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Prognostic impact of fibroblast growth factor 2 in non-small cell lung cancer: coexpression with VEGFR-3 and PDGF-B predicts poor survival. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:578-85. [PMID: 19318994 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31819f2e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2; basic fibroblast growth factor, b-FGF) and its main receptor FGFR-1 are important in both hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Murine studies have indicated a close interplay between both FGF2 and platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) as well as FGF2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-3 (VEGFR-3). This study investigates the prognostic impact of FGF2 and FGFR-1 in tumor cells and tumor stroma of resected non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and explores the importance of their coexpression with VEGFR-3 or PDGF-B. METHODS Tumor tissue samples from 335 resected patients with stage I to IIIA NSCLC were obtained and tissue microarrays were constructed from duplicate cores of tumor cells and tumor-related stroma from each specimen. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of the molecular markers FGF2, FGFR-1, VEGFR-3, and PDGF-B. RESULTS In univariate analyses, high tumor cell FGF2 expression (p = 0.015) was a negative prognostic indicator for disease-specific survival. In tumor stroma, high FGF2 (p = 0.024) expression correlated with good prognosis. In multivariate analyses, high expression of FGF2 in tumor cells (p = 0.038) was an independent negative prognostic factor whereas increased FGF2 in stroma (p = 0.015) was a positive prognosticator. Tumor cell coexpressions of FGF2/VEGFR-3 (p < 0.001) and FGFR-1/PDGF-B (p = 0.002) were significant indicators of poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Expression of FGF2 in tumor cells is an independent negative prognostic factor, and the coexpressions of FGF2/VEGFR-3 and FGFR-1/PDGF-B are strongly associated with poor survival in NSCLC patients.
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202
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Lysyl oxidase propeptide inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by mechanisms that target FGF-2-cell binding and signaling. Oncogene 2009; 28:3390-400. [PMID: 19597471 PMCID: PMC2753565 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced RAS signaling and decreased androgen dependence of prostate cancer cells accompany poor clinical outcomes. Elevated autocrine FGF-2 signaling promotes prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) inhibits RAS transforming activity. LOX is secreted as 50 kDa pro-lysyl oxidase protein and then undergoes extracellular proteolytic processing to form ~30 kDa lysyl oxidase enzyme and ~18 kDa pro-peptide (LOX-PP). We have previously shown that LOX-PP inhibits breast cancer cell transformation and tumor formation, but mechanisms of action of LOX-PP have not been fully elucidated. Here we report that LOX expression is reduced in prostate cancer cell lines and that recombinant LOX-PP protein inhibits serum-stimulated DNA synthesis and MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in DU 145 and PC-3 androgen-independent cell lines. In DU 145 cells, treatment with a pharmacologic FGF-receptor inhibitor or a neutralizing anti-FGFR1 antibody mimicked LOX-PP inhibition of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis. FGF-2-stimulated DNA synthesis, ERK1/2, AKT, and FRS2α activation were found all to be inhibited by LOX-PP in DU 145 cells. LOX-PP reduced specific binding of FGF-2 to DU 145 cells, suggesting that LOX-PP targets FGF signaling at the receptor. Interestingly, PC-3 cells did not respond to FGF-2, consistent with previous reports. We conclude that LOX-PP inhibits proliferation of DU 145 cells by interfering with FGFR(s) binding and signaling, and that LOX-PP has other mechanisms of action in PC-3 cells.
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203
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Di Santo S, Yang Z, Wyler von Ballmoos M, Voelzmann J, Diehm N, Baumgartner I, Kalka C. Novel cell-free strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis: in vitro generated conditioned medium can replace progenitor cell transplantation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5643. [PMID: 19479066 PMCID: PMC2682571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests that endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to ischemic tissue repair by both secretion of paracrine factors and incorporation into developing vessels. We tested the hypothesis that cell-free administration of paracrine factors secreted by cultured EPC may achieve an angiogenic effect equivalent to cell therapy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS EPC-derived conditioned medium (EPC-CM) was obtained from culture expanded EPC subjected to 72 hours of hypoxia. In vitro, EPC-CM significantly inhibited apoptosis of mature endothelial cells and promoted angiogenesis in a rat aortic ring assay. The therapeutic potential of EPC-CM as compared to EPC transplantation was evaluated in a rat model of chronic hindlimb ischemia. Serial intramuscular injections of EPC-CM and EPC both significantly increased hindlimb blood flow assessed by laser Doppler (81.2+/-2.9% and 83.7+/-3.0% vs. 53.5+/-2.4% of normal, P<0.01) and improved muscle performance. A significantly increased capillary density (1.62+/-0.03 and 1.68+/-0.05/muscle fiber, P<0.05), enhanced vascular maturation (8.6+/-0.3 and 8.1+/-0.4/HPF, P<0.05) and muscle viability corroborated the findings of improved hindlimb perfusion and muscle function. Furthermore, EPC-CM transplantation stimulated the mobilization of bone marrow (BM)-derived EPC compared to control (678.7+/-44.1 vs. 340.0+/-29.1 CD34(+)/CD45(-) cells/1x10(5) mononuclear cells, P<0.05) and their recruitment to the ischemic muscles (5.9+/-0.7 vs. 2.6+/-0.4 CD34(+) cells/HPF, P<0.001) 3 days after the last injection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Intramuscular injection of EPC-CM is as effective as cell transplantation for promoting tissue revascularization and functional recovery. Owing to the technical and practical limitations of cell therapy, cell free conditioned media may represent a potent alternative for therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Santo
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Wyler von Ballmoos
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Voelzmann
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Diehm
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kalka
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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204
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Dual gene transfer of fibroblast growth factor-2 and platelet derived growth factor-BB using plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid promotes effective angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in a rodent model of hindlimb ischemia. Transl Res 2009; 153:232-9. [PMID: 19375684 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein infusion of basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) have been shown to promote the formation of a stable and functional vascular network in small and large animal models of ischemia. Here, we sought to determine whether a similar effect could be obtained using a gene-therapy-based strategy with nonviral vectors. Rats underwent a surgical procedure to create hindlimb ischemia and were injected with a combination of plasmids that expressed FGF-2 and PDGF-BB. Anatomical and functional parameters of the angiogenesis and arteriogenesis response were evaluated after 4 weeks. The results were compared with rats injected with plasmids that expressed a reporter gene or the extensively studied vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) alone. Treatment with the FGF-2/PDGF-BB combination increased the angiogenesis and arteriogenesis response compared with the empty plasmid, and it was as effective as VEGF165. In terms of safety, the combination allowed the use of a 50% lower individual dose of each plasmid and in addition promoted the formation of more stable vessels than VEGF165. In conclusion, the dual gene transfer of FGF-2 and PDGF-BB using nonviral vectors is safe and effective in promoting the formation of a functional vascular network in a rodent model of hindlimb ischemia.
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205
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Resistance to EGF-R (erbB-1) and VEGF-R modulating agents. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1117-1128. [PMID: 19124237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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206
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Nagy JA, Chang SH, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF. Why are tumour blood vessels abnormal and why is it important to know? Br J Cancer 2009; 100:865-9. [PMID: 19240721 PMCID: PMC2661770 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour blood vessels differ from their normal counterparts for reasons that have received little attention. We report here that they are of at least six distinct types, we describe how each forms, and, looking forward, encourage the targeting of tumour vessel subsets that have lost their vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) dependency and so are likely unresponsive to anti-VEGF-A therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nagy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Baston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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207
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Nasarre P, Thomas M, Kruse K, Helfrich I, Wolter V, Deppermann C, Schadendorf D, Thurston G, Fiedler U, Augustin HG. Host-derived angiopoietin-2 affects early stages of tumor development and vessel maturation but is dispensable for later stages of tumor growth. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1324-33. [PMID: 19208839 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiopoietin/Tie2 system has been identified as the second vascular-specific receptor tyrosine kinase system controlling vessel assembly, maturation, and quiescence. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is prominently up-regulated in the host-derived vasculature of most tumors, making it an attractive candidate for antiangiogenic intervention. Yet, the net outcome of Ang-2 functions on tumor angiogenesis is believed to be contextual depending on the local cytokine milieu. Correspondingly, Ang-2 manipulatory therapies have been shown to exert protumorigenic as well as antitumorigenic effects. To clarify the role of Ang-2 for angiogenesis and tumor growth in a definite genetic experimental setting, the present study was aimed at comparatively studying the growth of different tumors in wild-type and Ang-2-deficient mice. Lewis lung carcinomas, MT-ret melanomas, and B16F10 melanomas all grew slower in Ang-2-deficient mice. Yet, tumor growth in wild-type and Ang-2-deficient mice dissociated during early stages of tumor development, whereas tumor growth rates during later stages of primary tumor progression were similar. Analysis of the intratumoral vascular architecture revealed no major differences in microvessel density and perfusion characteristics. However, diameters of intratumoral microvessels were smaller in tumors grown in Ang-2-deficient mice, and the vasculature had an altered pattern of pericyte recruitment and maturation. Ang-2-deficient tumor vessels had higher pericyte coverage indices. Recruited pericytes were desmin and NG2 positive and predominately alpha-smooth muscle actin negative, indicative of a more mature pericyte phenotype. Collectively, the experiments define the role of Ang-2 during tumor angiogenesis and establish a better rationale for combination therapies involving Ang-2 manipulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nasarre
- Department of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis Research, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany
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208
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Ma J, Waxman DJ. Combination of antiangiogenesis with chemotherapy for more effective cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 7:3670-84. [PMID: 19074844 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of tumor development and metastasis and is now a validated target for cancer treatment. However, the survival benefits of antiangiogenic drugs have thus far been rather modest, stimulating interest in developing more effective ways to combine antiangiogenic drugs with established chemotherapies. This review discusses recent progress and emerging challenges in this field; interactions between antiangiogenic drugs and conventional chemotherapeutic agents are examined, and strategies for the optimization of combination therapies are discussed. Antiangiogenic drugs such as the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab can induce a functional normalization of the tumor vasculature that is transient and can potentiate the activity of coadministered chemoradiotherapies. However, chronic angiogenesis inhibition typically reduces tumor uptake of coadministered chemotherapeutics, indicating a need to explore new approaches, including intermittent treatment schedules and provascular strategies to increase chemotherapeutic drug exposure. In cases where antiangiogenesis-induced tumor cell starvation augments the intrinsic cytotoxic effects of a conventional chemotherapeutic drug, combination therapy may increase antitumor activity despite a decrease in cytotoxic drug exposure. As new angiogenesis inhibitors enter the clinic, reliable surrogate markers are needed to monitor the progress of antiangiogenic therapies and to identify responsive patients. New targets for antiangiogenesis continue to be discovered, increasing the opportunities to interdict tumor angiogenesis and circumvent resistance mechanisms that may emerge with chronic use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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209
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Tsunoda S, Sakurai H, Saito Y, Ueno Y, Koizumi K, Saiki I. Massive T-lymphocyte infiltration into the host stroma is essential for fibroblast growth factor-2-promoted growth and metastasis of mammary tumors via neovascular stability. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:671-83. [PMID: 19116363 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the tumor stroma greatly influences tumor development. In the present study, we investigated the roles of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2-induced chronic inflammation in the development of 4T1 murine mammary tumors. Administration of FGF-2 into the tumor inoculation site during the initial phase of tumor growth enhanced tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis as well as microvessel density in tumor tissues in normal but not in nude mice. Infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages, recruitment of pericytes/vascular mural cells in neovascular walls, and the expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were also enhanced in the FGF-2-activated host stroma of normal mice. In addition, FGF-2-induced tumor growth and metastasis was abrogated by administration of either an immunosuppressant, FK506, or a COX-2 inhibitor. FGF-2 enhanced prostaglandin E(2) secretion in cultured T lymphocytes. In addition, VEGFA secretion was increased in a co-culture of T lymphocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. These results indicate that the massive infiltration of T lymphocytes into FGF-2-activated host stroma during the initial phase of tumor growth enhances neovascular stability by regulating endogenous COX-2 and VEGFA levels because both compounds are known to play important roles in marked 4T1 mammary tumor development via FGF-2-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsunoda
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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210
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A role for VEGF as a negative regulator of pericyte function and vessel maturation. Nature 2008; 456:809-13. [PMID: 18997771 PMCID: PMC2605188 DOI: 10.1038/nature07424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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211
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Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is caused by iterative cycles of tissue injury, inflammation, and repair. Although most causes of acute hepatitis resolve without scarring, chronic hepatitis is associated with persistent inflammation and matrix remodeling, which leads to fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis. The mechanisms that govern wound healing involve interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems and stromal cells within a microenvironment composed of cytokines, growth factors, and modified matricellular proteins. The immune system plays a central role in the regulation of fibrosis, tissue repair, and recovery that is vital for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are inextricably linked and the cellular interactions between immune effector cells, local fibroblasts, and tissue macrophages at sites of scar formation determine the outcome of liver injury and the development of scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Holt
- Honorary Clinical Fellow in Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
| | - Mike Salmon
- Professor of Experimental Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- ARC Professor of Rheumatology, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Professor of Hepatology, Liver Research Group, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. U.K
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212
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Langenkamp E, Molema G. Microvascular endothelial cell heterogeneity: general concepts and pharmacological consequences for anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:205-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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213
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Cao R, Jensen LDE, Söll I, Hauptmann G, Cao Y. Hypoxia-induced retinal angiogenesis in zebrafish as a model to study retinopathy. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2748. [PMID: 18648503 PMCID: PMC2447178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding and defining novel therapeutic targets of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been hampered by a lack of appropriate adult animal models. Here we describe a simple and highly reproducible adult fli-EGFP transgenic zebrafish model to study retinal angiogenesis. The retinal vasculature in the adult zebrafish is highly organized and hypoxia-induced neovascularization occurs in a predictable area of capillary plexuses. New retinal vessels and vascular sprouts can be accurately measured and quantified. Orally active anti-VEGF agents including sunitinib and ZM323881 effectively block hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Intriguingly, blockage of the Notch signaling pathway by the inhibitor DAPT under hypoxia, results in a high density of arterial sprouting in all optical arteries. The Notch suppression-induced arterial sprouting is dependent on tissue hypoxia. However, in the presence of DAPT substantial endothelial tip cell formation was detected only in optic capillary plexuses under normoxia. These findings suggest that hypoxia shifts the vascular targets of Notch inhibitors. Our findings for the first time show a clinically relevant retinal angiogenesis model in adult zebrafish, which might serve as a platform for studying mechanisms of retinal angiogenesis, for defining novel therapeutic targets, and for screening of novel antiangiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lasse Dahl Ejby Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iris Söll
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns University College, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, The Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Giselbert Hauptmann
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns University College, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, The Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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214
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Tan X, Zhai Y, Chang W, Hou J, He S, Lin L, Yu Y, Xu D, Xiao J, Ma L, Wang G, Cao T, Cao G. Global analysis of metastasis-associated gene expression in primary cultures from clinical specimens of clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1080-8. [PMID: 18546293 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has a poor prognosis and unpredictable course, and there are no molecular markers that reliably predict ccRCC metastasis. In this study, ccRCC specimens from 84 patients were directly cultured in vitro. Primary cultures from 38 of 94 specimens contained more than 90% tumor cells at the fourth passage. After identification by immunostaining, the primary cultures of metastatic and nonmetastatic ccRCC specimens from the age- and gender-matched patients were subjected to cDNA microarray assays. A total of 842 differentially expressed genes with a FDR (false discovery rate) of 4.79% were identified. Pathway analysis and co-occurrence with "cancer", "metastasis" and "invasion" in the literature annotations functionally enriched the 842 genes and provided an indication of the reliability of our microarray assays. Novel genes associated with metastasis were selected based on protein-protein interactions between 205 differentially expressed genes that co-occurred with "metastasis" and those that did not co-occur with "metastasis" on Medline, and the results of co-expression analysis between the co-occurred genes and unpublished genes. FSTL1, AV722783, SLC15A1, DDX17, ORC2L and PKMYT1 were found to be potential ccRCC metastasis-associated novel genes, according to expression patterns in cultures and tumor tissues. Interestingly, the upregulated genes (CAV1, PKMYT1 and ORC2L) were also upregulated and the downregulated genes (FSTL1, GSTM3, CYR61, SLC15A1 and AV722783) were also downregulated in the primary ccRCC specimens compared with expression in adjacent renal tissues in 37 patients. This study has identified new candidate biomarkers and targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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215
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factors are potent angiogenic inducers; however, their precise roles in angiogenesis have not been well understood. In this review, we will focus on specific roles played by fibroblast growth factors in neovascularization. RECENT FINDINGS Although fibroblast growth factors promote a strong angiogenic response, it has been suggested that FGF-induced angiogenesis requires activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor system. Recent findings have endorsed the view of indirect contribution of fibroblast growth factor signaling to vascular development. A study using embryoid bodies demonstrated a nonimmediate role played by fibrobalst growth factor receptor 1 in vasculogenesis as vascular endothelial growth factor supplementation was sufficient to promote vascular development in Fgfr1-/- embryoid bodies. Moreover, another line of evidence indicated that myocardial fibroblast growth factor signaling is essential for mouse coronary development. The key role of fibroblast growth factor signaling in this process is Hedgehog activation, which induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression and formation of the coronary vasculature. In addition to vascular endothelial growth factor interaction, fibroblast growth factors can control neovascularization by influencing other growth factors and chemokines such as platelet-derived growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, contributing to development of mature vessels and collateral arteries. SUMMARY Although fibroblast growth factors are potent angiogenic factors, they may indirectly control neovascularization in concert with other growth factors. Thus, the unique role played by fibroblast growth factors might be organization of various angiogenic pathways and coordination of cell-cell interactions in this process.
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216
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Nakamura Y, Tanaka F, Yoshikawa Y, Mimori K, Inoue H, Yanaga K, Mori M. PDGF-BB is a novel prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:2129-36. [PMID: 18478301 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) is thought to be involved in human malignancies. Its overexpression has been reported in some human tumors. However, its expression in colorectal cancer has not been studied. We thus investigated the clinicopathological and biological significance of PDGF-BB gene expression in human colorectal cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we evaluated PDGF-BB expression status and correlated data with clinicopathological parameters in 60 patients with colorectal cancer. Additionally, we established a colorectal cancer cell line expressing PDGF-BB and investigated its effects on cell invasion and proliferation. RESULTS The incidence of vascular invasion was significantly greater in patients expressing PDGF-BB at a high level than in those at a low level (P < .05). Patients with high PDGF-BB expression had a significantly poorer survival rate than those with low PDGF-BB expression (P < .05). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that PDGF-BB expression was an independent prognostic factor. We demonstrated in vitro that cells transduced with PDGF-BB showed greater invasiveness (P < .05) and migration (P < .001) than did mock transduced cells. In a xenograft study, cells transduced with PDGF-BB had higher proliferation rates than mock transfected cells. CONCLUSION PDGF-BB expression may be a new prognostic indicator for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumibaru, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
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217
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Kerbel
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, and the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto.
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218
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Cao Y, Cao R, Hedlund EM. R Regulation of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by FGF and PDGF signaling pathways. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:785-9. [PMID: 18392794 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a fast-growing malignant tissue, tumor blood vessels are exposed to multiple growth factors and cytokines. Although the role of individual factors and their signaling pathways in regulation of tumor neovascularization is relatively well-studied, little is known about complex interactions between these factors and their cooperative effects in promoting tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Our recent studies show that quiescent vascular endothelial cells usually remaining silence to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB stimulation acquire their hyperresponsiveness after stimulation with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, which transcriptionally switches on PDGF receptor expression in the activated endothelial cells. Interestingly, PDGF-BB also transduces positive feedback signals to the FGF-2 signaling system by amplifying its receptor expression in vascular mural cells. These uncoordinated reciprocal interactions in the tumor environment lead to the formation of disorganized and primitive vasculatures that facilitate tumor growth and metastasis in mice. These findings provide an example of complex interaction between tumor angiogenic factors. Thus, therapeutic development of antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer should be aimed to block multiple angiogenic signaling pathways and their interactive loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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219
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Characterization of neuroprogenitor cells expressing the PDGF β-receptor within the subventricular zone of postnatal mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:507-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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220
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Abstract
The author discusses the implications of a new phase I trial investigating the role of rapamycin in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Weil
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery and the Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
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221
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Abstract
In this issue of the JCI, Nissen et al. report that a reciprocal interaction exists between the growth factors FGF2 and PDGF-BB, causing tumors to exhibit increased angiogenesis and metastatic potential. Both FGF2 and PDGF-BB signal through tyrosine kinase receptors, which have been the target of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer therapies. These inhibitors are usually small molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of a receptor or nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, preventing downstream signaling. The results of this study shed light on why tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been useful for the treatment of only a small number of advanced cancers. Currently, a major focus of pharmaceutical companies is to develop ever more potent and specific tyrosine kinases. The results presented here suggest that this approach may not be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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