201
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Colomer-Lahiguera S, Pisecker M, König M, Nebral K, Pickl WF, Kauer MO, Haas OA, Ullmann R, Attarbaschi A, Dworzak MN, Strehl S. MEF2C-dysregulated pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with CDKN1B deletions and a poor response to glucocorticoid therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2895-2904. [PMID: 28482719 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1312383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological disease in which multiple genetic abnormalities cooperate in the malignant transformation of T-lymphoid progenitors. Although in pediatric T-ALL, CDKN1B deletions occur in about 12% of the cases and represent one of the most frequent copy number alterations, neither their association with other genetic alterations nor the clinical characteristics of these patients have been determined yet. In this study, we show that loss of CDKN1B increased the prevalence of cell cycle regulator defects in immature T-ALL, usually only ascribed to CDKN2A/B deletions, and that CDKN1B deletions frequently coincide with expression of MEF2C, considered as one of the driving oncogenes in immature early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL. However, MEF2C-dysregulation was only partially associated with the immunophenotypic characteristics used to define ETP-ALL. Furthermore, MEF2C expression levels were significantly associated with or may even be predictive of the response to glucocorticoid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Colomer-Lahiguera
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Markus Pisecker
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Margit König
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Karin Nebral
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- b Institute of Immunology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maximilian O Kauer
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Oskar A Haas
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- c MPIMG , Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics , Berlin , Germany.,d Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm , Munich , Germany
| | - Andishe Attarbaschi
- e Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael N Dworzak
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria.,e Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology , St. Anna Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Sabine Strehl
- a CCRI , Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
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202
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Homeobox protein TLX3 activates miR-125b expression to promote T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2017; 1:733-747. [PMID: 29296717 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017005538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic mechanisms driven by aberrantly expressed transcription factors in T-cell acute leukemia (T-ALL) are still elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in normal development and pathologies. Here, we examined the expression of 738 miRNA species in 41 newly diagnosed pediatric T-ALLs and in human thymus-derived cells. We found that expression of 2 clustered miRNAs, miR-125b/99a, peaks in primitive T cells and is upregulated in the T leukemia homeobox 3 (TLX3)-positive subtype of T-ALL. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we established functional relationships between TLX3 and miR-125b. Both TLX3 and miR-125b support in vitro cell growth and in vivo invasiveness of T-ALL. Besides, ectopic expression of TLX3 or miR-125b in human hematopoietic progenitor cells enhances production of T-cell progenitors and favors their accumulation at immature stages of T-cell development resembling the differentiation arrest observed in TLX3 T-ALL. Ectopic miR-125b also remarkably accelerated leukemia in a xenograft model, suggesting that miR125b is an important mediator of the TLX3-mediated transformation program that takes place in immature T-cell progenitors. Mechanistically, TLX3-mediated activation of miR-125b may impact T-cell differentiation in part via repression of Ets1 and CBFβ genes, 2 regulators of T-lineage. Finally, we established that TLX3 directly regulates miR-125b production through binding and transactivation of LINC00478, a long noncoding RNA gene, which is the host of miR-99a/Let-7c/miR-125b. Altogether, our results reveal an original functional link between TLX3 and oncogenic miR-125b in T-ALL development.
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203
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Wallaert A, Durinck K, Taghon T, Van Vlierberghe P, Speleman F. T-ALL and thymocytes: a message of noncoding RNAs. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:66. [PMID: 28270163 PMCID: PMC5341419 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the role for noncoding RNAs in disease was clearly established, starting with microRNAs and later expanded towards long noncoding RNAs. This was also the case for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is a malignant blood disorder arising from oncogenic events during normal T cell development in the thymus. By studying the transcriptomic profile of protein-coding genes, several oncogenic events leading to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) could be identified. In recent years, it became apparent that several of these oncogenes function via microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the studies that describe the noncoding RNAome in T-ALL oncogenesis and normal T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelynn Wallaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kaat Durinck
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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204
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Brown NA, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ. Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Hematolymphoid Tumours. Head Neck Pathol 2017; 11:96-109. [PMID: 28247223 PMCID: PMC5340738 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-017-0802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, the latest revision to the WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours will be released. Similar to the 2005 WHO, the codification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms of the head and neck is included within chapters pertaining to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx, the larynx, the oral cavity and oropharynx, the neck and the salivary glands. Herein, we describe both changes to the classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms of the head and neck since the 2005 WHO, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis and molecular pathology of these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 609A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 420 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 1904, USA.
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205
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Deller RC, Diamanti P, Morrison G, Reilly J, Ede BC, Richardson R, Le Vay K, Collins AM, Blair A, Perriman AW. Functionalized Triblock Copolymer Vectors for the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:722-732. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Deller
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Paraskevi Diamanti
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
- Bristol
Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol BS34 7QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriella Morrison
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - James Reilly
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Ede
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Richardson
- School
of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Le Vay
- School
of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
- Bristol
Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Collins
- School
of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
- Bristol
Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - Allison Blair
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
- Bristol
Institute for Transfusion Sciences, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol BS34 7QH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. Perriman
- School
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
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206
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Abraham BJ, Hnisz D, Weintraub AS, Kwiatkowski N, Li CH, Li Z, Weichert-Leahey N, Rahman S, Liu Y, Etchin J, Li B, Shen S, Lee TI, Zhang J, Look AT, Mansour MR, Young RA. Small genomic insertions form enhancers that misregulate oncogenes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14385. [PMID: 28181482 PMCID: PMC5309821 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-coding regions of tumour cell genomes harbour a considerable fraction of total DNA sequence variation, but the functional contribution of these variants to tumorigenesis is ill-defined. Among these non-coding variants, somatic insertions are among the least well characterized due to challenges with interpreting short-read DNA sequences. Here, using a combination of Chip-seq to enrich enhancer DNA and a computational approach with multiple DNA alignment procedures, we identify enhancer-associated small insertion variants. Among the 102 tumour cell genomes we analyse, small insertions are frequently observed in enhancer DNA sequences near known oncogenes. Further study of one insertion, somatically acquired in primary leukaemia tumour genomes, reveals that it nucleates formation of an active enhancer that drives expression of the LMO2 oncogene. The approach described here to identify enhancer-associated small insertion variants provides a foundation for further study of these abnormalities across human cancers. Sequencing initiatives have detected multiple types of mutations in cancer. Here the authors, analysing enhancer-targeting sequence data, show that small insertions in transcriptional enhancers are frequently found near oncogenes, and demonstrate how one mutation deregulates expression of LMO2 in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Denes Hnisz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Abraham S Weintraub
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Charles H Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zhaodong Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nina Weichert-Leahey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sunniyat Rahman
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Julia Etchin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benshang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology &Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology &Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology &Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology &Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China.,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Tong Ihn Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marc R Mansour
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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207
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Richter-Pechańska P, Kunz JB, Hof J, Zimmermann M, Rausch T, Bandapalli OR, Orlova E, Scapinello G, Sagi JC, Stanulla M, Schrappe M, Cario G, Kirschner-Schwabe R, Eckert C, Benes V, Korbel JO, Muckenthaler MU, Kulozik AE. Identification of a genetically defined ultra-high-risk group in relapsed pediatric T-lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e523. [PMID: 28157215 PMCID: PMC5386337 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for genes that define critical steps of relapse in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and can serve as prognostic markers, we performed targeted sequencing of 313 leukemia-related genes in 214 patients: 67 samples collected at the time of relapse and 147 at initial diagnosis. As relapse-specific genetic events, we identified activating mutations in NT5C2 (P=0.0001, Fisher's exact test), inactivation of TP53 (P=0.0007, Fisher's exact test) and duplication of chr17:q11.2-24.3 (P=0.0068, Fisher's exact test) in 32/67 of T-ALL relapse samples. Alterations of TP53 were frequently homozygous events, which significantly correlated with higher rates of copy number alterations in other genes compared with wild-type TP53 (P=0.0004, Mann–Whitney's test). We subsequently focused on mutations with prognostic impact and identified genes governing DNA integrity (TP53, n=8; USP7, n=4; MSH6, n=4), having key roles in the RAS signaling pathway (KRAS, NRAS, n=8), as well as IL7R (n=4) and CNOT3 (n=4) to be exclusively mutated in fatal relapses. These markers recognize 24/49 patients with a second event. In 17 of these patients with mostly refractory relapse and dire need for efficient treatment, we identified candidate targets for personalized therapy with p53 reactivating compounds, MEK inhibitors or JAK/STAT-inhibitors that may be incorporated in future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Richter-Pechańska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J B Kunz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Hof
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Zimmermann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Rausch
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O R Bandapalli
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Orlova
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Scapinello
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - J C Sagi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - G Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - R Kirschner-Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Eckert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J O Korbel
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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208
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The dual specificity PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PKI-587 displays efficacy against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Cancer Lett 2017; 392:9-16. [PMID: 28159681 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although significant improvements have been made in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there is a substantial subset of high-risk T-cell ALL (T-ALL) patients with relatively poor prognosis. Like in other leukemia types, alterations of the PI3K/mTOR pathway are predominant in ALL which is also responsible for treatment failure and relapse. In this study, we show that relapsed T-ALL patients display an enrichment of the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Using a panel of inhibitors targeting multiple components of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, we observed that the dual-specific PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PKI-587 was the most selective inhibitor for T-ALL cells dependent on the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we observed that PKI-587 blocked proliferation and colony formation of T-ALL cell lines. Additionally, PKI-587 selectively abrogated PI3K/mTOR signaling without affecting MAPK signaling both in in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway using PKI-587 delayed tumor progression, reduced tumor load and enhanced the survival rate in immune-deficient mouse xenograft models without inducing weight loss in the inhibitor treated mice. This preclinical study shows beneficial effects of PKI-587 on T-ALL that warrants further investigation in the clinical setting.
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209
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Abstract
Recent studies across multiple tumour types are starting to reveal a recurrent regulatory architecture in which genomic alterations cluster upstream of functional master regulator (MR) proteins, the aberrant activity of which is both necessary and sufficient to maintain tumour cell state. These proteins form small, hyperconnected and autoregulated modules (termed tumour checkpoints) that are increasingly emerging as optimal biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Crucially, as their activity is mostly dysregulated in a post-translational manner, rather than by mutations in their corresponding genes or by differential expression, the identification of MR proteins by conventional methods is challenging. In this Opinion article, we discuss novel methods for the systematic analysis of MR proteins and of the modular regulatory architecture they implement, including their use as a valuable reductionist framework to study the genetic heterogeneity of human disease and to drive key translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, and the Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Mariano J Alvarez
- DarwinHealth, Inc., 3960 Broadway, Suite 540, New York, New York 10032, USA
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210
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Nagel S, Pommerenke C, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, MacLeod RAF, Drexler HG. Identification of a tumor suppressor network in T-cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2196–2207. [PMID: 28142295 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1283029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel cancer-related genes targeted by copy number alterations, we performed genomic profiling of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines. In 3/8, we identified a shared deletion at chromosomal position 2p16.3-p21. Within the minimally deleted region, we recognized several candidate tumor suppressor (TS) genes, including FBXO11 and FOXN2. An additional deletion at chromosome 14q23.2-q32.11 included FOXN3, highlighting this class of FOX genes as potential TS. Quantitative expression analyses of FBXO11, FOXN2, and FOXN3 confirmed reduced transcript levels in the identified cell lines. Moreover, reduced expression of these genes was also observed in about 7% of T-ALL patients, showing their clinical relevance in this malignancy. Bioinformatic analyses revealed concurrent reduction of FOXN2 and/or FOXN3 together with homeobox gene ZHX1. Consistently, experiments demonstrated that both FOXN2 and FOXN3 directly activated transcription of ZHX1. Taken together, we identified novel TS genes forming a regulatory network in T-cell development and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Corinna Meyer
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Maren Kaufmann
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- a Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines , Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
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211
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Wang Z, Hu Y, Xiao D, Wang J, Liu C, Xu Y, Shi X, Jiang P, Huang L, Li P, Liu H, Qing G. Stabilization of Notch1 by the Hsp90 Chaperone is Crucial for T-Cell Leukemogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3834-3846. [PMID: 28143869 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojing Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Daibiao Xiao
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Chuntao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- Protein Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Shi
- Protein Facility, Center of Biomedical Analysis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hudan Liu
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Guoliang Qing
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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212
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The NOTCH1-MYC highway toward T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:1124-1133. [PMID: 28115368 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-692582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a highly proliferative hematologic malignancy that results from the transformation of immature T-cell progenitors. Aberrant cell growth and proliferation in T-ALL lymphoblasts are sustained by activation of strong oncogenic drivers promoting cell anabolism and cell cycle progression. Oncogenic NOTCH signaling, which is activated in more than 65% of T-ALL patients by activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene, has emerged as a major regulator of leukemia cell growth and metabolism. T-ALL NOTCH1 mutations result in ligand-independent and sustained NOTCH1-receptor signaling, which translates into activation of a broad transcriptional program dominated by upregulation of genes involved in anabolic pathways. Among these, the MYC oncogene plays a major role in NOTCH1-induced transformation. As result, the oncogenic activity of NOTCH1 in T-ALL is strictly dependent on MYC upregulation, which makes the NOTCH1-MYC regulatory circuit an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of T-ALL.
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213
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Chiaretti S, Gianfelici V, O'Brien SM, Mullighan CG. Advances in the Genetics and Therapy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e314-22. [PMID: 27249738 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_156628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains an important cause of morbidity in children and adults. In this article, we highlight advances in the genetics and therapy of three key subtypes of ALL: T-cell ALL, BCR-ABL1 (Philadelphia [Ph] chromosone-positive), and Ph-like ALL. T-ALL is an aggressive disease that accounts for about 15% and 25% of ALL among pediatric and adult cohorts, respectively, and exhibits a multistep nature of cancer initiation and progression. The integration of cytogenetics, molecular biology, and immunophenotype analyses has led to the identification of defined T-ALL subgroups, such as early T-cell precursor ALL and novel lesions with a prognostic role, for which specific inhibitors are being developed. Ph-positive ALL was historically regarded as a subtype of ALL with a poor prognosis, and allogeneic stem cell transplant was recommended for all patients who could undergo this procedure. The deep complete responses seen with combination tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and chemotherapy in Ph-positive ALL, and the reports of long-term survival among some patients not undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant, has raised the question of whether there is a subset of patients who could be cured without this intervention. Ph-like ALL is a subtype of B-progenitor ALL common among older children and adults and associated with a diverse range of genetic alterations that activate kinase signaling. Ph-like ALL is also associated with poor outcome, for which precision medicine trials identifying kinase alterations and testing TKI therapy are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Chiaretti
- From the Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Valentina Gianfelici
- From the Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Susan M O'Brien
- From the Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- From the Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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214
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Oncogenic ZEB2 activation drives sensitivity toward KDM1A inhibition in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:981-990. [PMID: 28069602 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-721191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of the Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox transcription factor-2 (ZEB2) is correlated with poor prognosis and patient outcome in a variety of human cancer subtypes. Using a conditional gain-of-function mouse model, we recently demonstrated that ZEB2 is an oncogenic driver of immature T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), a heterogenic subgroup of human leukemia characterized by a high incidence of remission failure or hematological relapse after conventional chemotherapy. Here, we identified the lysine-specific demethylase KDM1A as a novel interaction partner of ZEB2 and demonstrated that mouse and human T-ALLs with increased ZEB2 levels critically depend on KDM1A activity for survival. Therefore, targeting the ZEB2 protein complex through direct disruption of the ZEB2-KDM1A interaction or pharmacological inhibition of the KDM1A demethylase activity itself could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for this aggressive subtype of human leukemia and possibly other ZEB2-driven malignancies.
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215
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Abstract
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a well-established, invaluable model system for the study of human cancers. The genetic pathways that drive oncogenesis are highly conserved between zebrafish and humans, and multiple unique attributes of the zebrafish make it a tractable tool for analyzing the underlying cellular processes that give rise to human disease. In particular, the high conservation between human and zebrafish hematopoiesis (Jing & Zon, 2011) has stimulated the development of zebrafish models for human hematopoietic malignancies to elucidate molecular pathogenesis and to expedite the preclinical investigation of novel therapies. While T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the first transgenic cancer model in zebrafish (Langenau et al., 2003), a wide spectrum of zebrafish models of human hematopoietic malignancies has been established since 2003, largely through transgenesis and genome-editing approaches. This chapter presents key examples that validate the zebrafish as an indispensable model system for the study of hematopoietic malignancies and highlights new models that demonstrate recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S He
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - C-B Jing
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A T Look
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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216
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Abstract
Both B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exhibit recurrent cytogenetic alterations, many with prognostic implications. This chapter overviews the major recurrent categories of cytogenetic abnormalities associated with ALL, with an emphasis on the detection and characterization of these cases by G-band and FISH analyses.
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217
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Kim JY, Cheng X, Wölfl S. Acidic stress induced G1 cell cycle arrest and intrinsic apoptotic pathway in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Exp Cell Res 2017; 350:140-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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218
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Passaro D, Quang CT, Ghysdael J. Microenvironmental cues for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia development. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:156-72. [PMID: 27088913 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intensive chemotherapy regimens have led to a substantial improvement in the cure rate of patients suffering from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Despite this progress, about 15% and 50% of pediatric and adult cases, respectively, show resistance to treatment or relapse with dismal prognosis, calling for further therapeutic investigations. T-ALL is an heterogeneous disease, which presents intrinsic alterations leading to aberrant expression of transcription factors normally involved in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell development and mutations in genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and T-cell development. Gene expression profiling allowed the classification of T-ALL into defined molecular subgroups that mostly reflects the stage of their differentiation arrest. So far this knowledge has not translated into novel, targeted therapy. Recent evidence points to the importance of extrinsic signaling cues in controlling the ability of T-ALL to home, survive, and proliferate, thus offering the perspective of new therapeutic options. This review summarizes the present understanding of the interactions between hematopoietic cells and bone marrow/thymic niches during normal hematopoiesis, describes the main signaling pathways implicated in this dialog, and finally highlights how malignant T cells rely on specific niches to maintain their ability to sustain and propagate leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Passaro
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Christine Tran Quang
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
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219
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Tasian SK, Hunger SP. Genomic characterization of paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an opportunity for precision medicine therapeutics. Br J Haematol 2016; 176:867-882. [PMID: 27984637 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in genetic and epigenetic profiling of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have enhanced the understanding of key biological subsets of de novo and relapsed ALL, which has led to improved risk stratification of patients. These achievements have further defined critical leukaemia-associated pathways and somatic alterations that may be preferentially sensitive to treatment with kinase inhibitors, epigenetic therapy or other novel agents. Therapeutic success in childhood ALL currently relies upon refined risk stratification of patients based on (i) underlying biological and clinical characteristics, and (ii) depth of initial treatment response with appropriate modulation of chemotherapy intensity. This review describes the current mutational landscape of childhood ALL and discusses opportunities for substantial improvements in survival with implementation of molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Tasian
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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220
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Raetz EA, Teachey DT. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2016; 2016:580-588. [PMID: 27913532 PMCID: PMC6142501 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is biologically distinct from its B lymphoblastic (B-ALL) counterpart and shows different kinetic patterns of disease response. Although very similar regimens are used to treat T-ALL and B-ALL, distinctions in response to different elements of therapy have been observed. Similar to B-ALL, the key prognostic determinant in T-ALL is minimal residual disease (MRD) response. Unlike B-ALL, other factors including age, white blood cell count at diagnosis, and genetics of the ALL blasts are not independently prognostic when MRD response is included. Recent insights into T-ALL biology, using modern genomic techniques, have identified a number of recurrent lesions that can be grouped into several targetable pathways, including Notch, Jak/Stat, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK. With contemporary chemotherapy, outcomes for de novo T-ALL have steadily improved and now approach those observed in B-ALL, with approximately 85% 5-year event-free survival. Unfortunately, salvage has remained poor, with less than 25% event-free and overall survival rates for relapsed disease. Thus, current efforts are focused on preventing relapse by augmenting therapy for high-risk patients, sparing toxicity in favorable subsets and developing new approaches for the treatment of recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - David T. Teachey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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221
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Synergistic Cytotoxic Effect of L-Asparaginase Combined with Decitabine as a Demethylating Agent in Pediatric T-ALL, with Specific Epigenetic Signature. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1985750. [PMID: 28003999 PMCID: PMC5150123 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1985750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) remains a subgroup of pediatric ALL, with a lower response to standard chemotherapy. Some recent studies established the fundamental role of epigenetic aberrations such as DNA hypermethylation, to influence patients' outcome and response to chemotherapy. Moreover, L-asparaginase is an important chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of ALL and resistance to this drug has been linked to ASNS expression, which can be silenced through methylation. Therefore, we tested whether the sensitivity of T-ALL cell lines towards L-asparaginase is correlated to the epigenetic status of ASNS gene and whether the sensitivity can be modified by concurrent demethylating treatment. Hence we treated different T-ALL cell lines with L-asparaginase and correlated different responses to the treatment with ASNS expression. Then we demonstrated that the ASNS expression was dependent on the methylation status of the promoter. Finally we showed that, despite the demethylating effect on the ASNS gene expression, the combined treatment with the demethylating agent Decitabine could synergistically improve the L-asparaginase sensitivity in those T-ALL cell lines characterized by hypermethylation of the ASNS gene. In conclusion, this preclinical study identified an unexpected synergistic activity of L-asparaginase and Decitabine in the subgroup of T-ALL with low ASNS expression due to hypermethylation of the ASNS promoter, while it did not restore sensitivity in the resistant cell lines characterized by higher ASNS expression.
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222
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Shen Y, Park CS, Suppipat K, Mistretta TA, Puppi M, Horton TM, Rabin K, Gray NS, Meijerink JPP, Lacorazza HD. Inactivation of KLF4 promotes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and activates the MAP2K7 pathway. Leukemia 2016; 31:1314-1324. [PMID: 27872496 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with a high incidence of relapse in pediatric ALL. Although most T-ALL patients exhibit activating mutations in NOTCH1, the cooperating genetic events required to accelerate the onset of leukemia and worsen disease progression are largely unknown. Here, we show that the gene encoding the transcription factor KLF4 is inactivated by DNA methylation in children with T-ALL. In mice, loss of KLF4 accelerated the development of NOTCH1-induced T-ALL by enhancing the G1-to-S transition in leukemic cells and promoting the expansion of leukemia-initiating cells. Mechanistically, KLF4 represses the gene encoding the kinase MAP2K7. Our results showed that in murine and pediatric T-ALL, loss of KLF4 leads to aberrant activation of MAP2K7 and of the downstream effectors JNK and ATF2. As a proof-of-concept for the development of a targeted therapy, administration of JNK inhibitors reduced the expansion of leukemia cells in cell-based and patient-derived xenograft models. Collectively, these data uncover a novel function for KLF4 in regulating the MAP2K7 pathway in T-ALL cells, which can be targeted to eradicate leukemia-initiating cells in T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shen
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C S Park
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Suppipat
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T-A Mistretta
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Puppi
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T M Horton
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Rabin
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J P P Meijerink
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam and the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H D Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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223
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Sourani Z, Pourgheysari B, Beshkar P, Shirzad H, Shirzad M. Gallic Acid Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line (C121). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 41:525-530. [PMID: 27853333 PMCID: PMC5106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is known as the world's fifth most prevalent cancer. New cytotoxic drugs have created considerable progress in the treatment, but side effects are still the important cause of mortality. Plant derivatives have been recently considered as important sources for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Gallic acid (GA) is a polyhydroxyphenolic compound with a wide range of biological functions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GA on proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction of a lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Jurkat cell (C121) line was cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) with different concentrations of GA (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The effect of GA on cell viability was measured using MTS assay. Induction of apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V-FITC/PI kit and flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. Decline of cell viability to less than 50% was observed at 60.3±1.6, 50.9±1.5, and 30.9±2.8 μM concentration after 24, 48, and 72 hours incubation, respectively. All concentrations of GA (10, 30, 50 and 80 μM) enhanced apoptosis compared to the control (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that the polyphenolic compound, GA, is effective in inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in Jurkat cell line. It is recommended to study the mechanism of apoptosis induction in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sourani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Batoul Pourgheysari
- Medical Plants Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Correspondence: Batoul Pourgheysari, PhD; Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Rahmatiyeh, Shahrekord, Iran Tel/Fax: +98 91 33031381
| | - Pezhman Beshkar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Moein Shirzad
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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224
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Genomic Alterations of Non-Coding Regions Underlie Human Cancer: Lessons from T-ALL. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:1035-1046. [PMID: 28240214 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been appreciated for decades that somatic genomic alterations that change coding sequences of proto-oncogenes, translocate enhancers/promoters near proto-oncogenes, or create fusion oncogenes can drive cancer by inducing oncogenic activities. An explosion of genome-wide technologies over the past decade has fueled discoveries of the roles of three-dimensional chromosome structure and powerful cis-acting elements (super-enhancers) in regulating gene transcription. In recent years, studies of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) using genome-wide technologies have provided paradigms for how non-coding genomic region alterations can disrupt 3D chromosome architecture or establish super-enhancers to activate oncogenic transcription of proto-oncogenes. These studies raise important issues to consider with the objective of leveraging basic knowledge into new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients.
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225
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Karrman K, Johansson B. Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:89-116. [PMID: 27636224 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common pediatric malignancy is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of which T-cell ALL (T-ALL) comprises 10-15% of cases. T-ALL arises in the thymus from an immature thymocyte as a consequence of a stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Crucial biological processes, such as differentiation, self-renewal capacity, proliferation, and apoptosis, are targeted and deranged by several types of neoplasia-associated genetic alteration, for example, translocations, deletions, and mutations of genes that code for proteins involved in signaling transduction, epigenetic regulation, and transcription. Epigenetically, T-ALL is characterized by gene expression changes caused by hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, histone modifications, and miRNA and lncRNA abnormalities. Although some genetic and gene expression patterns have been associated with certain clinical features, such as immunophenotypic subtype and outcome, none has of yet generally been implemented in clinical routine for treatment decisions. The recent advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has dramatically increased our knowledge of the genetic blueprint of T-ALL, revealing numerous fusion genes as well as novel gene mutations. The challenges now are to integrate all genetic and epigenetic data into a coherent understanding of the pathogenesis of T-ALL and to translate the wealth of information gained in the last few years into clinical use in the form of improved risk stratification and targeted therapies. Here, we provide an overview of pediatric T-ALL with an emphasis on the acquired genetic alterations that result in this disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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226
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Lonetti A, Cappellini A, Bertaina A, Locatelli F, Pession A, Buontempo F, Evangelisti C, Evangelisti C, Orsini E, Zambonin L, Neri LM, Martelli AM, Chiarini F. Improving nelarabine efficacy in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by targeting aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:114. [PMID: 27776559 PMCID: PMC5075755 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although in recent years, the introduction of novel chemotherapy protocols has improved the outcome of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients, refractory and/or relapsing disease remains a foremost concern. In this context, a major contribution was provided by the introduction of the nucleoside analog nelarabine, approved for salvage treatment of T-ALL patients with refractory/relapsed disease. However, nelarabine could induce a life-threatening, dose-dependent neurotoxicity. To improve nelarabine efficacy, we have analyzed its molecular targets, testing selective inhibitors of such targets in combination with nelarabine. Methods The effectiveness of nelarabine as single agent or in combination with PI3K, Bcl2, and MEK inhibitors was evaluated on human T-ALL cell lines and primary T-ALL refractory/relapsed lymphoblasts. The efficacy of signal modulators in terms of cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and changes in gene and protein expression was assessed by flow cytometry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR in T-ALL settings. Results Treatment with nelarabine as a single agent identified two groups of T-ALL cell lines, one sensitive and one resistant to the drug. Whereas sensitive T-ALL cells showed a significant increase of apoptosis and a strong down-modulation of PI3K signaling, resistant T-ALL cells showed a hyperactivation of AKT and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways, not caused by differences in the expression of nelarabine transporters or metabolic activators. We then studied the combination of nelarabine with the PI3K inhibitors (both pan and dual γ/δ inhibitors), with the Bcl2 specific inhibitor ABT199, and with the MEK inhibitor trametinib on both T-ALL cell lines and patient samples at relapse, which displayed constitutive activation of PI3K signaling and resistance to nelarabine alone. The combination with the pan PI3K inhibitor ZSTK-474 was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of T-ALL cells and was synergistic in decreasing cell survival and inducing apoptosis in nelarabine-resistant T-ALL cells. The drug combination caused AKT dephosphorylation and a downregulation of Bcl2, while nelarabine alone induced an increase in p-AKT and Bcl2 signaling in the resistant T-ALL cells and relapsed patient samples. Conclusions These findings indicate that nelarabine in combination with PI3K inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T-ALL relapsed patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0344-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Human Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, "Lalla Seràgnoli" Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Buontempo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ester Orsini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Zambonin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy.
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227
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Zhang S, Schneider LS, Vick B, Grunert M, Jeremias I, Menche D, Müller R, Vollmar AM, Liebl J. Anti-leukemic effects of the V-ATPase inhibitor Archazolid A. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43508-28. [PMID: 26496038 PMCID: PMC4791247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognosis for patients suffering from T-ALL is still very poor and new strategies for T-ALL treatment are urgently needed. Our study shows potent anti-leukemic effects of the myxobacterial V-ATPase inhibitor Archazolid A. Archazolid A reduced growth and potently induced death of leukemic cell lines and human leukemic samples. By inhibiting lysosomal acidification, Archazolid A blocked activation of the Notch pathway, however, this was not the mechanism of V-ATPase inhibition relevant for cell death induction. In fact, V-ATPase inhibition by Archazolid A decreased the anti-apoptotic protein survivin. As underlying mode of action, this work is in line with recent studies from our group demonstrating that Archazolid A induced S-phase cell cycle arrest by interfering with the iron metabolism in leukemic cells. Our study provides evidence for V-ATPase inhibition as a potential new therapeutic option for T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina S Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Binje Vick
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Grunert
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Department of Oncology/Hematology, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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228
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Spinella JF, Cassart P, Richer C, Saillour V, Ouimet M, Langlois S, St-Onge P, Sontag T, Healy J, Minden MD, Sinnett D. Genomic characterization of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals novel recurrent driver mutations. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65485-65503. [PMID: 27602765 PMCID: PMC5323170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy with variable prognosis. It represents 15% of diagnosed pediatric ALL cases and has a threefold higher incidence among males. Many recurrent alterations have been identified and help define molecular subgroups of T-ALL, however the full range of events involved in driving transformation remain to be defined. Using an integrative approach combining genomic and transcriptomic data, we molecularly characterized 30 pediatric T-ALLs and identified common recurrent T-ALL targets such as FBXW7, JAK1, JAK3, PHF6, KDM6A and NOTCH1 as well as novel candidate T-ALL driver mutations including the p.R35L missense mutation in splicesome factor U2AF1 found in 3 patients and loss of function mutations in the X-linked tumor suppressor genes MED12 (frameshit mutation p.V167fs, splice site mutation g.chrX:70339329T>C, missense mutation p.R1989H) and USP9X (nonsense mutation p.Q117*). In vitro functional studies further supported the putative role of these novel T-ALL genes in driving transformation. U2AF1 p.R35L was shown to induce aberrant splicing of downstream target genes, and shRNA knockdown of MED12 and USP9X was shown to confer resistance to apoptosis following T-ALL relevant chemotherapy drug treatment in Jurkat leukemia cells. Interestingly, nearly 60% of novel candidate driver events were identified among immature T-ALL cases, highlighting the underlying genomic complexity of pediatric T-ALL, and the need for larger integrative studies to decipher the mechanisms that contribute to its various subtypes and provide opportunities to refine patient stratification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Cassart
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Richer
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Virginie Saillour
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Ouimet
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Langlois
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Sontag
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jasmine Healy
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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229
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230
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Constitutive Kit activity triggers B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-like disease in mice. Exp Hematol 2016; 45:45-55.e6. [PMID: 27664314 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy and, in most cases, is of pro- or pre-B cell origin (B-ALL). The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT is expressed by hematopoietic stem and precursor cells. Gain-of-function mutations of KIT cause systemic mastocytosis, which is characterized by abnormal accumulations of mast cells. We previously reported a mouse model of mastocytosis based on conditional expression of a constitutively active Kit protein. Half of these animals developed leukemic disease of B-lineage origin. Herein, we report that this condition bears striking similarities to human B-ALL. The immuno-phenotype of the leukemic cells was compatible with a pro-B-cell origin, as was the finding of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements in all cases, whereas light-chain loci were mostly not rearranged. Leukemogenesis was independent of pre-B-cell receptor expression. Primary leukemic cells and permanent cell lines derived from these were serially transplantable and rapidly killed the recipients. In a few animals, the leukemia was of T-cell origin with abnormal CD4/8 double-positive T-cell precursors dominating in the circulation. In summary, we report a novel ALL mouse model that may prove useful for in vivo drug testing and identification of novel oncogenic mutations and principles.
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231
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Lei J, Li Q, Gao Y, Zhao L, Liu Y. Increased PKCα activity by Rack1 overexpression is responsible for chemotherapy resistance in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-derived cell line. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33717. [PMID: 27644318 PMCID: PMC5028770 DOI: 10.1038/srep33717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistant mechanisms in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients are not clarified. The apoptotic signaling mediated by receptor of activated C kinase 1 (Rack1), protein kinase C (PKC) and FEM1 homolog b (FEM1b) was investigated in two T-ALL-derived cell lines (Jurkat and CCRF-CEM) following treatment with chemotherapy drugs vincristine and prednisone. Serum starvation or chemotherapeutic drugs significantly reduced Rack1 level and PKC activation, while promoted cellular apoptosis in both cell lines. Rack1 overexpression protected T-ALL cell against starvation or chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Rack1 overexpression reduced the level of cytochrome c and active caspase 3 as well as FEM1b and apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), and inhibited induction of cellular apoptosis in chemotherapeutic drug-treated Jurkat cell. Interaction of Rack1 and PKCα, not PKCβ, was detected in both cell lines. Of note, Rack1 overexpression abrogated reduction of PKC kinase activity in chemotherapeutic drug-treated T-ALL cell. PKC kinase inhibitor Go6976 or siPKCα inhibited downregulation of FEM1b and/or Apaf-1, and thus increased cellular apoptosis in Rack1-overexpressed T-ALL cell receiving chemotherapeutic drugs. Accordingly, our data provided evidence that increased Rack1-mediated upregulation of PKC kinase activity may be responsible for the development of chemoresistance in T-ALL-derived cell line potentially by reducing FEM1b and Apaf-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi, XiAn, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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232
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Zebrafish Models of Human Leukemia: Technological Advances and Mechanistic Insights. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:335-69. [PMID: 27165361 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insights concerning leukemic pathophysiology have been acquired in various animal models and further efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying leukemic treatment resistance and disease relapse promise to improve therapeutic strategies. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate organism with a conserved hematopoietic program and unique experimental strengths suiting it for the investigation of human leukemia. Recent technological advances in zebrafish research including efficient transgenesis, precise genome editing, and straightforward transplantation techniques have led to the generation of a number of leukemia models. The transparency of the zebrafish when coupled with improved lineage-tracing and imaging techniques has revealed exquisite details of leukemic initiation, progression, and regression. With these advantages, the zebrafish represents a unique experimental system for leukemic research and additionally, advances in zebrafish-based high-throughput drug screening promise to hasten the discovery of novel leukemia therapeutics. To date, investigators have accumulated knowledge of the genetic underpinnings critical to leukemic transformation and treatment resistance and without doubt, zebrafish are rapidly expanding our understanding of disease mechanisms and helping to shape therapeutic strategies for improved outcomes in leukemic patients.
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233
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DEPTOR is a direct NOTCH1 target that promotes cell proliferation and survival in T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2016; 36:1038-1047. [PMID: 27593934 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of NOTCH1 signaling plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Yet the molecular events downstream of NOTCH1 that drive T-cell leukemogenesis remain incompletely understood. Starting from genome-wide gene-expression profiling to seek important NOTCH1 transcriptional targets, we identified DEP-domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR), which was previously shown to be important in multiple myeloma but remains functionally unclear in other hematological malignancies. Mechanistically, we demonstrated NOTCH1 directly bound to and activated the human DEPTOR promoter in T-ALL cells. DEPTOR depletion abolished cellular proliferation, attenuated glycolytic metabolism and enhanced cell death, while ectopically expressed DEPTOR significantly promoted cell growth and glycolysis. We further showed that DEPTOR depletion inhibited while its overexpression enhanced AKT activation in T-ALL cells. Importantly, AKT inhibition completely abrogated DEPTOR-mediated cell growth advantages. Moreover, DEPTOR depletion in a human T-ALL xenograft model significantly delayed T-ALL onset and caused a substantial decrease of AKT activation in leukemic blasts. We thus reveal a novel mechanism involved in NOTCH1-driven leukemogenesis, identifying the transcriptional control of DEPTOR and its regulation of AKT as additional key elements of the leukemogenic program activated by NOTCH1.
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234
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Paganin M, Buldini B, Germano G, Seganfreddo E, Meglio AD, Magrin E, Grillo F, Pigazzi M, Rizzari C, Cazzaniga G, Khiabanian H, Palomero T, Rabadan R, Ferrando AA, Basso G. A Case of T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Relapsed As Myeloid Acute Leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1660-3. [PMID: 27149388 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old male with the diagnosis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) relapsed after 19 months with an acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements analyses reveal that both leukemias were rearranged with a clonal relationship between them. Comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH) and whole-exome sequencing analyses of both samples suggest that this leukemia may have originated from a common T/myeloid progenitor. The presence of homozygous deletion of p16/INK4A, p14/ARF, p15/INK4B, and heterozygous deletion of WT1 locus remained stable in the leukemia throughout phenotypic switch, revealing that this AML can be genetically associated to T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Paganin
- Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica dell'Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Buldini
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Germano
- Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Seganfreddo
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Annamaria di Meglio
- Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Magrin
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Grillo
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.,Laboratorio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Centro di Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano, Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cazzaniga
- Centro di Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano, Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Hossein Khiabanian
- Systems Biology Department, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Systems Biology Department, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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235
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Dobrovinskaya O, Valencia-Cruz G, Castro-Sánchez L, Bonales-Alatorre EO, Liñan-Rico L, Pottosin I. Cholinergic Machinery as Relevant Target in Acute Lymphoblastic T Leukemia. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27630569 PMCID: PMC5005329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of non-neuronal cells, including tumors, are able to produce acetylcholine (ACh), which acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor. T lymphocytes represent a key component of the non-neuronal cholinergic system. T cells-derived ACh is involved in a stimulation of their activation and proliferation, and acts as a regulator of immune response. The aim of the present work was to summarize the data about components of cholinergic machinery in T lymphocytes, with an emphasis on the comparison of healthy and leukemic T cells. Cell lines derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemias of T lineage (T-ALL) were found to produce a considerably higher amount of ACh than healthy T lymphocytes. Additionally, ACh produced by T-ALL is not efficiently hydrolyzed, because acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is drastically decreased in these cells. Up-regulation of muscarinic ACh receptors was also demonstrated at expression and functional level, whereas nicotinic ACh receptors seem to play a less important role and not form functional channels in cells derived from T-ALL. We hypothesized that ACh over-produced in T-ALL may act as an autocrine growth factor and play an important role in leukemic clonal expansion through shaping of intracellular Ca2+ signals. We suggest that cholinergic machinery may be attractive targets for new drugs against T-ALL. Specifically, testing of high affinity antagonists of muscarinic ACh receptors as well as antagomiRs, which interfere with miRNAs involved in the suppression of AChE expression, may be the first choice options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Georgina Valencia-Cruz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de ColimaColima, México; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMéxico City, México
| | | | - Liliana Liñan-Rico
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima Colima, México
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236
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Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Zisterer DM. Inhibition of γ-secretase activity synergistically enhances tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induced apoptosis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells via upregulation of death receptor 5. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2900-2905. [PMID: 27698877 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a rare and aggressive hematopoietic malignancy prone to relapse and drug resistance. Half of all T-ALL patients exhibit mutations in Notch1, which leads to aberrant Notch1 associated signaling cascades. Notch1 activation is mediated by the γ-secretase cleavage of the Notch1 receptor into the active intracellular domain of Notch1 (NCID). Clinical trials of γ-secretase small molecule inhibitors (GSIs) as single agents for the treatment of T-ALL have been unsuccessful. The present study demonstrated, using immunofluorescence and western blotting, that blocking γ-secretase activity in T-ALL cells with N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl) acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenyl] glycine-1,1-dimethylethyl ester (DAPT) downregulated NCID and upregulated the tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor 5 (DR5). Upregulation of DR5 restored the sensitivity of T-ALL cells to TRAIL. Combination index revealed that the combined treatment of DAPT and TRAIL synergistically enhanced apoptosis compared with treatment with either drug alone. TRAIL combined with the clinically evaluated γ-secretase inhibitor 3-[(1r, 4s)-4-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-4-(2, 5-difluorophenyl) cyclohexyl] propanoic acid (MK-0752) also significantly enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death compared with either drug alone. DAPT/TRAIL apoptotic synergy was dependent on the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and was associated with a decrease in BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. In conclusion, γ-secretase inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Greene
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Seema M Nathwani
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
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237
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La Starza R, Barba G, Demeyer S, Pierini V, Di Giacomo D, Gianfelici V, Schwab C, Matteucci C, Vicente C, Cools J, Messina M, Crescenzi B, Chiaretti S, Foà R, Basso G, Harrison CJ, Mecucci C. Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 5 define subgroups of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2016; 101:951-8. [PMID: 27151989 PMCID: PMC4967574 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.143875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent deletions of the long arm of chromosome 5 were detected in 23/200 cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genomic studies identified two types of deletions: interstitial and terminal. Interstitial 5q deletions, found in five cases, were present in both adults and children with a female predominance (chi-square, P=0.012). Interestingly, these cases resembled immature/early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia showing significant down-regulation of five out of the ten top differentially expressed genes in this leukemia group, including TCF7 which maps within the 5q31 common deleted region. Mutations of genes known to be associated with immature/early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, i.e. WT1, ETV6, JAK1, JAK3, and RUNX1, were present, while CDKN2A/B deletions/mutations were never detected. All patients had relapsed/resistant disease and blasts showed an early differentiation arrest with expression of myeloid markers. Terminal 5q deletions, found in 18 of patients, were more prevalent in adults (chi-square, P=0.010) and defined a subgroup of HOXA-positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by 130 up- and 197 down-regulated genes. Down-regulated genes included TRIM41, ZFP62, MAPK9, MGAT1, and CNOT6, all mapping within the 1.4 Mb common deleted region at 5q35.3. Of interest, besides CNOT6 down-regulation, these cases also showed low BTG1 expression and a high incidence of CNOT3 mutations, suggesting that the CCR4-NOT complex plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HOXA-positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with terminal 5q deletions. In conclusion, interstitial and terminal 5q deletions are recurrent genomic losses identifying distinct subtypes of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta La Starza
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Barba
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Sofie Demeyer
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Pierini
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Danika Di Giacomo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianfelici
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claire Schwab
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetic Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Caterina Matteucci
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monica Messina
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Crescenzi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics "Salus Pueri", University of Padova, Italy
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Leukaemia Research Cytogenetic Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Cristina Mecucci
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Center for Hemato-Oncology Research, University of Perugia, Italy
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238
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Benyoucef A, Palii CG, Wang C, Porter CJ, Chu A, Dai F, Tremblay V, Rakopoulos P, Singh K, Huang S, Pflumio F, Hébert J, Couture JF, Perkins TJ, Ge K, Dilworth FJ, Brand M. UTX inhibition as selective epigenetic therapy against TAL1-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Dev 2016; 30:508-21. [PMID: 26944678 PMCID: PMC4782046 DOI: 10.1101/gad.276790.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Benyoucef et al. reveal the existence of a subtype-specific epigenetic vulnerability in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) by which a particular subgroup of T-ALL characterized by expression of the oncogenic transcription factor TAL1 is uniquely sensitive to variations in the dosage and activity of the histone 3 Lys27 (H3K27) demethylase UTX/KDM6A. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous group of hematological tumors composed of distinct subtypes that vary in their genetic abnormalities, gene expression signatures, and prognoses. However, it remains unclear whether T-ALL subtypes differ at the functional level, and, as such, T-ALL treatments are uniformly applied across subtypes, leading to variable responses between patients. Here we reveal the existence of a subtype-specific epigenetic vulnerability in T-ALL by which a particular subgroup of T-ALL characterized by expression of the oncogenic transcription factor TAL1 is uniquely sensitive to variations in the dosage and activity of the histone 3 Lys27 (H3K27) demethylase UTX/KDM6A. Specifically, we identify UTX as a coactivator of TAL1 and show that it acts as a major regulator of the TAL1 leukemic gene expression program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UTX, previously described as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL, is in fact a pro-oncogenic cofactor essential for leukemia maintenance in TAL1-positive (but not TAL1-negative) T-ALL. Exploiting this subtype-specific epigenetic vulnerability, we propose a novel therapeutic approach based on UTX inhibition through in vivo administration of an H3K27 demethylase inhibitor that efficiently kills TAL1-positive primary human leukemia. These findings provide the first opportunity to develop personalized epigenetic therapy for T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Benyoucef
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Carmen G Palii
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Chaochen Wang
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christopher J Porter
- Ottawa Bioinformatics Core Facility, The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Alphonse Chu
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Fengtao Dai
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Véronique Tremblay
- Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Patricia Rakopoulos
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Kulwant Singh
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Suming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Francoise Pflumio
- Commissariat á l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)-Institut de Recherche en Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM)-Stem Cells and Radiation Department (SCSR)-Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Leukemia (LSHL), U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92265, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92265, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92265, Paris, France
| | - Josée Hébert
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Couture
- Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Bioinformatics Core Facility, The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kai Ge
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marjorie Brand
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Ottawa Institute for Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Borssén M, Haider Z, Landfors M, Norén-Nyström U, Schmiegelow K, Åsberg AE, Kanerva J, Madsen HO, Marquart H, Heyman M, Hultdin M, Roos G, Forestier E, Degerman S. DNA Methylation Adds Prognostic Value to Minimal Residual Disease Status in Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1185-92. [PMID: 26928953 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased knowledge about genetic aberrations in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), no clinically feasible treatment-stratifying marker exists at diagnosis. Instead patients are enrolled in intensive induction therapies with substantial side effects. In modern protocols, therapy response is monitored by minimal residual disease (MRD) analysis and used for postinduction risk group stratification. DNA methylation profiling is a candidate for subtype discrimination at diagnosis and we investigated its role as a prognostic marker in pediatric T-ALL. PROCEDURE Sixty-five diagnostic T-ALL samples from Nordic pediatric patients treated according to the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology ALL 2008 (NOPHO ALL 2008) protocol were analyzed by HumMeth450K genome wide DNA methylation arrays. Methylation status was analyzed in relation to clinical data and early T-cell precursor (ETP) phenotype. RESULTS Two distinct CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) groups were identified. Patients with a CIMP-negative profile had an inferior response to treatment compared to CIMP-positive patients (3-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR3y ) rate: 29% vs. 6%, P = 0.01). Most importantly, CIMP classification at diagnosis allowed subgrouping of high-risk T-ALL patients (MRD ≥0.1% at day 29) into two groups with significant differences in outcome (CIR3y rates: CIMP negative 50% vs. CIMP positive 12%; P = 0.02). These groups did not differ regarding ETP phenotype, but the CIMP-negative group was younger (P = 0.02) and had higher white blood cell count at diagnosis (P = 0.004) compared with the CIMP-positive group. CONCLUSIONS CIMP classification at diagnosis in combination with MRD during induction therapy is a strong candidate for further risk classification and could confer important information in treatment decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Borssén
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zahra Haider
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann E Åsberg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jukka Kanerva
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans O Madsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Woman and Child health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Roos
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Forestier
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway
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Jazi MS, Mohammadi S, Yazdani Y, Sedighi S, Memarian A, Aghaei M. Effects of valproic acid and pioglitazone on cell cycle progression and proliferation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:779-86. [PMID: 27635203 PMCID: PMC5010851 DOI: pmid/27635203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignant tumor. Administration of chemical compounds influencing apoptosis and T cell development has been discussed as promising novel therapeutic strategies. Valproic acid (VPA) as a recently emerged anti-neoplastic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and pioglitazone (PGZ) as a high-affinity peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonist have been shown to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in different studies. Here, we aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in anti-proliferative effects of these compounds on human Jurkat cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Treated cells were evaluated for cell cycle progression and apoptosis using flowcytometry and MTT viability assay. Real-time RT-PCR was carried out to measure the alterations in key genes associated with cell death and cell cycle arrest. RESULTS Our findings illustrated that both VPA and PGZ can inhibit Jurkat E6.1 cells in vitro after 24 hr; however, PGZ 400 μM presents the most anti-proliferative effect. Interestingly, treated cells have been arrested in G2/M with deregulated cell division cycle 25A (Cdc25A) phosphatase and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B or p27) expression. Expression of cyclin D1 gene was inhibited when DNA synthesis entry was declined. Cell cycle deregulation in PGZ and VPA-exposed cells generated an increase in the proportion of aneuploid cell population, which has not reported before. CONCLUSION These findings define that anti-proliferative effects of PGZ and VPA on Jurkat cell line are mediated by cell cycle deregulation. Thus, we suggest PGZ and VPA may relieve potential therapeutic application against apoptosis-resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saghaeian Jazi
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Corresponding author: Yaghoub Yazdani. Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. Fax: +98-1732430564;
| | - Sima Sedighi
- Joint, Bone, and Connective tissue Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Aghaei
- Joint, Bone, and Connective tissue Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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241
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Trinquand A, Dos Santos NR, Tran Quang C, Rocchetti F, Zaniboni B, Belhocine M, Da Costa de Jesus C, Lhermitte L, Tesio M, Dussiot M, Cosset FL, Verhoeyen E, Pflumio F, Ifrah N, Dombret H, Spicuglia S, Chatenoud L, Gross DA, Hermine O, Macintyre E, Ghysdael J, Asnafi V. Triggering the TCR Developmental Checkpoint Activates a Therapeutically Targetable Tumor Suppressive Pathway in T-cell Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:972-85. [PMID: 27354269 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer onset and progression involves the accumulation of multiple oncogenic hits, which are thought to dominate or bypass the physiologic regulatory mechanisms in tissue development and homeostasis. We demonstrate in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) that, irrespective of the complex oncogenic abnormalities underlying tumor progression, experimentally induced, persistent T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling has antileukemic properties and enforces a molecular program resembling thymic negative selection, a major developmental event in normal T-cell development. Using mouse models of T-ALL, we show that induction of TCR signaling by high-affinity self-peptide/MHC or treatment with monoclonal antibodies to the CD3ε chain (anti-CD3) causes massive leukemic cell death. Importantly, anti-CD3 treatment hampered leukemogenesis in mice transplanted with either mouse- or patient-derived T-ALLs. These data provide a strong rationale for targeted therapy based on anti-CD3 treatment of patients with TCR-expressing T-ALL and demonstrate that endogenous developmental checkpoint pathways are amenable to therapeutic intervention in cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE T-ALLs are aggressive malignant lymphoid proliferations of T-cell precursors characterized by high relapse rates and poor prognosis, calling for the search for novel therapeutic options. Here, we report that the lineage-specific TCR/CD3 developmental checkpoint controlling cell death in normal T-cell progenitors remains switchable to induce massive tumor cell apoptosis in T-ALL and is amenable to preclinical therapeutic intervention. Cancer Discov; 6(9); 972-85. ©2016 AACR.See related commentary by Lemonnier and Mak, p. 946This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Trinquand
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nuno R Dos Santos
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal. Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Christine Tran Quang
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Francesca Rocchetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Benedetta Zaniboni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Mohamed Belhocine
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France. Technological Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), INSERM U1090, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Cindy Da Costa de Jesus
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France
| | - Ludovic Lhermitte
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Melania Tesio
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Michael Dussiot
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS ERL 8654, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Imagine Institute and Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI, EVIR Team, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Université de Lyon-1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, EVIR Team, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Université de Lyon-1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France. INSERM U1065, C3M, Equipe "Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires," Nice, France
| | - Françoise Pflumio
- Laboratoire des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques et Leucémiques, UMR 967, INSERM, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 11, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, équipe labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- PRES LUNAM, CHU Angers service des Maladies du Sang et INSERM U892, Angers, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Department of Hematology and Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Technological Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), INSERM U1090, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France, and Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Gross
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France, and Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- INSERM UMR 1163 and CNRS ERL 8654, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Imagine Institute and Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. Department of Clinical Hematology, Hôpital Necker, Assistance publique hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3348, Orsay, France.
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de recherche médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
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Wu S, Xu L, Huang X, Geng S, Xu Y, Chen S, Yang L, Wu X, Weng J, DU X, Li Y. Arsenic induced complete remission in a refractory T-ALL patient with a distinct T-cell clonal evolution without molecular complete remission: A case report. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4123-4130. [PMID: 27313752 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, arsenic trioxide therapy is widely used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), relapsed and refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndrome. Regarding the broad antitumor activity of arsenic, certain studies have been undertaken to test its efficacy in treating acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines and patients; however, to the best of our knowledge, no reports document that arsenic is able to induce the remission of T-ALL patients. The present study reports the case of young male patient diagnosed with T-ALL, with no significant response to common chemotherapy regimens, who finally achieved complete remission without minimal residual disease (as detected by flow cytometry) due to arsenic treatment. This result is encouraging, and the present study has shown that malignant TCRαβ+ cell clones can be detected at the molecular level using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with the GeneScan technique. The result is mainly based on the T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ1 clone (a 190-base pair PCR product that with the same complementarity determining region 3 length can be detected for all samples collected during various statuses) and on undetectable TCR Vγ subfamily members, at the time of disease diagnosis. It is important to analyze the dynamically changing TCR pool in leukemia patients during therapy. Although the molecular mechanism through which arsenic contributes to malignant clone elimination remains unclear in the case presented, the use of arsenic is expected to be effective for clinically treating refractory and relapsed T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suijing Wu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Suxia Geng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Janyu Weng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xin DU
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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Eren R, Aslan C, Yokuş O, Doğu MH, Suyani E. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with co-expression of CD56, CD34, CD117 and CD33: A case with poor prognosis. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:331-332. [PMID: 27446573 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy, accounting for ~25% of all adult cases of ALL. We herein report a case of T-cell ALL exhibiting aberrant CD34, CD56, CD33 and CD117 expression in addition to T-cell markers, which did not respond to induction treatment. A 55-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a sore throat unresponsive to medication for 1 month. The laboratory examination revealed pancytopenia and the peripheral blood smear examination revealed blast cells. On flow cytometric analysis, the blast cells were found to be positive for cytoplasmic CD3, CD2, CD5, CD7, CD34, CD56, CD33 and CD117, and negative for myeloperoxidase, CD13, CD11b, CD15, CD19, CD79a, CD22 and CD10. The patient was diagnosed with T-cell ALL according to the 2008 World Health Organisation classification. The patient did not respond to Hyper-cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin and dexamethasone (CVAD) course A treatment and succumbed to the disease during Hyper-CVAD course B treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of aberrant co-expression of the natural killer cell marker CD56, myeloid cell markers CD117 and CD33 and stem cell marker CD34 in a patient with T-cell ALL. This appears to be associated with an unfavorable outcome, despite the use of intensive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafet Eren
- Department of Hematology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Aslan
- Department of Hematology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Yokuş
- Department of Hematology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hilmi Doğu
- Department of Hematology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Suyani
- Department of Hematology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Fatih, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
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244
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Dussiau C, Trinquand A, Lhermitte L, Latiri M, Simonin M, Cieslak A, Bedjaoui N, Villarèse P, Verhoeyen E, Dombret H, Ifrah N, Macintyre E, Asnafi V. Targeting IRAK1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18956-65. [PMID: 26068967 PMCID: PMC4662467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) represents expansion of cells arrested at specific stages of thymic development with the underlying genetic abnormality often determining the stage of maturation arrest. Although their outcome has been improved with current therapy, survival rates remain only around 50% at 5 years and patients may therefore benefit from specific targeted therapy. Interleukin receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase that mediates signaling downstream to Toll-like (TLR) and Interleukin-1 Receptors (IL1R). Our data demonstrated that IRAK1 is overexpressed in all subtypes of T-ALL, compared to normal human thymic subpopulations, and is functional in T-ALL cell lines. Genetic knock-down of IRAK1 led to apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, diminished proliferation and reversal of corticosteroid resistance in T-ALL cell lines. However, pharmacological inhibition of IRAK1 using a small molecule inhibitor (IRAK1/4-Inh) only partially reproduced the results of the genetic knock-down. Altogether, our data suggest that IRAK1 is a candidate therapeutic target in T-ALL and highlight the requirement of next generation IRAK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dussiau
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Trinquand
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lhermitte
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Latiri
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Simonin
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nawel Bedjaoui
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Villarèse
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Els Verhoeyen
- CIRI, EVIR Team, INSERM, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université de Lyon-1, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM, U1065, C3M, Equipe "Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires", Nice, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- University Paris 7, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Department of Hematology and Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, EA, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- PRES LUNAM, CHU Angers Service des Maladies du Sang et INSERM U892, Angers, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151 and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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245
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Abstract
Notch 1 to 4 receptors are important determinants of cell fate and function, and Notch signaling plays an important role in skeletal development and bone remodeling. After direct interactions with ligands of the Jagged and Delta-like families, a series of cleavages release the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), which translocates to the nucleus where it induces transcription of Notch target genes. Classic gene targets of Notch are hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) and Hes-related with YRPW motif (Hey). In cells of the osteoblastic lineage, Notch activation inhibits cell differentiation and causes cancellous bone osteopenia because of impaired bone formation. In osteocytes, Notch1 has distinct effects that result in an inhibition of bone resorption secondary to an induction of osteoprotegerin and suppression of sclerostin with a consequent enhancement of Wnt signaling. Notch1 inhibits, whereas Notch2 enhances, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Congenital disorders of loss- and gain-of-Notch function present with severe clinical manifestations, often affecting the skeleton. Enhanced Notch signaling is associated with osteosarcoma, and Notch can influence the invasive potential of carcinoma of the breast and prostate. Notch signaling can be controlled by the use of inhibitors of Notch activation, small peptides that interfere with the formation of a transcriptional complex, or antibodies to the extracellular domain of specific Notch receptors or to Notch ligands. In conclusion, Notch plays a critical role in skeletal development and homeostasis, and serious skeletal disorders can be attributed to alterations in Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Ernesto Canalis
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine and the UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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246
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Mirji G, Bhat J, Kode J, Banavali S, Sengar M, Khadke P, Sait O, Chiplunkar S. Risk stratification of T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia patients based on gene expression, mutations and copy number variation. Leuk Res 2016; 45:33-9. [PMID: 27070758 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression, copy number variations (CNV), mutations and survival were studied to delineate TCRγδ+T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) as a distinct subgroup from TCRαβ+T-ALL. Gene Ontology analysis showed that differential regulation of genes involved in pathways for leukemogenesis, apoptosis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and antigen processing/presentation may offer a survival benefit to TCRγδ+T-ALL patients. Genes involved in disease biology and having equal expression in both the subgroups, were further analysed for mutations and CNV using droplet digital PCR. TCRγδ+T-ALL patients exhibited differential level of mutations for NOTCH1 and IKZF3; however BRAF mutations were detected at equal levels in both the subgroups. Although TCRγδ+T-ALL patients with these mutations demonstrated improved disease-free survival (DFS) as compared TCRαβ+T-ALL patients, it was not statistically significant. Patients with homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/CDKN2B showed poor DFS in each subgroup. TCRγδ+T-ALL patients with wild type/heterozygous deletion of CDKN2A/CDKN2B possess significantly better DFS over TCRαβ+T-ALL patients (p=0.017 and 0.045, respectively). Thus, the present study has for the first time demonstrated TCRγδ clonality and CDKN2A/CDKN2B CNV together as potential prognostic markers in management of T-ALL. Further understanding the functional significance of differentially regulated genes in T-ALL patients would aid in designing risk based treatment strategies in subset specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Mirji
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Jaydeep Bhat
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Kode
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Manju Sengar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Osama Sait
- Bio-Rad Laboratories India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Shubhada Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.
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247
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Kim SY, Shin DY, Kim SM, Lee M, Kim EJ. Aberrant DNA methylation-induced gene inactivation is associated with the diagnosis and/or therapy of T-cell leukemias. Leuk Res 2016; 47:116-22. [PMID: 27318093 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is known to play an important role in the development of many tumors, and aberrant DNA hypermethylation was recently identified in hematologic malignancies, where it is thought to hold relevance in leukemogenesis. Here, we report that there are differences in the DNA methylation patterns seen in normal peripheral blood and two T-cell leukemia cell lines. We identify nine genes (CLEC4E, CR1, DBC1, EPO, HAL-DOA, IGF2, IL12B, ITGA1, and LMX1B) that are significantly hypermethylated in T-cell leukemias cell lines, and suggest that aberrant hypermethylation of these normally unmethylated genes may induce their transcriptional and expressional silencing. Furthermore, we observed that the expression levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3a were significantly decreased by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), which is a demethylation agent known to deplete DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in leukemia cancer cells and restore the expression levels of their target genes in Jurkat cells. This result suggests that the overexpression of DNMTs could contribute to the development of T-cell leukemias by inducing hypermethylation of the target genes. Together, our results show that aberrant hypermethylation is an important molecular mechanism in the progression of T-cell leukemias, and thus could prove useful as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. Moreover, 5-Aza-dC might be a promising candidate for the treatment of T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang-Man Kim
- Health Services Management, KH School of Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; Health Services Management, KH School of Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea.
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248
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Stein SJ, Mack EA, Rome KS, Pajcini KV, Ohtani T, Xu L, Li Y, Meijerink JPP, Faryabi RB, Pear WS. Trib2 Suppresses Tumor Initiation in Notch-Driven T-ALL. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155408. [PMID: 27191957 PMCID: PMC4871414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trib2 is highly expressed in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and is a direct transcriptional target of the oncogenic drivers Notch and TAL1. In human TAL1-driven T-ALL cell lines, Trib2 is proposed to function as an important survival factor, but there is limited information about the role of Trib2 in primary T-ALL. In this study, we investigated the role of Trib2 in the initiation and maintenance of Notch-dependent T-ALL. Trib2 had no effect on the growth and survival of murine T-ALL cell lines in vitro when expression was blocked by shRNAs. To test the function of Trib2 on leukemogenesis in vivo, we generated Trib2 knockout mice. Mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequencies without gross developmental anomalies. Adult mice did not develop pathology or shortened survival, and hematopoiesis, including T cell development, was unperturbed. Using a retroviral model of Notch-induced T-ALL, deletion of Trib2 unexpectedly decreased the latency and increased the penetrance of T-ALL development in vivo. Immunoblotting of primary murine T-ALL cells showed that the absence of Trib2 increased C/EBPα expression, a known regulator of cell proliferation, and did not alter AKT or ERK phosphorylation. Although Trib2 was suggested to be highly expressed in T-ALL, transcriptomic analysis of two independent T-ALL cohorts showed that low Trib2 expression correlated with the TLX1-expressing cortical mature T-ALL subtype, whereas high Trib2 expression correlated with the LYL1-expressing early immature T-ALL subtype. These data indicate that Trib2 has a complex role in the pathogenesis of Notch-driven T-ALL, which may vary between different T-ALL subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Mack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Rome
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kostandin V. Pajcini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Takuya Ohtani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lanwei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yunlei Li
- The Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jules P. P. Meijerink
- The Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert B. Faryabi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Warren S. Pear
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Institute for Immunology, Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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249
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Knoechel B, Bhatt A, Pan L, Pedamallu CS, Severson E, Gutierrez A, Dorfman DM, Kuo FC, Kluk M, Kung AL, Zweidler-McKay P, Meyerson M, Blacklow SC, DeAngelo DJ, Aster JC. Complete hematologic response of early T-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia to the γ-secretase inhibitor BMS-906024: genetic and epigenetic findings in an outlier case. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2016; 1:a000539. [PMID: 27148573 PMCID: PMC4850884 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch pathway antagonists such as γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are being tested in diverse cancers, but exceptional responses have yet to be reported. We describe the case of a patient with relapsed/refractory early T-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) who achieved a complete hematologic response following treatment with the GSI BMS-906024. Whole-exome sequencing of leukemic blasts revealed heterozygous gain-of-function driver mutations in NOTCH1, CSF3R, and PTPN11, and a homozygous/hemizygous loss-of-function mutation in DNMT3A. The three gain-of-function mutations were absent from remission marrow cells, but the DNMT3A mutation persisted in heterozygous form in remission marrow, consistent with an origin for the patient's ETP-ALL from clonal hematopoiesis. Ex vivo culture of ETP-ALL blasts confirmed high levels of activated NOTCH1 that were repressed by GSI treatment, and RNA-seq documented that GSIs downregulated multiple known Notch target genes. Surprisingly, one potential target gene that was unaffected by GSIs was MYC, a key Notch target in GSI-sensitive T-ALL of cortical T-cell type. H3K27ac super-enhancer landscapes near MYC showed a pattern previously reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is sensitive to BRD4 inhibitors, and in line with this ETP-ALL blasts downregulated MYC in response to the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1. To our knowledge, this is the first example of complete response of a Notch-mutated ETP-ALL to a Notch antagonist and is also the first description of chromatin landscapes associated with ETP-ALL. Our experience suggests that additional attempts to target Notch in Notch-mutated ETP-ALL are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Knoechel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ami Bhatt
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 95305, USA
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chandra S Pedamallu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Eric Severson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Frank C Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michael Kluk
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Patrick Zweidler-McKay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stephen C Blacklow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jon C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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250
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Hnisz D, Weintraub AS, Day DS, Valton AL, Bak RO, Li CH, Goldmann J, Lajoie BR, Fan ZP, Sigova AA, Reddy J, Borges-Rivera D, Lee TI, Jaenisch R, Porteus MH, Dekker J, Young RA. Activation of proto-oncogenes by disruption of chromosome neighborhoods. Science 2016; 351:1454-1458. [PMID: 26940867 PMCID: PMC4884612 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenes are activated through well-known chromosomal alterations such as gene fusion, translocation, and focal amplification. In light of recent evidence that the control of key genes depends on chromosome structures called insulated neighborhoods, we investigated whether proto-oncogenes occur within these structures and whether oncogene activation can occur via disruption of insulated neighborhood boundaries in cancer cells. We mapped insulated neighborhoods in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and found that tumor cell genomes contain recurrent microdeletions that eliminate the boundary sites of insulated neighborhoods containing prominent T-ALL proto-oncogenes. Perturbation of such boundaries in nonmalignant cells was sufficient to activate proto-oncogenes. Mutations affecting chromosome neighborhood boundaries were found in many types of cancer. Thus, oncogene activation can occur via genetic alterations that disrupt insulated neighborhoods in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Hnisz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Abraham S. Weintraub
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel S. Day
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Valton
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-0103, USA
| | - Rasmus O. Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Charles H. Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Johanna Goldmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bryan R. Lajoie
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-0103, USA
| | - Zi Peng Fan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alla A. Sigova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Reddy
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Diego Borges-Rivera
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tong Ihn Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605-0103, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Richard A. Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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