prevalent than that in the S. aureus isolates. Among the 4 main CNS species, S. chromogenes (n = 12) was the only species with high percentage (75%) of blaZ gene, while S. sciuri (n = 12) was the only species with the high percentage (66.7%) of mecA gene. The most of antibiotic resistance genes were present as multi-resistance genes, and the antibiotic resistances were attributed by different resistance genes between resistant S. aureus and CNS isolates. These data suggest that the prevalence of staphylococcal species, virulence and antibiotic resistance in the mastitis milk from the Chinese dairy herd are different from the previously reported, and that the herd- or farm-based diagnosis of staphylococcal bovine mastitis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huaichang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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244
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Absence of the mecA Gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi City, Sudan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:895860. [PMID: 26290877 PMCID: PMC4531171 DOI: 10.1155/2015/895860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Absolute dependence on mecA gene as the defining standard in determining the resistance of S. aureus to methicillin became the subject of distrust by many researchers. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of mecA gene in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates using polymerase chain reaction and to correlate its presence to conventional method. In this regard, two hundred S. aureus isolates were collected from patients with different diseases attending different hospitals in Shandi City, Sudan. Phenotypic Kirby-Bauer method confirmed the existence of methicillin resistant S. aureus in 61.5% of the subjected isolates with MICs ranging from 4 μg/mL to 256 μg/mL when using E-test. However, when amplifying a 310 bp fragment of the mecA gene by PCR, twelve out of the 123 MRSA isolates (9.8%) were mecA negative, whereas all the 77 methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were mecA negative. In conclusion, this study drew attention to the credibility of the mecA gene and its usefulness in the detection of all MRSA strains without referring to the traditional methods. Hence, it is highly recommended to consider alternative mechanisms for β-lactam resistance that may compete with mecA gene in the emergence of MRSA phenomenon in the community.
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245
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Correlación entre la detección de superantígenos y resistencia a oxacilina en aislamientos hospitalarios de Staphylococcus aureus. INFECTIO 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infect.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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246
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Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production genes from patient samples using an automated extraction platform and multiplex real-time PCR. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:461-467. [PMID: 26134133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To minimize specimen volume, handling and testing time, we have developed two TaqMan(®) multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins A-E and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin production genes directly from clinical patient stool specimens utilizing a novel lysis extraction process in parallel with the Roche MagNA Pure Compact. These assays are specific, sensitive and reliable for the detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin encoding genes and the tst1 gene from known toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Specificity was determined by testing a total of 47 microorganism strains, including 8 previously characterized staphylococcal enterotoxin producing strains against each rtPCR target. Sensitivity for these assays range from 1 to 25 cfu per rtPCR reaction for cultured isolates and 8-20 cfu per rtPCR for the clinical stool matrix.
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247
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Distribution of toxin genes among different spa types and phage types of animal Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:935-40. [PMID: 26108193 PMCID: PMC4536260 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed distribution of toxin genes (sea-seo, eta, etb, tst, lukS/lukF-PV) among spa types and phage types of 39 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from healthy and diseased animals. All isolates turned out to be mecA negative (MSSA). Nine spa types were identified: t144 and t723 (dogs), t084 (dogs and pigs), t5447 (cat), t1491 and t008 (pigs), t002, t127 and t3478 (poultry). Seven phage types were detected, enclosed within four phage groups: I (cat), II (dogs), III (pigs) and mixed group (dogs and pigs). Three poultry spa types proved to be non-typeable by phages. Toxin genes were detected in 33 out of the 39 animal isolates. Our analysis revealed that the incidence of some toxin genes in S. aureus is host specific. Canine isolates t144 of phage group II harbored exfoliative toxin gene (eta), and porcine isolates type t1491 representing phage group III showed enterotoxin A gene (sea). The enterotoxin gene cluster (egc1) and enterotoxin gene seh were found in non-typeable isolates from chicken and in one feline isolate type t5447.
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248
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Moles L, Gómez M, Jiménez E, Fernández L, Bustos G, Chaves F, Cantón R, Rodríguez JM, Del Campo R. Preterm infant gut colonization in the neonatal ICU and complete restoration 2 years later. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:936.e1-10. [PMID: 26086569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to multidrug-resistant bacteria previously adapted to the hospital environment. The aim of the present study was to characterize the bacterial antibiotic-resistant high-risk lineages colonizing preterm infants during their NICU stay and their persistence in faeces after 2 years. A total of 26 preterm neonates were recruited between October 2009 and June 2010 and provided 144 faecal samples. Milk samples (86 mother's milk, 35 human donor milk and 15 formula milk) were collected at the same time as faecal samples. An additional faecal sample was recovered in 16 infants at the age of 2 years. Samples were plated onto different selective media, and one colony per morphology was selected. Isolates were identified by 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence and MALDI-TOF. Antibiotic susceptibility (agar dilution), genetic diversity (RAPD, PFGE and MLST) and virulence factors (only in enterococcal and staphylococcal isolates) were determined by PCR. A high proportion of antibiotic-resistant high-risk clones was detected in both faecal and milk samples during the NICU admittance. Almost all infants were colonized by Enterococcus faecalis ST64 and Enterococcus faecium ST18 clones, while a wider genetic diversity was observed for the Gram-negative isolates. Multidrug-resistant high-risk clones were not recovered from the faecal samples of the 2-year-olds. In conclusion, the gut of preterm infants admitted to the NICU might be initially colonized by antibiotic-resistant and virulent high-risk lineages, which are later replaced by antibiotic-susceptible community ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moles
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gómez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Fernández
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Bustos
- Servicio de Neonatología Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Red de Salud Materno-Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Chaves
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cantón
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez
- Departmento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ProbiSearch, S.L., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Del Campo
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Riva A, Borghi E, Cirasola D, Colmegna S, Borgo F, Amato E, Pontello MM, Morace G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk: Prevalence, SCCmec Typing, Enterotoxin Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1142-6. [PMID: 26038904 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known major cause of foodborne illnesses, and raw milk and dairy products are often contaminated by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains. In the present study, 35 S. aureus strains were isolated from 383 raw milk samples collected from various dairy herds in the province of Milan (northern Italy). The isolates were characterized based on their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see). About half (45.7%) of the strains were enterotoxigenic, and 37.1% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial drugs tested. Seven (20%) of 35 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and SCCmec typing performed with a multiplex PCR assay revealed the presence of gene cassettes IV and V, typical of community-acquired MRSA, and I and II, characteristic of health care-associated MRSA. The MRSA strains were evaluated for the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, but this gene was not found. The results of the present study revealed the presence of toxin-producing S. aureus and MRSA strains in raw milk. MRSA and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in dairy farms are an important risk factor for the spread of staphylococcal infections; therefore, further studies are needed to find strategies for monitoring and controlling the presence of S. aureus, especially MRSA, in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cirasola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Colmegna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Maria Pontello
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Isolation, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Strains from Oklahoma Retail Poultry Meats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6148-61. [PMID: 26035662 PMCID: PMC4483693 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one the top five pathogens causing domestically acquired foodborne illness in the U.S. Only a few studies are available related to the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in the U.S. retail poultry industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA) in retail chicken and turkey meats sold in Tulsa, Oklahoma and to characterize the recovered strains for their antimicrobial resistance and possession of toxin genes. A total of 167 (114 chicken and 53 turkey) retail poultry samples were used in this study. The chicken samples included 61 organic samples while the rest of the poultry samples were conventional. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 57/106 (53.8%) in the conventional poultry samples and 25/61 (41%) in the organic ones. Prevalence in the turkey samples (64.2%) was higher than in the chicken ones (42.1%). Prevalence of S. aureus did not vary much between conventional (43.4%) and organic chicken samples (41%). Two chicken samples 2/114 (1.8%) were positive for MRSA. PFGE identified the two MRSA isolates as belonging to PFGE type USA300 (from conventional chicken) and USA 500 (from organic chicken) which are community acquired CA-MRSA suggesting a human based source of contamination. MLST and spa typing also supported this conclusion. A total of 168 Staphylococcus aureus isolates (101 chicken isolates and 67 turkey isolates) were screened for their antimicrobial susceptibility against 16 antimicrobials and their possession of 18 different toxin genes. Multidrug resistance was higher in the turkey isolates compared to the chicken ones and the percentage of resistance to most of the antimicrobials tested was also higher among the turkey isolates. The hemolysin hla and hld genes, enterotoxins seg and sei, and leucocidins lukE-lukD were more prevalent in the chicken isolates. The PVL gene lukS-lukF was detected only in chicken isolates including the MRSA ones. In conclusion, S. aureus is highly prevalent in poultry retail meats sold in Oklahoma with a very low presence of human-originated MRSA. Multidrug resistance is not only prevalent in the MRSA isolates, but also in many MSSA poultry strains, particularly turkey.
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