201
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Li Y, Gao R, Zhang J, Wang Y, Kong P, Lu K, Adnan , Liu M, Ao F, Zhao C, Wang L, Gao X. The biochemical and molecular investigation of flower color and scent sheds lights on further genetic modification of ornamental traits in Clivia miniata. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac114. [PMID: 35929604 PMCID: PMC9343915 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clivia miniata is renowned for its evergreen and strap-like leaves, whereas its floral color and scent are lacking diversity. Here, anthocyanin, volatile terpene, and carotenoid metabolisms were integrally investigated in C. miniata flowers. The results showed that pelargonidins and lutein might cooperate to confer orange or yellow color to C. miniata flowers, but only a trace amount of (+)-limonene was detected. The expression levels of CmF3'H and CmDFR appeared to be responsible for the ratio of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives in C. miniata, and the low expression of CmF3'H was responsible for the lack of cyanidins in flowers. Moreover, the CmF3'H promoter could not be activated by CmMYBAs, suggesting that it was controlled by novel regulators. Only two CmTPSs were functional, with CmTPS2 responsible for (+)-limonene synthesis, contributing to the monotonous flower volatile terpenes of C. miniata. CmCCD1a and CmCCD1b were able to cleave carotenoids at the 5,6 (5',6'), and 9,10 (9',10') positions to generate volatile apocarotenoids, whereas the substrates found in low-quantities or specific subcellular localizations of CmCCD1s might constrain volatile apocarotenoid release. Consequently, activating F3'H and introducing novel F3'5'H or versatile TPS may be effective ways to modify the floral color and scent, respectively. Alternatively, modifying the carotenoid flux or CCD1 localization might affect floral color and scent simultaneously. Taking these results together, the present study provides a preliminary deciphering of the genetic constraints underlying flower color and scent development, and proposes possible schemes for further genetic modification of ornamental traits in C. miniata and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Peiru Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Keyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Adnan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Feng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ; ;
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202
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Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for gram-scale diosgenin production. Metab Eng 2022; 70:115-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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203
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Tang R, Wen Q, Li M, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yang J. Recent Advances in the Biosynthesis of Farnesene Using Metabolic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15468-15483. [PMID: 34905684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene, as an important sesquiterpene isoprenoid polymer of acetyl-CoA, is a renewable feedstock for diesel fuel, polymers, and cosmetics. It has been widely applied in agriculture, medicine, energy, and other fields. In recent years, farnesene biosynthesis is considered a green and economical approach because of its mild reaction conditions, low environmental pollution, and sustainability. Metabolic engineering has been widely applied to construct cell factories for farnesene biosynthesis. In this paper, the research progress, common problems, and strategies of farnesene biosynthesis are reviewed. They are mainly described from the perspectives of the current status of farnesene biosynthesis in different host cells, optimization of the metabolic pathway for farnesene biosynthesis, and key enzymes for farnesene biosynthesis. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for future farnesene biosynthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohao Tang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Wen
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijie Li
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center of Qingdao Agricultural University. Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
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204
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Genome-Wide Identification of OSC Gene Family and Potential Function in the Synthesis of Ursane- and Oleanane-Type Triterpene in Momordica charantia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010196. [PMID: 35008620 PMCID: PMC8745088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The triterpenes in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) show a variety of medicinal activities. Oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) plays an indispensable role in the formation of triterpene skeletons during triterpene biosynthesis. In this study, we identified nine genes encoding OSCs from bitter gourd (McOSC1-9). Analyses of their expression patterns in different tissues suggested that characteristic triterpenoids may be biosynthesized in different tissues and then transported. We constructed a hairy root system in which McOSC7 overexpression led to an increased accumulation of camaldulenic acid, enoxolone, and quinovic acid. Thus, the overexpression of McOSC7 increased the active components content in bitter gourd. Our data provide an important foundation for understanding the roles of McOSCs in triterpenoid synthesis.
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205
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Yang X, Jiang X, Yan W, Huang Q, Sun H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ye W, Wu Y, Govers F, Liang Y. The Mevalonate Pathway Is Important for Growth, Spore Production, and the Virulence of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772994. [PMID: 36338274 PMCID: PMC9635365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway in eukaryotic organisms produces isoprenoids, sterols, ubiquinone, and dolichols. These molecules are vital for diverse cellular functions, ranging from signaling to membrane integrity, and from post-translational modification to energy homeostasis. However, information on the MVA pathway in Phytophthora species is limited. In this study, we identified the MVA pathway genes and reconstructed the complete pathway in Phytophthora sojae in silico. We characterized the function of the MVA pathway of P. sojae by treatment with enzyme inhibitor lovastatin, deletion of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (PsBTS1), and transcriptome profiling analysis. The MVA pathway is ubiquitously conserved in Phytophthora species. Under lovastatin treatment, mycelial growth, spore production, and virulence of P. sojae were inhibited but the zoospore encystment rate increased. Heterozygous mutants of PsBTS1 showed slow growth, abnormal colony characteristics, and mycelial morphology. Mutants showed decreased numbers of sporangia and oospores as well as reduced virulence. RNA sequencing analysis identified the essential genes in sporangia formation were influenced by the enzyme inhibitor lovastatin. Our findings elucidate the role of the MVA pathway in P. sojae and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the development, reproduction, and virulence of P. sojae and possibly other oomycetes. Our results also provide potential chemical targets for management of plant Phytophthora diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiqi Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qifeng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiying Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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206
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Hirosawa Y, Tada A, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Uehara S, Ito-Inaba Y, Inaba T. Salicylic Acid Acts Antagonistically to Plastid Retrograde Signaling by Promoting the Accumulation of Photosynthesis-associated Proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1728-1744. [PMID: 34410430 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are involved in phytohormone metabolism as well as photosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which plastid retrograde signals and phytohormones cooperatively regulate plastid biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of an inhibitor and a mutation that generate biogenic plastid signals on phytohormones and vice versa. Inhibition of plastid biogenesis by norflurazon (NF) treatment and the plastid protein import2 (ppi2) mutation caused a decrease in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). This effect can be attributed in part to the altered expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and the metabolism of SA and JA. However, SA-dependent induction of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 gene was virtually unaffected in NF-treated plants and the ppi2 mutant. Instead, the level of chlorophyll in these plants was partially restored by the exogenous application of SA. Consistent with this observation, the levels of some photosynthesis-associated proteins increased in the ppi2 and NF-treated plants in response to SA treatment. This regulation in true leaves seems to occur at the posttranscriptional level since SA treatment did not induce the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes. In salicylic acid induction deficient 2 and lesions simulating disease resistance 1 mutants, endogenous SA regulates the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. These data indicate that SA acts antagonistically to the inhibition of plastid biogenesis by promoting the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins in Arabidopsis, suggesting a possible link between SA and biogenic plastid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hirosawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akari Tada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Susumu Uehara
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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207
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Henkel S, Frohnecke N, Maus D, McConville MJ, Laue M, Blume M, Seeber F. Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast-resident ferredoxin is an essential electron transfer protein for the MEP isoprenoid-biosynthetic pathway. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101468. [PMID: 34896149 PMCID: PMC8717598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, are unusual in that each cell contains a single apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle that compartmentalizes enzymes involved in the essential 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The last two enzymatic steps in this organellar pathway require electrons from a redox carrier. However, the small iron-sulfur cluster-containing protein ferredoxin, a likely candidate for this function, has not been investigated in this context. We show here that inducible knockdown of T. gondii ferredoxin results in progressive inhibition of growth and eventual parasite death. Surprisingly, this phenotype is not accompanied by ultrastructural changes in the apicoplast or overall cell morphology. The knockdown of ferredoxin was instead associated with a dramatic decrease in cellular levels of the last two metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)- butenyl-4-pyrophosphate, and isomeric dimethylallyl pyrophosphate/isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Ferredoxin depletion was also observed to impair gliding motility, consistent with isoprenoid metabolites being important for dolichol biosynthesis, protein prenylation, and modification of other proteins involved in motility. Significantly, pharmacological inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis of the host cell exacerbated the impact of ferredoxin depletion on parasite replication, suggesting that the slow onset of parasite death after ferredoxin depletion is because of isoprenoid scavenging from the host cell and leading to partial compensation of the depleted parasite metabolites upon ferredoxin knockdown. Overall, these findings show that ferredoxin has an essential physiological function as an electron donor for the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway and is a potential drug target for apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Henkel
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Frohnecke
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah Maus
- Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens (NG2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Blume
- Metabolism of Microbial Pathogens (NG2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank Seeber
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria (FG16), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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208
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Calace P, Tonetti T, Margarit E, Figueroa CM, Lobertti C, Andreo CS, Gerrard Wheeler MC, Saigo M. The C4 cycle and beyond: diverse metabolic adaptations accompany dual-cell photosynthetic functions in Setaria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7876-7890. [PMID: 34402880 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is typically characterized by the spatial compartmentalization of the photosynthetic reactions into mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. Initial carbon fixation within M cells gives rise to C4 acids, which are transported to the BS cells. There, C4 acids are decarboxylated so that the resulting CO2 is incorporated into the Calvin cycle. This work is focused on the study of Setaria viridis, a C4 model plant, closely related to several major feed and bioenergy grasses. First, we performed the heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of Setaria isoforms for chloroplastic NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) and mitochondrial NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME). The kinetic parameters obtained agree with a major role for NADP-ME in the decarboxylation of the C4 acid malate in the chloroplasts of BS cells. In addition, mitochondria-located NAD-ME showed regulatory properties that could be important in the context of the operation of the C4 carbon shuttle. Secondly, we compared the proteomes of M and BS compartments and found 825 differentially accumulated proteins that could support different metabolic scenarios. Most interestingly, we found evidence of metabolic strategies to insulate the C4 core avoiding the leakage of intermediates by either up-regulation or down-regulation of chloroplastic, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal proteins. Overall, the results presented in this work provide novel data concerning the complexity of C4 metabolism, uncovering future lines of research that will undoubtedly contribute to the expansion of knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Calace
- Grupo de Metabolismo del Carbono y Producción Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Tomás Tonetti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Margarit
- Grupo de Calidad de Frutos Cítricos, Bayas y Mejoramiento Forestal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lobertti
- Grupo de Metabolismo del Carbono y Producción Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Bacteriana, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos S Andreo
- Grupo de Metabolismo del Carbono y Producción Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariel C Gerrard Wheeler
- Grupo de Metabolismo del Carbono y Producción Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Grupo de Metabolismo del Carbono y Producción Vegetal, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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209
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Ma J, Sun P, Wang D, Wang Z, Yang J, Li Y, Mu W, Xu R, Wu Y, Dong C, Shrestha N, Liu J, Yang Y. The Chloranthus sessilifolius genome provides insight into early diversification of angiosperms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6929. [PMID: 34836967 PMCID: PMC8626421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most extant angiosperms belong to Mesangiospermae, which comprises eudicots, monocots, magnoliids, Chloranthales and Ceratophyllales. However, phylogenetic relationships between these five lineages remain unclear. Here, we report the high-quality genome of a member of the Chloranthales lineage (Chloranthus sessilifolius). We detect only one whole genome duplication within this species and find that polyploidization events in different Mesangiospermae lineage are mutually independent. We also find that the members of all floral development-related gene lineages are present in C. sessilifolius despite its extremely simplified flower. The AP1 and PI genes, however, show a weak floral tissue-specialized expression. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest that Chloranthales and magnoliids are sister groups, and both are together sister to the clade comprising Ceratophyllales and eudicots, while the monocot lineage is sister to all other Mesangiospermae. Our findings suggest that in addition to hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting may largely account for phylogenetic inconsistencies between the observed gene trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengchuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Renping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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210
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Wang QQ, Zhu MJ, Yu X, Bi YY, Zhou Z, Chen MK, Chen J, Zhang D, Ai Y, Liu ZJ, Lan S. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Terpene Synthase Genes in Cymbidium faberi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751853. [PMID: 34899778 PMCID: PMC8656225 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) are essential for forming terpenes, which play numerous functional roles in attracting pollinators, defending plants, and moderating the interaction between plants. TPSs have been reported in some orchids, but genome-wide identification of terpenes in Cymbidium faberi is still lacking. In this study, 32 putative TPS genes were classified in C. faberi and divided into three subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, and TPS-e/f). Motif and gene structure analysis revealed that most CfTPS genes had the conserved aspartate-rich DDxxD motif. TPS genes in the TPS-a and TPS-b subfamilies had variations in the RRX8W motif. Most cis-elements of CfTPS genes were found in the phytohormone responsiveness category, and MYC contained most of the numbers associated with MeJA responsiveness. The Ka/Ks ratios of 12/13 CfTPS gene pairs were less than one, indicated that most CfTPS genes have undergone negative selection. The tissue-specific expression patterns showed that 28 genes were expressed in at least one tissue in C. faberi, and TPS genes were most highly expressed in flowers, followed by leaves and pseudobulbs. In addition, four CfTPS genes were selected for the real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiment. The results revealed that CfTPS12, CfTPS18, CfTPS23, and CfTPS28 were mainly expressed in the full flowering stage. CfTPS18 could convert GPP to β-myrcene, geraniol, and α-pinene in vitro. These findings of CfTPS genes of C. faberi may provide valuable information for further studies on TPSs in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jia Zhu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yang Bi
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming-Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiating Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Ai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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211
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Sohn SI, Rathinapriya P, Balaji S, Jaya Balan D, Swetha TK, Durgadevi R, Alagulakshmi S, Singaraj P, Pandian S. Phytosterols in Seaweeds: An Overview on Biosynthesis to Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12691. [PMID: 34884496 PMCID: PMC8657749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweed extracts are considered effective therapeutic alternatives to synthetic anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agents, owing to their availability, low cost, greater efficacy, eco-friendliness, and non-toxic nature. Since the bioactive constituents of seaweed, in particular, phytosterols, possess plenty of medicinal benefits over other conventional pharmaceutical agents, they have been extensively evaluated for many years. Fortunately, recent advances in phytosterol-based research have begun to unravel the evidence concerning these important processes and to endow the field with the understanding and identification of the potential contributions of seaweed-steroidal molecules that can be used as chemotherapeutic drugs. Despite the myriad of research interests in phytosterols, there is an immense need to fill the void with an up-to-date literature survey elucidating their biosynthesis, pharmacological effects, and other biomedical applications. Hence, in the present review, we summarize studies dealing with several types of seaweed to provide a comprehensive overview of the structural determination of several phytosterol molecules, their properties, biosynthetic pathways, and mechanisms of action, along with their health benefits, which could significantly contribute to the development of novel drugs and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Periyasamy Rathinapriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; (P.R.); (D.J.B.); (T.K.S.); (R.D.); (S.A.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Vidhyaa Giri College of Arts and Science, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Sekaran Balaji
- Independent Researcher, Madurai 625 020, India; (S.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Devasahayam Jaya Balan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; (P.R.); (D.J.B.); (T.K.S.); (R.D.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Ravindran Durgadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; (P.R.); (D.J.B.); (T.K.S.); (R.D.); (S.A.)
| | - Selvaraj Alagulakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; (P.R.); (D.J.B.); (T.K.S.); (R.D.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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212
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Fling RR, Zacharewski TR. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Activation by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-Dioxin (TCDD) Dose-Dependently Shifts the Gut Microbiome Consistent with the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12431. [PMID: 34830313 PMCID: PMC8625315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis with disrupted enterohepatic bile acid metabolism is commonly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and recapitulated in a NAFLD-phenotype elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice. TCDD induces hepatic fat accumulation and increases levels of secondary bile acids, including taurolithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid (microbial modified bile acids involved in host bile acid regulation signaling pathways). To investigate the effects of TCDD on the gut microbiota, the cecum contents of male C57BL/6 mice orally gavaged with sesame oil vehicle or 0.3, 3, or 30 µg/kg TCDD were examined using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Taxonomic analysis identified dose-dependent increases in Lactobacillus species (i.e., Lactobacillus reuteri). Increased species were also associated with dose-dependent increases in bile salt hydrolase sequences, responsible for deconjugation reactions in secondary bile acid metabolism. Increased L. reuteri levels were further associated with mevalonate-dependent isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthesis and o-succinylbenzoate synthase, a menaquinone biosynthesis associated gene. Analysis of the gut microbiomes from cirrhosis patients identified an increased abundance of genes from the mevalonate-dependent IPP biosynthesis as well as several other menaquinone biosynthesis genes, including o-succinylbenzoate synthase. These results extend the association of lactobacilli with the AhR/intestinal axis in NAFLD progression and highlight the similarities between TCDD-elicited phenotypes in mice to human NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R. Fling
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Timothy R. Zacharewski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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213
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CRISPRi-Guided Metabolic Flux Engineering for Enhanced Protopanaxadiol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111836. [PMID: 34769267 PMCID: PMC8584524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protopanaxadiol (PPD), an aglycon found in several dammarene-type ginsenosides, has high potency as a pharmaceutical. Nevertheless, application of these ginsenosides has been limited because of the high production cost due to the rare content of PPD in Panax ginseng and a long cultivation time (4–6 years). For the biological mass production of the PPD, de novo biosynthetic pathways for PPD were introduced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the metabolic flux toward the target molecule was restructured to avoid competition for carbon sources between native metabolic pathways and de novo biosynthetic pathways producing PPD in S. cerevisiae. Here, we report a CRISPRi (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference)-based customized metabolic flux system which downregulates the lanosterol (a competing metabolite of dammarenediol-II (DD-II)) synthase in S. cerevisiae. With the CRISPRi-mediated suppression of lanosterol synthase and diversion of lanosterol to DD-II and PPD in S. cerevisiae, we increased PPD production 14.4-fold in shake-flask fermentation and 5.7-fold in a long-term batch-fed fermentation.
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214
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Liu L, Yin M, Lin G, Wang Q, Zhou P, Dai S, Sang M, Liu C, Wu Q. Integrating RNA-seq with functional expression to analyze the regulation and characterization of genes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:31-41. [PMID: 34329843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant historically used in the East Asia region to treat cold and fever, and it is currently used as a clinically effective treatment for respiratory diseases. We previously found that monoterpenoids are the dominant volatile secondary metabolites in N. tenuifolia and their biosynthesis occurs in peltate glandular trichomes. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying monoterpenoid biosynthesis in N. tenuifolia, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and examined the expression differences in monoterpene molecular pathway-related genes in different tissues and growth stages by qRT-RCR. In total, six p-menthane monoterpene biosynthetic genes in the (+)-menthone pathway were identified and cloned successfully based on transcriptome data. Moreover, the major constituents, including (+)-limonene, (-)-pulegone and (+)-menthone showed greater accumulation in the spikes than in other organs, such as the expression levels of related key enzyme genes. Additionally, the relative expression of pulegone reductase was the highest at 84 days, showing an inverse trend from (-)-pulegone relative content and leading to (+)-menthone accumulation in peltate glandular trichomes. Finished cloning of the gene for limonene 3-hydroxylase in N. tenuifolia (NtL3OH), heterologous expression in yeast, and in vitro assays were performed for functional characterization. Our study provides an important resource for further research of secondary metabolism of monoterpenes in peltate glandular trichomes of N. tenuifolia and other homologous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengjiao Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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215
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Wei C, Liu H, Cao X, Zhang M, Li X, Chen K, Zhang B. Synthesis of flavour-related linalool is regulated by PpbHLH1 and associated with changes in DNA methylation during peach fruit ripening. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2082-2096. [PMID: 34036730 PMCID: PMC8486240 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Linalool is one of the common flavour-related volatiles across the plant kingdom and plays an essential role in determining consumer liking of plant foods. Although great process has been made in identifying terpene synthase (TPS) genes associated with linalool synthesis, much less is known about regulation of this pathway. We initiated study by identifying PpTPS3 encoding protein catalysing enantiomer (S)-(+)-linalool synthesis, which is a major linalool component (˜70%) observed in ripe peach fruit. Overexpression of PpTPS3 led to linalool accumulation, while virus-induced gene silencing of PpTPS3 led to a 66.5% reduction in linalool content in peach fruit. We next identified transcription factor (TF) PpbHLH1 directly binds to E-box (CACATG) in the PpTPS3 promoter and activates its expression based on yeast one-hybrid assay and EMSA analysis. Significantly positive correlation was also observed between PpbHLH1 expression and linalool production across peach cultivars. Peach fruit accumulated more linalool after overexpressing PpbHLH1 in peach fruit and reduced approximately 54.4% linalool production after silencing this TF. DNA methylation analysis showed increased PpTPS3 expression was associated with decreased 5 mC level in its promoter during peach fruit ripening, but no reverse pattern was observed for PpbHLH1. Arabidopsis and tomato fruits transgenic for peach PpbHLH1 synthesize and accumulate higher levels of linalool compared with wild-type controls. Taken together, these results would greatly facilitate efforts to enhance linalool production and thus improve flavour of fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wei
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongru Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Research Center for Agricultural Products Preservation and ProcessingShanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Minglei Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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216
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Zhang Y, Cui J, Hu H, Xue J, Yang J, Xu J. Integrated Four Comparative-Omics Reveals the Mechanism of the Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Two Different Overwintering Cryptomeria fortunei Phenotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:740755. [PMID: 34659308 PMCID: PMC8513690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.740755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cedar (Cryptomeria fortunei) is a tree species with important ornamental, medicinal, and economic value. Terpenoids extracted from the essential oil of C. fortunei needles have been considered valuable ingredients in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, the possible gene regulation mechanisms that limit terpenoid biosynthesis in this genus are poorly understood. Here, we adopted integrated metabolome analysis, transcriptome, small-RNA (sRNA), and degradome sequencing to analyze the differences in terpenoid regulatory mechanisms in two different overwintering C. fortunei phenotypes (wild-type and an evergreen mutant). A total of 1447/6219 differentially synthesized metabolites (DSMs)/unigenes (DEGs) were detected through metabolome/transcriptome analyses, and these DSMs/DEGs were significantly enriched in flavonoid and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. In C. fortunei needles, 587 microRNAs (miRNAs), including 67 differentially expressed miRNAs (DERs), were detected. Among them, 8346 targets of 571 miRNAs were predicted using degradome data, and a 72-miRNA-target regulatory network involved in the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides was constructed. Forty-one targets were further confirmed to be involved in terpenoid backbone and diterpenoid biosynthesis, and target analyses revealed that two miRNAs (i.e., aly-miR168a-5p and aof-miR396a) may be related to the different phenotypes and to differential regulation of diterpenoid biosynthesis. Overall, these results reveal that C. fortunei plants with the evergreen mutation maintain high terpenoid levels in winter through miRNA-target regulation, which provides a valuable resource for essential oil-related bioengineering research.
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217
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Zhou C, Wang Z, Cao Y, Zhao L. Pan-cancer analysis reveals the oncogenic role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1562. [PMID: 34549901 PMCID: PMC9458500 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging studies reveals that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1) plays vital oncogenic roles in a broad spectrum of human cancers, but there is no pan-cancer evidence on the relationship between HMGCS1 and various tumor types. AIM To explore the potential role of HMGCS1 across various tumor types based on big clinical data. METHODS We conducted a pan-cancer analysis across more than 30 tumor types, based on the most comprehensive database available, including TCGA, GSCA, clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium, Kaplan-Meier Plotter dataset, GEPIA2, TIMER2, STRING, and GDSC dataset. RESULTS HMGCS1 was highly expressed and negatively correlated with the prognosis in most cancer types. The infiltration levels of cancer associated fibroblast and CD8+ T-cell were closely associated with HMGCS1 expression. Amplification was the most common genetic alteration of HMGCS1 in different cancers, while the frequency of mutation was low. Besides, ACAT2 and MVD were closely correlated and bind to HMGCS1. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that HMGCS1 was actively involved in steroid biosynthesis. Moreover, high HMGCS1 expression could reduce the sensitivity to most drugs in the GDSC dataset. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the potential oncogenic role of HMGCS1 in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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218
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Chen Q, Li J, Ma Y, Yuan W, Zhang P, Wang G. Occurrence and biosynthesis of plant sesterterpenes (C25), a new addition to terpene diversity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100184. [PMID: 34746758 PMCID: PMC8553974 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes, the largest group of plant-specialized metabolites, have received considerable attention for their highly diverse biological activities. Monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), and triterpenes (C30) have been extensively investigated at both the biochemical and molecular levels over the past two decades. Sesterterpenes (C25), an understudied terpenoid group, were recently described by plant scientists at the molecular level. This review summarizes the plant species that produce sesterterpenes and describes recent developments in the field of sesterterpene biosynthesis, placing a special focus on the catalytic mechanism and evolution of geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase and sesterterpene synthase. Finally, we propose several questions to be addressed in future studies, which may help to elucidate sesterterpene metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yihua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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219
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Hu T, Feng H, Zhao Y, Yang W, Liu R, Li G. Biochemical and functional characterization of two microbial type terpene synthases from moss Stereodon subimponens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:750-760. [PMID: 34217131 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes constitute a large class of plant secondary metabolites. Usually, there is only one type of terpene synthase in seed plants, which is called typical plant terpene synthase. Currently, as a new family of plant terpene synthases, microbial terpene synthase-like (MTPSL) is identificated in nonseed plants. However, our knowledge about the biological function of most MTPSLs in nonseed plants is very limited. Here, we investigated the biochemical and functional characterization of the enzymes encoded by two MTPSLs from moss Stereodon subimponens, SsMTPSL1 and SsMTPSL2. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SsMTPSL1 and SsMTPSL2 are homologous to AaMTPSL1, AaMTPSL3, ApMTPSL1, and ApMTPSL3 from hornworts. The enzyme activity experiment demonstrated that SsMTPSL1 has monoterpene synthase and sesquiterpene synthase activity, and SsMTPSL2 has monoterpene synthase activity. Next, we selected SsMTPSL1 to study its biochemical functions. Anti-bacterial activity test in vitro showed that the products of SsMTPSL1 have an anti-bacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), and Staphylococcus aureus. To further understand the function of SsMTPSL1, the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant of SsMTPSL1 is inoculated by Pst DC3000, and the result showed that SsMTPSL1 enhances the resistance of A. thaliana to Pst DC3000. All in all, this study provides new information about the functions of moss MTPSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yapei Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, The People's Republic of China.
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de Luna-Valdez L, Chenge-Espinosa M, Hernández-Muñoz A, Cordoba E, López-Leal G, Castillo-Ramírez S, León P. Reassessing the evolution of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase family suggests a possible novel function for the DXS class 3 proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110960. [PMID: 34315585 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is of paramount importance for generating plastidial isoprenoids. The first enzyme of the MEP pathway, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), catalyzes a flux-controlling step. In plants the DXS gene family is composed of three distinct classes with non-redundant functions. Although the DXS1 and DXS2 subfamilies have been well characterized, the DXS3 subfamily has been considerably understudied. Here, we carried out in silico and functional analyses to better understand the DXS3 class. Our phylogenetic analysis showed high variation in copy number among the different DXS classes, with the apparent absence of DXS1 class in some species. We found that DXS3 subfamily emerged later than DXS1 and DXS2 and it is under less intense purifying selection. Furthermore, in the DXS3 subfamily critical amino acids positions in the thiamine pyrophosphate binding pocket are not conserved. We demonstrated that the DXS3 proteins from Arabidopsis, Maize, and Rice lack functional DXS activity. Moreover, the Arabidopsis DXS3 protein displayed distinctive sub-organellar chloroplast localization not observed in any DXS1 or DXS2 proteins. Co-expression analysis of the DXS3 from Arabidopsis showed that, unlike DXS1 and DXS2 proteins, it co-expresses with genes related to post-embryonic development and reproduction and not with primary metabolism and isoprenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Luna-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Marel Chenge-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Arihel Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Cordoba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel López-Leal
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Patricia León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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Ladd SN, Nelson DB, Bamberger I, Daber LE, Kreuzwieser J, Kahmen A, Werner C. Metabolic exchange between pathways for isoprenoid synthesis and implications for biosynthetic hydrogen isotope fractionation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1708-1719. [PMID: 34028817 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotope ratios of plant lipids are used for paleoclimate reconstruction, but are influenced by both source water and biosynthetic processes. Measuring 2 H : 1 H ratios of multiple compounds produced by different pathways could allow these effects to be separated, but hydrogen isotope fractionations during isoprenoid biosynthesis remain poorly constrained. To investigate how hydrogen isotope fractionation during isoprenoid biosynthesis is influenced by molecular exchange between the cytosolic and plastidial production pathways, we paired position-specific 13 C-pyruvate labeling with hydrogen isotope measurements of lipids in Pachira aquatica saplings. We find that acetogenic compounds primarily incorporated carbon from 13 C2-pyruvate, whereas isoprenoids incorporated 13 C1- and 13 C2-pyruvate equally. This indicates that cytosolic pyruvate is primarily introduced into plastidial isoprenoids via glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and that plastidial isoprenoid intermediates are incorporated into cytosolic isoprenoids. Probably as a result of the large differences in hydrogen isotope fractionation between plastidial and cytosolic isoprenoid pathways, sterols from P. aquatica are at least 50‰ less 2 H-enriched relative to phytol than sterols in other plants. These results provide the first experimental evidence that incorporation of plastidial intermediates reduces 2 H : 1 H ratios of sterols. This suggests that relative offsets between the 2 H : 1 H ratios of sterols and phytol can trace exchange between the two isoprenoid synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nemiah Ladd
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ines Bamberger
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - L Erik Daber
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Plant Physiological Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Werner
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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Chen P, Wei X, Qi Q, Jia W, Zhao M, Wang H, Zhou Y, Duan H. Study of Terpenoid Synthesis and Prenyltransferase in Roots of Rehmannia glutinosa Based on iTRAQ Quantitative Proteomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693758. [PMID: 34421945 PMCID: PMC8371554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa has important medicinal value; terpenoid is one of the main active components in R. glutinosa. In this study, iTRAQ technique was used to analyze the relative abundance of proteins in roots of R. glutinosa, and 6,752 reliable proteins were quantified. GO enrichment results indicated that most proteins were involved in metabolic process or cellular process, 57.63% proteins had catalytic activity, and 65.80% proteins were enriched in membrane-bounded organelle. In roots of R. glutinosa, there were 38 KEGG enrichments with significance, more DEPs were found in some pathways, especially the proteasome pathway and TCA cycle with 15.0% DEPs between elongation stage and expansion stage of roots. Furthermore, five KEGG pathways of terpenoid synthesis were found. Most prenyltransferases belong to FPP/GGPP synthase family, involved in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and all interacted with biotin carboxylase CAC2. Compared with that at the elongation stage, many prenyltransferases exhibited higher expression at the expansion stage or maturation stage of roots. In addition, eight FPP/GGPP synthase encoding genes were cloned from R. glutinosa, namely FPPS, FPPS1, GGPS, GGPS3, GGPS4, GGPS5, GPPS and GPPS2, introns were also found in FPPS, FPPS1, GGPS5 and GGPS2, and FPP/GPP synthases were more conservative in organisms, especially in viridiplantae, in which the co-occurrence of GPPS or GPPS2 was significantly higher in plants. Further analysis found that FPP/GGPP synthases of R. glutinosa were divided into three kinds, GGPS, GPPS and FPPS, and their gene expression was significantly diverse in different varieties, growth periods, or tissues of R. glutinosa. Compared with that of GGPS, the expression of GPPS and FPPS was much higher in R. glutinosa, especially at the expansion stage and maturation stage. Thus, the synthesis of terpenoids in roots of R. glutinosa is intricately regulated and needs to be further studied.
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Gurav TP, Dholakia BB, Giri AP. A glance at the chemodiversity of Ocimum species: Trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2021; 21:879-913. [PMID: 34366748 PMCID: PMC8326315 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ocimum species represent commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants. The essential oil biosynthesized by Ocimum species is enriched with specialized metabolites specifically, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. Interestingly, various Ocimum species are known to exhibit diverse chemical profiles, and this chemical diversity has been at the center of many studies to identify commercially important chemotypes. Here, we present various chemotypes from the Ocimum species and emphasize trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil. Globally, many Ocimum species have been analyzed for their essential oil composition in over 50 countries. Asia represents the highest number of chemotypes, followed by Africa, South America, and Europe. Ocimum basilicum L. has been the most widespread and well-studied species, followed by O. gratissimum L., O. tenuiflorum L., O. canum Sims, O. americanum and O. kilimandscharicum Gürke. Moreover, various molecular reasons, benefits, adverse health effects and mechanisms behind this vast chemodiversity have been discussed. Different strategies of plant breeding, metabolic engineering, transgenic, and tissue-culture, along with anatomical modifications, are surveyed to enhance specific chemotypic profiles and essential oil yield in numerous Ocimum species. Consequently, chemical characterization of the essential oil obtained from Ocimum species has become indispensable for its proper utilization. The present chemodiversity knowledge from Ocimum species will help to exploit various applications in the industrial, agriculture, biopharmaceutical, and food sectors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-021-09767-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja P. Gurav
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | | | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Yang C, Marillonnet S, Tissier A. The scarecrow-like transcription factor SlSCL3 regulates volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome size in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1102-1118. [PMID: 34143914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) type VI glandular trichomes that occur on the surface of leaves, stems, young fruits and flowers produce and store a blend of volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. These compounds play important roles in the interaction with pathogens and herbivorous insects. Although the function of terpene synthases in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes in tomato has been comprehensively investigated, the deciphering of their transcriptional regulation is only just emerging. We selected transcription factors that are over-expressed in trichomes based on existing transcriptome data and silenced them individually by virus-induced gene silencing. Of these, SlSCL3, a scarecrow-like (SCL) subfamily transcription factor, led to a significant decrease in volatile terpene content and expression of the corresponding terpene synthase genes when its transcription level was downregulated. Overexpression of SlSCL3 dramatically increased both the volatile terpene content and glandular trichome size, whereas its homozygous mutants showed reduced terpene biosynthesis. However, its heterozygous mutants also showed a significantly elevated volatile terpene content and enlarged glandular trichomes, similar to the overexpression plants. SlSCL3 modulates the expression of terpene biosynthetic pathway genes by transcriptional activation, but neither direct protein-DNA binding nor interaction with known regulators was observed. Moreover, transcript levels of the endogenous copy of SlSCL3 were decreased in the overexpression plants but increased in the heterozygous and homozygous mutants, suggesting feedback repression of its own promoter. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the role of SlSCL3 in the complex regulation of volatile terpene biosynthesis and glandular trichome development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yang
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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225
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Transcriptome-Based WGCNA Analysis Reveals Regulated Metabolite Fluxes between Floral Color and Scent in Narcissus tazetta Flower. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158249. [PMID: 34361014 PMCID: PMC8348138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between the scent and color of Narcissus tazetta flowers can be anticipated due to their biochemical origin, as well as their similar biological role. Despite the obvious aesthetic and ecological significance of these colorful and fragrant components of the flowers and the molecular profiles of their pigments, fragrant formation has addressed in some cases. However, the regulatory mechanism of the correlation of fragrant components and color patterns is less clear. We simultaneously used one way to address how floral color and fragrant formation in different tissues are generated during the development of an individual plant by transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). A spatiotemporal pattern variation of flavonols/carotenoids/chlorophyll pigmentation and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid/ monoterpene fragrant components between the tepal and corona in the flower tissues of Narcissus tazetta, was exhibited. Several candidate transcription factors: MYB12, MYB1, AP2-ERF, bZIP, NAC, MYB, C2C2, C2H2 and GRAS are shown to be associated with metabolite flux, the phenylpropanoid pathway to the production of flavonols/anthocyanin, as well as related to one branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway to the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid component in the tepal and the metabolite flux between the monoterpene and carotenoids biosynthesis pathway in coronas. It indicates that potential competition exists between floral pigment and floral fragrance during Narcissus tazetta individual plant development and evolutionary development.
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226
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Zhang G, Wang H, Zhang Z, Verstrepen KJ, Wang Q, Dai Z. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for terpenoids production: advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:618-633. [PMID: 34325575 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1947183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large family of natural products with diversified structures and functions that are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural fields. However, the traditional methods of terpenoids production such as plant extraction and chemical synthesis are inefficient due to the complex processes, high energy consumption, and low yields. With progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, microbial cell factories provide an interesting alternative for the sustainable production of terpenoids. The non-conventional yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, is a promising host for terpenoid biosynthesis due to its inherent mevalonate pathway, high fluxes of acetyl-CoA and NADPH, and the naturally hydrophobic microenvironment. In this review, we highlight progress in the engineering of Y. lipolytica as terpenoid biomanufacturing factories, describing the different terpenoid biosynthetic pathways and summarizing various metabolic engineering strategies, including progress in genetic manipulation, dynamic regulation, organelle engineering, and terpene synthase variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,TIB-VIB Joint Center of Synthetic Biology, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- TIB-VIB Joint Center of Synthetic Biology, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology and KU Leuven Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, Department M2S, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,TIB-VIB Joint Center of Synthetic Biology, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,TIB-VIB Joint Center of Synthetic Biology, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
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227
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Qin H, Wang Y, Yang W, Yang S, Zhang J. Comparison of metabolites and variety authentication of Amomum tsao-ko and Amomum paratsao-ko using GC-MS and NIR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15200. [PMID: 34312460 PMCID: PMC8313684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amomum tsao-ko, as an edible and medicinal variety, has been cultivated for more than 600 years in China. Recently, two cultivars, A. tsao-ko and Amomum paratsao-ko, were found in A. tsao-ko planting area. The two cultivars are often confused because of the similar phenotype and difficult to distinguish through sensory judgment. In this study, the non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics combined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were used for dissecting the two cultivars with phenotypic differences. According to principal component analysis (PCA) loading diagram and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) S-plot of the metabolites, the accumulation of major components including 1,8-cineole, α-phellandrene, (E)-2-decenal, (-)-β-pinene, (E)-2-octenal, 1-octanal, D-limonene, and decanal, were present differences between the two cultivars. Seven metabolites potential differentiated biomarkers as β-selinene, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, (E,Z)-2,6-dodecadienal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-decenal, isogeranial, 1,8-cineole and β-cubebene were determined. Although A. tsao-ko and A. paratsao-ko belong to the same genera and are similar in plant and fruit morphology, the composition and content of the main components were exposed significant discrepancy, so it is necessary to distinguish them. In this study, the discriminant model established by GC-MS or NIRS combined with multivariate analysis has achieved a good classification effect. NIRS has the advantages of simple, fast and nondestructive and can be used for rapid identification of varieties and fruit tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwei Qin
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, 650200, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, 650200, Kunming, China
| | - Weize Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, 650200, Kunming, China
| | - Shaobing Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, 650200, Kunming, China.
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, 650200, Kunming, China.
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, 650500, Kunming, China.
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228
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Ursolic Acid and Related Analogues: Triterpenoids with Broad Health Benefits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081161. [PMID: 34439409 PMCID: PMC8388988 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a well-studied natural pentacyclic triterpenoid found in herbs, fruit and a number of traditional Chinese medicinal plants. UA has a broad range of biological activities and numerous potential health benefits. In this review, we summarize the current data on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of UA and review the literature on the biological activities of UA and its closest analogues in the context of inflammation, metabolic diseases, including liver and kidney diseases, obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. We end with a brief overview of UA’s main analogues with a special focus on a newly discovered naturally occurring analogue with intriguing biological properties and potential health benefits, 23-hydroxy ursolic acid.
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229
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The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved in MEP, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Tocopherol Pathways, Mirrored the Corresponding Metabolite Contents in Rice Leaves during De-Etiolation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071456. [PMID: 34371659 PMCID: PMC8309317 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light is an essential regulator of many developmental processes in higher plants. We investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1/2 genes (OsHDR1/2) and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase 1/2 genes (OsIPPI1/2) on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phytosterols in 14-day-old etiolated rice (Oyza sativa L.) leaves during de-etiolation. However, little is known about the effect of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes on the corresponding metabolites during the de-etiolation of etiolated rice leaves. The results showed that the levels of α-tocopherol were significantly increased in de-etiolated rice leaves. Similar to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 3 gene (OsDXS3), both OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 genes encode functional 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) activities. Their expression patterns and the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol metabolites suggested that OsDXS1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids in de-etiolated rice leaves. The expression analysis of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes revealed that the coordinated expression of the MEP (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol pathway genes mirrored the changes in the levels of the corresponding metabolites during de-etiolation. The underpinning mechanistic basis of coordinated light-upregulated gene expression was elucidated during the de-etiolation process, specifically the role of light-responsive cis-regulatory motifs in the promoter region of these genes. In silico promoter analysis showed that the light-responsive cis-regulatory elements presented in all the promoter regions of each light-upregulated gene, providing an important link between observed phenotype during de-etiolation and the molecular machinery controlling expression of these genes.
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230
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Transcriptome sequencing and functional characterization of new sesquiterpene synthases from Curcuma wenyujin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 709:108986. [PMID: 34252391 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tubers of Curcuma wenyujin are rich in essential oils, mainly various sesquiterpenes, showing antibacterial, anti-viral and anti-tumor effects. However, the molecular mechanism of C. wenyujin is deficient and related sesquiterpene synthases are still unclear. In this study, the transcriptome data of tubers and leaves from C. wenyujin were obtained and assembled into 78 092 unigenes. Of them, 244 unigenes were predicted to be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis while 131 unigenes were categorized as the "Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis" (TBB) term. Twenty-two unigenes possessed terpene synthase domain; five were predicted to be sesquiterpene synthases. Of the 208 unigenes annotated as cytochromes P450, 8 unigenes with full-length coding sequences were part of the CYP71 clade that primarily may perform hydroxylations of specialized metabolites. Furthermore, Ten DEGs related to the C5 precursor supply and sesquiterpene synthesis were validated by Real-time PCR; that showed a close correspondence with transcriptome sequence. A novel germacrene B synthase (CwGBS) and α-santalene synthase (CwSS) were identified in metabolically engineering E. coli. This study provided the first de novo transcriptome comparative analysis of leaf and tuber tissues from C. wenyujin, aiming to understand genetic mechanisms. Key genes involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene will help for revealing the underlying mechanisms of C. wenyujin.
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231
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Zou K, Liu X, Hu Q, Zhang D, Fu S, Zhang S, Huang H, Lei F, Zhang G, Miao B, Meng D, Jiang L, Liu H, Yin H, Liang Y. Root Endophytes and Ginkgo biloba Are Likely to Share and Compensate Secondary Metabolic Processes, and Potentially Exchange Genetic Information by LTR-RTs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:704985. [PMID: 34305992 PMCID: PMC8301071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.704985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a pharmaceutical resource for terpenes and flavonoids. However, few insights discussed endophytes' role in Ginkgo, and whether genetic exchange happens between Ginkgo and endophytes remains unclear. Herein, functional gene profiles and repetitive sequences were analyzed to focus on these issues. A total of 25 endophyte strains were isolated from the Ginkgo root and distributed in 16 genera of 6 phyla. Significant morphological diversities lead to the diversity in the COG functional classification. KEGG mapping revealed that endophytic bacteria and fungi potentially synthesize chalcone, while endophytic fungi might also promote flavonoid derivatization. Both bacteria and fungi may facilitate the lignin synthesis. Aspergillus sp. Gbtc_1 exhibited the feasibility of regulating alcohols to lignans. Although Ginkgo and the endophytes have not observed the critical levopimaradiene synthase in ginkgolides synthesis, the upstream pathways of terpenoid precursors are likely intact. The MVK genes in Ginkgo may have alternative non-homologous copies or be compensated by endophytes in long-term symbiosis. Cellulomonas sp. Gbtc_1 became the only bacteria to harbor both MEP and MVA pathways. Endophytes may perform the mutual transformation of IPP and DMAPP in the root. Ginkgo and bacteria may lead to the synthesis and derivatization of the carotenoid pathway. The isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis seemed lost in the Ginkgo root community, but L-dopa is more probably converted into dopamine as an essential signal-transduction substance. So, endophytes may participate in the secondary metabolism of the Ginkgo in a shared or complementary manner. Moreover, a few endophytic sequences predicted as Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia superfamilies exhibited extremely high similarity to those of Ginkgo. CDSs in such endophytic LTR-RT sequences were also highly homologous to one Ginkgo CDS. Therefore, LTR-RTs may be a rare unit flowing between the Ginkgo host and endophytes to exchange genetic information. Collectively, this research effectively expanded the insight on the symbiotic relationship between the Ginkgo host and the endophytes in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Hu
- NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Du Zhang
- Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaodong Fu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Haonan Huang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Fangying Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Miao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Delong Meng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Luhua Jiang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yili Liang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Pu X, Dong X, Li Q, Chen Z, Liu L. An update on the function and regulation of methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways and their evolutionary dynamics. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1211-1226. [PMID: 33538411 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are among the largest and most chemically diverse classes of organic compounds in nature and are involved in the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, growth, development, and plant responses to stress. The basic building block units for isoprenoid synthesis-isopentenyl diphosphate and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate-are generated by the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we summarize recent advances on the roles of the MEP and MVA pathways in plant growth, development and stress responses, and attempt to define the underlying gene networks that orchestrate the MEP and MVA pathways in response to developmental or environmental cues. Through phylogenomic analysis, we also provide a new perspective on the evolution of the plant isoprenoid pathway. We conclude that the presence of the MVA pathway in plants may be associated with the transition from aquatic to subaerial and terrestrial environments, as lineages for its core components are absent in green algae. The emergence of the MVA pathway has acted as a key evolutionary event in plants that facilitated land colonization and subsequent embryo development, as well as adaptation to new and varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiumei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Zexi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 434200, China
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming, 650201, China
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Li RS, Zhu JH, Guo D, Li HL, Wang Y, Ding XP, Mei WL, Chen ZB, Dai HF, Peng SQ. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of terpene synthase gene family in Aquilaria sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:185-194. [PMID: 34004556 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is the resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, and has been widely used as medicine and incense. Sesquiterpenes are the main chemical characteristic constituents of agarwood. Terpene synthase (TPS) is a critical enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of sesquiterpene compounds. However, limited information is available on genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in Aquilaria trees. In this study, TPS gene family was identified and characterized in Aquilaria sinensis by bioinformatics methods. The expression of those genes was analyzed by RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR. Transcription factors regulating TPS gene expression were identified by yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assay. In total, 26 AsTPS genes (AsTPS1-AsTPS26) were identified, which were classified into five subgroups. Many putative cis-elements putatively involved in stresses and phytohormones (especially jasmonic acid) were identified in the promoter regions of AsTPSs, suggesting that AsTPSs genes may be regulated by stresses and jasmonic acid. Expression analysis revealed seven TPS genes encoding sesquiterpene synthetases were induced by wounding and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), which may be related to sesquiterpene biosynthesis. By yeast one-hybrid screening, a ERF transcription factor AsERF1 was identified to interact with the AsTPS1 promoter. Subcellular localization analysis indicated AsERF1 was a nucleus-localized protein. Transient transfection of AsERF1 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana significantly enhanced the promoter activation of AsTPS1, suggesting AsERF1 may participate in sesquiterpene biosynthesis by regulating AsTPS1 expression. These data generated in this study provide a foundation for future studies on functional roles and regulation mechanisms of AsTPS in sesquiterpene biosynthesis and agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China
| | - Jia-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Hui-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xu-Po Ding
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Zhi-Bao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163000, China; College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Barja MV, Ezquerro M, Beretta S, Diretto G, Florez-Sarasa I, Feixes E, Fiore A, Karlova R, Fernie AR, Beekwilder J, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Several geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase isoforms supply metabolic substrates for carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:255-272. [PMID: 33590894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as a precursor for many plastidial isoprenoids, including carotenoids. Phytoene synthase (PSY) converts GGPP into phytoene, the first committed intermediate of the carotenoid pathway. Here we used biochemical, molecular, and genetic tools to characterise the plastidial members of the GGPPS family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their interaction with PSY isoforms. The three tomato GGPPS isoforms found to localise in plastids (SlG1, 2 and 3) exhibit similar kinetic parameters. Gene expression analyses showed a preferential association of individual GGPPS and PSY isoforms when carotenoid biosynthesis was induced during root mycorrhization, seedling de-etiolation and fruit ripening. SlG2, but not SlG3, physically interacts with PSY proteins. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas9 mutants defective in SlG3 showed a stronger impact on carotenoid levels and derived metabolic, physiological and developmental phenotypes compared with those impaired in SlG2. Double mutants defective in both genes could not be rescued. Our work demonstrates that the bulk of GGPP production in tomato chloroplasts and chromoplasts relies on two cooperating GGPPS paralogues, unlike other plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice or pepper, which produce their essential plastidial isoprenoids using a single GGPPS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Barja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel Ezquerro
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elisenda Feixes
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- BU Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain
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235
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Feng Z, Bartholomew ES, Liu Z, Cui Y, Dong Y, Li S, Wu H, Ren H, Liu X. Glandular trichomes: new focus on horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:158. [PMID: 34193839 PMCID: PMC8245418 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes (GTs) are epidermal outgrowths with the capacity to biosynthesize and secrete specialized metabolites, that are of great scientific and practical significance. Our understanding of the developmental process of GTs is limited, and no single plant species serves as a unique model. Here, we review the genetic mechanisms of GT initiation and development and provide a summary of the biosynthetic pathways of GT-specialized metabolites in nonmodel plant species, especially horticultural crops. We discuss the morphology and classification of GT types. Moreover, we highlight technological advancements in methods employed for investigating GTs. Understanding the molecular basis of GT development and specialized metabolites not only offers useful avenues for research in plant breeding that will lead to the improved production of desirable metabolites, but also provides insights for plant epidermal development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Library of China Agricultural University, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Matos MS, Anastácio JD, Nunes dos Santos C. Sesquiterpene Lactones: Promising Natural Compounds to Fight Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070991. [PMID: 34208907 PMCID: PMC8309091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial and complex process that reestablishes the physiological state after a noxious stimulus. In pathological conditions the inflammatory state may persist, leading to chronic inflammation and causing tissue damage. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are composed of a large and diverse group of highly bioactive plant secondary metabolites, characterized by a 15-carbon backbone structure. In recent years, the interest in SLs has risen due to their vast array of biological activities beneficial for human health. The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds results from their ability to target and inhibit various key pro-inflammatory molecules enrolled in diverse inflammatory pathways, and prevent or reduce the inflammatory damage on tissues. Research on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SLs has thrived over the last years, and numerous compounds from diverse plants have been studied, using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. Besides their anti-inflammatory potential, their cytotoxicity, structure–activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics have been investigated. This review aims to gather the most relevant results and insights concerning the anti-inflammatory potential of SL-rich extracts and pure SLs, focusing on their effects in different inflammatory pathways and on different molecular players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Matos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José D. Anastácio
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes dos Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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237
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Zhang A, Mernitz K, Wu C, Xiong W, He Y, Wang G, Wang X. ATP Drives Efficient Terpene Biosynthesis in Marine Thraustochytrids. mBio 2021; 12:e0088121. [PMID: 34182781 PMCID: PMC8262955 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00881-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding carbon flux controlling mechanisms in a tangled metabolic network is an essential question of cell metabolism. Secondary metabolism, such as terpene biosynthesis, has evolved with low carbon flux due to inherent pathway constraints. Thraustochytrids are a group of heterotrophic marine unicellular protists and can accumulate terpenoids under the high-salt conditions in their natural environment. However, the mechanism behind terpene accumulation is not well understood. Here, we show that terpene biosynthesis in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185 is constrained by local thermodynamics in the mevalonate pathway. Thermodynamic analysis reveals metabolite limitation in the nondecarboxylative Claisen condensation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to the acetoacetyl-CoA step, catalyzed by the acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT). Through a sodium-elicited mechanism, higher respiration leads to increased ATP investment into the mevalonate pathway, providing a strong thermodynamic driving force for enhanced terpene biosynthesis. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses further show that the increased ATP demands are fulfilled by shifting energy generation from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation. This study demonstrates a unique strategy in nature that uses ATP to drive a low-flux metabolic pathway, providing an alternative solution for efficient terpene metabolic engineering. IMPORTANCE Terpenoids are a large class of lipid molecules with important biological functions and diverse industrial and medicinal applications. Metabolic engineering for terpene production has been hindered by the low-flux distribution to its biosynthesis pathway. In practice, a high substrate load is generally required to reach high product titers. Here, we show that mevalonate-derived terpene biosynthesis is constrained by local pathway thermodynamics, which can only be partially relieved by increasing substrate levels. Through comparative omics and biochemical analyses, we discovered a unique mechanism for high terpene accumulation in marine protist thraustochytrids. Through a sodium-induced mechanism, thraustochytrids shift their energy metabolism from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation for enhanced ATP production, providing a strong thermodynamic driving force for efficient terpene biosynthesis. This study reveals an important mechanism in eukaryotes to overcome the thermodynamic constraint in low-flux pathways by increased ATP consumption. Engineering energy metabolism thus provides an important alternative to relieve flux constraints in low-flux and energy-consuming pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Kaya Mernitz
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Yaodong He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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Bansal R, Sen SS, Muthuswami R, Madhubala R. Stigmasterol as a potential biomarker for amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania donovani. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:942-950. [PMID: 31886855 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, is the primary causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Toxicity and increased resistance to existing drugs have led to an urgent need for identifying new drugs and drug targets. Understanding the risks and mechanisms of resistance is of great importance. Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antimicrobial, the mainstay therapy for visceral leishmaniasis in several parts of India. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we established a line of AmB-resistant L. donovani promastigotes in vitro and demonstrated the molecular basis of resistance to AmB. METHODS AmB-resistant promastigotes were generated and characterized to evaluate the mechanism of resistance to AmB. We examined the sterol composition of the promastigotes and the axenic amastigotes derived from the WT and AmB-resistant promastigotes. The role of the plant-like C-22 desaturase responsible for stigmasterol production was also evaluated in the AmB-resistant strain. RESULTS The IC50 for resistant cells was four times higher than for the WT. AmB-resistant promastigotes showed an increase in the conversion of β-sitosterol into stigmasterol. The presence of higher amounts of stigmasterol in resistant promastigotes, as well as in axenic amastigotes, signifies its role in AmB resistance in Leishmania. The resistant strain showed reduced infectivity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We have elucidated the mode of action and resistance mechanisms to the drug. However, further work is required to validate the potential role of stigmasterol in resistance and to help develop a diagnostic kit that can assist in diagnosing potentially resistant lines in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Bansal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shib Sankar Sen
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Gutensohn M, Henry LK, Gentry SA, Lynch JH, Nguyen TTH, Pichersky E, Dudareva N. Overcoming Bottlenecks for Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpene Production in Tomato Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691754. [PMID: 34220915 PMCID: PMC8248349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large and diverse class of plant metabolites that also includes volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes which are involved in biotic interactions of plants. Due to the limited natural availability of these terpenes and the tight regulation of their biosynthesis, there is strong interest to introduce or enhance their production in crop plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial applications. While engineering of monoterpenes has been quite successful, expression of sesquiterpene synthases in engineered plants frequently resulted in production of only minor amounts of sesquiterpenes. To identify bottlenecks for sesquiterpene engineering in plants, we have used two nearly identical terpene synthases, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) nerolidol/linalool synthase-1 and -2 (AmNES/LIS-1/-2), that are localized in the cytosol and plastids, respectively. Since these two bifunctional terpene synthases have very similar catalytic properties with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), their expression in target tissues allows indirect determination of the availability of these substrates in both subcellular compartments. Both terpene synthases were expressed under control of the ripening specific PG promoter in tomato fruits, which are characterized by a highly active terpenoid metabolism providing precursors for carotenoid biosynthesis. As AmNES/LIS-2 fruits produced the monoterpene linalool, AmNES/LIS-1 fruits were found to exclusively produce the sesquiterpene nerolidol. While nerolidol emission in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 60- to 584-fold lower compared to linalool emission in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits, accumulation of nerolidol-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-1 fruits was 4- to 14-fold lower than that of linalool-glucosides in AmNES/LIS-2 fruits. These results suggest that only a relatively small pool of FPP is available for sesquiterpene formation in the cytosol. To potentially overcome limitations in sesquiterpene production, we transiently co-expressed the key pathway-enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), as well as the regulator isopentenyl phosphate kinase (IPK). While HMGR and IPK expression increased metabolic flux toward nerolidol formation 5.7- and 2.9-fold, respectively, DXS expression only resulted in a 2.5-fold increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Laura K. Henry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Scott A. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Joseph H. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Thuong T. H. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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240
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Abstract
Tremendous chemical diversity is the hallmark of plants and is supported by highly complex biochemical machinery. Plant metabolic enzymes originated and were transferred from eukaryotic and prokaryotic ancestors and further diversified by the unprecedented rates of gene duplication and functionalization experienced in land plants. Unlike microbes, which have frequent horizontal gene transfer events and multiple inputs of energy and organic carbon, land plants predominantly rely on organic carbon generated from CO2 and have experienced very few, if any, gene transfers during their recent evolutionary history. As such, plant metabolic networks have evolved in a stepwise manner and on existing networks under various evolutionary constraints. This review aims to take a broader view of plant metabolic evolution and lay a framework to further explore evolutionary mechanisms of the complex metabolic network. Understanding the underlying metabolic and genetic constraints is also an empirical prerequisite for rational engineering and redesigning of plant metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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241
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Chen R, Bu Y, Ren J, Pelot KA, Hu X, Diao Y, Chen W, Zerbe P, Zhang L. Discovery and modulation of diterpenoid metabolism improves glandular trichome formation, artemisinin production and stress resilience in Artemisia annua. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2387-2403. [PMID: 33740256 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize diverse diterpenoids with numerous functions in organ development and stress resistance. However, the role of diterpenoids in glandular trichome (GT) development and GT-localized biosynthesis in plants remains unknown. Here, the identification of 10 diterpene synthases (diTPSs) revealed the diversity of diterpenoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between AaKSL1 and AaCPS2 in the plastids highlighted their potential functions in modulating metabolic flux to gibberellins (GAs) or ent-isopimara-7,15-diene-derived metabolites (IDMs) through metabolic engineering. A phenotypic analysis of transgenic plants suggested a complex repertoire of diterpenoids in Artemisia annua with important roles in GT formation, artemisinin accumulation and stress resilience. Metabolic engineering of diterpenoids simultaneously increased the artemisinin yield and stress resistance. Transcriptome and metabolic profiling suggested that bioactive GA4 /GA1 promote GT formation. Collectively, these results expand our knowledge of diterpenoids and show the potential of diterpenoids to simultaneously improve both the GT-localized metabolite yield and stress resistance, in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuejuan Bu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junze Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kyle A Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, 362021, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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242
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Dai Z, Pomraning KR, Panisko EA, Hofstad BA, Campbell KB, Kim J, Robles AL, Deng S, Magnuson JK. Genetically Engineered Oleaginous Yeast Lipomyces starkeyi for Sesquiterpene α-Zingiberene Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1000-1008. [PMID: 33915043 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeast, such as Lipomyces starkeyi, are logical organisms for production of higher energy density molecules like lipids and terpenes. We demonstrate that transgenic L. starkeyi strains expressing an α-zingiberene synthase gene from lemon basil or Hall's panicgrass can produce up to 17 mg/L α-zingiberene in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) medium containing 4% glucose. The transgenic strain was further examined in 8% glucose media with C/N ratios of 20 or 100, and YPD. YPD medium resulted in 59 mg/L α-zingiberene accumulation. Overexpression of selected genes from the mevalonate pathway achieved 145% improvement in α-zingiberene synthesis. Optimization of the growth medium for α-zingiberene production led to 15% higher titer than YPD medium. The final transgenic strain produced 700 mg/L α-zingiberene in fed-batch bioreactor culture. This study opens a new synthetic route to produce α-zingiberene or other terpenoids in L. starkeyi and establishes this yeast as a platform for jet fuel biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Dai
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kyle R. Pomraning
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ellen A. Panisko
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Beth A. Hofstad
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kristen B. Campbell
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joonhoon Kim
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ana L. Robles
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shuang Deng
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jon K. Magnuson
- Chemical and Biological Processes Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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243
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Li D, Pan C, Lu J, Zaman W, Zhao H, Zhang J, Lü S. Lupeol Accumulation Correlates with Auxin in the Epidermis of Castor. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102978. [PMID: 34067825 PMCID: PMC8156332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupeol, a natural lupane-type pentacyclic triterpene, possesses various pharmacological properties, and its production attracts attention. Significant quantities of lupeol are deposited on the castor aerial organ surface and are easily extractable as a predominant wax constituent. Thus, castor might be considered as a potential bioreactor for the production of lupeol. The lupeol biosynthesis pathway is well known, but how it is regulated remains largely unknown. Among large numbers of castor cultivars, we targeted one accession line (337) with high levels of lupeol on its stem surface and low levels thereof on its hypocotyl surface, implicating that lupeol synthesis is differentially regulated in the two organs. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we did comparative transcriptome analysis of the first internode of 337 stem and the upper hypocotyl. Our results show that large amounts of auxin-related genes are differentially expressed in both parts, implying some possible interactions between auxin and lupeol production. We also found that several auxin-responsive cis-elements are present in promoter regions of HMGR and LUS genes encoding two key enzymes involved in lupeol production. Furthermore, auxin treatments apparently induced the expression levels of RcHMGR and RcLUS. Furthermore, we observed that auxin treatment significantly increased lupeol contents, whereas inhibiting auxin transport led to an opposite phenotype. Our study reveals some relationships between hormone activity and lupeol synthesis and might provide a promising way for improving lupeol yields in castor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (D.L.); (C.P.); (J.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Cheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (D.L.); (C.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianjun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (D.L.); (C.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Wajid Zaman
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Jixing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Shiyou Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; (D.L.); (C.P.); (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-88663882
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244
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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245
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Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Associated Gene Expression in Two Anthurium Cultivars and Their F1 Hybrid Progenies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102902. [PMID: 34068329 PMCID: PMC8153298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthurium is an important ornamental crop in the world market and its floral scent can enhance its ornamental value. To date, studies of the components and formation mechanism of the floral scent of Anthurium are relatively few. In this study, the scent profiles of two Anthurium varieties were measured by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). There were 32 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified in Anthurium ‘Mystral’, and the most abundant compound was eucalyptol (57.5%). Extremely small amounts of VOCs were detected in Anthurium ‘Alabama’. Compared with A. ‘Alabama’, most genes related to floral scent synthesis exhibited a higher expression in A.‘Mystral’, including AaDXS, AaDXR, AaMDS, AaHDS, AaTPS, AaDAHPS, AaADT2, AaPAL1, and AaPAL2. In order to produce new varieties of Anthurium with fragrance, 454 progenies of two crossbred combinations of A. ‘Mystral’ and A. ‘Alabama’ were obtained. Four F1 generation plants with different floral scent intensities were selected for further study. The major components of floral scent in the progenies were similar to that of the parental A.‘Mystral’ plant. The expression patterns of genes related to floral scent synthesis were consistent with the relative contents of different types of VOCs. This study revealed the profiles of volatile compounds and associated gene expression in two Anthurium cultivars and their F1 hybrids, which provided a basis for the floral scent inheritance of Anthurium andraeanum.
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246
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Rong T, Chunchun Z, Wei G, Yuchen G, Fei X, Tao L, Yuanyuan J, Chenbin W, Wenda X, Wenqing W. Proteomic insights into protostane triterpene biosynthesis regulatory mechanism after MeJA treatment in Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140671. [PMID: 33991668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protostane triterpenes in Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. have unique structural features with distinct pharmacological activities. Previously we have demonstrated that protostane triterpene biosynthesis could be regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction in A. orientale. Here, proteomic investigation reveals the MeJA mediated regulation of protostane triterpene biosynthesis. In our study, 281 differentially abundant proteins were identified from MeJA-treated compared to control groups, while they were mainly associated with triterpene biosynthesis, α-linolenic acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and response to stress/defense. Key enzymes 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), squalene epoxidase (SE), oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and cytochrome P450s which potentially involved in protostane triterpene biosynthesis were significantly enriched in MeJA-treated group. Basic Helix-loop-helix (bHLH), MYB, and GRAS transcription factors were enhanced after MeJA treatment, and they also improved the expressions of key enzymes in Mevalonate pathway and protostane triterpene. Then, MeJA also could increase the expression of α-galactosidase (α-GAL), thereby promoting carbohydrate decomposition, and providing energy and carbon skeletons for protostane triterpene precursor biosynthesis. As well, exogenous MeJA treatment upregulated 13-lipoxygenase (13-LOX), allene oxide synthase (AOS) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC) involved in α-linolenic acid metabolism, leading to the accumulation of endogenous MeJA and activation of the protostane triterpene biosynthesis transduction. Finally, MeJA upregulated stress/defence-related proteins, as to enhance the defence responses activity of plants. These results were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 19 selected genes and content analysis of protostane triterpene. The results provide some new insights into the role of MeJA in protostane triterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhang Chunchun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 311402, China
| | - Gu Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Gu Yuchen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Fei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ji Yuanyuan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Chenbin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Wenda
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wu Wenqing
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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247
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Li S, Chen K, Grierson D. Molecular and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Fleshy Fruit Ripening. Cells 2021; 10:1136. [PMID: 34066675 PMCID: PMC8151651 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the molecular and hormonal mechanisms underlying the control of fleshy fruit ripening and quality. Recent research on tomato shows that ethylene, acting through transcription factors, is responsible for the initiation of tomato ripening. Several other hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR), promote ripening by upregulating ethylene biosynthesis genes in different fruits. Changes to histone marks and DNA methylation are associated with the activation of ripening genes and are necessary for ripening initiation. Light, detected by different photoreceptors and operating through ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5), also modulates ripening. Re-evaluation of the roles of 'master regulators' indicates that MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR, Nor-like1 and other MADS and NAC genes, together with ethylene, promote the full expression of genes required for further ethylene synthesis and change in colour, flavour, texture and progression of ripening. Several different types of non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating expression of ripening genes, but further clarification of their diverse mechanisms of action is required. We discuss a model that integrates the main hormonal and genetic regulatory interactions governing the ripening of tomato fruit and consider variations in ripening regulatory circuits that operate in other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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248
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Yu X, Qi X, Li S, Fang H, Bai Y, Li L, Liu D, Chen Z, Li W, Liang C. Transcriptome Analysis of Light-Regulated Monoterpenes Biosynthesis in Leaves of Mentha canadensis L. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050930. [PMID: 34066919 PMCID: PMC8148558 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Light is a key environmental aspect that regulates secondary metabolic synthesis. The essential oil produced in mint (Mentha canadensis L.) leaves is used widely in the aromatics industry and in medicine. Under low-light treatment, significant reductions in peltate glandular trichome densities were observed. GC-MS analysis showed dramatically reduced essential oil and menthol contents. Light affected the peltate glandular trichomes’ development and essential oil yield production. However, the underlying mechanisms of this regulation were elusive. To identify the critical genes during light-regulated changes in oil content, following a 24 h darkness treatment and a 24 h recovery light treatment, leaves were collected for transcriptome analysis. A total of 95,579 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 754 bp. About 56.58% of the unigenes were annotated using four public protein databases: 10,977 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in the light signaling pathway and monoterpene synthesis pathway. Most of the TPs showed a similar expression pattern: downregulation after darkness treatment and upregulation after the return of light. In addition, the genes involved in the light signal transduction pathway were analyzed. A series of responsive transcription factors (TFs) were identified and could be used in metabolic engineering as an effective strategy for increasing essential oil yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shumin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zequn Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Weilin Li
- College of Forest, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; (X.Y.); (X.Q.); (S.L.); (H.F.); (Y.B.); (L.L.); (D.L.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8434-7133
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Ju H, Zhang C, Lu W. Progress in heterologous biosynthesis of forskolin. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab009. [PMID: 33928347 PMCID: PMC9113163 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Forskolin, a class of labdane-type diterpenoid, has significant medicinal value in anticancer, antiasthmatic, antihypertensive, and heart-strengthening treatments. The main source of natural forskolin is its extraction from the cork tissue of the root of Coleus forskohlii. However, conventional modes of extraction pose several challenges. In recent years, the construction of microbial cell factories to produce medicinal natural products via synthetic biological methods has effectively solved the current problems and is a research hotspot in this field. This review summarizes the recent progress in the heterologous synthesis of forskolin via synthetic biological technology, analyzes the current challenges, and proposes corresponding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin
University, Tianjin 300350, P. R.
China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin
University, Tianjin 300350, P. R.
China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin
University, Tianjin 300350, P. R.
China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University),
Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin
300350, P. R. China
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Solymosi K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The Role of Membranes and Lipid-Protein Interactions in the Mg-Branch of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663309. [PMID: 33995458 PMCID: PMC8113382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for photosynthesis and needs to be produced throughout the whole plant life, especially under changing light intensity and stress conditions which may result in the destruction and elimination of these pigments. All steps of the Mg-branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis leading to Chl formation are carried out by enzymes associated with plastid membranes. Still the significance of these protein-membrane and protein-lipid interactions in Chl synthesis and chloroplast differentiation are not very well-understood. In this review, we provide an overview on Chl biosynthesis in angiosperms with emphasis on its association with membranes and lipids. Moreover, the last steps of the pathway including the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide), the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid phytyl moiety and the esterification of Chlide are also summarized. The unique biochemical and photophysical properties of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) enzyme catalyzing Pchlide photoreduction and located to peculiar tubuloreticular prolamellar body (PLB) membranes of light-deprived tissues of angiosperms and to envelope membranes, as well as to thylakoids (especially grana margins) are also reviewed. Data about the factors influencing tubuloreticular membrane formation within cells, the spectroscopic properties and the in vitro reconstitution of the native LPOR enzyme complexes are also critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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