201
|
Gynura procumbens causes vasodilation by inhibiting angiotensin II and enhancing bradykinin actions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:378-84. [PMID: 23328388 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828685b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that Gynura procumbens reduced blood pressure by blocking calcium channels and inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. The present experiments were to further explore the effects and mechanisms of a purer aqueous fraction (FA-I) of G. procumbens on angiotensin I (Ang I)-induced and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced contraction of aortic rings and also on the bradykinin (BK) effect on cardiovascular system. Rat aortic rings suspended in organ chambers were used to investigate the vascular reactivity of FA-I. Effect of FA-I on BK was studied by in vitro and in vivo methods. Results show that FA-I significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the contraction evoked by Ang I and Ang II. In the presence of indomethacin (10 µM) or N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (0.1 µM), the inhibitory effect of FA-I on Ang II-induced contraction of aortic rings was reduced. Besides, FA-I potentiated the vasorelaxant effect and enhanced the blood pressure-lowering effect of BK. In conclusion, FA-I reduced the contraction evoked by Ang II probably via the endothelium-dependent pathways, which involve activation of the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins. The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by FA-I may contribute to the potentiation of the effects of BK on cardiovascular system.
Collapse
|
202
|
Mukete BN, Rosendorff C. Effects of low-dose thiazide diuretics on fasting plasma glucose and serum potassium–a meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:454-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
203
|
Chen J, Liu S, Ye R, Cai G, Ji B, Wu Y. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory tripeptides from rice protein hydrolysate: Purification and characterization. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
204
|
Lee NY, Cheng JT, Enomoto T, Nakamura I. Antihypertensive Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide Obtained from Hen Ovotransferrin. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
205
|
Zacharias M, Mugawar M, Herbison GP, Walker RJ, Hovhannisyan K, Sivalingam P, Conlon NP. Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD003590. [PMID: 24027097 PMCID: PMC7154582 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003590.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various methods have been used to try to protect kidney function in patients undergoing surgery. These most often include pharmacological interventions such as dopamine and its analogues, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), sodium bicarbonate, antioxidants and erythropoietin (EPO). OBJECTIVES This review is aimed at determining the effectiveness of various measures advocated to protect patients' kidneys during the perioperative period.We considered the following questions: (1) Are any specific measures known to protect kidney function during the perioperative period? (2) Of measures used to protect the kidneys during the perioperative period, does any one method appear to be more effective than the others? (3) Of measures used to protect the kidneys during the perioperative period,does any one method appear to be safer than the others? SEARCH METHODS In this updated review, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2012), MEDLINE (Ovid SP) (1966 to August 2012) and EMBASE (Ovid SP) (1988 to August 2012). We originally handsearched six journals (Anesthesia and Analgesia, Anesthesiology, Annals of Surgery, British Journal of Anaesthesia, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and Journal of Vascular Surgery) (1985 to 2004). However, because these journals are properly indexed in MEDLINE, we decided to rely on electronic searches only without handsearching the journals from 2004 onwards. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected all randomized controlled trials in adults undergoing surgery for which a treatment measure was used for the purpose of providing renal protection during the perioperative period. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We selected 72 studies for inclusion in this review. Two review authors extracted data from all selected studies and entered them into RevMan 5.1; then the data were appropriately analysed. We performed subgroup analyses for type of intervention, type of surgical procedure and pre-existing renal dysfunction. We undertook sensitivity analyses for studies with high and moderately good methodological quality. MAIN RESULTS The updated review included data from 72 studies, comprising a total of 4378 participants. Of these, 2291 received some form of treatment and 2087 acted as controls. The interventions consisted most often of different pharmaceutical agents, such as dopamine and its analogues, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, NAC, ANP, sodium bicarbonate, antioxidants and EPO or selected hydration fluids. Some clinical heterogeneity and varying risk of bias were noted amongst the studies, although we were able to meaningfully interpret the data. Results showed significant heterogeneity and indicated that most interventions provided no benefit.Data on perioperative mortality were reported in 41 studies and data on acute renal injury in 44 studies (all interventions combined). Because of considerable clinical heterogeneity (different clinical scenarios, as well as considerable methodological variability amongst the studies), we did not perform a meta-analysis on the combined data.Subgroup analysis of major interventions and surgical procedures showed no significant influence of interventions on reported mortality and acute renal injury. For the subgroup of participants who had pre-existing renal damage, the risk of mortality from 10 trials (959 participants) was estimated as odds ratio (OR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 1.52; the risk of acute renal injury (as reported in the trials) was estimated from 11 trials (979 participants) as OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.80. Subgroup analysis of studies that were rated as having low risk of bias revealed that 19 studies reported mortality numbers (1604 participants); OR was 1.01, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.90. Fifteen studies reported data on acute renal injury (criteria chosen by the individual studies; 1600 participants); OR was 1.03, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.97. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No reliable evidence from the available literature suggests that interventions during surgery can protect the kidneys from damage. However, the criteria used to diagnose acute renal damage varied in many of the older studies selected for inclusion in this review, many of which suffered from poor methodological quality such as insufficient participant numbers and poor definitions of end points such as acute renal failure and acute renal injury. Recent methods of detecting renal damage such as the use of specific biomarkers and better defined criteria for identifying renal damage (RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function and end-stage renal failure) or AKI (acute kidney injury)) may have to be explored further to determine any possible benefit derived from interventions used to protect the kidneys during the perioperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Zacharias
- Dunedin HospitalDepartment of Anaesthesia & Intensive CareGreat King StreetDunedinNew ZealandPrivate Bag 192
| | - Mohan Mugawar
- St Vincent's University HospitalDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care MedicineElm ParkDublinIreland4
| | - G Peter Herbison
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of OtagoDepartment of Preventive & Social MedicinePO Box 913DunedinNew Zealand9054
| | - Robert J Walker
- University of OtagoDepartment of MedicineDunedin School of MedicinePO Box 913DunedinNew Zealand9015
| | - Karen Hovhannisyan
- RigshospitaletThe Cochrane Anaesthesia Review GroupBlegdamsvej 9,Afsnit 5211, rum 1204CopenhagenDenmark2100
| | - Pal Sivalingam
- Princess Alexandra HospitalDepartment of AnaesthesiaIpswich RoadWoolloongabbaBrisbaneAustralia4102
| | - Niamh P Conlon
- St Vincent's University HospitalDepartment of AnaesthesiaElm ParkDublinIreland4
| | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Pare G, Kubo M, Byrd JB, McCarty CA, Woodard-Grice A, Teo KK, Anand SS, Zuvich RL, Bradford Y, Ross S, Nakamura Y, Ritchie M, Brown NJ. Genetic variants associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:470-8. [PMID: 23838604 PMCID: PMC3904664 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328363c137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-associated angioedema. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS We carried out a genome-wide association study in 175 individuals with ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema and 489 ACE inhibitor-exposed controls from Nashville (Tennessee) and Marshfield (Wisconsin). We tested for replication in 19 cases and 57 controls who participated in Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET). RESULTS There were no genome-wide significant associations of any single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with angioedema. Sixteen SNPs in African Americans and 41 SNPs in European Americans were associated moderately with angioedema (P<10) and evaluated for association in ONTARGET. The T allele of rs500766 in PRKCQ was associated with a reduced risk, whereas the G allele of rs2724635 in ETV6 was associated with an increased risk of ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema in the Nashville/Marshfield sample and ONTARGET. In a candidate gene analysis, rs989692 in the gene encoding neprilysin (MME), an enzyme that degrades bradykinin and substance P, was significantly associated with angioedema in ONTARGET and Nashville/Marshfield African Americans. CONCLUSION Unlike other serious adverse drug effects, ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema is not associated with a variant with a large effect size. Variants in MME and genes involved in immune regulation may be associated with ACE inhibitor-associated angioedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pare
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama
| | - James B. Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Koon K. Teo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca L. Zuvich
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy J. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Mentz RJ, Bakris GL, Waeber B, McMurray JJV, Gheorghiade M, Ruilope LM, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Piña IL, Fiuzat M, O'Connor CM, Zannad F, Pitt B. The past, present and future of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibition. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:1677-87. [PMID: 23121914 PMCID: PMC4145865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. RAAS inhibition can reduce blood pressure, prevent target organ damage in hypertension and diabetes, and improve outcomes in patients with heart failure and/or myocardial infarction. This review presents the history of RAAS inhibition including a summary of key heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension and atrial fibrillation trials. Recent developments in RAAS inhibition are discussed including implementation and optimization of current drug therapies. Finally, ongoing clinical trials, opportunities for future trials and issues related to the barriers and approvability of novel RAAS inhibitors are highlighted.
Collapse
|
208
|
Zhao B, Zhao XH. In vitroangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition or digestive stability of casein hydrolysates treated by plastein reaction in propanol–water medium. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2012.748693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
209
|
Hassen GW, Tu TJ, Wei DH, Hwang A, Lamothe R, Costea A, Liu LL, Smith T, Mualim F, Johnston P, Ng JMW, Usmani S, Kalantari H. Does angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use exacerbate hereditary angioedema? J Emerg Med 2013; 45:602-8. [PMID: 23890533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 2% of angioedema (AE) patients have a hereditary or an acquired deficiency of the complement 1 (C1) esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) gene. Some case reports indicate an association between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use and exacerbation of hereditary AE (HAE). OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate the association between HAE and ACEI use in a larger patient population. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients who presented with AE and patients with diagnostic serum assays for functional C1 INH, C1 INH antigenic protein, C1q, C1q immune complex (C1q IC), and complement 4 (C4) regardless of medical complaint. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS A total of 1594 patients had complement levels measured (136 C1 INH, 55 C1q, 10 C1q IC, and 1500 C4), of which 156 (9.7%) patients presented with AE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use was documented in 747 (47%) patients. Low C1 INH was detected in one patient with recurrent AE who was not taking ACEI. Another patient who presented with recurrent AE was found to have systemic lupus erythematosus with abnormal C4, C1q, and C1q IC, but normal C1 INH. A low C4 level was present in 94 patients, 4 of which had AE. CONCLUSIONS The risk of exacerbating HAE by ACEI might be present, but we did not find any association in this retrospective study. Further studies are needed to determine the existence of this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getaw Worku Hassen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYMC, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, New York; Department of Emergency Medicine, Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, York; Department of Emergency Medicine, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Potential of RAS inhibition to improve metabolic bone disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:932691. [PMID: 23971050 PMCID: PMC3736485 DOI: 10.1155/2013/932691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic bone disorder is usually caused by abnormalities of minerals and hormones metabolism. Recently, it has been proved by several studies that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in local bone tissue is directly involved in bone metabolism. Activation of skeletal RAS plays an important role in bone metabolic disorders. Based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, this review explains the roles of RAS in bone metabolism and also covers the potential approaches and beneficial effects of RAS inhibition on bone health. Differential strategies for inhibiting RAS can be employed to maintain bone health, which are attributed primarily to the reduced level of angiotensin II (AngII) and suppressed stimulation of the AngII signaling pathway. The use of renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and AngII receptor blockers either individually or in combination with each other could have promising results in fighting bone metabolic disorders associated with other cardiovascular diseases as well as independent bone injuries.
Collapse
|
211
|
Abstract
The right ventricle (RV) is increasingly recognized for its role in heart disease. In fact, RV function is a strong predictor of outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease. Although the focus in heart failure has been on the left ventricle (LV), recently the spotlight has been shifting to include the RV. The RV and LV have different embryological origins and respond differently to stressors and to therapies. Newer therapies targeting the RV have been investigated in an attempt to improve right-ventricular adaptation to cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the differences between the RV and LV and focus on novel therapies that target the RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Farha
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Joyner JC, Cowan JA. Target-directed catalytic metallodrugs. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:465-85. [PMID: 23828584 PMCID: PMC3854446 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most drugs function by binding reversibly to specific biological targets, and therapeutic effects generally require saturation of these targets. One means of decreasing required drug concentrations is incorporation of reactive metal centers that elicit irreversible modification of targets. A common approach has been the design of artificial proteases/nucleases containing metal centers capable of hydrolyzing targeted proteins or nucleic acids. However, these hydrolytic catalysts typically provide relatively low rate constants for target inactivation. Recently, various catalysts were synthesized that use oxidative mechanisms to selectively cleave/inactivate therapeutic targets, including HIV RRE RNA or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). These oxidative mechanisms, which typically involve reactive oxygen species (ROS), provide access to comparatively high rate constants for target inactivation. Target-binding affinity, co-reactant selectivity, reduction potential, coordination unsaturation, ROS products (metal-associated vs metal-dissociated; hydroxyl vs superoxide), and multiple-turnover redox chemistry were studied for each catalyst, and these parameters were related to the efficiency, selectivity, and mechanism(s) of inactivation/cleavage of the corresponding target for each catalyst. Important factors for future oxidative catalyst development are 1) positioning of catalyst reduction potential and redox reactivity to match the physiological environment of use, 2) maintenance of catalyst stability by use of chelates with either high denticity or other means of stabilization, such as the square planar geometric stabilization of Ni- and Cu-ATCUN complexes, 3) optimal rate of inactivation of targets relative to the rate of generation of diffusible ROS, 4) targeting and linker domains that afford better control of catalyst orientation, and 5) general bio-availability and drug delivery requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Joyner
- Evans Laboratory of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Kurbanoglu S, Gumustas M, Uslu B, Ozkan SA. A Sensitive and Selective RP-LC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Antihypertensive Drugs, Enalapril, Lercanidipine, Nitrendipine and Their Validation. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
214
|
Comparison of analytical methods to assay inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Food Chem 2013; 141:3329-34. [PMID: 23993489 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The linearity, precision and repeatability of visible spectrophotometric (VSP) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for analysis of inhibitory activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were compared by using several inhibitors and Hip-His-Leu (HHL) as substrates. IC50 values (concentration at which ACE activity is inhibited by 50%) of 0.00206±0.00005 μg/mL for captopril, 192±4.53 μg/mL for soybean peptides, and 153±4.29 μg/mL for grass carp peptides determined by the VSP method, and these values were 1.07, 1.07, 1.18 and 1.44-fold, respectively, higher than those from the HPLC method. In addition, the inhibitory constant (Ki value) of captopril was determined to be 7.09 nM and 4.94 nM using VSP and HPLC method, respectively. These results showed that the HPLC method revealed a higher level of sensitivity and precision, suitable for assaying ACE inhibition activity of antihyper-sensitive peptides. In contrast, the VSP method can simultaneously measure several samples with simple operations, suitable for analysis of ACE inhibition activity of food protein enzymatic hydrolysates.
Collapse
|
215
|
Martin DP, Hann ZS, Cohen SM. Metalloprotein-inhibitor binding: human carbonic anhydrase II as a model for probing metal-ligand interactions in a metalloprotein active site. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12207-15. [PMID: 23706138 DOI: 10.1021/ic400295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of metalloproteins are being discovered that play essential roles in physiological processes. Inhibitors of these proteins have significant potential for the treatment of human disease, but clinical success of these compounds has been limited. Herein, zinc(II)-dependent metalloprotein inhibitors in clinical use are reviewed, and the potential for using novel metal-binding groups (MBGs) in the design of these inhibitors is discussed. By using human carbonic anhydrase II as a model system, the nuances of MBG-metal interactions in the context of a protein environment can be probed. Understanding how metal coordination influences inhibitor binding may help in the design of new therapeutics targeting metalloproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
The Efficacy and Tolerability of Azilsartan in Mice With Left Ventricular Pressure Overload or Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:437-43. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318288a6d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
217
|
Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Kehoe PG, Imbimbo BP, Baldereschi M, Crepaldi G, Di Carlo A, Galluzzo L, Gandin C, Inzitari D, Maggi S, Pilotto A, Panza F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and incidence of mild cognitive impairment. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:441-53. [PMID: 22203459 PMCID: PMC3592955 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Midlife elevated blood pressure and hypertension contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and overall dementia. We sought to estimate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) reduced the risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in cognitively normal individuals. In the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging, we evaluated 1,445 cognitively normal individuals treated for hypertension but without congestive heart failure from a population-based sample from eight Italian municipalities with a 3.5-year follow-up. MCI was diagnosed with current clinical criteria. Dementia, AD, and vascular dementia were diagnosed based on DSM-IIIR criteria, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, and ICD-10 codes. Among 873 hypertension-treated cognitively normal subjects, there was no significant association between continuous exposure to all ACE-Is and risk of incident MCI compared with other antihypertensive drugs [hazard ratio (HR), 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-1.28]. Captopril exposure alone did not significantly modify the risk of incident MCI (HR, 1.80, 95% CI, 0.39-8.37). However, the enalapril sub-group alone (HR, 0.17, 95% CI, 0.04 -0.84) or combined with the lisinopril sub-group (HR, 0.27, 95% CI, 0.08-0.96), another ACE-I structurally related to enalapril and with similar potency, were associated with a reduced risk of incident MCI. Study duration exposure to ACE-Is as a "class" was not associated with incident MCI in older hypertensive adults. However, within-class differences linked to different chemical structures and/or drug potencies may exist, with a possible effect of the enalapril and lisinopril sub-groups in reducing the risk of incident MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scafato
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenza Frisardi
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- />Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, The John James Building, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruno P. Imbimbo
- />Research and Development Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Marzia Baldereschi
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
| | - Gaetano Crepaldi
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Carlo
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
| | - Lucia Galluzzo
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandin
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Maggi
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
| | - for the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group
- />Department of Geriatrics, Center for Aging Brain, Memory Unit, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
- />Population Health and Health Determinants Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Roma, Italy
- />Geriatric Unit & Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini 1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia Italy
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- />Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, The John James Building, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- />Research and Development Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
- />Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Firenze, Italy
- />Aging Section, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padova, Italy
- />Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Hassen GW, Kalantari H, Parraga M, Chirurgi R, Meletiche C, Chan C, Ciarlo J, Gazi F, Lobaito C, Tadayon S, Yemane S, Velez C. Fresh Frozen Plasma for Progressive and Refractory Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-induced Angioedema. J Emerg Med 2013; 44:764-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
219
|
Identification of homophenylalanine biosynthetic genes from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102 and application to its microbial production by Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2201-8. [PMID: 23354699 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03596-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Homophenylalanine (L-Hph) is a useful chiral building block for synthesis of several drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the novel proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib. While the chemoenzymatic route of synthesis is fully developed, we investigated microbial production of L-Hph to explore the possibility of a more efficient and sustainable approach to L-Hph production. We hypothesized that L-Hph is synthesized from L-Phe via a mechanism homologous to 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid conversion to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid during leucine biosynthesis. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we found three putative homophenylalanine biosynthesis genes, hphA (Npun_F2464), hphB (Npun_F2457), and hphCD (Npun_F2458), in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102, located around the gene cluster responsible for anabaenopeptin biosynthesis. We constructed Escherichia coli strains harboring hphABCD-expressing plasmids and achieved the fermentative production of L-Hph from L-Phe. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of the genes responsible for homophenylalanine synthesis in any organism. Furthermore, to improve the low conversion efficiency of the initial strain, we optimized the expression of hphA, hphB, and hphCD, which increased the yield to ∼630 mg/liter. The L-Hph biosynthesis and L-Leu biosynthesis genes from E. coli were also compared. This analysis revealed that HphB has comparatively relaxed substrate specificity and can perform the function of LeuB, but HphA and HphCD show tight substrate specificity and cannot complement the LeuA and LeuC/LeuD functions, and vice versa. Finally, the range of substrate tolerance of the L-Hph-producing strain was examined, which showed that m-fluorophenylalanine, o-fluorophenylalanine, and L-tyrosine were accepted as substrates and that the corresponding homoamino acids were generated.
Collapse
|
220
|
Du L, Fang M, Wu H, Xie J, Wu Y, Li P, Zhang D, Huang Z, Xia Y, Zhou L, Wei D. A novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from Phascolosoma esculenta water-soluble protein hydrolysate. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
221
|
Adarkwah CC, Gandjour A, Akkerman M, Evers S. To Treat or Not to Treat? Cost-Effectiveness of Ace Inhibitors in Non-Diabetic Advanced Renal Disease - a Dutch Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 37:168-80. [DOI: 10.1159/000350142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
222
|
Majumder K, Panahi S, Kaufman S, Wu J. Fried egg digest decreases blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
223
|
Liu L, Liu L, Lu B, Xia D, Zhang Y. Evaluation of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic effects of bamboo shoot angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptide in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11351-11358. [PMID: 23046038 DOI: 10.1021/jf303471f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular protective functions of bamboo shoot angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide (BSP) from bamboo shoot were evaluated, including antihypertensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and antihyperlipidemic effect on high-fat-diet-induced rats. Thirty-day antihypertensive effects of BSP on SHRs were assayed. Asp-Tyr [10 mg/day kg body weight (BW)] and BSP (50 mg/day kg BW) significantly reduced ACE activity in lung at the same level (p < 0.05), while BSP (50 mg/day kg BW) reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) more effectively for its phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, which when combined with ACE inhibitor exert a synergistic effect. BSP could significantly reduce SBP, improve oxidant stress status (GSH-Px, SOD, TAC and MDA), and increase NO level in serum and NOS activity in kidney. BSP decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) content and MDA level of hyperlipidemic rats, which might contribute to the ACE inhibitory capacity of Asp-Tyr and the fatty acid synthase inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianliang Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Yan X, Shichita T, Katsumata Y, Matsuhashi T, Ito H, Ito K, Anzai A, Endo J, Tamura Y, Kimura K, Fujita J, Shinmura K, Shen W, Yoshimura A, Fukuda K, Sano M. Deleterious effect of the IL-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 1:e004408. [PMID: 23316306 PMCID: PMC3541626 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular (LV) remodeling leads to chronic heart failure and is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). At the present time, therapeutic options to prevent LV remodeling are limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We created a large MI by permanent ligation of the coronary artery and identified a potential link between the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17A axis and γδT cells that affects late-stage LV remodeling after MI. Despite the finsinf that infarct size 24 hours after surgery was similar to that in wild-type mice, a deficiency in IL-23, IL-17A, or γδT cells improved survival after 7 days, limiting infarct expansion and fibrosis in noninfarcted myocardium and alleviating LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction on day 28 post-MI. M(1) macrophages and neutrophils were the major cellular source of IL-23, whereas >90% of IL-17A-producing T cells in infarcted heart were CD4(-) TCRγδ(+) (γδT) cells. Toll-like receptor signaling and IL-1β worked in concert with IL-23 to drive expansion and IL-17A production in cardiac γδT cells, whereas the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and CCL20/CCR6 signaling pathways mediated γδT cell recruitment into infarcted heart. IL-17A was not involved in the acute inflammatory response, but it functioned specifically in the late remodeling stages by promoting sustained infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, stimulating macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, aggravating cardiomyocyte death, and enhancing fibroblast proliferation and profibrotic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The IL-23/IL-17A immune axis and γδT cells are potentially promising therapeutic targets after MI to prevent progression to end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Friedl A, Peric S, Masghati S, Wolzt M, Hörl WH, Soleiman A, Fuhrmann V, Haider DG. No association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin 2 receptor blocker intake with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing kidney biopsy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 35:558-60. [PMID: 22890200 DOI: 10.1159/000339707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs) is associated with an increased risk for acute kidney injury after cardiovascular interventions. However, for patients undergoing kidney biopsy, no data is available. METHODS Four hundred and sixty-six patients undergoing kidney biopsy were retrospectively analyzed of whether or not concomitant intake of ACEIs or ARBs impairs kidney function. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-three patients received ACEIs or ARBs or both before kidney biopsy. ACEI/ARB intake had no effect on kidney function compared to patients without this medication (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs is not associated with risk of acute kidney injury in subjects undergoing kidney biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Friedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hartmann Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Impact of kinins in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:94-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
227
|
Lee BH, Pan TM. Benefit of Monascus-fermented products for hypertension prevention: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1151-61. [PMID: 22526810 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to play a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system thereby exerting an inhibition in nerve impulse, in turn ameliorating depression; in addition, recent study also reveals the anti-hypertensive effect of GABA in vivo. Edible fungi of the Monascus species have been used as traditional Chinese medicine in eastern Asia for several centuries. Monascus-fermented products possess a number of functional secondary metabolites, including anti-inflammatory pigments (such as monascin and ankaflavin), monacolins, dimerumic acid, and GABA. Several scientific studies have shown that these secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor activities. Moreover, many published reports have shown the efficacy of Monascus-fermented products in the prevention or amelioration of some diseases, including hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and numerous types of cancer in recent studies. The current article discusses and provides evidence to elucidate the anti-hypertensive benefit of Monascus-fermented metabolites, including anti-inflammatory pigments and GABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Hong Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science & Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Rao SQ, Ju T, Sun J, Su YJ, Xu RR, Yang YJ. Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of hen egg white lysozyme. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
229
|
Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Proteins and Peptides from the Rhizomes of Zingiberaceae Plants. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:2037-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
230
|
Atkins CE, Häggström J. Pharmacologic management of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:165-84. [PMID: 22386553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) causing mitral regurgitation is the most important disease of the heart in small animal cardiovascular medicine. Because MMVD is an example of a chronic disease that progresses from mild to severe over years, treatment strategies change with the stage of the disease. In this review the treatment options are compared and contrasted as they are discussed relative to the recently published ACVIM consensus statement regarding the treatment of MMVD. Results from clinical trials and evidence-based medicine are likely to provide significant improvements in the management of MMVD in the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarke E Atkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antihypertensive properties of squid skin gelatin hydrolysates. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
232
|
Chitnis AS, Aparasu RR, Chen H, Johnson ML. Effect of certain angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality in heart failure: A multiple-propensity analysis. Res Social Adm Pharm 2012; 8:145-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
233
|
Chitnis AS, Aparasu RR, Chen H, Johnson ML. Comparative effectiveness of different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure. J Comp Eff Res 2012; 1:195-206. [DOI: 10.2217/cer.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Existing randomized controlled trials do not address the comparative effectiveness of different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on hospitalization due to heart failure (HF)-hospitalization in patients with HF. We sought to examine the effect of four ACEIs on HF-hospitalization in a large real-world HF population. Methods: The study was a retrospective analysis of a national cohort of patients with HF identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs (TX, USA). A multiple propensity score analysis was used to balance 47 baseline patient characteristics between the different ACEIs. The effect of different ACEIs on time to HF-hospitalization was assessed using the multiple propensity score-weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The study included 139,994 patients with 69.50% (97,293) on lisinopril, 21.79% (30,503) on fosinopril, 8.41% (11,775) on captopril and 0.30% (423) on enalapril. Propensity scores balanced nearly all differences between different ACEIs groups. Enalapril (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.800; 95% CI: 0.492–1.297), fosinopril (HR: 0.971; 95% CI: 0.877–1.074), and lisinopril (HR: 1.005; 95% CI: 0.918–1.101) when compared with captopril were found to have similar effectiveness in reducing HF-hospitalizations. Conclusion: In patients with HF, we found that the four ACEIs are equally effective in reducing HF-hospitalization in day-to-day practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S Chitnis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajender R Aparasu
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Gonçalves AR, Khwaja A, Ahmed AK, El Kossi M, El Nahas M. Stopping renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in chronic kidney disease: predictors of response. Nephron Clin Pract 2012; 119:c348-54. [PMID: 22135795 DOI: 10.1159/000330289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors are considered first-line agents for hypertensive patients with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). In a previous study, we showed that stopping RAS inhibitors increased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a significant number of advanced CKD patients. The present study tries to address who would benefit and whether this benefit is predictable. METHODS Forty-three CKD stage 4 patients had RAS inhibitors stopped and were followed for at least 24 months. Compared outcome groups were 'alive', 'renal replacement therapy (RRT)' or 'died'. Improvement in eGFR was used in a receiver-operating characteristic curve and finds the best predictor for surviving without RRT. RESULTS Patients who survived without RRT were all hypertensive and had a higher eGFR increment after stopping the drugs. Those with eGFR improvement ≥5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) were the most likely to survive long term without RRT (log-rank test, p = 0.03). They had a significant increment in blood pressure that correlated with eGFR improvement (r = 0.403, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION A significant increase in eGFR after stopping RAS inhibitors suggests that long-term survival without RRT is more likely. Our findings question the universal preemptive indication of RAS inhibitors in advanced CKD and suggest that they can be safely stopped, at least in some patients.
Collapse
|
235
|
Antihypertensive effect of long-term oral administration of jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) collagen peptides on renovascular hypertension. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:417-426. [PMID: 22412809 PMCID: PMC3297005 DOI: 10.3390/md10020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antihypertensive effect of long-term oral administration of jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) collagen peptides (JCP) on renovascular hypertension rats (RVHs) was evaluated. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the RVHs were significantly reduced with administration of JCP (p < 0.05), compared with model control group. However, the arterial blood pressure of normal rats showed no significant changes during long-term oral treatment with high dose JCP (p > 0.05). Furthermore, effect of JCP on angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration of plasma had no significance (p > 0.05), but JCP significantly inhibited the Ang II concentration in RVHs’ kidney (p < 0.05). The kidney should be the target site of JCP.
Collapse
|
236
|
Joyner JC, Hocharoen L, Cowan JA. Targeted catalytic inactivation of angiotensin converting enzyme by lisinopril-coupled transition-metal chelates. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3396-410. [PMID: 22200082 DOI: 10.1021/ja208791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds that target reactive transition-metal chelates to somatic angiotensin converting enzyme (sACE-1) have been synthesized. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) and rate constants for both inactivation and cleavage of full-length sACE-1 have been determined and evaluated in terms of metal chelate size, charge, reduction potential, coordination unsaturation, and coreactant selectivity. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), and tripeptide GGH were linked to the lysine side chain of lisinopril by 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling. The resulting amide-linked chelate-lisinopril (EDTA-lisinopril, NTA-lisinopril, DOTA-lisinopril, and GGH-lisinopril) conjugates were used to form coordination complexes with iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, such that lisinopril could mediate localization of the reactive metal chelates to sACE-1. ACE activity was assayed by monitoring cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate Mca-RPPGFSAFK(Dnp)-OH, a derivative of bradykinin, following preincubation with metal chelate-lisinopril compounds. Concentration-dependent inhibition of sACE-1 by metal chelate-lisinopril complexes revealed IC(50) values ranging from 44 to 4500 nM for Ni-NTA-lisinopril and Ni-DOTA-lisinopril, respectively, versus 1.9 nM for lisinopril. Stronger inhibition was correlated with smaller size and lower negative charge of the attached metal chelates. Time-dependent inactivation of sACE-1 by metal chelate-lisinopril complexes revealed a remarkable range of catalytic activities, with second-order rate constants as high as 150,000 M(-1) min(-1) (Cu-GGH-lisinopril), while catalyst-mediated cleavage of sACE-1 typically occurred at much lower rates, indicating that inactivation arose primarily from side chain modification. Optimal inactivation of sACE-1 was observed when the reduction potential for the metal center was poised near 1000 mV, reflecting the difficulty of protein oxidation. This class of metal chelate-lisinopril complexes possesses a range of high-affinity binding to ACE, introduces the advantage of irreversible catalytic turnover, and marks an important step toward the development of multiple-turnover drugs for selective inactivation of sACE-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Joyner
- Evans Laboratory of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Li Y, Zhou J, Huang K, Sun Y, Zeng X. Purification of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide with an antihypertensive effect from loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1320-1325. [PMID: 22224920 DOI: 10.1021/jf204118n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To isolate and characterize novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), six proteases, pepsin, α-chymotrypsin, bromelain, papain, alcalase, and Neutrase, were used to hydrolyze loach protein. The hydrolysate (LPH) generated by bromelain [ratio of enzyme to substrate, 3:1000 (w/w)] was found to have the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC(50), 613.2 ± 8.3 μg/mL). Therefore, it was treated by ultrafiltration to afford fraction of LPH-IV (MW < 2.5 kDa) with an IC(50) of 231.2 ± 3.8 μg/mL, having higher activity than the other fractions. Then, LPH-IV was isolated and purified by consecutive purification steps of gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to afford a purified peptide with an IC(50) of 18.2 ± 0.9 μg/mL, an increase of 33.7-fold in ACE inhibitory activity as compared with that of LPH. The purified peptide was identified as Ala-His-Leu-Leu (452 Da) by Q-TOF mass spectrometry and amino acid analyzer. An antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats revealed that oral administration of LPH-IV could decrease systolic blood pressure significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Cao W, Zhang C, Ji H, Hao J. Optimization of peptic hydrolysis parameters for the production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory hydrolysate from Acetes chinensis through Plackett-Burman and response surface methodological approaches. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:42-48. [PMID: 21732383 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important physiological role in regulating blood pressure. The elevation of blood pressure could be suppressed by inhibiting ACE. ACE inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins could exert antihypertensive effects without side effects. Acetes chinensis is a marine shrimp suitable for the production of ACE inhibitory peptides. The principal objective of this study was to screen for the significant variables, and further to optimize the levels of the selected variables, for the enzymatic production of ACE inhibitory peptides from Acetes chinensis. RESULTS Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the peptic hydrolysis parameters of Acetes chinensis to obtain a hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity. The peptic hydrolysis variables were subject to a Plackett-Burman design for screening the main factors. The selected significant parameters such as pH, hydrolysis temperature and enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio were further optimized using a central composite design. The optimized conditions were: pH 2.5, hydrolysis temperature 45 °C, E/S ratio 17 800 U kg(-1) shrimp and substrate concentration 200 g L(-1). The results showed that 3-5 h hydrolysis could result in a hydrolysate with ACE inhibition IC(50) of 1.17 mg mL(-1) and a high DH of 25-27%. CONCLUSION Plackett-Burman design and RSM performed well in the optimization of peptic hydrolysis parameters of Acetes chinensis to produce hydrolysate with ACE inhibitory activity. A hydrolysate with potent ACE inhibitory activity and high degree of hydrolysis was obtained, so that the yield of ACE inhibitory peptides in it was high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524088, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Mortari MR, do Couto LL, dos Anjos LC, Mourão CBF, Camargos TS, Vargas JAG, Oliveira FN, Gati CDC, Schwartz CA, Schwartz EF. Pharmacological characterization of Synoeca cyanea venom: An aggressive social wasp widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Toxicon 2012; 59:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
240
|
Chen J, Wang Y, Zhong Q, Wu Y, Xia W. Purification and characterization of a novel angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide derived from enzymatic hydrolysate of grass carp protein. Peptides 2012; 33:52-8. [PMID: 22100519 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides inhibiting angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE, EC. 3.4.15.1) are possible cures of hypertension. Food-derived ACE-inhibitory peptides are particularly attractive because of reduced side effects. Previously, we reported ACE-inhibitory activity of grass carp protein hydrolysates. In this work, we report steps for purifying the ACE-inhibitory peptide from the hydrolysate and its biochemical properties. Following steps of ultrafiltration, macroporous adsorption resin, and two steps of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RE-HPLC), a single Val-Ala-Pro (VAP) tripeptide was identified. The tripeptide with excellent ACE-inhibitory activity (IC(50) value of 0.00534 mg/mL) was a competitive ACE inhibitor and stable against both ACE and gastrointestinal enzymes of pepsin and chymotrypsin. This is the first report of food-derived VAP. The identified unique biochemical properties of VAP may enable the application of grass carp protein hydrolysates as a functional food for treatments of hypertension. The developed purification conditions also allow the production of VAP for pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwang Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Abstract
This article outlines the link between the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and various forms of cardiomyopathy, and also reviews the understanding of the effectiveness of RAAS intervention in this phase of ventricular dysfunction. The authors focus their discussion predominantly on patients who have had previous myocardial infarction or those who have left ventricular hypertrophy and also briefly discuss the role of RAAS activation and intervention in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Collier
- Heart Failure Unit, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
242
|
Abstract
Background Laryngeal angioedema may be associated with significant morbidity and even mortality. Because of the potential severity of attacks, both allergists and otolaryngologists must be knowledgeable about the recognition and treatment of laryngeal angioedema. This study describes the clinical characteristics and pathophysiology of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Methods A literature review was conducted concerning the clinical characteristics and pathophysiology of types I and II hereditary angioedema (HAE), type III HAE, acquired C1 inhibitor (C1INH) deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor–associated angioedema. Results The diagnosis of type I/II HAE is relatively straightforward as long as the clinician maintains a high index of suspicion. Mutations in the SERPING1 gene result in decreased secretion of functional C1INH and episodic activation of plasma kallikrein and Hageman factor (FXII) of the plasma contact system with cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen and generation of bradykinin. In contrast, there are no unequivocal criteria for making a diagnosis of type III HAE, although a minority of these patients may have a mutation in the factor XII gene. Angioedema attacks and mediator of swelling in acquired C1INH deficiency are similar to those in type I or II HAE; however, it occurs on a sporadic basis because of excessive consumption of C1INH in patients who are middle aged or older. ACE inhibitor–associated angioedema should always be considered in any patient taking an ACE inhibitor who experiences angioedema. ACE is a kininase, which when inhibited is thought to result in increased bradykinin levels. Bradykinin acts on vascular endothelial cells to enhance vascular permeability. Conclusion Laryngeal swelling is not infrequently encountered in bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Novel therapies are becoming available that for the first time provide effective treatment for bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Because the characteristics and treatment of these angioedemas are quite distinct from each other and from histamine-mediated angioedema, it is crucial that the physician be able to recognize and distinguish these swelling disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L. Zuraw
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, and San Diego Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra C. Christiansen
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente and University of California, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Nakahara T, Sugimoto K, Sano A, Yamaguchi H, Katayama H, Uchida R. Antihypertensive Mechanism of a Peptide-Enriched Soy Sauce-Like Seasoning: The Active Constituents and Its Suppressive Effect on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. J Food Sci 2011; 76:H201-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
244
|
Meyers RS, Siu A. Pharmacotherapy Review of Chronic Pediatric Hypertension. Clin Ther 2011; 33:1331-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
245
|
Ryan JT, Ross RP, Bolton D, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Bioactive peptides from muscle sources: meat and fish. Nutrients 2011; 3:765-91. [PMID: 22254123 PMCID: PMC3257737 DOI: 10.3390/nu3090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides have been identified in a range of foods, including plant, milk and muscle, e.g., beef, chicken, pork and fish muscle proteins. Bioactive peptides from food proteins offer major potential for incorporation into functional foods and nutraceuticals. The aim of this paper is to present an outline of the bioactive peptides identified in the muscle protein of meat to date, with a focus on muscle protein from domestic animals and fish. The majority of research on bioactives from meat sources has focused on angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Thomas Ryan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; (J.T.R.); (R.P.R.)
| | - Reynolds Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; (J.T.R.); (R.P.R.)
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland;
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Co. Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland;
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; (J.T.R.); (R.P.R.)
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Thewissen BG, Pauly A, Celus I, Brijs K, Delcour JA. Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme by wheat gliadin hydrolysates. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
247
|
Combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and receptor blockade associate with increased risk of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2011; 80:978-985. [PMID: 21775975 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To compare the relative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in reducing cardiovascular mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients, we conducted an observational analysis of all patients initiated on ACEI or ARB therapy undergoing chronic hemodialysis at a large dialysis provider. Survival curves with mortality hazard ratios (HRs) were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. Outcomes were compared using inverse probability of treatment weighting and propensity score matching. Over 6 years, 22,800 patients were newly initiated on an ACEI and 5828 on an ARB after at least 60 days of chronic hemodialysis. After adjustment for baseline cardiovascular risk factors, there was no significant difference in the risk of cardiovascular, all-cause, or cerebrovascular mortality in patients initiated on an ARB compared with an ACEI (HR of 0.96). A third of 28,628 patients, newly started on an ACEI or ARB, went on to another antihypertensive medication in succession. After adjustment for risk factors, 701 patients initiated on combined ACEI and ARB therapy (HR of 1.45) or 6866 patients on ACEI and non-ARB antihypertensive agent (HR of 1.27) were at increased risk of cardiovascular death compared with 1758 patients initiated on an ARB and non-ACEI antihypertensive therapy. Thus, an ARB, in combination with another antihypertensive medication (but not an ACEI), may have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular mortality. As observational studies may be confounded by indication, even when adjusted, randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
|
248
|
Elsebaei F, Zhu Y. Fast gradient high performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection for simultaneous determination of seven angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors together with hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms and spiked human plasma and urine. Talanta 2011; 85:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
249
|
Tadevosyan A, MacLaughlin EJ, Karamyan VT. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in elderly patients: focus on patient outcomes. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2011; 2:27-39. [PMID: 22915967 PMCID: PMC3417921 DOI: 10.2147/prom.s8384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension in the elderly is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Knowledge regarding the mechanisms of hypertension and specific considerations in managing hypertensive elderly through pharmacological intervention(s) is fundamental to improving clinical outcomes. Recent clinical studies in the elderly have provided evidence that angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor antagonists can improve clinical outcomes to a similar or, in certain populations, an even greater extent than other classical arterial blood pressure-lowering agents. This newer class of antihypertensive agents presents several benefits, including potential for improved adherence, excellent tolerability profile with minimal first-dose hypotension, and a low incidence of adverse effects. Thus, AT(1) receptor antagonists represent an appropriate option for many elderly patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and/or left ventricular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artavazd Tadevosyan
- Departments of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
|