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Liu L, Song Y, Zhao M, Yi Z, Zeng Q. Protective effects of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1745-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Carbone F, Teixeira PC, Braunersreuther V, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Pathophysiology and Treatments of Oxidative Injury in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:460-89. [PMID: 24635113 PMCID: PMC4545676 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Phagocytes play a key role in promoting the oxidative stress after ischemic stroke occurrence. The phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 is a membrane-bound enzyme complex involved in the antimicrobial respiratory burst and free radical production in these cells. RECENT ADVANCES Different oxidants have been shown to induce opposite effects on neuronal homeostasis after a stroke. However, several experimental models support the detrimental effects of NOX activity (especially the phagocytic isoform) on brain recovery after stroke. Therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the neurotoxic ROS and increasing neuroprotective oxidants have recently produced promising results. CRITICAL ISSUES NOX2 might promote carotid plaque rupture and stroke occurrence. In addition, NOX2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by resident and recruited phagocytes enhance cerebral ischemic injury, activating the inflammatory apoptotic pathways. The aim of this review is to update evidence on phagocyte-related oxidative stress, focusing on the role of NOX2 as a potential therapeutic target to reduce ROS-related cerebral injury after stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Radical scavenger compounds (such as Ebselen and Edaravone) are under clinical investigation as a therapeutic approach against stroke. On the other hand, NOX inhibition might represent a promising strategy to prevent the stroke-related injury. Although selective NOX inhibitors are not yet available, nonselective compounds (such as apocynin and fasudil) provided encouraging results in preclinical studies. Whereas additional studies are needed to better evaluate this therapeutic potential in human beings, the development of specific NOX inhibitors (such as monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, or aptamers) might further improve brain recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Braunersreuther
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- 3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland .,2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine , IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy .,3 Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva, Switzerland
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Nash KM, Ahmed S. Nanomedicine in the ROS-mediated pathophysiology: Applications and clinical advances. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:2033-40. [PMID: 26255114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cell physiological functions, but when produced in excess lead to the augmented pathogenesis of various diseases. Among these, ischemia reperfusion injury, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis are particularly important. Since ROS can be counteracted by a variety of antioxidants, natural and synthetic antioxidants have been developed. However, due to the ubiquitous production of ROS in living systems, poor in vivo efficiency of these agents and lack of target specificity, the current clinical modalities to treat oxidative stress damage are limited. Advances in the developing field of nanomedicine have yielded nanoparticles that can prolong antioxidant activity, and target specificity of these agents. This article reviews recent advances in antioxidant nanoparticles and their applications to manage oxidative stress-mediated diseases. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a purely physiological process in many disease conditions. However, excessive and uncontrolled production will lead to oxidative stress and further tissue damage. Advances in nanomedicine have provided many novel strategies to try to combat and counteract ROS. In this review article, the authors comprehensively highlighted the current status and future developments in using nanotechnology for providing novel therapeutic options in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA.
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Vanpeteghem C, Moerman A, De Hert S. Perioperative Hemodynamic Management of Carotid Artery Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 30:491-500. [PMID: 26597466 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneliese Moerman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Hert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Jami MS, Salehi-Najafabadi Z, Ahmadinejad F, Hoedt E, Chaleshtori MH, Ghatrehsamani M, Neubert TA, Larsen JP, Møller SG. Edaravone leads to proteome changes indicative of neuronal cell protection in response to oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:134-41. [PMID: 26232623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death, in neurodegenerative disorders, is mediated through a spectrum of biological processes. Excessive amounts of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), has detrimental effects on neurons leading to cell damage via peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane. Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) has been used for neurological recovery in several countries, including Japan and China, and it has been suggested that Edaravone may have cytoprotective effects in neurodegeneration. Edaravone protects nerve cells in the brain by reducing ROS and inhibiting apoptosis. To gain further insight into the cytoprotective effects of Edaravone against oxidative stress condition we have performed comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)-based proteomic analyses on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to oxidative stress and in combination with Edaravone. We showed that Edaravone can reverse the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 through its specific mechanism. We observed that oxidative stress changes metabolic pathways and cytoskeletal integrity. Edaravone seems to reverse the H2O2-mediated effects at both the cellular and protein level via induction of Peroxiredoxin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Saeid Jami
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, New York, NY, USA; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | | | - Fereshteh Ahmadinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Esthelle Hoedt
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Mahdi Ghatrehsamani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Simon Geir Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St John's University, New York, NY, USA; The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Norway.
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206
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Edaravone protects osteoblastic cells from dexamethasone through inhibiting oxidative stress and mPTP opening. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:51-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liu X, Shao R, Li M, Yang G. Edaravone protects neurons in the rat substantia nigra against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress damage. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1247-54. [PMID: 24948472 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of edaravone in substantia nigra (SN) of the 6-OHDA-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Animal model of Parkinson's disease was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 6-OHDA into the left medial forebrain bundle. Subsequently, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg of edaravone for 14 days or with 3 mg/kg edaravone for 14 days followed by 14 days of no treatment. We evaluated the effect of edaravone on the rotational and normal behavior of the rats, and on the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells, the amount of Nissl bodies, and the levels of glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the SN. Edaravone treatment at 3 mg/kg significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational behavior (P < 0.01), improved the spontaneous behavior, prevented the decrease in the levels of TH-positive cells, Nissl bodies and GSH, and inhibited the increase in the levels of MDA (P < 0.05) in SN of rats with 6-OHDA-induced PD. Edaravone exerted a long-term neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced PD animal model by attenuating changes in the levels of GSH and MDA in SN, caused by oxidative stress. Edaravone prevented 6-OHDA-induced behavioral changes and de-pigmentation of SN that results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Cangzhou City, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, China
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Sakata H, Fujimura M, Mugikura S, Sato K, Tominaga T. Local Vasogenic Edema without Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Direct Revascularization Surgery for Moyamoya Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:e179-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Zhang G, Xia F, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cao Y, Wang L, Liu X, Zhao G, Shi M. Ginsenoside Rd Is Efficacious Against Acute Ischemic Stroke by Suppressing Microglial Proteasome-Mediated Inflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2529-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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210
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Sun YY, Li Y, Wali B, Li Y, Lee J, Heinmiller A, Abe K, Stein DG, Mao H, Sayeed I, Kuan CY. Prophylactic Edaravone Prevents Transient Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Implications for Perioperative Neuroprotection. Stroke 2015; 46:1947-55. [PMID: 26060244 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoperfusion-induced thrombosis is an important mechanism for postsurgery stroke and cognitive decline, but there are no perioperative neuroprotectants to date. This study investigated whether prophylactic application of Edaravone, a free radical scavenger already used in treating ischemic stroke in Japan, can prevent infarct and cognitive deficits in a murine model of transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to transient hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult that consists of 30-minute occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and exposure to 7.5% oxygen. Edaravone or saline was prophylactically applied to compare their effects on cortical oxygen saturation, blood flow, coagulation, oxidative stress, metabolites, and learning-memory using methods that include photoacoustic imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, solid-state NMR, and Morris water maze. The effects on infarct size by Edaravone application at different time points after tHI were also compared. RESULTS Prophylactic administration of Edaravone (4.5 mg/kg×2, IP, 1 hour before and 1 hour after tHI) improved vascular reperfusion, oxygen saturation, and the maintenance of brain metabolites, reducing oxidative stress, thrombosis, white-matter injury, and learning impairment after tHI insult. Delayed Edaravone treatment after 3 h post-tHI became unable to reduce infarct size. CONCLUSIONS Acute application of Edaravone may be a useful strategy to prevent postsurgery stroke and cognitive impairment, especially in patients with severe carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Yikun Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Bushra Wali
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Yuancheng Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Jolly Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Andrew Heinmiller
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Koji Abe
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Donald G Stein
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Hui Mao
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.)
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA (Y.-Y.S., Y.L., J.L., C.-Y.K.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (B.W., D.G.S., I.S.); Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Y.L., H.M.); VisualSonics Inc. Toronto, ON, Canada (A.H.); and Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan (K.A.).
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Aksar AT, Yuksel N, Gok M, Cekmen M, Caglar Y. Neuroprotective effect of edaravone in experimental glaucoma model in rats: a immunofluorescence and biochemical analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:239-44. [PMID: 25938034 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the neuroprotective activity of systemically administered edaravone in early and late stage of experimental glaucoma in rats. METHODS In this study, 60 Wistar albino rats were used. Experimental glaucoma model was created by injecting hyaluronic acid to the anterior chamber once a week for 6wk in 46 of 60 subjects. Fourteen subjects without any medication were included as control group. Edaravone administered intraperitoneally 3 mg/kg/d to the 15 of 30 subjects starting at the onset of glaucoma induction and also administered intraperitoneally 3 mg/kg/d to the other 15 subjects starting at three weeks after the onset of glaucoma induction. The other 16 subjects who underwent glaucoma induction was administered any therapy. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have been marked with dextran tetramethylrhodamine (DTMR) retrograde at the end of the sixth week and after 48h, subjects were sacrificed by the method of cardiac perfusion. Alive RGC density was assessed in the whole-mount retina. Whole-mount retinal tissues homogenized and nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were measured biochemically. RESULTS RGCs counted with Image-Pro Plus program, in the treatment group were found to be statistically significantly protected, compared to the glaucoma group (Bonferroni, P<0.05). The neuroprotective activity of edaravone was found to be more influential by administration at the start of the glaucoma process. Statistically significant lower NO levels were determined in the glaucoma group comparing treatment groups (Bonferroni, P<0.05). MDA levels were found to be highest in untreated glaucoma group, TAC levels were found to be lower in the glaucoma induction groups than the control group (Bonferroni, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Systemic administration of Edaravone in experimental glaucoma showed potent neuroprotective activity. The role of oxidative stress causing RGC damage in glaucoma was supported by this study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Toruk Aksar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli 41200, Turkey
| | - Nursen Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli 41200, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Health-Ordu University Research and Training Hospital, Ordu 52000, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cekmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli 41200, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Caglar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli 41200, Turkey
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Yamashita T, Sato T, Sakamoto K, Ishii H, Yamamoto J. The free-radical scavenger edaravone accelerates thrombolysis with alteplase in an experimental thrombosis model. Thromb Res 2015; 135:1209-13. [PMID: 25908261 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reperfusion injury after thrombolytic therapy can have adverse neurologic effects. The free-radical scavenger edaravone is used in combination with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator alteplase to treat acute ischemic stroke. However, basic investigations of this combination use remain inadequate. Here, we used an in vivo model to investigate the effects of edaravone on alteplase-induced thrombolysis. METHODS Thrombolysis was evaluated by using a He-Ne-laser-induced thrombosis model in rat mesenteric microvessels. Changes in thrombus volume were analyzed with the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, USA). There were three experimental groups (placebo, alteplase 0.6 mg/kg, alteplase 0.6 mg/kg + edaravone 10.5 mg/kg). Sequential changes (0 to 60 min) in thrombus volume were compared by using a relative optical density method that we had used previously. RESULTS In the placebo group, the thrombus volume at 60 min, reflecting the extent of thrombolysis, was 97.2% ± 5.7% of the initial value. In the alteplase group, thrombus volume decreased to 70.7% ± 4.1% (P<0.01) after 20 min and 14.2% ± 6.6% after 60 min. In the alteplase+edaravone group, thrombus volume decreased to 66.9% ± 7.2% (P<0.001) after 10 min and 10.9% ± 2.3% after 60 min. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that edaravone accelerates thrombolysis by alteplase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Yamashita
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takumi Sato
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kumi Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Ishii
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Medical Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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213
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Protective effects of edaravone combined puerarin on inhalation lung injury induced by black gunpowder smog. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 26:125-32. [PMID: 25754765 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of puerarin with edaravone on inhalation lung injury induced by black gunpowder smog. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (control group, edaravone group, puerarin group, edaravone combined with puerarin group and inhalation group). The severity of pulmonary injuries was evaluated after inducing acute lung injury. Arterial blood gas, inflammatory cytokines, biochemical, parameters, cell counting, W/D weight ratio and histopathology were analyzed. Results in lung tissues, either edaravone or puerarin treatment alone showed significant protective effects against neutrophil infiltration and tissue injury, as demonstrated by myeloperoxidase activity and histopathological analysis (all p<0.05). In addition, combined treatment with both edaravone and puerarin demonstrated additive protective effects on smog-induced lung injury, compared with single treatment. CONCLUSIONS Combination of edaravone and puerarin shows promise as a new treatment option for acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome patients.
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Smith CJ, Denes A, Tyrrell PJ, Di Napoli M. Phase II anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs for acute ischaemic stroke. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:623-43. [PMID: 25727670 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of adult neurological disability. Despite advances in stroke unit care, and increasing use of thrombolysis, there remains an urgent need for safe and effective treatments for acute ischaemic stroke. However, this is against a backdrop of multiple failures in translational drug development. Cerebral ischaemia initiates a complex cascade of immune and inflammatory pathways in the brain microvasculature and periphery, which contribute to the evolution of cerebral injury, resolution and repair. Targeting specific inflammatory or immune pathways, therefore, represents an attractive treatment strategy in acute ischaemic stroke. Although anti-inflammatory drugs have already failed in clinical trial development, several are currently at the Phase II developmental stage. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight several candidate drugs, which modulate a range of inflammatory and immune pathways, and have been investigated in pre-clinical and Phase II studies to date. EXPERT OPINION Drugs targeting inflammatory and immune pathways offer theoretical advantages including potentially longer therapeutic time windows and effects complementary to thrombolysis (ameliorating reperfusion injury). Fundamental changes in the approach to pre-clinical and clinical drug development are required to facilitate successful translation of promising candidate drugs into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Smith
- Greater Manchester Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Department of Medical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Foundation Trust , Salford , UK
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215
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MIYAJI Y, YOSHIMURA S, SAKAI N, YAMAGAMI H, EGASHIRA Y, SHIRAKAWA M, UCHIDA K, KAGEYAMA H, TOMOGANE Y. Effect of edaravone on favorable outcome in patients with acute cerebral large vessel occlusion: subanalysis of RESCUE-Japan Registry. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2015; 55:241-7. [PMID: 25739433 PMCID: PMC4533339 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The data of the nationwide prospective registry of acute cerebral large vessel occlusion (LVO; RESCUE-Japan Registry) were analyzed to know the effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on clinical outcome at 90 days after onset. In this registry, patients with acute cerebral LVO admitted within 24 h after onset were prospectively registered. The effect of various factors including endovascular treatment (EVT), intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA), and other medication including edaravone on favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale 0-1) was analyzed. Of the 1,454 registered patients, 1,442 patients (99.2%) had the information of edaravone were analyzed. In total, edaravone group had more patients with favorable outcome compared to non-edaravone group (22.9% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.0006). Edaravone increased favorable outcome in patients treated with IV rt-PA (29.4% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.0107), but not with EVT (21.2% vs. 13.9%, p = 0.309). Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission [odds ratio (OR) 0.875, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.858-0.894] and advanced age (OR 0.963, 95%CI 0.952-0.975) were significantly related to unfavorable outcome. In contrast, IV rt-PA (OR 2.489, 95%CI 1.867-3.319), EVT (OR 1.375, 95%CI 1.013-1.865), and edaravone (OR 1.483, 95%CI 1.027-2.143) were significantly associated with favorable outcome. This analysis indicated that IV rt-PA, EVT, and edaravone were effective to obtain favorable outcome in patients with acute LVO. Combination IV rt-PA with edaravone was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki MIYAJI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
| | - Shinichi YOSHIMURA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
| | - Nobuyuki SAKAI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo
| | - Hiroshi YAMAGAMI
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka
| | - Yusuke EGASHIRA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu
| | - Manabu SHIRAKAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
| | - Kazutaka UCHIDA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
| | - Hirohito KAGEYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
| | - Yusuke TOMOGANE
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo
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216
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Jia M, Njapo SAN, Rastogi V, Hedna VS. Taming glutamate excitotoxicity: strategic pathway modulation for neuroprotection. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25633850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been carried out in recent years showing that elevated glutamate levels in the extracellular environment of the central nervous system play a pivotal role in neurodegeneration in acute CNS injuries. With the elucidation of the mechanism governing glutamate excitotoxicity, researchers are devising therapeutic strategies to target different parts of the pathway which begins with glutamate accumulation and ultimately results in neuronal cell death. In this article, we review some of the major classes of agents that are currently being investigated and highlight some of the key studies for each. Glutamate scavenging is a relatively new approach that directly decreases glutamate levels in the brain, thus preventing excitotoxicity. Nitric oxide inhibitors and free radical scavengers are more well-studied strategies that continue to yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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217
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Inaba T, Katayama Y, Ueda M, Nito C. Neuroprotective effects of pretreatment with macrolide antibiotics on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Neurol Res 2015; 37:514-24. [PMID: 25591422 DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine if macrolide antibiotics have neuroprotective effects against transient cerebral ischemia. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cerebral ischemia for 90 minutes followed by 24 or 72 hours of reperfusion. An oral suspension of roxithromycin (RXM), clarithromycin (CAM), erythromycin (EM), azithromycin (AZM), or kitasamycin (INN) was given at 10 or 100 mg/kg for 7 days before ischemia. The infarct volume, edema volume, and neurological performance were evaluated after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system after 90 minutes of ischemia. Another experiment was conducted to investigate how the ischemic injury was affected by the interval from the antibiotic pretreatment to the ischemia in rats pretreated with CAM. RESULTS Roxithromycin, CAM, AZM, and INN significantly reduced the infarct volume in the high-dose group after 24 and 72 hours of reperfusion. All of the agents significantly decreased the edema in the high-dose groups at 24 and 72 hours, while only CAM and AZM significantly reduced the edema volume in the low-dose groups at 24 hours. All of the macrolide antibiotics at the high dose significantly improved neurological deficit scores at 24 and 72 hours. There were no differences in the CBF between the vehicle and respective antibiotic groups. In the experiment examining the interval, the 24-hour interval group exhibited the strongest neuroprotective effect. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that the macrolide antibiotics RXM, CAM, EM, AZM, and INN may confer neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage following cerebral ischemia without affecting the CBF.
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218
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Hata K, Urushibara A, Yamashita S, Lin M, Muroya Y, Shikazono N, Yokoya A, Fu H, Katsumura Y. Chemical repair activity of free radical scavenger edaravone: reduction reactions with dGMP hydroxyl radical adducts and suppression of base lesions and AP sites on irradiated plasmid DNA. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:59-66. [PMID: 25212600 PMCID: PMC4572592 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) with deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP) hydroxyl radical adducts were investigated by pulse radiolysis technique. Edaravone was found to reduce the dGMP hydroxyl radical adducts through electron transfer reactions. The rate constants of the reactions were greater than 4 × 10(8) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) and similar to those of the reactions of ascorbic acid, which is a representative antioxidant. Yields of single-strand breaks, base lesions, and abasic sites produced in pUC18 plasmid DNA by gamma ray irradiation in the presence of low concentrations (10-1000 μmol dm(-3)) of edaravone were also quantified, and the chemical repair activity of edaravone was estimated by a method recently developed by the authors. By comparing suppression efficiencies to the induction of each DNA lesion, it was found that base lesions and abasic sites were suppressed by the chemical repair activity of edaravone, although the suppression of single-strand breaks was not very effective. This phenomenon was attributed to the chemical repair activity of edaravone toward base lesions and abasic sites. However, the chemical repair activity of edaravone for base lesions was lower than that of ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniki Hata
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakatashirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ayumi Urushibara
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuenchou, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamashita
- Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakatashirane, Tokai-mura, Nakagun, Ibaraki 319-1188, Japan
| | - Mingzhang Lin
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yusa Muroya
- Department of Beam Materials Science, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Naoya Shikazono
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizukawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakatashirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Haiying Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physcs, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201800, P.R. China
| | - Yosuke Katsumura
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan Nuclear Professional School, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakatashirane, Tokai-mura, Nakagun, Ibaraki 319-1188, Japan
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219
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Purohit VB, Karad SC, Patel KH, Raval DK. Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed regioselective C–H halogenation of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones using N-halosuccinimides (NXS). Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complex of vitamin B1 was prepared and employed for regioselective C–H halogenation of 1-aryl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones using N-halosuccinimides.
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220
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Dohare P, Hyzinski-García MC, Vipani A, Bowens NH, Nalwalk JW, Feustel PJ, Keller RW, Jourd'heuil D, Mongin AA. The neuroprotective properties of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol correlate with its ability to reduce pathological glutamate release in a rodent model of stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:168-82. [PMID: 25224033 PMCID: PMC4258548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of oxidative stress to ischemic brain damage is well established. Nevertheless, for unknown reasons, several clinically tested antioxidant therapies have failed to show benefits in human stroke. Based on our previous in vitro work, we hypothesized that the neuroprotective potency of antioxidants is related to their ability to limit the release of the excitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate. We explored the effects of two antioxidants, tempol and edaravone, on amino acid release in the brain cortex, in a rat model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo). Amino acid levels were quantified using a microdialysis approach, with the probe positioned in the ischemic penumbra as verified by a laser Doppler technique. Two-hour MCAo triggered a dramatic increase in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, taurine, and alanine. Microdialysate delivery of 10mM tempol reduced the amino acid release by 60-80%, whereas matching levels of edaravone had no effect. In line with these data, an intracerebroventricular injection of tempol but not edaravone (500 nmol each, 15 min before MCAo) reduced infarction volumes by ~50% and improved neurobehavioral outcomes. In vitro assays showed that tempol was superior at removing superoxide anion, whereas edaravone was more potent at scavenging hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite. Overall, our data suggest that the neuroprotective properties of tempol are probably related to its ability to reduce tissue levels of the superoxide anion and pathological glutamate release and, in such a way, limit progression of brain infarction within ischemic penumbra. These new findings may be instrumental in developing new antioxidant therapies for treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - María C Hyzinski-García
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Aarshi Vipani
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicole H Bowens
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julia W Nalwalk
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Richard W Keller
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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221
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Uchiyama M, Tojo K, Yazawa T, Ota S, Goto T, Kurahashi K. Edaravone prevents lung injury induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. J Surg Res 2014; 194:551-557. [PMID: 25481526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung injury is a major clinical concern after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), due to the production of reactive oxygen species in the reperfused liver. We investigated the efficacy of edaravone, a potent free-radical scavenger, for attenuating lung injury after hepatic I/R. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham + normal saline (NS), I/R + NS, or I/R + edaravone group. Rats in the I/R groups were subjected to 90 min of partial hepatic I/R. Five minutes before reperfusion, 3 mg/kg edaravone was administered to the I/R + edaravone group. After 6 h of reperfusion, we evaluated lung histopathology and wet-to-dry ratio. We also measured malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, in the liver and the lung, as well as cytokine messenger RNA expressions in the reperfused liver and plasma cytokine concentrations. RESULTS Histopathology revealed lung damages after 6 h reperfusion of partial ischemic liver. Moreover, a significant increase in lung wet-to-dry ratio was observed. MDA concentration increased in the reperfused liver, but not in the lungs. Edaravone administration attenuated the lung injury and the increase of MDA in the reperfused liver. Edaravone also suppressed the reperfusion-induced increase of interleukin-6 messenger RNA expressions in the liver and plasma interleukin-6 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Edaravone administration before reperfusion of the ischemic liver attenuates oxidative stress in the reperfused liver and the subsequent lung injury. Edaravone may be beneficial for preventing lung injury induced by hepatic I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehito Uchiyama
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tojo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Yazawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ota
- Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Goto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoyasu Kurahashi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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222
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Shang H, Cui D, Yang D, Liang S, Zhang W, Zhao W. The radical scavenger edaravone improves neurologic function and perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 24:215-22. [PMID: 25440340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative injury caused by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the progression of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that the free radical scavenger edaravone may prevent neuronal injury and brain edema after ICH. However, the influence of edaravone on cerebral metabolism in the early stages after ICH and the underlying mechanism have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of edaravone on perihematomal glucose metabolism using (18)F-fluorordeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Additionally, the neurologic deficits, brain edemas, and cell death that followed ICH were quantitatively analyzed. After blood infusion, the rats treated with edaravone showed significant improvement in both forelimb placing and corner turn tests compared with those treated with vehicle. Moreover, the brain water content of the edaravone-treated group was significantly decreased compared with that of the vehicle group on day 3 after ICH. PET/CT images of ICH rats exhibited obvious decreases in FDG standardized uptake values in perihematomal region on day 3, and the lesion-to-normal ratio of the edaravone-treated ICH rats was significantly increased compared with that of the control rats. Calculation of the brain injury volumes from the PET/CT images revealed that the volumes of the blood-induced injuries were significantly smaller in the edaravone group compared with the vehicle group. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assays performed 3 days after ICH revealed that the numbers of apoptotic cells in perihematomal region of edaravone-treated ICH rats were decreased relative to the vehicle group. Thus, the present study demonstrates that edaravone has scavenging properties that attenuate neurologic behavioral deficits and brain edema in the early period of ICH. Additionally, edaravone may improve cerebral metabolism around the hematoma by attenuating apoptotic cell death after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Derong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Micro PET/CT Research Center, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Takenaka K, Kato M, Yamauti K, Hayashi K. Simultaneous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and edaravone in acute cerebral ischemic stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:2748-2752. [PMID: 25307430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 1052 patients admitted to our hospital because of cerebral infarction between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2010, we report the treatment outcomes of 48 patients (4.6% of all patients) who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy (simultaneously combined with edaravone) within 3 hours after the onset of infarction. Twenty (41.7%) patients started receiving edaravone before rt-PA administration, and 28 patients (58.3%) started receiving rt-PA and edaravone simultaneously. The patients had an average age of 73.5 years (range, 55-93 years; male:female, 32:16). Medical histories included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, arterial fibrillation, and a smoking history in 23 (47.8%), 7 (14.6%), 8 (16.7%), 29 (60.4%), and 8 (16.7%) of patients, respectively. Regarding the treatment outcome of the therapy, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, which was 15 points before rt-PA administration, showed a statistically significant improvement to 8 points after rt-PA administration (P < .001). The modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days after treatment were as follows: 0 in 12 patients (25.0%), 1 in 11 patients (22.9%), 2 in 7 patients (14.6%), 3 in 5 patients (10.4%), 4 in 6 patients (12.5%), 5 in 5 patients (10.4%), and 6 in 2 patients (4.2%). The occluded blood vessel reopened completely in 30 patients (62.5%) and partially in 5 patients (10.4%). Asymptomatic hemorrhage over the entire brain developed in 2 patients (4.2%). Thus, rt-PA therapy in combination with edaravone improved the recanalization rate, reduced the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, and improved functional prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunobu Takenaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama, Japan.
| | - Masayasu Kato
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama, Japan
| | - Keita Yamauti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Takayama Red Cross Hospital, Takayama, Japan
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224
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Oktay S, Alev B, Tunali S, Emekli-Alturfan E, Tunali-Akbay T, Koc-Ozturk L, Yanardag R, Yarat A. Edaravone ameliorates the adverse effects of valproic acid toxicity in small intestine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:654-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114554047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a drug used for the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar psychiatric disorders, and migraine. Previous studies have reported an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the toxic mechanism of VPA. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger for clinical use, can quench free radical reaction by trapping a variety of free radical species. In this study, effect of edaravone on some small intestine biochemical parameters in VPA-induced toxicity was investigated. Thirty seven Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly divided into four groups. The groups include control group, edaravone (30 mg–1 kg–1 day–1) given group, VPA (0.5 g–1 kg–1 day–1) given group, VPA + edaravone (in same dose) given group. Edaravone and VPA were given intraperitoneally for 7 days. Biochemical parameters such as malondialdehyde, as an index of lipid peroxidation(LPO), sialic acid (SA), glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase, glutathione- S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tissue factor (TF) activities were determined in small intestine samples by colorimetric methods. Decreased small intestine antioxidant enzyme activities, increased LPO and SA levels, and increased activities of ALP and TF were detected in the VPA group. Based on our results edaravone may be suggested to reverse the oxidative stress and inflammation due to VPA-induced small intestine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oktay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - B Alev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Tunali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Tunali-Akbay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Koc-Ozturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - R Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Yarat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Nisantasi, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abe K, Itoyama Y, Sobue G, Tsuji S, Aoki M, Doyu M, Hamada C, Kondo K, Yoneoka T, Akimoto M, Yoshino H. Confirmatory double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of edaravone (MCI-186) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15:610-7. [PMID: 25286015 PMCID: PMC4266079 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2014.959024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to confirm the efficacy and safety of edaravone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. We conducted a 36-week confirmatory study, consisting of 12-week pre-observation period followed by 24-week treatment period. Patients received placebo or edaravone i.v. infusion over 60 min for the first 14 days in cycle 1, and for 10 of the first 14 days during cycles 2 to 6. The efficacy primary endpoint was changed in the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) scores during the 24-week treatment. Patients were treated with placebo (n = 104) and edaravone (n = 102). Changes in ALSFRS-R during the 24-week treatment were -6.35 ± 0.84 in the placebo group (n = 99) and -5.70 ± 0.85 in the edaravone group (n = 100), with a difference of 0.65 ± 0.78 (p = 0.411). Adverse events amounted to 88.5% (92/104) in the placebo group and 89.2% (91/102) in the edaravone group. In conclusion, the reduction of ALSFRS-R was smaller in the edaravone group than in the placebo group, but efficacy of edaravone for treatment of ALS was not demonstrated. Levels and frequencies of reported adverse events were similar in the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Hospital , Okayama
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Tobin MK, Bonds JA, Minshall RD, Pelligrino DA, Testai FD, Lazarov O. Neurogenesis and inflammation after ischemic stroke: what is known and where we go from here. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1573-84. [PMID: 25074747 PMCID: PMC4269726 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting millions of people worldwide every year. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of stroke are not fully understood but there is increasing evidence demonstrating the contribution of inflammation to the drastic changes after cerebral ischemia. This inflammation not only immediately affects the infarcted tissue but also causes long-term damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the interaction between inflammation and subsequent neurogenesis is not well understood but the close relationship between these two processes has garnered significant interest in the last decade or so. Current approved therapy for stroke involving pharmacological thrombolysis is limited in its efficacy and new treatment strategies need to be investigated. Research aimed at new therapies is largely about transplantation of neural stem cells and using endogenous progenitor cells to promote brain repair. By understanding the interaction between inflammation and neurogenesis, new potential therapies could be developed to further establish brain repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Tobin
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [3] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bonds
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Katayama Y, Inaba T, Nito C, Ueda M, Katsura K. Neuroprotective effects of erythromycin on cerebral ischemia reperfusion-injury and cell viability after oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured neuronal cells. Brain Res 2014; 1588:159-67. [PMID: 25264351 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine if erythromycin has neuroprotective effects against transient ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured neuronal cells. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 min, followed by reperfusion. The animals received a subcutaneous single injection of erythromycin lactobionate (EM, 50mg/kg) or vehicle immediately after ischemia. Infarct volume, edema index, and neurological performance were evaluated at 24 and 72 h after reperfusion. Immunohistochemical analyses for oxidative stress (4-HNE, 8-OHdG) and inflammation (Iba-1, TNF-α) were conducted in the cortex at 24h. Primary cortical neuronal cell cultures were prepared from the cerebral cortices of the animals and then subjected to OGD for 3h. Ten or 100 μM EM was added before OGD to determine the effect of EM on cell viability after OGD. EM significantly reduced infarct volume (p<0.01) and edema volume (p<0.05) and improved neurological deficit scores (p<0.05) at 24 and 72 h. EM significantly suppressed the accumulation of 4-HNE (p<0.01) and 8-OHdG (p<0.01) and markedly reduced Iba-1 (p<0.01) and TNF-α expression (p<0.01). Treatment with 100 μM EM in vitro significantly reduced cell death after OGD. EM reduces neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia and OGD and may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Katayama
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Tokyo General Hospital, 3-15-2 Ekoda, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 165-8906, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Inaba
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Katsura
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
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228
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Li JM, Zhang P, Zhao YN, Chen CX, Li SX. Protective effects of edaravone on diffuse brain injury in rats. World J Emerg Med 2014; 2:222-7. [PMID: 25215014 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone can alleviate brain injury and improve neurological functions and symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of edaravone on the p38Mitogen-activated protein kinases/Caspase-3 (p38MAPK /Caspase-3) pathway after diffuse brain injury (DBI) in rats. METHODS DBI models were established according to the description of Marmarou's method. A total of 250 rats were divided (random number) into four groups: control group (CG, n=45), model group (MG, n=77), low-dose edaravone group (n=67, dosage 5 mg/kg) and high-dose edaravone group (n=61, dosage 10 mg/kg). After 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, brain tissues were collected. The changes of neuron morphous in the hippocampal region were observed through Nissl staining. The expression levels of phosphorylated p38MAPK and caspase-3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting respectively. Learning and memory function were tested with Morris water maze from the 3rd to 7th day after injury. RESULTS Some neurons had histopathologic changes of necrosis and apoptosis in the model group compared with the control group. The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions increased at 1, 6, 4, and 48 hours (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed at 72 hours (0.54±0.19 vs. 0.40±0.14, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expressions increased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at 1 hour (0.59±0.29 vs. 0.40±0.17, P>0.05). From the 3rd to 6th day during the Morris water maze test, the latency to find the platform was significantly prolonged (P<0.05) and times of rats crossing the platform was decreased on the 7th day (2.28±1.18 vs. 8.20±1.52, P<0.05). The phosphorylated p38MAPK expressions decreased at 6, 24 and 48 hours respectively in the low dose edaravone group compared with the model group (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was seen at 1 hour (1.66±0.80 vs. 1.85±0.86, P>0.05). Caspase-3 expression decreased at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours (P<0.05). The latency to find the platform was significantly shortened (P<0.05), and times of rats crossing the platform increased (4.17±1.15 vs. 2.28±1.18, P<0.05). The above mentioned parameters changed more significantly in the high-dose edaravone group than in the low-dose edaravone group. CONCLUSION Edaravone can alleviate brain tissue damage after DBI, inhibit p38MAP signal activation after early injury, reduce the expression of caspase-3, and promote the recovery of neurological function in the late period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Ya-Ning Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shu-Xing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Northern China Coal Medical College, Tangshan 063000, China
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229
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Changes in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in human herpesvirus-6-associated acute encephalopathy/febrile seizures. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:564091. [PMID: 25294958 PMCID: PMC4177780 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection, we measured the levels of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL), tau protein, and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from patients with HHV-6-associated acute encephalopathy (HHV-6 encephalopathy) (n = 16) and complex febrile seizures associated with HHV-6 (HHV-6 complex FS) (n = 10). We also examined changes in CSF-8OHdG and CSF-HEL levels in patients with HHV-6 encephalopathy before and after treatment with edaravone, a free radical scavenger. CSF-8-OHdG levels in HHV-6 encephalopathy and HHV-6 complex FS were significantly higher than in control subjects. In contrast, CSF-HEL levels showed no significant difference between groups. The levels of total tau protein in HHV-6 encephalopathy were significantly higher than in control subjects. In six patients with HHV-6 infection (5 encephalopathy and 1 febrile seizure), the CSF-8-OHdG levels of five patients decreased after edaravone treatment. Our results suggest that oxidative DNA damage is involved in acute encephalopathy associated with HHV-6 infection.
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230
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Yanagida T, Fujimoto S, Inoue T, Suzuki S. Causes of prehospital delay in stroke patients in an urban aging society. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcgg.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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231
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Yoshitomi T, Nagasaki Y. Reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1149-61. [PMID: 24482427 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This Progress Report describes a development of two types of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging nanomedicines for the treatment of oxidative stress injuries, referred to as pH-sensitive redox nanoparticle (RNP(N) ) and pH-insensitive redox nanoparticle (RNP(O) ), which are prepared by self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymers possessing nitroxide radicals as a side chain of hydrophobic segment via amine and ether linkages, respectively. Due to a protonation of amino groups in hydrophobic core, RNP(N) disintegrates in low pH environments such as ischemic, inflamed, and tumor tissues, resulting in increased ROS-scavenging activity because of the exposed nitroxide radicals from the core. Utilizing pH-responsiveness of RNP(N) , it shows remarkable therapeutic effects on oxidative stress injuries such as renal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries after intravenous administration. Moreover, RNP(N) shows an enhancement of the activity of anticancer drugs by suppression of activation of transcription factors in tumor due to the ROS scavenging. On the other hand, orally administered RNP(O) has notable characteristics such as preferential accumulation in mucosa and inflamed area of gastrointestinal tract and no uptake into blood stream. Based on these characters, RNP(O) shows a remarkable therapeutic effect for the gastrointestinal inflammation without any adverse effects. Thus, ROS-scavenging nanomedicines have therapeutic efficacy in numerous oxidative stress diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku 7-3-1 Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
- Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
- Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); University of Tsukuba; Tennoudai 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8573 Japan
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232
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Wada T, Yasunaga H, Inokuchi R, Horiguchi H, Fushimi K, Matsubara T, Nakajima S, Yahagi N. Effects of edaravone on early outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:106-11. [PMID: 25085762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether edaravone could improve early outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. We identified patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke from 1 July 2010 to 31 March 2012 and treated with rtPA on the same day of stroke onset or the following day. Thereafter, we selected those who received edaravone on the same day of rtPA administration (edaravone group), and those who received rtPA without edaravone (control group). The primary outcomes were modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at discharge. One-to-one propensity-score matching was performed between the edaravone and control groups. An ordinal logistic regression analysis for mRS scores at discharge was performed with adjustment for possible variables as well as clustering of patients within hospitals using a generalized estimating equation. RESULTS We identified 6336 eligible patients for inclusion in the edaravone group (n=5979; 94%) and the control group (n=357; 6%) as the total population. In 356 pairs of the propensity-matched population, the ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that edaravone was significantly associated with lower mRS scores of patients at discharge (adjusted odds ratio: 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Edaravone may improve early outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with rtPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Wada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ryota Inokuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Horiguchi
- Department of Clinical Data Management and Research, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Headquarters, 2-5-21 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8621, Japan.
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Care Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takehiro Matsubara
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Susumu Nakajima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yahagi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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Oxidative Stress and the Use of Antioxidants in Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:472-501. [PMID: 26785066 PMCID: PMC4665418 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent interruption of cerebral blood flow by occlusion of a cerebral artery gives rise to an ischaemic stroke leading to irreversible damage or dysfunction to the cells within the affected tissue along with permanent or reversible neurological deficit. Extensive research has identified excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death as key contributory pathways underlying lesion progression. The cornerstone of treatment for acute ischaemic stroke remains reperfusion therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). The downstream sequelae of events resulting from spontaneous or pharmacological reperfusion lead to an imbalance in the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) over endogenous anti-oxidant protection strategies. As such, anti-oxidant therapy has long been investigated as a means to reduce the extent of injury resulting from ischaemic stroke with varying degrees of success. Here we discuss the production and source of these ROS and the various strategies employed to modulate levels. These strategies broadly attempt to inhibit ROS production or increase scavenging or degradation of ROS. While early clinical studies have failed to translate success from bench to bedside, the combination of anti-oxidants with existing thrombolytics or novel neuroprotectants may represent an avenue worthy of clinical investigation. Clearly, there is a pressing need to identify new therapeutic alternatives for the vast majority of patients who are not eligible to receive rt-PA for this debilitating and devastating disease.
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234
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The synergetic effect of edaravone and borneol in the rat model of ischemic stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:522-31. [PMID: 24975100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Free radical production contributes to the early ischemic response and the neuroinflammatory response to injury initiates the second wave of cell death following ischemic stroke. Edaravone is a free radical scavenger, and borneol has shown anti-inflammatory effect. We investigated the synergistic effect of these two drugs in the rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. Edaravone scavenged OH, NO and ONOO─ concentration-dependently, and borneol inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. In the rat model of transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the combination of edaravone and borneol significantly ameliorated ischemic damage with an optimal proportion of 4:1. Emax (% inhibition) of edaravone, borneol and two drugs in combination was 55.7%, 65.8% and 74.3% respectively. ED50 of edaravone and borneol was 7.17 and 0.36 mg/kg respectively. When two drugs in combination, ED50 was 0.484 mg/kg, in which edaravone was 0.387 mg/kg (ineffective dose) and borneol was 0.097 mg/kg (ineffective dose). Combination index (CI)<1 among effects observed in experiments, suggesting a significant synergistic effect. Reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and free radicals were probably associated with the synergistic effect of edaravone and borneol. The combination exhibited a therapeutic time window of 6h in ischemia/reperfusion model, and significantly ameliorated damages in permanent ischemia model. Moreover, two drugs in combination promoted long-term effect, including improved elemental vital signs, sensorimotor functions and spatial cognition. Our results suggest that the combination of edaravone and borneol have a synergistic effect for treating ischemic stroke.
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235
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Sun YY, Morozov YM, Yang D, Li Y, Dunn RS, Rakic P, Chan PH, Abe K, Lindquist DM, Kuan CY. Synergy of combined tPA-edaravone therapy in experimental thrombotic stroke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98807. [PMID: 24911517 PMCID: PMC4049665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone, a potent antioxidant, may improve thrombolytic therapy because it benefits ischemic stroke patients on its own and mitigates adverse effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in preclinical models. However, whether the combined tPA-edaravone therapy is more effective in reducing infarct size than singular treatment is uncertain. Here we investigated this issue using a transient hypoxia-ischemia (tHI)-induced thrombotic stroke model, in which adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to reversible ligation of the unilateral common carotid artery plus inhalation of 7.5% oxygen for 30 min. While unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery suppressed cerebral blood flow transiently, the addition of hypoxia triggered reperfusion deficits, endogenous thrombosis, and attenuated tPA activity, leading up to infarction. We compared the outcomes of vehicle-controls, edaravone treatment, tPA treatment at 0.5, 1, or 4 h post-tHI, and combined tPA-edaravone therapies with mortality rate and infarct size as the primary end-points. The best treatment was further compared with vehicle-controls in behavioral, biochemical, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses. We found that application of tPA at 0.5 or 1 h – but not at 4 h post-tHI – significantly decreased infarct size and showed synergistic (p<0.05) or additive benefits with the adjuvant edaravone treatment, respectively. The acute tPA-edaravone treatment conferred >50% reduction of mortality, ∼80% decline in infarct size, and strong white-matter protection. It also improved vascular reperfusion and decreased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase activities. In conclusion, edaravone synergizes with acute tPA treatment in experimental thrombotic stroke, suggesting that clinical application of the combined tPA-edaravone therapy merits investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yury M. Morozov
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dianer Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yikun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - R. Scott Dunn
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Pak H. Chan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Diana M. Lindquist
- Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Inoue Y, Yabe T, Okada K, Nakamura Y. Effect of edaravone on acute brainstem–cerebellar infarction with vertigo and sudden hearing loss. Auris Nasus Larynx 2014; 41:303-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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237
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Miyamoto N, Pham LDD, Maki T, Liang AC, Arai K. A radical scavenger edaravone inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation and blood-brain barrier breakdown in a mouse model of prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:40-45. [PMID: 24820542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays key roles in the brain pathophysiology, especially in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Therefore, inhibiting MMP-9 activity may be a promising therapy for protecting brains in cerebrovascular diseases. Here we show that in a mouse prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion model, a clinically proven radical scavenger edaravone suppressed MMP-9 and reduced BBB damage in cerebral white matter. Prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis in male adult C57BL/6J mice (10 weeks old). After 7 days of cerebral hypoperfusion, white matter region (e.g. corpus callosum) exhibited significant BBB leakage, assessed by IgG staining. Correspondingly, immunostaining and western blotting showed that MMP-9 was upregulated in the white matter. Edaravone treatment (3mg/kg, i.p. at days 0 and 3) inhibited both BBB leakage and MMP-9 increase. Under the early phase of cerebral hypoperfusion conditions, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) mainly contribute to the MMP-9 increase, but our immunostaining data showed that very little OPCs expressed MMP-9 in the edaravone-treated animals at day 7. Therefore, in vitro studies with primary rat OPCs were conducted to examine whether edaravone would directly suppressed MMP-9 expressions in OPCs. OPC cultures were exposed to sub-lethal CoCl2 for 7 days to induce prolonged chemical hypoxic stress. Prolonged chemical hypoxic stress increased MMP-9 expression in OPCs, and radical scavenging with edaravone (10μM for 7 days) ameliorated the increase. Taken together, our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that radical scavengers may provide a potential therapeutic approach for white matter injury by suppressing BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Loc-Duyen D Pham
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Anna C Liang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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238
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Wakisaka Y, Ago T, Kamouchi M, Kuroda J, Matsuo R, Hata J, Gotoh S, Isomura T, Awano H, Suzuki K, Fukuda K, Okada Y, Kiyohara Y, Ooboshi H, Kitazono T. Plasma S100A12 is associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke: Research for Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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239
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Li X, Deroide N, Mallat Z. The role of the inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:307-19. [PMID: 24638861 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasome is a very important signaling platform sensing a variety of triggers of the innate immune system. Inflammasome promotes the production of important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Tight control of inflammasome activity is, therefore, essential and occurs at multiple levels. The activation of inflammasome pathways is linked to the pathogenesis of various prevalent disorders including cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, ischemic injury, cardiomyopathy, and Kawasaki disease. The study of the inflammasome in the cardiovascular system has led to the identification of important triggers and endogenous modulators, and to the exploration of new treatment strategies based on the inhibition of inflammasome activation or its end products, i.e., IL-1β and IL-18. In summary, the discovery of the inflammasome has greatly advanced our understanding of how the innate immune system interferes with cardiovascular disease development and progression, and targeting inflammasome provides new avenues for the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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240
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Alonso de Leciñana M, Egido J, Casado I, Ribó M, Dávalos A, Masjuan J, Caniego J, Martínez Vila E, Díez Tejedor E, Fuentes (Secretaría) B, Álvarez-Sabin J, Arenillas J, Calleja S, Castellanos M, Castillo J, Díaz-Otero F, López-Fernández J, Freijo M, Gállego J, García-Pastor A, Gil-Núñez A, Gilo F, Irimia P, Lago A, Maestre J, Martí-Fábregas J, Martínez-Sánchez P, Molina C, Morales A, Nombela F, Purroy F, Rodríguez-Yañez M, Roquer J, Rubio F, Segura T, Serena J, Simal P, Tejada J, Vivancos J. Guidelines for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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241
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Ye R, Zhao G, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rd for acute ischemic stroke: translating from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:603-13. [PMID: 23738998 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified pathophysiological mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke and have provided proof-of-principle evidence that strategies designed to impede the ischemic cascade, namely neuroprotection, can protect the ischemic brain. However, the translation of these therapeutic agents to the clinic has not been successful. Ginsenoside Rd, a dammarane-type steroid glycoside extracted from ginseng plants, has exhibited an encouraging neuroprotective efficacy in both laboratory and clinical studies. This article attempts to provide a synopsis of the physiochemical profile, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety and putative therapeutic mechanisms of Rd. Finally, the authors discuss the validity of Rd as a neuroprotective agent for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
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242
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Noorani A, Sadat U, Gaunt ME. Cerebral hemodynamic changes following carotid endarterectomy: ‘cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome’. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:217-23. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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243
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Fan Z, Wu K, Xing L, Yao Q, Zhang A. Palladium-catalyzed double C–H activation: one-pot synthesis of benzo[c]pyrazolo[1,2-a]cinnolin-1-ones from 5-pyrazolones and aryl iodides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1682-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47989g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed one-pot dual C–H activation approach to construct benzo[c]pyrazolo[1,2-a]cinnolin-1-ones is successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL)
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kui Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Xing
- Nano Science and Technology Institute
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qizheng Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL)
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203, China
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244
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Wu K, Fan Z, Xue Y, Yao Q, Zhang A. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Intermolecular C–H Amination of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones with Alkylamines. Org Lett 2013; 16:42-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402965d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qizheng Yao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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245
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Lapchak PA. Emerging Therapies: Pleiotropic Multi-target Drugs to Treat Stroke Victims. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:129-35. [PMID: 21666853 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Translational Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Davis Research Building, Room D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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246
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Lapchak PA, Schubert DR, Maher PA. De-Risking of Stilbazulenyl Nitrone (STAZN), a Lipophilic Nitrone to Treat Stroke Using a Unique Panel of In Vitro Assays. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:209-17. [PMID: 22003372 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive panel of in vitro assays to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN) as a lead compound to treat acute ischemic stroke. First, we measured neuroprotection in vitro using two different HT22 hippocampal nerve cell assays. Secondly, to de-risk drug development, we used CeeTox analysis with the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line to determine the acute toxicity profile of STAZN. Third, STAZN was tested in microsomes from four species for measures of metabolic stability. Last, we determined the Ames test genotoxicity profile of STAZN using Salmonella typhimurium TA989 and TA100. In vitro, STAZN was neuroprotective against toxicity induced by iodoacetic acid, and oxytosis-induced glutathione depletion was initiated by glutamate, with an EC(50) value of 1-5 μM. Secondly, using CeeTox analysis, the estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) for STAZN was calculated to be 260 μM. Third, the half-life of STAZN in humans, dogs, and rats was 60-78 min. Last, the genotoxicity profile showed that STAZN did not induce bacterial colony growth under any conditions tested, indicating the lack of mutagenicity with this compound. STAZN appears to be a multi-target neuroprotective compound that has an excellent safety profile in both the CeeTox and Ames mutagenicity assays. STAZN may have significant potential as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke and should be pursued in clinically relevant embolic stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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247
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Lapchak PA, McKim JM. CeeTox™ Analysis of CNB-001 a Novel Curcumin-Based Neurotrophic/Neuroprotective Lead Compound to Treat Stroke: Comparison with NXY-059 and Radicut. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:51-9. [PMID: 21494575 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive cellular toxicity (CeeTox) analysis panel to determine the toxicity profile for CNB-001 [4-((1E)-2-(5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl-)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazoyl-3-yl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-phenol)], which is a hybrid molecule created by combining cyclohexyl bisphenol A, a molecule with neurotrophic activity and curcumin, a spice with neuro-protective activity. CNB-001 is a lead development compound since we have recently shown that CNB-001 has significant preclinical efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we compared the CeeTox profile of CNB-001 with two neuroprotective molecules that have been clinically tested for efficacy: the hydrophilic free radical spin trap agent NXY-059 and the hydrophobic free radical scavenger edaravone (Radicut). CeeTox analyses using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE) resulted in estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) of 42 μM for CNB-001 compared with >300 μM for both NXY-059 and Radicut. The CeeTox panel suggests that CNB-001 produces some adverse effects on cellular adenosine triphosphate content, membrane toxicity, glutathione content, and cell mass (or number), but only with high concentrations of the drug. After a 24-h exposure, the drug concentration that produced a half-maximal response (TC(50)) on the measures noted above ranges from 55 to 193 μM. Moreover, all CNB-001-induced changes in the markers were coincident with loss of cell number, prior to acute cell death as measured by membrane integrity, suggesting a cytostatic effect of CNB-001. NXY-059 and Radicut did not have acute toxic effects on H4IIE cells. We also found that CNB-001 resulted in an inhibition of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity, indicating that the drug may affect cytochrome P4501A activity and that CNB-001 was metabolically unstable using a rat microsome assay system. For CNB-001, an estimated in vitro efficacy/toxicity ratio is 183-643-fold, suggesting that there is a significant therapeutic safety window for CNB-001 and that it should be further developed as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, 110 N. George Burns Road, D-2091, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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248
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Abstract
A novel free radical scavenger, edaravone, has been demonstrated to exert a neuroprotective effect and improve outcomes in acute ischemic stroke, but there have been few clinical studies. Therefore, we investigated retrospectively whether the administration of edaravone at the acute stage of ischemic stroke can improve outcomes of the disease at the time of discharge. Between January 1998 and December 2011, 625 consecutive patients (331 males and 294 females: mean age 77.0 years, range 36-101 years) with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to our institution within 48 hours after stroke onset were enrolled. Subtypes of strokes were lacunar infarction (LI) in 188 (30.0%), atherothrombotic infarction (ATCI) in 268 (42.0%), and cardioembolic infarction (CEI) in 169 (27.0%). Of the 625 patients, 237 (37.0%) received both edaravone and conventional treatment, while the other 388 (62.0%) patients underwent conventional treatment only. As a conventional treatment, 422 (67.0%) of 625 patients were treated with ozagrel sodium, and 37 patients received argatroban. The overall outcomes at discharge were favorable (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) in 296 (47.4%) and death occurred (mRS score 6) in 86 (13.8%). In a univariate analysis, the administration of edaravone did not have a significant effect on total death from all types of cerebral infarction. However, treatment with edaravone showed a favorable tendency (p=0.099) compared to conventional treatment after adjustments for age and gender. Further investigation is required before a definite conclusion can be made.
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249
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Yasuda D, Takahashi K, Ohe T, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Antioxidant activities of 5-hydroxyoxindole and its 3-hydroxy-3-phenacyl derivatives: The suppression of lipid peroxidation and intracellular oxidative stress. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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250
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Neuroprotective agents in ischemic stroke: past failures and future opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.13.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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