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Chen EP, Markosyan N, Connolly E, Lawson JA, Li X, Grant GR, Grosser T, FitzGerald GA, Smyth EM. Myeloid Cell COX-2 deletion reduces mammary tumor growth through enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1788-97. [PMID: 24590894 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with poor prognosis across a range of human cancers, including breast cancer. The contribution of tumor cell-derived COX-2 to tumorigenesis has been examined in numerous studies; however, the role of stromal-derived COX-2 is ill-defined. Here, we examined how COX-2 in myeloid cells, an immune cell subset that includes macrophages, influences mammary tumor progression. In mice engineered to selectively lack myeloid cell COX-2 [myeloid-COX-2 knockout (KO) mice], spontaneous neu oncogene-induced tumor onset was delayed, tumor burden reduced, and tumor growth slowed compared with wild-type (WT). Similarly, growth of neu-transformed mammary tumor cells as orthotopic tumors in immune competent syngeneic myeloid-COX-2 KO host mice was reduced compared with WT. By flow cytometric analysis, orthotopic myeloid-COX-2 KO tumors had lower tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration consistent with impaired colony stimulating factor-1-dependent chemotaxis by COX-2 deficient macrophages in vitro. Further, in both spontaneous and orthotopic tumors, COX-2-deficient TAM displayed lower immunosuppressive M2 markers and this was coincident with less suppression of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in myeloid-COX-2 KO tumors. These studies suggest that reduced tumor growth in myeloid-COX-2 KO mice resulted from disruption of M2-like TAM function, thereby enhancing T-cell survival and immune surveillance. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD8(+), but not CD4(+) cells, restored tumor growth in myeloid-COX-2 KO to WT levels, indicating that CD8(+) CTLs are dominant antitumor effectors in myeloid-COX-2 KO mice. Our studies suggest that inhibition of myeloid cell COX-2 can potentiate CTL-mediated tumor cytotoxicity and may provide a novel therapeutic approach in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nune Markosyan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emma Connolly
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John A Lawson
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory R Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tilo Grosser
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emer M Smyth
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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202
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Dalton HJ, Armaiz-Pena GN, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Lopez-Berestein G, Bar-Eli M, Sood AK. Monocyte subpopulations in angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1287-93. [PMID: 24556724 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Growing understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in angiogenesis has brought monocyte-derived cells into focus. Monocyte subpopulations are an increasingly attractive therapeutic target in many pathologic states, including cancer. Before monocyte-directed therapies can be fully harnessed for clinical use, understanding of monocyte-driven angiogenesis in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as malignancy, is required. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which monocytic subpopulations contribute to angiogenesis in tissue and tumor development, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and discuss opportunities to exploit these cells for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Dalton
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, Experimental Therapeutics, and Cancer Biology; and Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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203
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Hu S, Fu X, Fu A, Du W, Ji J, Li W. The regulatory peptide pidotimod facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and its function. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1177-85. [PMID: 24481486 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide with biological and immunological activity in innate immune responses. It has been reported that pidotimod could promote functional maturation of dendritic cells, but little is known about the regulation of macrophages. Recent studies have demonstrated that M1 or M2 polarized macrophages are of great importance for responses to microorganism infection or host mediators. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pidotimod on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization and its function. The results showed that pidotimod had no influence on M1-polarized macrophage. While interestingly, a significant increase of M2 marker gene expression (Arg1, Fizz1, Ym1, MR) was observed (p < 0.01) in IL-4-induced M2 macrophage treated with pidotimod. In addition, cell surface expression of mannose receptor was dramatically enhanced using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Furthermore, the function of M2 macrophage was also determinated. The results showed that the supernatant of pidotimod-treated M2 macrophage could increase the migration (p < 0.05) and enhance the wound closure rate (p < 0.05) of MLE-12 cells. Collectively, it could be concluded that pidotimod significantly facilitated IL-4-induced M2 macrophage polarization and improves its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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204
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Serotonin modulation of macrophage polarization: inflammation and beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:89-115. [PMID: 25038996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display a ample plethora of effector functions whose acquisition is promoted by the surrounding cytokine and cellular environment. Depending on the stimulus, macrophages become specialized ("polarized") for either pathogen elimination, tissue repair and wound healing or immunosuppression. This "polarization" versatility allows macrophages to critically contribute to tissue homeostasis, as they promote initiation and resolution of inflammatory responses. As a consequence, deregulation of the tissue macrophage polarization balance is an etiological agent of chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer and even obesity and insulin resistance. In the present review we describe current concepts on the molecular basis and the patho-physiological implications of macrophage polarization, and describe its modulation by serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter that regulates inflammation and tissue repair via a large set of receptors (5-HTR1-7). 5-HT modulates the phenotypic and functional polarization of macrophages, and contributes to the maintenance of an anti-inflammatory state mainly via 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7, whose activation has a great impact on macrophage gene expression profile. The identification of 5-HTR2B and 5-HTR7 as functionally-relevant polarization markers suggests their therapeutic value in inflammatory pathologies as well as their potential involvement in linking the immune and nervous systems.
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205
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Kühnemuth B, Mühlberg L, Schipper M, Griesmann H, Neesse A, Milosevic N, Wissniowski T, Buchholz M, Gress TM, Michl P. CUX1 modulates polarization of tumor-associated macrophages by antagonizing NF-κB signaling. Oncogene 2013; 34:177-87. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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206
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Ishimoto T, Sugihara H, Watanabe M, Sawayama H, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Okabe H, Hidaka K, Yokoyama N, Miyake K, Yoshikawa M, Nagano O, Komohara Y, Takeya M, Saya H, Baba H. Macrophage-derived reactive oxygen species suppress miR-328 targeting CD44 in cancer cells and promote redox adaptation. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:1003-11. [PMID: 24318997 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of epithelial malignancies including gastrointestinal cancer and causes resistance to currently available treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate molecular pathways in cancer by targeting various genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of CD44 expression by miRNAs and to develop new molecular targets in gastrointestinal cancer. We performed miRNA screening in six human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and identified three candidate miRNAs that could regulate CD44 expression in gastrointestinal cancer. Among these, we focused on miR-328 and examined its functional relevance using growth assays and cytotoxicity assays. CD44 expression was reduced in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines forced to express miR-328, leading to inhibition of cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and impaired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, induction of CD44 expression by miR-328 inhibitor led to promotion of cancer cell growth. Furthermore, we revealed that ROS produced by macrophages triggered CD44 expression through suppression of miR-328 in gastric cancer cells. Finally, tumor-infiltrating macrophages (CD68 and CD163) were closely related to both miR-328 downregulation and CD44 upregulation in 63 patients with surgically resected gastric cancer. These findings suggest that macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may cause increased CD44 expression through miR-328 suppression, resulting in tumor progression by enhancing ROS defense. miR-328-CD44 signaling mediated by macrophages may thus represent a potential target for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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207
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Mishalian I, Bayuh R, Levy L, Zolotarov L, Michaeli J, Fridlender ZG. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) develop pro-tumorigenic properties during tumor progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1745-56. [PMID: 24092389 PMCID: PMC11028422 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role and characteristics of tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN) in cancer are poorly defined. We have recently shown that TAN can have anti-tumorigenic (N1) or pro-tumorigenic (N2) functions. An interesting unanswered question is how the phenotype of TAN is influenced by the ongoing evolvement of tumor microenvironment. We therefore studied the phenotype and effects of TAN at different time points during tumor progression. We used two models of murine tumor cancer cell lines-Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and AB12 (mesothelioma). Neutrophils were studied at early and late stages and compared to each other and to neutrophils from bone marrow/periphery of naïve mice. Although there was no difference in the number of neutrophils entering the tumor, we found that at early stages of tumor development, neutrophils were almost exclusively at the periphery of the tumor. Only at later stages, neutrophils were also found scattered among the tumor cells. We further found that TAN from early tumors are more cytotoxic toward tumor cells and produce higher levels of TNF-α, NO and H2O2. In established tumors, these functions are down-regulated and TAN acquire a more pro-tumorigenic phenotype. In line with this phenotype, only depletion of neutrophils at later stages of tumor development inhibited tumor growth, possibly due to their central location in the tumor. Our work adds another important layer to the understanding of neutrophils in cancer by further characterizing the changes in TAN during time. Additional research on the functional role of TAN and differences between subsets of TAN is currently underway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/immunology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/immunology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Mishalian
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Bayuh
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liran Levy
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lida Zolotarov
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Janna Michaeli
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi Gregorio Fridlender
- Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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208
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Yang Y, Qin J, Lan L, Li N, Wang C, He P, Liu F, Ni H, Wang Y. M-CSF cooperating with NFκB induces macrophage transformation from M1 to M2 by upregulating c-Jun. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 15:99-107. [PMID: 24100343 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are polarized M2 subtype of macrophage that exerts pro-tumor effects and promote the malignancy of some cancers, but the concrete mechanism is not well defined. Our previous research exhibited that proto-oncogene AP-1 regulated IL-6 expression in macrophages and promoted the formation of M2 macrophages. In this study, we investigate whether extra-cellular stimulus M-CSF help this process or nuclear factor NFκB has a synergistic role in the activation state of polarized M2 subtype of macrophage. RAW 264.7 macrophage and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were co-cultured to reconstruct tumor microenvironment. Being co-cultured with 4T1 or its supernatant, the expression of c-Jun, the member of AP-1 family, has a dramatically increase both on the level of gene and on the protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but the expression of c-Fos does not increase neither on the level of gene nor on the protein. After co-cultured with 4T1, RAW 264.7 has a higher consumption of M-CSF than RAW 264.7 macrophages alone. With the stimulation of M-CSF, the mRNA of c-Jun increased significantly, but decreased remarkably after adding the anti-M-CSF. And at the same time, p50, the member of NFκB family, has a similar tendency to c-Jun. WB results suggest that with the stimulation of M-CSF, p-Jun in nuclear increases heavily but decreases after the neutralizing antibody added. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques confirmed that c-Jun and p50 NFκB coprecipitated, and c-Jun protein expression is properly enhanced with rM-CSF effect. In conclusion, M-CSF induces macrophage transformation by upregulating c-Jun with a certain synergy of NFκB. Our study may present a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Yang
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Junfang Qin
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lan Lan
- Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin Cancer Hospital; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chengfang Wang
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Pengfei He
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Ni
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Medicine; Nankai University; Tianjin, PR China
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209
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Kono Y, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Yamashita F, Hashida M. In vitro evaluation of inhibitory effect of nuclear factor-kappaB activity by small interfering RNA on pro-tumor characteristics of M2-like macrophages. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 37:137-44. [PMID: 24141263 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype (M2) and promote cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is one of the master regulators of macrophage polarization. Here, we investigated the effect of inhibition of NF-κB activity by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the pro-tumor response of macrophages located in the tumor microenvironment in vitro. We used mouse peritoneal macrophages cultured in conditioned medium from colon-26 cancer cells as an in vitro TAM model (M2-like macrophages). Transfection of NF-κB (p50) siRNA into M2-like macrophages resulted in a significant decrease in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-10 (a T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine) and a significant increase of T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6). Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor production and matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression in M2-like macrophages were suppressed by inhibition of NF-κB expression with NF-κB (p50) siRNA. In addition, there was a reduction of arginase mRNA expression and increase in nitric oxide production. The cytokine secretion profiles of macrophages cultured in conditioned medium from either B16BL6 or PAN-02 cancer cells were also converted from M2 to classically activated (M1) macrophages by transfection of NF-κB (p50) siRNA. These results suggest that inhibition of NF-κB activity in M2-like macrophages alters their phenotype toward M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kono
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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210
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Jang JY, Lee JK, Jeon YK, Kim CW. Exosome derived from epigallocatechin gallate treated breast cancer cells suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:421. [PMID: 24044575 PMCID: PMC3848851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) play an important role in tumor microenvironment. Particularly, M2 macrophages contribute to tumor progression, depending on the expression of NF-κB. Tumor-derived exosomes can modulate tumor microenvironment by transferring miRNAs to immune cells. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has well known anti-tumor effects; however, no data are available on the influence of EGCG on communication with cancer cells and TAM. Methods Murine breast cancer cell lines, 4T1, was used for in vivo and ex vivo studies. Exosome was extracted from EGCG-treated 4T1 cells, and the change of miRNAs was screened using microarray. Tumor cells or TAM isolated from murine tumor graft were incubated with exosomes derived from EGCG-treated and/or miR-16 inhibitor-transfected 4T1 cells. Chemokines for monocytes (CSF-1 and CCL-2), cytokines both with high (IL-6 and TGF-β) and low (TNF-α) expression in M2 macrophages, and molecules in NF-κB pathway (IKKα and Iκ-B) were evaluated by RT-qPCR or western blot. Results EGCG suppressed tumor growth in murine breast cancer model, which was associated with decreased TAM and M2 macrophage infiltration. Expression of chemokine for monocytes (CSF-1 and CCL-2) were low in tumor cells from EGCG-treated mice, and cytokines of TAM was skewed from M2- into M1-like phenotype by EGCG as evidenced by decreased IL-6 and TGF-β and increased TNF-α. Ex vivo incubation of isolated tumor cells with EGCG inhibited the CSF-1 and CCL-2 expression. Ex vivo incubation of TAM with exosomes from EGCG-treated 4T1 cells led to IKKα suppression and concomitant I-κB accumulation; increase of IL-6 and TGF-β; and, decrease of TNF-α. EGCG up-regulated miR-16 in 4T1 cells and in the exosomes. Treatment of tumor cells or TAM with exosomes derived from EGCG-treated and miR-16-knock-downed 4T1 cells restored the above effects on chemokines, cytokines, and NF-κB pathway elicited by EGCG-treated exosomes. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that EGCG up-regulates miR-16 in tumor cells, which can be transferred to TAM via exosomes and inhibits TAM infiltration and M2 polarization. We suggest a novel mechanism by which EGCG exerts anti-tumor activity via regulation of TAM in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Jang
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
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211
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Goswami KK, Barik S, Banerjee S, Bhowmick AK, Biswas J, Bose A, Baral R. Supraglottic laryngeal tumor microenvironmental factors facilitate STAT3 dependent pro-tumorigenic switch in tumor associated macrophages to render utmost immune evasion. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:7-17. [PMID: 24029664 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Content of tumor microenvironment (TME) is varied greatly among different types of laryngeal tumors, namely, supraglottic, glottic and subglottic tumors. These three different TMEs shape infiltrating monocytes/macrophages toward M2 genotypes in variable degrees. Results obtained from in vitro studies demonstrated extent of expression of M2 phenotypic features on macrophages was maximum after their exposure to supraglottic laryngeal tumor cell lysates (SLTCL) than glottic or subglottic lysates. Moreover, M2 macrophages generated under influence of SLTCL show less nitric oxide production, greater IL-10: IL-12 ratio and poor antigen presentation. Co-culture of such M2 macrophages with T cells from healthy donors resulted decreased activation of T cells and T cell mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity, than, glottic or subglottic. SLTCL mediated macrophage polarization is STAT3 dependent and might be one of the major factors for severe immune paralysis leading to poor prognosis of supraglottic laryngeal tumor bearer following standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kanti Goswami
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
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212
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Seok SH, Heo JI, Hwang JH, Na YR, Yun JH, Lee EH, Park JW, Cho CH. Angiopoietin-1 elicits pro-inflammatory responses in monocytes and differentiating macrophages. Mol Cells 2013; 35:550-6. [PMID: 23686433 PMCID: PMC3887877 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiopoietin/Tie2 system is an important regulator of angiogenesis and inflammation. In addition to its functions in endothelial cells, Tie2 expression on non-endothelial cells allows for angiopoietin ligands to stimulate the cells. Although Ang1 is a strong Tie2 receptor agonist, little is known regarding the effect of Ang1 on non-endothelial cells, such as monocytes and macrophages. In this study, we found that Ang1 functionally binds to and stimulates monocytes via p38 and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Ang1-mediated monocyte stimulation is associated with proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α expression. We also determined that Ang1 switched macrophage differentiation toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, even in the presence of an anti-inflammatory mediator. These findings suggest that Ang1 plays a role in stimulating pro-inflammatory responses and could provide a new strategy by which to manage inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong-Ik Heo
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | | | - Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | | | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799,
Korea
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213
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Sprinzl MF, Reisinger F, Puschnik A, Ringelhan M, Ackermann K, Hartmann D, Schiemann M, Weinmann A, Galle PR, Schuchmann M, Friess H, Otto G, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Sorafenib perpetuates cellular anticancer effector functions by modulating the crosstalk between macrophages and natural killer cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:2358-68. [PMID: 23424039 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alternatively polarized macrophages (Mϕ) shape the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and temper anticancer immune responses. We investigated if sorafenib alters the HCC microenvironment by restoring classical macrophage polarization and triggering tumor-directed natural killer (NK) cell responses. In vivo experiments were conducted with sorafenib (25 mg/kg)-treated C57BL/6 wildtype as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and lymphotoxin transgenic mice with and without HCC. Monocyte-derived Mϕ or tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) isolated from HCC tissue were treated with sorafenib (0.07-5.0 μg/mL) and cocultured with autologous NK cells. Mϕ and NK cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry and killing assays, respectively. Cytokine and growth factor release was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Short-term administration of sorafenib triggered activation of hepatic NK cells in wildtype and tumor-bearing mice. In vitro, sorafenib sensitized Mϕ to lipopolysaccharide, reverted alternative Mϕ polarization and enhanced IL12 secretion (P = 0.0133). NK cells activated by sorafenib-treated Mϕ showed increased degranulation (15.3 ± 0.2% versus 32.0 ± 0.9%, P < 0.0001) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion (2.1 ± 0.2% versus 8.0 ± 0.2%, P < 0.0001) upon target cell contact. Sorafenib-triggered NK cell activation was verified by coculture experiments using TAM. Sorafenib-treated Mϕ increased cytolytic NK cell function against K562, Raji, and HepG2 target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Neutralization of interleukin (IL)12 or IL18 as well as inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway reversed NK cell activation in Mϕ/NK cocultures. CONCLUSION Sorafenib triggers proinflammatory activity of TAM and subsequently induces antitumor NK cell responses in a cytokine- and NF-κB-dependent fashion. This observation is relevant for HCC therapy, as sorafenib is a compound in clinical use that reverts alternative polarization of TAM in HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:2358-2368).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Franz Sprinzl
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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214
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Tumor-associated macrophages: functional diversity, clinical significance, and open questions. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:585-600. [PMID: 23657835 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is now a well-recognized hallmark of cancer progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the major inflammatory cells that infiltrate murine and human tumors. While epidemiological studies indicate a clear correlation between TAM density and poor prognosis in a number of human cancers, transgenic studies and transcriptome profiling of TAMs in mice have established their crucial role in cancer progression. In fact, TAMs affect diverse aspects of cancer progression including tumor cell growth and survival, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immunoregulation. New evidences have extended the repertoire of these cells to other tumor promoting activities like interactions with cancer stem cells, response to chemotherapy, and tumor relapse. These findings have triggered efforts to target TAMs and their associated molecules to modulate tumor progression. In particular, "re-education" to activate their anti-tumor potential or elimination of tumor promoting TAMs are strategies undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. Proof-of-principle studies indicate that TAM-centered therapeutic strategies may contribute to cancer therapy.
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215
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Rodríguez D, Silvera R, Carrio R, Nadji M, Caso R, Rodríguez G, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V, Torroella-Kouri M. Tumor microenvironment profoundly modifies functional status of macrophages: peritoneal and tumor-associated macrophages are two very different subpopulations. Cell Immunol 2013; 283:51-60. [PMID: 23850963 PMCID: PMC3771500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in the inflammatory response. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that although all macrophage subpopulations in tumor hosts are affected by the disease, it is the close proximity to the tumor that induces major alterations in these cells. We compared tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) with peritoneal macrophages from mice bearing D1-DMBA-3 mammary tumors (T-PEMs). Our results show that TAMs downregulate IL-12p70 but upregulate IL-12p40, IL-23, IL-6 and IL-10. Some NFκB and C/EBP transcription factors family members are decreased in TAMs; however NFκBp50 homodimers, STAT1/pSTAT1 and STAT3/pSTAT3 are overexpressed. Furthermore, while TAMs block T-cell proliferation and are more prone to apoptosis compared to T-PEMs, both types of macrophages have an impaired phagocytic capacity. Moreover, TAMs constitutively express iNOS and produce nitric oxide but do not express arginase and are Gr-1(high) and CD11b(low). Collectively, our analysis of two spatially distinct macrophage subpopulations in tumor-bearing mice revealed that the tumor modulates them differently into two molecularly and functionally dissimilar macrophage subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Risset Silvera
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Roberto Carrio
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mehrdad Nadji
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Raul Caso
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gracielena Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vijaya Iragavarapu-Charyulu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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216
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Casazza A, Di Conza G, Wenes M, Finisguerra V, Deschoemaeker S, Mazzone M. Tumor stroma: a complexity dictated by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2013; 33:1743-54. [PMID: 23604130 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A lot of effort has been done to study how cancer cells react to low-oxygen tension, a condition known as hypoxia. Indeed, abnormal and dysfunctional blood vessels in the tumor are incapable to restore oxygenation, therefore perpetuating hypoxia, which, in turn, will fuel tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to antitumor therapies. Nevertheless, how stromal components including blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes and fibroblasts, as well as hematopoietic cells, respond to low-oxygen tension in comparison with their normoxic counterparts has been a matter of investigation in the last few years only and, to date, this field of research remains poorly understood. In general, opposing phenotypes can arise from the same stromal component when embedded in different tumor microenvironments, and, vice versa, different stromal components can have opposite reaction to the same tumor microenvironment. In this article, we will discuss the emerging link between tumor stroma and hypoxia, and how this complexity is translated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casazza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - G Di Conza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Wenes
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - V Finisguerra
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - S Deschoemaeker
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Mazzone
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
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217
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Experimental evidence of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modulation of inflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipid mediators: their potential role in inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:743171. [PMID: 23691510 PMCID: PMC3652138 DOI: 10.1155/2013/743171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence has emerged over the past years to show the critical role played by inflammation in the pathogenesis of several diseases including some cardiovascular, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative diseases, previously not considered inflammation-related. The anti-inflammatory action of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as well as their potential healthy effects against the development and progression of the same diseases, has been widely studied by our and others' laboratories. As a result, a rethinking is taking place on the possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFAs against these disorders, and, in particular, on the influence that they may exert on the molecular pathways involved in inflammatory process, including the production of inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators active in the resolving phase of inflammation. In the present review we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the modulating effects of ω-3 PUFAs on the production of inflammatory cytokines and proresolving or protective lipid mediators in the context of inflammatory, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neoplastic diseases.
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218
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Goonewardena SN, Zong H, Leroueil PR, Baker JR. Bioorthogonal Chemical Handle for Tracking Multifunctional Nanoparticles. Chempluschem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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219
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Squadrito ML, Etzrodt M, De Palma M, Pittet MJ. MicroRNA-mediated control of macrophages and its implications for cancer. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:350-9. [PMID: 23498847 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) can drive oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis by acting cell-autonomously in cancer cells. However, solid tumors are also infiltrated by large amounts of non-neoplastic stromal cells, including macrophages, which express several active miRNAs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) enhance angiogenic, immunosuppressive, invasive, and metastatic programming of neoplastic tissue and reduce host survival. Here, we review the role of miRNAs (including miR-155, miR-146, and miR-511) in the control of macrophage production and activation, and examine whether reprogramming miRNA activity in TAMs and/or their precursors might be effective for controlling tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Leonardo Squadrito
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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220
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RelB/p50 regulates TNF production in LPS-stimulated dendritic cells and macrophages. Cytokine 2013; 61:736-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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221
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Liu G, Yang H. Modulation of macrophage activation and programming in immunity. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:502-12. [PMID: 22777800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central mediators of the immune, contributing both to the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. The concept of macrophage activation and program has stimulated interest in its definition, and functional significance in homeostasis and diseases. It has been known that macrophages could be differently activated and programmed into different functional subtypes in response to different types of antigen stumuli or different kinds of cytokines present in the microenvironment and could thus profoundly influence immune responses, but little is known about the state and exact regulatory mechanism of macrophage activation and program from cell or molecular signaling level in immunity. In this review, we summarize the recent finding regarding the regulatory mechanism of macrophage activation and program toward M1 and M2, especially on M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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222
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Germano G, Frapolli R, Belgiovine C, Anselmo A, Pesce S, Liguori M, Erba E, Uboldi S, Zucchetti M, Pasqualini F, Nebuloni M, van Rooijen N, Mortarini R, Beltrame L, Marchini S, Fuso Nerini I, Sanfilippo R, Casali PG, Pilotti S, Galmarini CM, Anichini A, Mantovani A, D'Incalci M, Allavena P. Role of macrophage targeting in the antitumor activity of trabectedin. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:249-62. [PMID: 23410977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread interest in macrophages as a therapeutic target in cancer. Here, we demonstrate that trabectedin, a recently approved chemotherapeutic agent, induces rapid apoptosis exclusively in mononuclear phagocytes. In four mouse tumor models, trabectedin caused selective depletion of monocytes/macrophages in blood, spleens, and tumors, with an associated reduction of angiogenesis. By using trabectedin-resistant tumor cells and myeloid cell transfer or depletion experiments, we demonstrate that cytotoxicity on mononuclear phagocytes is a key component of its antitumor activity. Monocyte depletion, including tumor-associated macrophages, was observed in treated tumor patients. Trabectedin activates caspase-8-dependent apoptosis; selectivity for monocytes versus neutrophils and lymphocytes is due to differential expression of signaling and decoy TRAIL receptors. This unexpected property may be exploited in different therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Germano
- Department Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Clinical and Research Institute Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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223
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Thiruchelvam U, Dransfield I, Saunders PTK, Critchley HOD. The importance of the macrophage within the human endometrium. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:217-25. [PMID: 23108100 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is exposed to cyclical fluctuations of ovarian-derived sex steroids resulting in proliferation, differentiation (decidualization), and menstruation. An influx of leukocytes (up to 15% macrophages) occurs during the latter stages of the menstrual cycle, including menses. We believe the endometrial macrophage is likely to play an important role during the menstrual cycle, especially in the context of tissue degradation (menstruation), which requires regulated repair, regeneration, and phagocytic clearance of endometrial tissue debris to re-establish tissue integrity in preparation for fertility. The phenotype and regulation of the macrophage within the endometrium during the menstrual cycle and interactions with other cell types that constitute the endometrium are currently unknown and are important areas of study. Understanding the many roles of the endometrial macrophage is crucial to our body of knowledge concerning functionality of the endometrium as well as to our understanding of disorders of the menstrual cycle, which have major impacts on the health and well-being of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thiruchelvam
- Medical Research Council Centres for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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224
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Low-dose aspirin delays an inflammatory tumor progression in vivo in a transgenic mouse model of neuroblastoma. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1081-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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225
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Chen P, Bonaldo P. Role of macrophage polarization in tumor angiogenesis and vessel normalization: implications for new anticancer therapies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 301:1-35. [PMID: 23317816 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407704-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, is one of the hallmarks of cancer that is pivotal for tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor vessels are known to be abnormal, with typically aberrant, leaky and disordered vessels. Thus, the combination of angiogenesis inhibition and vessel normalization is a potential strategy for anticancer therapy. The solid tumor is composed of not only cancer cells, but also the nonmalignant resident stromal cells, such as bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant cell components of BMDCs, which play a significant role in promoting tumor progression. Accumulating evidences from both patient biopsies and experimental animal models have shown that TAMs function in tumor angiogenesis and vessel abnormalization in a density- and phenotype-dependent manner. This chapter will discuss the evidence for the factors and signaling pathways that are involved in macrophage recruitment and polarization in the tumor microenvironment, and it summarizes the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization in tumor angiogenesis and vessel normalization. In addition, an overview of the potential of targeting TAM polarization for anticancer therapy will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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226
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The inflammatory microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: a pivotal role for tumor-associated macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:187204. [PMID: 23533994 PMCID: PMC3591180 DOI: 10.1155/2013/187204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive human cancers worldwide. HCC is an example of inflammation-related cancer and represents a paradigm of the relation occurring between tumor microenvironment and tumor development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major component of leukocyte infiltrate of tumors and play a pivotal role in tumor progression of inflammation-related cancer, including HCC. Several studies indicate that, in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs acquire an M2-polarized phenotype and promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and suppression of adaptive immunity through the expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteases. Indeed, an established M2 macrophage population has been associated with poor prognosis in HCC. The molecular links that connect cancer cells and TAMs are not completely known, but recent studies have demonstrated that NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 signaling pathways play key roles in this crosstalk. In this paper, we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TAMs in HCC development, highlighting the role of TAM-derived cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the initiation and progression of liver cancer and outlining the signaling pathways involved in the interplay between cancer cells and TAMs.
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227
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Abstract
The role of myelomonocytic cells like monocytes and macrophages as first line of host defense is well established. Recent understanding of these cells using systems biology, transgenesis and in disease models has brought them to a center stage in orchestrating crucial functions during homeostasis and pathogenesis. Thus, understanding the functional diversity of these cells in health and disease as well as the mechanisms that control these events would be crucial for designing strategies for regulating disease and reinstate homeostasis.
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228
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Larghi P, Porta C, Riboldi E, Totaro MG, Carraro L, Orabona C, Sica A. The p50 subunit of NF-κB orchestrates dendritic cell lifespan and activation of adaptive immunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45279. [PMID: 23049782 PMCID: PMC3458114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a central role in keeping the balance between immunity and immune tolerance. A key factor in this equilibrium is the lifespan of DC, as its reduction restrains antigen availability leading to termination of immune responses. Here we show that lipopolysaccharide-driven DC maturation is paralleled by increased nuclear levels of p50 NF-κB, an event associated with DC apoptosis. Lack of p50 in murine DC promoted increased lifespan, enhanced level of maturation associated with increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-18 and IFN-β, enhanced capacity of activating and expanding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo and decreased ability to induce differentiation of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. In agreement, vaccination of melanoma-bearing mice with antigen-pulsed LPS-treated p50−/− BM-DC boosted antitumor immunity and inhibition of tumor growth. We propose that nuclear accumulation of the p50 NF-κB subunit in DC, as occurring during lipopolysaccharide-driven maturation, is a homeostatic mechanism tuning the balance between uncontrolled activation of adaptive immunity and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Larghi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Porta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Riboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Carraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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229
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MiR-146a and NF-κB1 regulate mast cell survival and T lymphocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4432-44. [PMID: 22927641 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00824-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB regulates the expression of a broad number of genes central to immune and inflammatory responses. We identified a new molecular network that comprises specifically the NF-κB family member NF-κB1 (p50) and miR-146a, and we show that in mast cells it contributes to the regulation of cell homeostasis and survival, while in T lymphocytes it modulates T cell memory formation. Increased mast cell survival was due to unbalanced expression of pro- and antiapoptotic factors and particularly to the complete inability of p50-deleted mast cells to induce expression of miR-146a, which in the context of mast cell survival acted as a proapoptotic factor. Interestingly, in a different cellular context, namely, human and mouse primary T lymphocytes, miR-146a and NF-κB p50 did not influence cell survival or cytokine production but rather T cell expansion and activation in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Our data identify a new molecular network important in modulating adaptive and innate immune responses and show how the same activation-induced microRNA (miRNA) can be similarly regulated in different cell types even in response to different stimuli but can still determine very different outcomes, likely depending on the specific transcriptome.
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230
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Chen W, Yuan F, Wang K, Song D, Zhang W. Modulatory effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction from one of anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis on Ana-1 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:739-745. [PMID: 22710292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps sinensis has been used as a precious herbal medicine for thousands of years in China. Its polysaccharide fraction has been confirmed possessing immunomodulatory function and we have reported the acid polysaccharide fraction (APSF), from an anamorph of C. sinensis, has stimulating activity on macrophages. The mechanism still needs to be further elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate the effects of APSF on macrophage's phenotypes, Ana-1 mouse macrophages were polarized to M2 phenotype by culturing the cells with culture supernatant of H22 cells. M2 phenotype was determined by measuring the expression of TNF-α and checking cell surface markers mannose receptor (MR) and scavenger receptor (SR). After cultured with H22 supernatant for 72 h, the TNF-α level of Ana-1 cells was decreased while the SR and MR expressions were up-regulated, suggesting that Ana-1 cells were polarized towards M2 macrophages. Then the effects of APSF on M2 macrophages were investigated by measuring mRNA levels of TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-12 and IL-10. Nuclear NF-κB was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS APSF treatment increased the expressions of TNF-α, IL-12 and iNOS, and reduced the expression of IL-10 of Ana-1 cells. Besides, the expressions of SR and MR were down-regulated by APSF. And the result of Western blotting showed NF-κB level was decreased in M2 macrophages and up-regulated after APSF treatment. CONCLUSIONS APSF may convert M2 macrophages to M1 phenotype by activating NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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231
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Yamamoto K, Ferrari JD, Cao Y, Ramirez MI, Jones MR, Quinton LJ, Mizgerd JP. Type I alveolar epithelial cells mount innate immune responses during pneumococcal pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2450-9. [PMID: 22844121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia results from bacteria in the alveoli. The alveolar epithelium consists of type II cells, which secrete surfactant and associated proteins, and type I cells, which constitute 95% of the surface area and meet anatomic and structural needs. Other than constitutively expressed surfactant proteins, it is unknown whether alveolar epithelial cells have distinct roles in innate immunity. Because innate immunity gene induction depends on NF-κB RelA (also known as p65) during pneumonia, we generated a murine model of RelA mutated throughout the alveolar epithelium. In response to LPS, only 2 of 84 cytokine transcripts (CCL20 and CXCL5) were blunted in lungs of mutants, suggesting that a very limited subset of immune mediators is selectively elaborated by the alveolar epithelium. Lung CCL20 induction required epithelial RelA regardless of stimulus, whereas lung CXCL5 expression depended on RelA after instillation of LPS but not pneumococcus. RelA knockdown in vitro suggested that CXCL5 induction required RelA in type II cells but not type I cells. Sorted cell populations from mouse lungs revealed that CXCL5 was induced during pneumonia in type I cells, which did not require RelA. TLR2 and STING were also induced in type I cells, with RelA essential for TLR2 but not STING. To our knowledge, these data are the first direct demonstration that type I cells, which constitute the majority of the alveolar surface, mount innate immune responses during bacterial infection. These are also, to our knowledge, the first evidence for entirely RelA-independent pathways of innate immunity gene induction in any cell during pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Yamamoto
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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232
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Yang Q, Shi Y, He J, Chen Z. The evolving story of macrophages in acute liver failure. Immunol Lett 2012; 147:1-9. [PMID: 22820147 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) remains a worldwide problem. The innate immune system acts as an important regulator of ALF. Kupffer cells (KCs), the resident macrophages in liver, play a key role in liver innate immune response. Recent researches have shown that macrophages display a remarkable plasticity and can differentiate into functionally diverse subsets. However, the dynamic polarized phenotypes and functional status of macrophages at different stage of ALF are not clear. In this paper, we present a review of evidence that KCs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of ALF, including the phenotype and functions of macrophages, signaling pathways involved in macrophage functional status and cell-crosstalks of KCs with other immune cells. More information on macrophages will promote a better understanding of the cellular molecular mechanisms of ALF and provide new insights for the development of therapeutic targets for ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China.
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233
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Crittenden MR, Cottam B, Savage T, Nguyen C, Newell P, Gough MJ. Expression of NF-κB p50 in tumor stroma limits the control of tumors by radiation therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39295. [PMID: 22761754 PMCID: PMC3386283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy aims to kill cancer cells with a minimum of normal tissue toxicity. Dying cancer cells have been proposed to be a source of tumor antigens and may release endogenous immune adjuvants into the tumor environment. For these reasons, radiation therapy may be an effective modality to initiate new anti-tumor adaptive immune responses that can target residual disease and distant metastases. However, tumors engender an environment dominated by M2 differentiated tumor macrophages that support tumor invasion, metastases and escape from immune control. In this study, we demonstrate that following radiation therapy of tumors in mice, there is an influx of tumor macrophages that ultimately polarize towards immune suppression. We demonstrate using in vitro models that this polarization is mediated by transcriptional regulation by NFκB p50, and that in mice lacking NFκB p50, radiation therapy is more effective. We propose that despite the opportunity for increased antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, the intrinsic processes of repair following radiation therapy may limit the ability to control residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marka R. Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Cottam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Talicia Savage
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Nguyen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pippa Newell
- Providence Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Program, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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234
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Soares-Schanoski A, Jurado T, Córdoba R, Siliceo M, Fresno CD, Gómez-Piña V, Toledano V, Vallejo-Cremades MT, Alfonso-Iñiguez S, Carballo-Palos A, Fernández-Ruiz I, Cubillas-Zapata C, Biswas SK, Arnalich F, García-Río F, López-Collazo E. Impaired antigen presentation and potent phagocytic activity identifying tumor-tolerant human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:331-7. [PMID: 22659741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte exposure to tumor cells induces a transient state in which these cells are refractory to further exposure to cancer. This phenomenon, termed "tumor tolerance", is characterized by a decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines in response to tumors. In the past, we found that this effect comprises IRAK-M up regulation and TLR4 and CD44 activation. Herein we have established a human model of tumor tolerance and have observed a marked down-regulation of MHCII molecules as well as the MHCII master regulator, CIITA, in monocytes/macrophages. These cells combine an impaired capability for antigen presentation with potent phagocytic activity and exhibit an M2-like phenotype. In addition circulating monocytes isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia patients exhibited the same profile as tumor tolerant cells after tumor ex vivo exposition.
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235
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Schmidt T, Ben-Batalla I, Schultze A, Loges S. Macrophage-tumor crosstalk: role of TAMR tyrosine kinase receptors and of their ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1391-414. [PMID: 22076650 PMCID: PMC11115155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ample clinical and preclinical evidence indicates that macrophages interact with tumor cells as well as with virtually all populations of host cells present in the tumor microenvironment. This crosstalk can strongly promote malignancy, but also has in principle the potential to inhibit tumor growth. Thus, it is of the utmost importance to improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving the pro- and antimalignant behavior of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in order to develop better anticancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the biological consequences of reciprocal interactions between TAMs, cancer cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and other leukocyte subfractions within tumors. It was recently elucidated that tumors specifically educate macrophages to secrete growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6), the common ligand of the Tyro3, Axl, Mer receptor (TAMR) family. In turn, Gas6 fosters tumor growth by promoting cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, the Gas6-TAMR axis might represent a novel target for disrupting tumor-macrophage crosstalk. We summarize here what is known about TAMR and their ligands in (human) cancer biology. In order to shed more light on the role of macrophages in human cancer, we additionally provide an overview of what is currently known about the prognostic impact of TAMs in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schultze
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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236
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Bergenfelz C, Medrek C, Ekström E, Jirström K, Janols H, Wullt M, Bredberg A, Leandersson K. Wnt5a induces a tolerogenic phenotype of macrophages in sepsis and breast cancer patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5448-58. [PMID: 22547701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A well-orchestrated inflammatory reaction involves the induction of effector functions and, at a later stage, an active downregulation of this potentially harmful process. In this study we show that under proinflammatory conditions the noncanonical Wnt protein, Wnt5a, induces immunosuppressive macrophages. The suppressive phenotype induced by Wnt5a is associated with induction of IL-10 and inhibition of the classical TLR4-NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, this phenotype closely resembles that observed in reprogrammed monocytes in sepsis patients. The Wnt5a-induced feedback inhibition is active both during in vitro LPS stimulation of macrophages and in patients with sepsis caused by LPS-containing, gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, using breast cancer patient tissue microarrays, we find a strong correlation between the expression of Wnt5a in malignant epithelial cells and the frequency of CD163(+) anti-inflammatory tumor-associated macrophages. In conclusion, our data point out Wnt5a as a potential target for an efficient therapeutic modality in severe human diseases as diverse as sepsis and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bergenfelz
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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237
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Mayi TH, Daoudi M, Derudas B, Gross B, Bories G, Wouters K, Brozek J, Caiazzo R, Raverdi V, Pigeyre M, Allavena P, Mantovani A, Pattou F, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Human adipose tissue macrophages display activation of cancer-related pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21904-13. [PMID: 22511784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a significantly increased risk for cancer suggesting that adipose tissue dysfunctions might play a crucial role therein. Macrophages play important roles in adipose tissue as well as in cancers. Here, we studied whether human adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) modulate cancer cell function. Therefore, ATM were isolated and compared with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from the same obese patients. ATM, but not MDM, were found to secrete factors inducing inflammation and lipid accumulation in human T47D and HT-29 cancer cells. Gene expression profile comparison of ATM and MDM revealed overexpression of functional clusters, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (especially CXC-chemokine) signaling as well as cancer-related pathways, in ATM. Comparison with gene expression profiles of human tumor-associated macrophages showed that ATM, but not MDM resemble tumor-associated macrophages. Indirect co-culture experiments demonstrated that factors secreted by preadipocytes, but not mature adipocytes, confer an ATM-like phenotype to MDM. Finally, the concentrations of ATM-secreted factors related to cancer are elevated in serum of obese subjects. In conclusion, ATM may thus modulate the cancer cell phenotype.
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238
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Zoccoli A, Iuliani M, Pantano F, Imperatori M, Intagliata S, Vincenzi B, Marchetti P, Papapietro N, Denaro V, Tonini G, Santini D. Premetastatic niche: ready for new therapeutic interventions? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16 Suppl 2:S119-29. [PMID: 22443277 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.656092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) localize in premetastatic niche through chemokines and integrins signals and establish clusters that precede the arrival of even single metastatic tumor cell at distant site. CSCs demonstrate an increased metastatic propensity and would seem likely candidates for the acquisition of migratory capabilities and propagation of heterogeneous tumor cell populations to different target organs. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), FOXM1 and Notch pathways and signaling molecules such as integrin and chemokine could dictate their fate. AREAS COVERED In this review, the molecular mechanisms of premetastatic niche onset are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Premetastatic niche is defined as a fertile microenvironment that forms in metastatic target organ and facilitates the invasion, survival and/or proliferation of metastatic tumor cells, providing a novel mechanism for the promotion of metastasis. Drugs targeting premetastatic niche could represent a new promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Zoccoli
- Campus Bio-Medico University, Department of Medical Oncology, Rome, Italy
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239
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Gantke T, Sriskantharajah S, Sadowski M, Ley SC. IκB kinase regulation of the TPL-2/ERK MAPK pathway. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:168-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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240
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Fan P, Zhang JJ, Wang B, Wu HQ, Zhou SX, Wang CY, Zhang JH, Tian Y, Wu HS. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 up-regulates the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in pancreatic cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Pancreatology 2012; 12:170-8. [PMID: 22487528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hypoxia is a common characteristic of solid tumors. Recent studies confirmed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a significant role in cancer invasion and progression. In this study, the correlation between the expression of TLR4 and the change of the protein level of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) was studied. METHODS We examined 84 human pancreatic cancer tissues for expression of HIF-1α and TLR4 proteins. Panc-1 cells were exposed to normoxia (20% O(2)) or hypoxia (<1% O(2)) or treated with CoCl(2). TLR4 protein was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Growth studies were conducted on cells with the HIF-1α inhibition isolated from stable transfected cell lines. Finally, TLR4 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in vivo tumors. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between TLR4 and HIF-1α protein in pancreatic cancer tissues. Hypoxic stress induced TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in Panc-1 cells. Cells transfected with HIF-1α siRNA showed attenuation of hypoxia stress-induced TLR4 expression. In vivo growth decreased in response to TLR4 and HIF-1α inhibiton. Transient HIF-1α siRNA treatment could effectively curb tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TLR4 expression in pancreatic cancer cells is up-regulated via HIF-1α in response to hypoxic stress and underscore the crucial role of HIF-1α-induced TLR4 in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
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241
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Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:787-95. [PMID: 22378047 DOI: 10.1172/jci59643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4369] [Impact Index Per Article: 364.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to IFNs, Toll-like receptor engagement, or IL-4/IL-13 signaling, macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a continuum in a universe of activation states. Progress has now been made in defining the signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying M1-M2 or M2-like polarized activation. Functional skewing of mononuclear phagocytes occurs in vivo under physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy) and in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer). However, in selected preclinical and clinical conditions, coexistence of cells in different activation states and unique or mixed phenotypes have been observed, a reflection of dynamic changes and complex tissue-derived signals. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.
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242
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Abstract
Increasing evidence from epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies suggests that dysregulated inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in a multitude of chronic ailments including cancer. The molecular mechanism(s) by which chronic inflammation drives cancer initiation and promotion include increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, increased expression of oncogenes, COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2), 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), and pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), AP-1 (activator protein 1) and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) that mediate tumour cell proliferation, transformation, metastasis, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance and radioresistance. These inflammation-associated molecules are activated by a number of environmental and lifestyle-related factors including infectious agents, tobacco, stress, diet, obesity and alcohol, which together are thought to drive as much as 90% of all cancers. The present review will focus primarily on the role of various inflammatory intermediates responsible for tumour initiation and progression, and discuss in detail the critical link between inflammation and cancer.
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243
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Chen MC, Chang WW, Kuan YD, Lin ST, Hsu HC, Lee CH. Resveratrol inhibits LPS-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse melanoma model. Innate Immun 2012; 18:685-93. [PMID: 22344225 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912436589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been linked to metastasis. Resveratrol exhibits potential antitumor activities; however, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the EMT of melanoma have not been demonstrated. Here, a new role for LPS in promoting EMT is described. LPS-induced EMT was identified by examining the markers of EMT. To assess the activation of NF-κB signal transduction pathway, we performed a reporter assay by using tumor cells transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of NF-κB response elements. The antitumor effects of resveratrol were evaluated in an experimental mouse metastasis tumor model. LPS increased N-cadherin and Snail expression and decreased zonula occludens-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, LPS stimulated cell migration through activation of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. LPS-induced EMT is critical for inflammation-initiated metastasis. Nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of p65 NF-κB, an important inducer of EMT, were inhibited by resveratrol. Resveratrol inhibited LPS-induced tumor migration and markers of EMT, significantly prolonged animal survival and reduced the tumor size. Thus, resveratrol plays an important role in the inhibition of LPS-induced EMT in mouse melanoma through the down-regulation of NF-κB activity. The data provide an insight into the mechanisms on the function of resveratrol during the processes of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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244
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Schmieder A, Michel J, Schönhaar K, Goerdt S, Schledzewski K. Differentiation and gene expression profile of tumor-associated macrophages. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:289-97. [PMID: 22349514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is composed of proliferating neoplastic cells, a vascular network of endothelial cells, extra cellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, cellular compartments of adaptive immunity like lymphocytes and dendritic cells as well as cells of innate immunity, e.g., natural killer cells and macrophages. Many pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrate an inversed correlation between macrophage infiltrate and patients' prognosis indicating a macrophage supporting role for tumor progression as producers of growth and angiogenic factors and as regulators of tissue remodelling. Based on in vitro models, macrophages have been classified in pro-inflammatory, classically activated macrophages (M1; stimulated by IFN-γ or LPS) and anti-inflammatory, alternatively activated macrophages (M2; stimulated by either IL-4/IL-13, IL-1β/LPS in combination with immune complexes or by IL-10/TGFβ/glucocorticoids). Tumor escape has been linked with a switch from M1 activation in the early tumor initiation process towards M2-like phenotype during tumor progression, a process that highlights the heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophage activation and which offers a possible therapeutic target directed against reversing the TAM phenotype in the tumor. Here, we review different tumor-environmental stimuli and signalling cascades involved in this switch in differentiation and the so connected gene regulation in TAMs. In addition, therapeutic applications deducted from this differentiation and gene regulatory processes are presented. Data from pre-clinical as well as clinical studies clearly support the notion, that TAMs are excellent novel therapeutic targets for the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schmieder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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245
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Wai PY, Kuo PC. Intersecting pathways in inflammation and cancer: Hepatocellular carcinoma as a paradigm. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:15-23. [PMID: 22347691 PMCID: PMC3280348 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection and chemical carcinogens trigger somatic changes resulting in activation of oncogenes during tumor initiation in the development of cancer. However, a critical interaction resides in the synergism between these somatic changes and an inflamed tumor microenvironment where myeloid and hematopoietic cells are subverted to enhance tumor progression. The causative molecular mechanisms leading to the development of hepatocellular cancer remain incompletely understood but appear to result from multiple factors related to direct hepatocyte injury and the ensuing inflammatory changes mediated by the host response to tissue injury, DNA damage, repair of cellular damage, and chronic, repetitive injury. In this review, the molecular and cellular changes that regulate inflammation and tissue repair will be compared to the activated local tumor microenvironment. Cell-cell signaling within this microenvironment that enhances tumor progression and inhibits anti-tumor immunity will be discussed
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Y Wai
- Philip Y Wai, Paul C Kuo, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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246
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Porta C, Riboldi E, Totaro MG, Strauss L, Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophages in cancer and infectious diseases: the 'good' and the 'bad'. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1185-202. [PMID: 21995571 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial orchestrators of host defence and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages are heterogeneous and plastic cells that in response to different microenvironmental signals can mount a broad spectrum of different programs of polarized activation. In different pathological contexts including cancer and infectious diseases, macrophages diversity and plasticity may act as a double-edged sword. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophages recruitment and functional activation allows the identification of valuable targets for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porta
- DiSCAFF, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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247
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Balkwill FR, Mantovani A. Cancer-related inflammation: Common themes and therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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248
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Perelmuter VM, Manskikh VN. Preniche as missing link of the metastatic niche concept explaining organ-preferential metastasis of malignant tumors and the type of metastatic disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:111-8. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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249
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Chen W, Ma T, Shen XN, Xia XF, Xu GD, Bai XL, Liang TB. Macrophage-induced tumor angiogenesis is regulated by the TSC2-mTOR pathway. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1363-72. [PMID: 22287548 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have multifaceted roles in tumor development but they have been associated particularly closely with tumor angiogenesis. However, although the accumulation of TAM (M2 phenotype) promotes tumor angiogenesis, the mechanism through which monocytes differentiate to generate TAM is unclear. Here, we report that the mTOR pathway is a critical element in the regulation of monocyte differentiation to TAM. In human peripheral monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, mTOR was inhibited by rapamycin or activated by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the mTOR repressor tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2). Rapamycin caused the monocytes to differentiate into M1 macrophages releasing more interleukin (IL)-12 and less IL-10, whereas TSC2 knockdown caused the monocytes to differentiate into M2 macrophages releasing less IL-12 and more IL-10. In parallel fashion, angiogenic properties were promoted or reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells cocultured with TSC2-deficient monocytes or rapamycin-treated monocytes, respectively. Furthermore, tumor angiogenesis and growth in murine xenografts were promoted or reduced by infusion of hosts with TSC2-deficient or TSC2-overexpressing monocytes, respectively. Finally, in vivo depletion of macrophages was sufficient to block the antiangiogenic effects of rapamycin on tumors. Our results define the TSC2-mTOR pathway as a key determinant in the differentiation of monocytes into M2 phenotype TAM that promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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250
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Gouw LG, Jones KB, Sharma S, Randall RL. Sarcoma immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:4139-50. [PMID: 24213130 PMCID: PMC3763415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3044139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our knowledge regarding cancer immunotherapy has been derived from sarcoma models. However, translation of preclinical findings to bedside success has been limited in this disease, though several intriguing clinical studies hint at the potential efficacy of this treatment modality. The rarity and heterogeneity of tumors of mesenchymal origin continues to be a challenge from a therapeutic standpoint. Nonetheless, sarcomas remain attractive targets for immunotherapy, as they can be characterized by specific epitopes, either from their mesenchymal origins or specific alterations in gene products. To date, standard vaccine trials have proven disappointing, likely due to mechanisms by which tumors equilibrate with and ultimately escape immune surveillance. More sophisticated approaches will likely require multimodal techniques, both by enhancing immunity, but also geared towards overcoming innate mechanisms of immunosuppression that favor tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Launce G. Gouw
- Departments of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mail: sunil.sharmahciutah.edu (S.S.)
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.J.); (R.L.R.)
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Departments of Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mail: sunil.sharmahciutah.edu (S.S.)
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; E-Mails: (K.B.J.); (R.L.R.)
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