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Burt TD, Seu L, Mold JE, Kappas A, McCune JM. Naive human T cells are activated and proliferate in response to the heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5279-88. [PMID: 20921523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and its catabolic by-products have potent anti-inflammatory activity in many models of disease. It is not known, however, if HO-1 also plays a role in the homeostatic control of T cell activation and proliferation. We demonstrate here that the HO-1 inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) induces activation, proliferation, and maturation of naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells via interactions with CD14(+) monocytes in vitro. This response is dependent upon interactions of T cells with MHC class I and II on the surface of CD14(+) monocytes. Furthermore, CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells were able to suppress this proliferation, even though their suppressive activity was itself impaired by SnMP. Given the magnitude of the Ag-independent T cell response induced by SnMP, we speculate that HO-1 plays an important role in dampening nonspecific T cell activation. Based on these findings, we propose a potential role for HO-1 in the control of naive T cell homeostatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Burt
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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202
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Motterlini R, Otterbein LE. The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:728-43. [PMID: 20811383 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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203
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Cheng C, Noorderloos M, van Deel ED, Tempel D, den Dekker W, Wagtmans K, Duncker DJ, Soares MP, Laman JD, Duckers HJ. Dendritic Cell Function in Transplantation Arteriosclerosis Is Regulated by Heme Oxygenase 1. Circ Res 2010; 106:1656-66. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.216945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Heme oxygenase (HO)1 is an important modulator of physiological function with cytoprotective properties. Although HO1 has previously been associated with an improved survival of the vascular allograft in rat models in response to pharmaceutical induction of HO1 the exact mechanism by which HO1 exerts it protective function remains to be elucidated.
Objective
:
We sought to define the role of HO1 in dendritic cells (DCs) function that governs the alloimmune response underlying the development of transplantation associated vasculopathy.
Methods and Results
:
Loss of HO1 in DCs or by small interfering RNA silencing resulted in major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) upregulation by CIITA- driven transcriptional regulation and by STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1) phosphorylation. As a result, increased MHCII alloantigen presentation by HO1
−/−
DCs directed the primary T-cell response preferentially toward a CD4
+
T-cell, rather than a CD8
+
T-cell reaction. In a murine model for transplantation arteriosclerosis, adoptive transfer of HO1
−/−
DCs before allograft transplantation was indeed associated with pronounced intragraft CD4
+
T-cell infiltration and increased IgG deposition, suggestive of an accelerated development of vasculopathy toward the chronic phase. The role of HO1 in DC-mediated T cell activation was further validated by inhibition of endogenous HO1 in allograft recipients. Inhibition of HO1 in DCs aggravated transplant arteriosclerosis development, by increasing intima hyperplasia, and by activation of a CD4
+
T cells allograft response, mediated by MHCII upregulation.
Conclusions
:
These findings demonstrate that HO1 plays an important role in the genetic regulation of the vascular alloimmune response elicited by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cheng
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Noorderloos
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elza D. van Deel
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dennie Tempel
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wijnand den Dekker
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Kim Wagtmans
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dirk J. Duncker
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel P. Soares
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jon D. Laman
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Henricus J. Duckers
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory (C.C., M.N., D.T., W.d.D., K.W., H.J.D.) and Experimental Cardiology (E.D.v.D., D.J.D.), Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter; and Department of Immunology (J.D.L.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht (M.P.S.), The Netherlands; and Inflammation Laboratory (M.P.S.), Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
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204
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Wang Y. Re: Cudihy D, Lee RV. 2009. The pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia: current clinical concepts. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29(7):576-582. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2010; 30:426-7; author reply 427. [PMID: 20455741 DOI: 10.3109/01443611003646306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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205
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Induction of heme oxygenase-1 in factor VIII–deficient mice reduces the immune response to therapeutic factor VIII. Blood 2010; 115:2682-5. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-216408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Replacement therapy with exogenous factor VIII (FVIII) to treat hemorrhages induces anti-FVIII inhibitory immunoglobulin G in up to 30% of patients with hemophilia A. Chronic inflammation associated with recurrent bleedings is a proposed risk factor for FVIII inhibitor development. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress-inducible enzyme with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we demonstrate that induction of HO-1 before FVIII administration drastically reduces the onset of the anti-FVIII humoral immune response. The protective effect was specific for HO-1 because it was reproduced on administration of the end products of HO-1 activity, carbon monoxide, and bilirubin, and prevented by the pharmacologic inhibition of HO-1 using tin mesoporphyrin IX. HO-1 induction was associated with decreased major histocompatibility complex class II expression by splenic antigen-presenting cells and reduced T-cell proliferation. Triggering the endogenous anti-inflammatory machinery before FVIII administration may represent a novel therapeutic option for preventing the development of FVIII inhibitors in hemophilia A patients.
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206
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207
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Zhong W, Xia Z, Hinrichs D, Rosenbaum JT, Wegmann KW, Meyrowitz J, Zhang Z. Hemin exerts multiple protective mechanisms and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50:132-9. [PMID: 20081544 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181c61591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurrent and severe gastrointestinal inflammation. Activation of inflammatory cells, such as TH17 lymphocytes, and/or deficiency of regulatory T cells (Treg) are responsible for the pathogenesis of IBD. As an acute phase reactant, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to play an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role in many disease processes. In this study, we used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model to investigate the effect of upregulating HO-1 by hemin on the development of colonic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice were enterically challenged with 4% DSS. In addition, some mice were intraperitoneally administered with hemin or Sn-protoporphyrin (SnPP) on days 0, 1, and 6 after DSS treatment. The severity of colitis was evaluated by daily monitoring of weight change and diarrhea. At the end of the experiment, the colon, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for histology and various immunological assays. RESULTS Compared to control groups, DSS challenge markedly induced HO-1 expression in the colon epithelium. Upregulation of HO-1 by hemin was further correlated with attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous HO-1 by SnPP aggravated the colitis. To further assess the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we examined whether hemin enhanced the proliferation of Treg cells and suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-17. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that hemin markedly expanded the CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3+ Treg population. Moreover, hemin attenuated IL-17 and TH17-related cytokines. This inhibition coincided with the attenuation of DSS-induced colitis. Finally, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay showed that hemin treatment markedly reduced programmed cell death of colonic epithelium, indicating that hemin exerts a modulatory effect on the induction of Treg, IL-17, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that upregulation of HO-1 by hemin ameliorated experimental colitis. Moreover, our study suggests a broader protective mechanism of hemin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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208
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Tolosano E, Fagoonee S, Morello N, Vinchi F, Fiorito V. Heme scavenging and the other facets of hemopexin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:305-20. [PMID: 19650691 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin is an acute-phase plasma glycoprotein, produced mainly by the liver and released into plasma, where it binds heme with high affinity. Other sites of hemopexin synthesis are the nervous system, skeletal muscle, retina, and kidney. The only known receptor for the heme-hemopexin complex is the scavenger receptor, LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)1, which is expressed in most cell types, thus indicating multiple sites of heme-hemopexin complex recovery. The better-characterized function of hemopexin is heme scavenging at the systemic level, consisting of the transport of heme to the liver, where it is catabolyzed or used for the synthesis of hemoproteins or exported to bile canaliculi. This is important both in physiologic heme management for heme-iron recycling and in pathologic conditions associated with intravascular hemolysis to prevent the prooxidant and proinflammatory effects of heme. Other than scavenging heme, the heme-hemopexin complex has been shown to be able to activate signaling pathways, thus promoting cell survival, and to modulate gene expression. In this review, the importance of heme scavenging by hemopexin, as well as the other emerging functions of this protein, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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209
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Abstract
Since their discovery by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, dendritic cells (DCs) have become increasingly recognized for their crucial role as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are exquisitely adept at acquiring, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells. They also adjust the context (and hence the outcome) of antigen presentation in response to a plethora of environmental inputs that signal the occurrence of pathogens or tissue damage. Such signals generally boost DC maturation, which promotes their migration from peripheral tissues into and within secondary lymphoid organs and their capacity to induce and regulate effector T cell responses. Conversely, more recent observations indicate that DCs are also crucial to ensure immunological peace. Indeed, DCs constantly present innocuous self- and nonself-antigens in a fashion that promotes tolerance, at least in part, through the control of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs are specialized T cells that exert their immunosuppressive function through a variety of mechanisms affecting both DCs and effector cells. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between tolerogenic DCs and Tregs.
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210
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Fontoura P, Garren H. Multiple sclerosis therapies: molecular mechanisms and future. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010; 51:259-85. [PMID: 20838962 DOI: 10.1007/400_2010_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) are, by many measures, not satisfactory. The original interferon-β therapies were not necessarily based on an extensive knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. As more and more insight has been acquired about the autoimmune mechanisms of MS and, in particular, the molecular targets involved, several treatment approaches have emerged. In this chapter, we highlight both promising preclinical approaches and therapies in late stage clinical trials that have been developed as a result of the improved understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of MS. These clinical stage therapies include oral agents, monoclonal antibodies, and antigen-specific therapies. Particular emphasis is given to the molecular targets when known and any safety concerns that have arisen because, despite the need for improved efficacy, MS remains a disease in which the safety of any agent remains of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fontoura
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, CNS Translational Medicine Group, Basel, Switzerland
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211
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Carbon monoxide in biology and microbiology: surprising roles for the "Detroit perfume". Adv Microb Physiol 2009; 56:85-167. [PMID: 20943125 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(09)05603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas with a reputation for being an anthropogenic poison; there is extensive documentation of the modes of human exposure, toxicokinetics, and health effects. However, CO is also generated endogenously by heme oxygenases (HOs) in mammals and microbes, and its extraordinary biological activities are now recognized and increasingly utilized in medicine and physiology. This review introduces recent advances in CO biology and chemistry and illustrates the exciting possibilities that exist for a deeper understanding of its biological consequences. However, the microbiological literature is scant and is currently restricted to: 1) CO-metabolizing bacteria, CO oxidation by CO dehydrogenase (CODH) and the CO-sensing mechanisms that enable CO oxidation; 2) the use of CO as a heme ligand in microbial biochemistry; and 3) very limited information on how microbes respond to CO toxicity. We demonstrate how our horizons in CO biology have been extended by intense research activity in recent years in mammalian and human physiology and biochemistry. CO is one of several "new" small gas molecules that are increasingly recognized for their profound and often beneficial biological activities, the others being nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The chemistry of CO and other heme ligands (oxygen, NO, H2S and cyanide) and the implications for biological interactions are briefly presented. An important advance in recent years has been the development of CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) for aiding experimental administration of CO as an alternative to the use of CO gas. The chemical principles of CO-RM design and mechanisms of CO release from CO-RMs (dissociation, association, reduction and oxidation, photolysis, and acidification) are reviewed and we present a survey of the most commonly used CO-RMs. Amongst the most important new applications of CO in mammalian physiology and medicine are its vasoactive properties and the therapeutic potentials of CO-RMs in vascular disease, anti-inflammatory effects, CO-mediated cell signaling in apoptosis, applications in organ preservation, and the effects of CO on mitochondrial function. The very limited literature on microbial growth responses to CO and CO-RMs in vitro, and the transcriptomic and physiological consequences of microbial exposure to CO and CO-RMs are reviewed. There is current interest in CO and CO-RMs as antimicrobial agents, particularly in the control of bacterial infections. Future prospects are suggested and unanswered questions posed.
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212
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Biburger M, Theiner G, Schädle M, Schuler G, Tiegs G. Pivotal Advance: Heme oxygenase 1 expression by human CD4+ T cells is not sufficient for their development of immunoregulatory capacity. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:193-202. [PMID: 19797297 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0508280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HO-1 is the only inducible one of three isoenzymes that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of heme. HO-1 is inducible by various cellular stress factors and exerts cytoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Recent publications demonstrated that HO-1 is constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+) T(regs) and induced in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells upon FoxP3 transfection. Here, we investigated whether HO-1 was essential and sufficient for human T(regs) to exert immunosuppression in vitro. PGJ(2) induced pronounced expression of HO-1 in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells without accompanying FoxP3 induction. Treatment of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with PGJ(2) decreased their proliferation, whereas the HO-1 inhibitor SnPP enhanced the proliferation of HO-1-expressing T(regs), suggesting that HO-1 may modulate the proliferative capacity of T lymphocytes. HO-1 modulation by SnPP treatment of T(regs) or PGJ(2) treatment of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells neither suppressed nor induced immune-modulatory function in these cells, respectively, as measured by responder-cell proliferation and/or IL-2 production. In summary, these data suggest that HO-1 expression by T(regs) might contribute to their typical reluctance to proliferate but does not account independently for their suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Biburger
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical Department III, University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany
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213
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Heme oxygenase-1 affords protection against noncerebral forms of severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15837-42. [PMID: 19706490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903419106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is associated with hemolysis and therefore with release of hemoglobin from RBC. Under inflammatory conditions, cell-free hemoglobin can be oxidized, releasing its heme prosthetic groups and producing deleterious free heme. Here we demonstrate that survival of a Plasmodium-infected host relies strictly on its ability to prevent the cytotoxic effects of free heme via the expression of the heme-catabolyzing enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; encoded by the Hmox1 gene). When infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (Pcc), wild-type (Hmox1(+/+)) BALB/c mice resolved infection and restored homeostasis thereafter (0% lethality). In contrast, HO-1 deficient (Hmox1(-/-)) BALB/c mice developed a lethal form of hepatic failure (100% lethality), similar to the one occurring in Pcc-infected DBA/2 mice (75% lethality). Expression of HO-1 suppresses the pro-oxidant effects of free heme, preventing it from sensitizing hepatocytes to undergo TNF-mediated programmed cell death by apoptosis. This cytoprotective effect, which inhibits the development of hepatic failure in Pcc-infected mice without interfering with pathogen burden, is mimicked by pharmacological antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC). When administered therapeutically, i.e., after Pcc infection, NAC suppressed the development of hepatic failure in Pcc-infected DBA/2 mice (0% lethality), without interfering with pathogen burden. In conclusion, we describe a mechanism of host defense against Plasmodium infection, based on tissue cytoprotection against free heme and limiting disease severity irrespectively of parasite burden.
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214
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Induction of heme oxygenase-1 protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions. Kidney Int 2009; 76:838-48. [PMID: 19657327 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an anti-oxidant enzyme normally upregulated in response to oxidant injury. Here we determined the role of HO-1 in podocyte apoptosis in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats and in immortalized mouse podocytes cultured in media containing normal or high glucose. HO-1 expression, its activity, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein, and active caspase-3 fragments were all significantly higher in isolated glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose-treated podocytes. These increases were inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin treatment of the rats or by HO-1 siRNA treatment of the podocytes in culture. The number of apoptotic cells was also significantly increased in the glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose-treated podocytes. Inhibition of HO-1 accentuated the increase in apoptotic cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that HO-1 expression protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions.
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215
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Bannenberg GL, Vieira HLA. Therapeutic applications of the gaseous mediators carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:663-82. [PMID: 19441940 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902858824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and carbon monoxide (CO) are endogenously produced gaseous autacoids that regulate a number of physiological processes, including the inflammatory response, cell death and proliferation, neural transmission and smooth muscle tone. OBJECTIVE/METHODS The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all recent patent applications that address the potential therapeutic applications of CO and H(2)S. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Beyond the direct administration of CO and H(2)S, this review highlights the therapeutic applications of a variety of gas-releasing molecules that are being developed to deliver CO and H(2)S to diseased tissues at therapeutic doses. The term autacoid, which, in addition to its pharmacological use to describe a locally-acting hormone, literally translates from Greek as 'self-drug', seems to particularly well describe the current approach to capture the potential therapeutic use of these two gasotransmitters. In summary, we can conclude that there is a markedly growing interest in harnessing the tissue-protective actions of CO and H(2)S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard L Bannenberg
- Campus de la Universidad Autónoma, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología / CSIC, Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Madrid, Spain.
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216
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Innamorato NG, Lastres-Becker I, Cuadrado A. Role of microglial redox balance in modulation of neuroinflammation. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22:308-14. [PMID: 19359988 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32832a3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses some of the emerging concepts on how modulation of redox homeostasis in microglia is crucial to restore its inactive state and modulate inflammation in neurologic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Reactive oxygen species generated by microglia help to eliminate pathogens in the extracellular milieu but also act on microglia itself, altering the intracellular redox balance and functioning as second messengers in induction of proinflammatory genes. Recent findings indicate that restoration of redox balance may be determinant in driving microglia back to the resting state. Thus, deficiency of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), guardian of redox homeostasis, results in exacerbated inflammatory response to neurotoxins whereas inducers of Nrf2 and its target heme oxygenase-1 downmodulate inflammation. SUMMARY New available information indicates that downregulation of microglia is a matter closely correlated with control of oxidative stress in this cell type and points to Nrf2 as a new therapeutic target for modulation of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia G Innamorato
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC and Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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217
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Immunoregulatory effects of HO-1: how does it work? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:482-9. [PMID: 19586801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The heme-catabolizing enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; encoded by the Hmox1 gene) inhibits the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. This unusually broad salutary effect is thought to rely on the immunoregulatory actions of HO-1, exerted on innate and adaptive immune cells. According to this notion, HO-1 'dampens' innate and adaptive immune responses, limiting immune-mediated tissue injury and thus suppressing the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. We will argue that the salutary effects of HO-1 are also exerted via its cytoprotective action, which sustains tissue function and prevents unfettered immune activation by endogenous proinflammatory ligands released from injured cells.
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Naidu S, Vijayan V, Santoso S, Kietzmann T, Immenschuh S. Inhibition and genetic deficiency of p38 MAPK up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 gene expression via Nrf2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7048-57. [PMID: 19454702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is the inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation. The HO products carbon monoxide and bilirubin not only provide antioxidant cytoprotection, but also have potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Although HO-1 has previously been shown to be induced by various stimuli via activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, the role of this protein kinase for HO-1 gene regulation is largely unknown. In the present study, it is demonstrated that pharmacological inhibitors of p38 induced HO-1 expression in monocytic cells. Moreover, basal HO-1 gene expression levels were markedly higher in untreated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) from p38alpha(-/-) mice compared with those from wild-type mice. Transfection studies with luciferase reporter gene constructs indicate that increased HO-1 gene expression via inhibition of p38 was mediated by the transcription factor Nrf2, which is a central regulator of the cellular oxidative stress response. Accordingly, inhibitors of p38 induced binding of nuclear proteins to a Nrf2 target sequence of the HO-1 promoter, but did not affect HO-1 protein expression and promoter activity in Nrf2(-/-) MEF. Genetic deficiency of p38 led to enhanced phosphorylation of ERK and increased cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, pharmacological blockage of ERK and scavenging of reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine reduced HO-1 gene expression in p38(-/-) MEF, respectively. Taken together, it is demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition and genetic deficiency of p38 induce HO-1 gene expression via a Nrf2-dependent mechanism in monocytic cells and MEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsava Naidu
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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219
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2009; 22:321-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e32832cf9cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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220
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Nicotinic acid-mediated activation of both membrane and nuclear receptors towards therapeutic glucocorticoid mimetics for treating multiple sclerosis. PPAR Res 2009; 2009:853707. [PMID: 19461950 PMCID: PMC2683338 DOI: 10.1155/2009/853707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute attacks of multiple sclerosis (MS) are most commonly treated with glucocorticoids, which can provide life-saving albeit only temporary symptomatic relief. The mechanism of action (MOA) is now known to involve induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), where IL-10 requires subsequent heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) induction. Ectopic expression studies reveal that even small changes in expression of IDO, HMOX-1, or mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) can prevent demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models of MS. An alternative to glucocorticoids is needed for a long-term treatment of MS. A distinctly short list of endogenous activators of both membrane G-protein-coupled receptors and nuclear peroxisome proliferating antigen receptors (PPARs) demonstrably ameliorate EAE pathogenesis by MOAs resembling that of glucocorticoids. These dual activators and potential MS therapeutics include endocannabinoids and the prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. Nicotinamide profoundly ameliorates and prevents autoimmune-mediated demyelination in EAE via maintaining levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), without activating PPAR nor any G-protein-coupled receptor. By comparison, nicotinic acid provides even greater levels of NAD than nicotinamide in many tissues, while additionally activating the PPARγ-dependent pathway already shown to provide relief in animal models of MS after activation of GPR109a/HM74a. Thus nicotinic acid is uniquely suited for providing therapeutic relief in MS. However nicotinic acid is unexamined in MS research. Nicotinic acid penetrates the blood brain barrier, cures pellagric dementia, has been used for over 50 years clinically without toxicity, and raises HDL concentrations to a greater degree than any pharmaceutical, thus providing unparalleled benefits against lipodystrophy. Summary analysis reveals that the expected therapeutic benefits of high-dose nicotinic acid administration far outweigh any known adverse risks in consideration for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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221
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Moreau A, Hill M, Thébault P, Deschamps JY, Chiffoleau E, Chauveau C, Moullier P, Anegon I, Alliot-Licht B, Cuturi MC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells actively inhibit T cells through heme oxygenase‐1 in rodents and in nonhuman primates. FASEB J 2009; 23:3070-7. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-128173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Moreau
- INSERM U649 CHU Hotel-Dieu Nantes France
| | - M. Hill
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | - P. Thébault
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | - J. Y. Deschamps
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes Service d'Urgence Nantes France
| | - E. Chiffoleau
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | - C. Chauveau
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | | | - I. Anegon
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | - B. Alliot-Licht
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
| | - M. C. Cuturi
- INSERM U643 Nantes France
- CHU Nantes Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation Nantes France
- Université de Nantes Faculté de Médecine Nantes France
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222
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Goebel U, Mecklenburg A, Siepe M, Roesslein M, Schwer CI, Pahl HL, Priebe HJ, Schlensak C, Loop T. Protective effects of inhaled carbon monoxide in pig lungs during cardiopulmonary bypass are mediated via an induction of the heat shock response. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:173-84. [PMID: 19403594 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may cause acute lung injury leading to increased morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Preconditioning by inhaled carbon monoxide reduces pulmonary inflammation during CPB. We hypothesized that inhaled carbon monoxide mediates its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects during CPB via induction of pulmonary heat shock proteins (Hsps). METHODS Pigs were randomized either to a control group, to standard CPB, to carbon monoxide+CPB, or to quercetin (a flavonoid and unspecific inhibitor of the heat shock response)+control, to quercetin+CPB, and to quercetin+carbon monoxide+CPB. In the carbon monoxide groups, lungs were ventilated with 250 ppm carbon monoxide in addition to standard ventilation before CPB. At various time points, lung biopsies were obtained and pulmonary Hsp and cytokine concentrations determined. RESULTS Haemodynamic parameters were largely unaffected by CPB, carbon monoxide inhalation, or administration of quercetin. Compared with standard CPB, carbon monoxide inhalation significantly increased the pulmonary expression of the Hsps 70 [27 (SD 3) vs 69 (10) ng ml(-1) at 120 min post-CPB, P<0.05] and 90 [0.3 (0.03) vs 0.52 (0.05) after 120 min CPB, P<0.05], induced the DNA binding of heat shock factor-1, reduced interleukin-6 protein expression [936 (75) vs 320 (138) at 120 min post-CPB, P<0.001], and decreased CPB-associated lung injury (assessed by lung biopsy). These carbon monoxide-mediated effects were inhibited by quercetin. CONCLUSIONS As quercetin, a Hsp inhibitor, reversed carbon monoxide-mediated pulmonary effects, we conclude that the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of preconditioning by inhaled carbon monoxide during CPB in pigs are mediated by an activation of the heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Goebel
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Hugstetterstrasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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223
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Identification of crassin acetate as a new immunosuppressant triggering heme oxygenase-1 expression in dendritic cells. Blood 2009; 114:64-73. [PMID: 19401559 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-204297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
By screening 720 natural compounds in a standard 2-way allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction assay, we identified a potent immunosuppressive capacity of crassin acetate (CRA), a coral-derived cembrane diterpenoid. CRA efficiently inhibited allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction as well as antigen-specific activation of CD4 T cells by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). With regard to cellular targets, CRA suppressed not only mitogen-triggered T-cell activation, but also lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation, indicating dual functionality. Treatment with CRA at nontoxic doses induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA/protein expression and HO-1 enzymatic activity in DCs, suggesting a unique mechanism of action. In fact, lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation was also inhibited by structurally unrelated compounds known to induce HO-1 expression or carbon monoxide (CO) release. Allergic contact hypersensitivity response to oxazolone and oxazolone-induced Langerhans cell migration from epidermis were both prevented almost completely by systemic administration of CRA. Not only do our results support the recent concept that HO-1/CO system negatively regulates immune responses, they also form both conceptual and technical frameworks for a more systematic, large-scale drug discovery effort to identify HO-1/CO-targeted immunosuppressants with dual target specificity.
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224
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Tzima S, Victoratos P, Kranidioti K, Alexiou M, Kollias G. Myeloid heme oxygenase-1 regulates innate immunity and autoimmunity by modulating IFN-beta production. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2009. [PMID: 19398754 DOI: 10.1084/jem.200815822715044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a key cytoprotective, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory molecule. The pathophysiological functions of HO-1 have been associated with its enzymatic activities in heme catabolism. We have examined the immune functions of HO-1 by its conditional ablation in myeloid cells (HO-1(M-KO) mice). We demonstrate that myeloid HO-1 is required for the activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) 3 after Toll-like receptor 3 or 4 stimulation, or viral infection. HO-1-deficient macrophages show reduced expression of IFN-beta and of primary IRF3 target genes encoding RANTES, IP-10 and MCP-1. In the presence of polyI:C, myeloid HO-1 knockout mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes, a model dependent on IFN-beta production, showed enhanced bacterial clearance and survival, whereas control mice succumbed to infection. Moreover, after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice with myeloid-specific HO-1 deficiency developed a higher incidence and an exacerbated, nonremitting clinical disease correlating with persistent activation of antigen-presenting cells, enhanced infiltration of Th17 cells, and a nonregressing myelin-specific T cell reactivity. Notably, these defects were rectified by exogenous administration of IFN-beta, confirming that HO-1 functions directly upstream of this critical immune pathway. These results uncover a novel direct function for myeloid HO-1 in the regulation of IFN-beta production, establishing HO-1 as a critical early mediator of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tzima
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari 166-72, Greece
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225
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Tzima S, Victoratos P, Kranidioti K, Alexiou M, Kollias G. Myeloid heme oxygenase-1 regulates innate immunity and autoimmunity by modulating IFN-beta production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1167-79. [PMID: 19398754 PMCID: PMC2715044 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase–1 (HO-1) is a key cytoprotective, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory molecule. The pathophysiological functions of HO-1 have been associated with its enzymatic activities in heme catabolism. We have examined the immune functions of HO-1 by its conditional ablation in myeloid cells (HO-1M-KO mice). We demonstrate that myeloid HO-1 is required for the activation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF) 3 after Toll-like receptor 3 or 4 stimulation, or viral infection. HO-1–deficient macrophages show reduced expression of IFN-β and of primary IRF3 target genes encoding RANTES, IP-10 and MCP-1. In the presence of polyI:C, myeloid HO-1 knockout mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes, a model dependent on IFN-β production, showed enhanced bacterial clearance and survival, whereas control mice succumbed to infection. Moreover, after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice with myeloid-specific HO-1 deficiency developed a higher incidence and an exacerbated, nonremitting clinical disease correlating with persistent activation of antigen-presenting cells, enhanced infiltration of Th17 cells, and a nonregressing myelin-specific T cell reactivity. Notably, these defects were rectified by exogenous administration of IFN-β, confirming that HO-1 functions directly upstream of this critical immune pathway. These results uncover a novel direct function for myeloid HO-1 in the regulation of IFN-β production, establishing HO-1 as a critical early mediator of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tzima
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari 166-72, Greece
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226
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Koch N, Jung M, Sabat R, Krätzschmar J, Döcke WD, Asadullah K, Volk HD, Grütz G. IL-10 protects monocytes and macrophages from complement-mediated lysis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:155-66. [PMID: 19386697 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes, such as monocytes and macrophages, are important cells of the innate immunity in the defense against microbes. So far, it is unclear how these cells survive at the site of combat against microbes, where a hostile inflammatory environment prevails with strong complement activity. We hypothesized that IL-10, a key cytokine involved in the resolution of inflammation, induces resistance to complement attack. Here, we demonstrate for the first time such a cell-protective effect of IL-10 on human monocytes and macrophages. IL-10 is indeed able to protect these cell types in an in vitro model of complement lysis triggered by an anti-MHCI antibody or by binding of zymosan. Investigating potential underlying mechanisms, we found that IL-10 up-regulated the expression of complement regulatory membrane protein CD59 and the general cell-protective stress protein HO-1 in human monocytes. However, further functional analysis failed to link these individual IL-10-mediated effects with the increased protection from complement lysis. Blocking the protective effect of CD59 with an antibody increased complement lysis but did not abrogate the IL-10-protective effect. Interestingly, chemical interference with HO-1 activity did abrogate the protective effect of IL-10, but siRNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1 did not confirm this observation. Our results suggest that IL-10 generates pathogen-clearing phagocytes, which are resistant to complement lysis and thereby, enabled to survive longer in a hostile inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Koch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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227
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Pae HO, Chung HT. Heme oxygenase-1: its therapeutic roles in inflammatory diseases. Immune Netw 2009; 9:12-9. [PMID: 20107533 PMCID: PMC2803295 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the oxidative degradation of free heme into ferrous iron, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin (BV), the latter being subsequently converted into bilirubin (BR). HO-1, once expressed during inflammation, forms high concentrations of its enzymatic by-products that can influence various biological events, and this expression is proven to be associated with the resolution of inflammation. The degradation of heme by HO-1 itself, the signaling actions of CO, the antioxidant properties of BV/BR, and the sequestration of ferrous iron by ferritin all concertedly contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of HO-1. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of HO-1 actions and its roles in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ock Pae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
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228
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Rémy S, Blancou P, Tesson L, Tardif V, Brion R, Royer PJ, Motterlini R, Foresti R, Painchaut M, Pogu S, Gregoire M, Bach JM, Anegon I, Chauveau C. Carbon Monoxide Inhibits TLR-Induced Dendritic Cell Immunogenicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1877-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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229
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Heme oxygenase-1: from biology to therapeutic potential. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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230
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Cobalt protoporphyrin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid-induced nitric oxide production via blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and nitric oxide enzyme activity. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:202-10. [PMID: 19497418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, low doses (0.5, 1, and 2 microM) of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), but not ferric protoporphyrin (FePP) or tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production with an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein in RAW264.7 macrophages under serum-free conditions. IC(50) values of CoPP inhibition of NO and iNOS protein individually induced by LPS and LTA were around 0.25 and 1.7 microM, respectively. This suggests that CoPP is more sensitive at inhibiting NO production than iNOS protein in response to separate LPS and LTA stimulation. NO inhibition and HO-1 induction by CoPP were blocked by the separate addition of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Decreasing iNOS/NO production and increasing HO-1 protein by CoPP were observed with CoPP pretreatment, CoPP co-treatment, and CoPP post-treatment with LPS and LTA stimulation. LPS- and LTA-induced NOS/NO productions were significantly suppressed by the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, but not by the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, through a reduction in JNK protein phosphorylation. Transfection of a dominant negative JNK plasmid inhibited LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and JNK protein phosphorylation, suggesting that JNK activation is involved in LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production. Additionally, CoPP inhibition of LPS- and LTA-induced JNK, but not ERK, protein phosphorylation was identified in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, CoPP significantly reduced NO production in a cell-mediated, but not cell-free, iNOS enzyme activity assay accompanied by HO-1 induction. However, attenuation of HO-1 protein stimulated by CoPP via transfection of HO-1 siRNA did not affect NO's inhibition of CoPP against LPS stimulation. CoPP effectively suppressing LPS- and LTA-induced iNOS/NO production through blocking JNK activation and iNOS enzyme activity via a HO-1 independent manner is first demonstrated herein.
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231
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Zeis T, Probst A, Steck AJ, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Molecular changes in white matter adjacent to an active demyelinating lesion in early multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2008; 19:459-66. [PMID: 19016740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereotactic biopsy of a 17-year-old woman revealed an active inflammatory demyelinating lesion compatible with pattern III multiple sclerosis (MS) according to Lucchinetti et al. The biopsy included a white matter region distant from the active inflammatory demyelinating lesion with abnormal MRI signal, lacking histopathological signs of demyelination and/or oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Expression analysis of this area revealed a strong up-regulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Furthermore, detection of nitrotyrosine provided evidence for reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-mediated damage to oligodendrocytes. Concomitantly, genes involved in neuroprotection against oxidative stress such as heme oxygenase 1 were up-regulated. Even though a single case report, this study shows earliest molecular changes in white matter surrounding an actively demyelinating lesion during the first manifestation of MS, pointing toward a more widespread pathological process. Therapeutic targeting of the identified mechanisms of tissue injury might be crucial to prevent further lesion formation or secondary tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zeis
- Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine and Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
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232
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Vieira HLA, Queiroga CSF, Alves PM. Pre-conditioning induced by carbon monoxide provides neuronal protection against apoptosis. J Neurochem 2008; 107:375-84. [PMID: 18691384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous product of mammalian cells generated by heme-oxygenase, presenting anti-apoptotic properties in several tissues. The present work demonstrates the ability of small amounts of exogenous CO to prevent neuronal apoptosis induced by excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice primary culture of cerebellar granule cells. Additionally, our data show that endogenous CO is a heme-oxygenase product critical for its anti-apoptotic activity. Despite being neuroprotective, CO also induces reactive oxygen species generation in neurons. These two phenomena suggest that CO induces pre-conditioning (PC) to prevent cell death. The role of several PC mediators, namely soluble guanylyl cyclase, nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and ATP-dependent mitochondrial K channel (mitoK(ATP)) was addressed. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase or NO synthase activity, or closing of mitoK(ATP) abolishes the protective effect conferred by CO. In addition, CO treatment triggers cGMP and NO production in neurons. Opening of mitoK(ATP), which appears to be critical for CO prevention of apoptosis, might be a later event. We also demonstrated that reactive oxygen species generation and de novo protein synthesis are necessary for CO PC effect and neuroprotection. In conclusion, CO induces PC and prevents neuronal apoptosis, therefore constituting a novel and promising candidate for neuroprotective therapies.
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233
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Syapin PJ. Regulation of haeme oxygenase-1 for treatment of neuroinflammation and brain disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:623-40. [PMID: 18794892 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the CNS elicits a host defense reaction that utilizes astrocytes, microglia, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Neuroinflammation is a major host defense mechanism designed to restore normal structure and function after CNS insult, but like other forms of inflammation, chronic neuroinflammation may contribute to pathogenesis. The inducible haeme oxygenase isoform, haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is a phase 2 enzyme upregulated in response to electrophilic xenobiotics, oxidative stress, cellular injury and disease. There is emerging evidence that HO-1 expression helps mediate the resolution of inflammation, including neuroinflammation. Whether this is solely because of the catabolism of haeme or includes additional mechanisms is unclear. This review provides a brief background on the molecular biology and biochemistry of haeme oxygenases and the actions of haeme, bilirubin, iron and carbon monoxide in the CNS. It then presents our current state of knowledge regarding HO-1 expression in the CNS, regulation of HO-1 induction in neural cells and discusses the prospect of pharmacological manipulation of HO-1 as therapy for CNS disorders. Because of recognized species and cellular differences in HO-1 regulation, a major objective of this review is to draw attention to areas where gaps exist in the experimental record regarding regulation of HO-1 in neural cells. The results indicate the HO-1 system to be an important therapeutic target in CNS disorders, but our understanding of HO-1 expression in human neural cells is severely lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Syapin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA.
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234
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Naidu S, Wijayanti N, Santoso S, Kietzmann T, Immenschuh S. An Atypical NF-κB-Regulated Pathway Mediates Phorbol Ester-Dependent Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Activation in Monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4113-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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235
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Marques CP, Cheeran MCJ, Palmquist JM, Hu S, Lokensgard JR. Microglia are the major cellular source of inducible nitric oxide synthase during experimental herpes encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2008; 14:229-38. [PMID: 18569457 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802093927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although production of reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species (RNS and ROS) is a component of innate defense against viral infection, their overproduction in the brain may also lead to deleterious consequences. To investigate potential immunopathologic roles of oxidative stress during herpes encephalitis, the authors examined the expression kinetics of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of oxidative stress, and evaluated infection-induced oxidative brain damage. Results from these studies showed that both iNOS and HO-1 gene expression were highly elevated in the brain within 7 days post infection (d.p.i.) and remained elevated through 21 d.p.i. Real-time bioluminescence imaging of HO-1 promoter-luciferase transgenic mice confirmed HO-1 promoter activity in the brains of HSV-1-infected animals within 3 d.p.i., which peaked between 5 and 7 d.p.i. Immunohistochemical staining for both 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), as well as quantitative assessment of 8-isoprostane levels, demonstrated the presence of viral infection-induced oxidative brain damage. In addition, when brain leukocytes obtained from animals with experimental herpes encephalitis were sorted using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and the individual cell populations analyzed, CD45(int)/CD11b(+) resident microglia were found to be the major cellular source of iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina P Marques
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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A central role for free heme in the pathogenesis of severe malaria: the missing link? J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1097-111. [PMID: 18641963 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, the disease caused by Plasmodium infection, is endemic to poverty in so-called underdeveloped countries. Plasmodium falciparum, the main infectious Plasmodium species in sub-Saharan countries, can trigger the development of severe malaria, including cerebral malaria, a neurological syndrome that claims the lives of more than one million children (<5 years old) per year. Attempts to eradicate Plasmodium infection, and in particular its lethal outcomes, have so far been unsuccessful. Using well-established rodent models of malaria infection, we found that survival of a Plasmodium-infected host is strictly dependent on the host's ability to up-regulate the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1 encoded by the gene Hmox1). HO-1 is a stress-responsive enzyme that catabolizes free heme into biliverdin, via a reaction that releases Fe and generates the gas carbon monoxide (CO). Generation of CO through heme catabolism by HO-1 prevents the onset of cerebral malaria. The protective effect of CO is mediated via its binding to cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) released from infected red blood cells during the blood stage of Plasmodium infection. Binding of CO to cell-free Hb prevents heme release and thus generation of free heme, which we found to play a central role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. We will address hereby how defense mechanisms that prevent the deleterious effects of free heme, including the expression of HO-1, impact on the pathologic outcome of Plasmodium infection and how these may be used therapeutically to suppress its lethal outcomes.
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Fagoonee S, Caorsi C, Giovarelli M, Stoltenberg M, Silengo L, Altruda F, Camussi G, Tolosano E, Bussolati B. Lack of Plasma Protein Hemopexin Dampens Mercury-Induced Autoimmune Response in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1937-47. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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George JF, Braun A, Brusko TM, Joseph R, Bolisetty S, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Agarwal A, Kapturczak MH. Suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is dependent on expression of heme oxygenase-1 in antigen-presenting cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18511516 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.0709632438293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been viewed as a cytoprotective protein, ameliorating the effects of inflammatory cellular damage, and as beneficial in allograft protection from acute and chronic rejection, suggesting important functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Mice deficient in HO-1 exhibit defective immune regulation characterized by a proinflammatory phenotype. We examined if impaired regulatory T cell (Treg) function contributes to the immunoregulatory defects observed in HO-1(-/-) mice. HO-1(-/-) mice exhibited a significantly higher proportion of Foxp3-expressing cells among total CD4(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in comparison to HO-1(+/+) mice, and HO-1(-/-) Treg cells were at least as effective as HO-1(+/+) Treg cells in suppressing proliferation of effector T cells in vitro from either HO-1(+/+) or HO-1(-/-) mice. However, the absence of HO-1 in antigen-presenting cells abolished the suppressive activity of Treg cells on effector T cells. These findings demonstrate that HO-1 activity in antigen-presenting cells is important for Treg-mediated suppression, providing an explanation for the apparent defect in immune regulation in HO-1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F George
- Departments of Surgery, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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George JF, Braun A, Brusko TM, Joseph R, Bolisetty S, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Agarwal A, Kapturczak MH. Suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is dependent on expression of heme oxygenase-1 in antigen-presenting cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:154-60. [PMID: 18511516 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been viewed as a cytoprotective protein, ameliorating the effects of inflammatory cellular damage, and as beneficial in allograft protection from acute and chronic rejection, suggesting important functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Mice deficient in HO-1 exhibit defective immune regulation characterized by a proinflammatory phenotype. We examined if impaired regulatory T cell (Treg) function contributes to the immunoregulatory defects observed in HO-1(-/-) mice. HO-1(-/-) mice exhibited a significantly higher proportion of Foxp3-expressing cells among total CD4(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in comparison to HO-1(+/+) mice, and HO-1(-/-) Treg cells were at least as effective as HO-1(+/+) Treg cells in suppressing proliferation of effector T cells in vitro from either HO-1(+/+) or HO-1(-/-) mice. However, the absence of HO-1 in antigen-presenting cells abolished the suppressive activity of Treg cells on effector T cells. These findings demonstrate that HO-1 activity in antigen-presenting cells is important for Treg-mediated suppression, providing an explanation for the apparent defect in immune regulation in HO-1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F George
- Departments of Surgery, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Anesthetics and Natural Heme Oxygenase-1 Inducers: Waiting for Carbon Monoxide? Ann Surg 2008; 247:712-3; author reply 713-4. [PMID: 18362637 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31816a505e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rueda B, Oliver J, Robledo G, López-Nevot MA, Balsa A, Pascual-Salcedo D, González-Gay MA, González-Escribano MF, Martín J. HO-1promoter polymorphism associated with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:3953-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Seldon MP, Silva G, Pejanovic N, Larsen R, Gregoire IP, Filipe J, Anrather J, Soares MP. Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibits the Expression of Adhesion Molecules Associated with Endothelial Cell Activation via Inhibition of NF-κB RelA Phosphorylation at Serine 276. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7840-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Batzlsperger CA, Achatz S, Spreng J, Riegger GAJ, Griese DP. Evidence for a Possible Inhibitory Interaction between the HO-1/CO- and Akt/NO-Pathways in Human Endothelial Cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 21:347-55. [PMID: 17896171 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-007-6051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protective properties of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) give reason to study this mechanism as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Recent evidence suggests a possible interaction between the HO-1/CO- and the protein kinase Akt/NO-pathway. This study was designed to examine the effects of continuous HO-1 overexpression in endothelial cells. METHODS Oncoretroviral vectors were constructed to achieve constitutive overexpression of HO-1, Akt, and green fluorescence protein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. [(3)H]thymidine-incorporation and lipid-peroxidation were measured following exposure to heme and H(2)O(2). Expression of HO-1, Akt and its downstream-target endothelial NO-synthase were quantified by Western blot analysis. NO-synthase-activity was measured using the citrulline-conversion-assay. RESULTS HO-1-overexpression reduced proliferative rates and DNA-synthesis of HUVEC, but provided potent protection from oxidative stress induced by heme and H(2)O(2). Phosphorylated-Akt and eNOS was downregulated in HO-1-HUVEC. eNOS-activity was reduced in HO-1-HUVEC. Co-infection with the Akt-retrovirus restored proliferative rates and eNOS-expression and -activity. CONCLUSION Continuously elevated HO-1-activity protects EC from oxidative stress but inhibits Akt-mediated proliferation and eNOS-expression. This inhibitory feedback mechanism could be a limitation of HO-1 as a target for the treatment of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Batzlsperger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Regensburg University Medical Center, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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