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Trompeter HI, Abbad H, Iwaniuk KM, Hafner M, Renwick N, Tuschl T, Schira J, Müller HW, Wernet P. MicroRNAs MiR-17, MiR-20a, and MiR-106b act in concert to modulate E2F activity on cell cycle arrest during neuronal lineage differentiation of USSC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16138. [PMID: 21283765 PMCID: PMC3024412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs are short (∼22 nt) non-coding regulatory RNAs that control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Here the functional impact of microRNAs on cell cycle arrest during neuronal lineage differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells from human cord blood (USSC) was analyzed. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression profiling revealed downregulation of microRNAs miR-17, -20a, and -106b in USSC differentiated into neuronal lineage but not in USSC differentiated into osteogenic lineage. Transfection experiments followed by Ki67 immunostainings demonstrated that each of these microRNAs was able to promote proliferation of native USSC and to prevent in part cell cycle arrest during neuronal lineage differentiation of USSC. Bioinformatic target gene predictions followed by experimental target gene validations revealed that miR-17, -20a, and -106b act in a common manner by downregulating an overlapping set of target genes mostly involved in regulation and execution of G1/S transition. Pro-proliferative target genes cyclinD1 (CCND1) and E2F1 as well as anti-proliferative targets CDKN1A (p21), PTEN, RB1, RBL1 (p107), RBL2 (p130) were shown as common targets for miR-17, -20a, and -106b. Furthermore, these microRNAs also downregulate WEE1 which is involved in G2/M transition. Most strikingly, miR-17, -20a, and -106b were found to promote cell proliferation by increasing the intracellular activity of E2F transcription factors, despite the fact that miR-17, -20a, and -106b directly target the transcripts that encode for this protein family. Conclusions/Significance Mir-17, -20a, and -106b downregulate a common set of pro- and anti-proliferative target genes to impact cell cycle progression of USSC and increase intracellular activity of E2F transcription factors to govern G1/S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Ingo Trompeter
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hassane Abbad
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina M. Iwaniuk
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Hafner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil Renwick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessica Schira
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Wernet
- University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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202
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Shapiro GI, Tibes R, Gordon MS, Wong BY, Eder JP, Borad MJ, Mendelson DS, Vogelzang NJ, Bastos BR, Weiss GJ, Fernandez C, Sutherland W, Sato H, Pierceall WE, Weaver D, Slough S, Wasserman E, Kufe DW, Von Hoff D, Kawabe T, Sharma S. Phase I studies of CBP501, a G2 checkpoint abrogator, as monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3431-42. [PMID: 21220472 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Two phase I dose-escalation studies were conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of the G(2) checkpoint abrogator CBP501, as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with advanced solid tumors were treated with CBP501 alone (D1/D8/D15, q4w, from 0.9 mg/m(2)), or with cisplatin (both on D1, q3w, from 3.6 mg/m(2) CBP501, 50 mg/m(2) cisplatin). Dose escalation proceeded if dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed in 1 or less of 3 to 6 patients; CBP501 dose increments were implemented according to the incidence of toxicity. MTD was determined from DLTs occurring during the first two cycles. RESULTS In the combination study, the DLT was a histamine-release syndrome (HRS) occurring 10 to 60 minutes after initiating infusion that was attenuated by prophylaxis comprising dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, ranitidine, and loratadine. The MTD was 25 mg/m(2) CBP501 and 75 mg/m(2) cisplatin, with two patients at the highest dose (36.4 mg/m(2) CBP501, 75 mg/m(2) cisplatin) experiencing grade 3 HRS. The only DLT with monotherapy was transient G(3) rise of troponin in one patient. Grade 3 to 4 treatment-related events were rare. Promising activity was observed with CBP501/cisplatin, mainly in ovarian and mesothelioma patients who had previously progressed on platinum-containing regimens. Among ovarian cancer patients, low expression of DNA repair proteins was associated with partial response or stable disease. CONCLUSIONS CBP501 is well tolerated in patients as monotherapy and with cisplatin. At the recommended phase II dose (RP2D), the combination is feasible and HRS manageable with prophylaxis. Evidence of antitumor activity was observed in platinum-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Stamatakos M, Palla V, Karaiskos I, Xiromeritis K, Alexiou I, Pateras I, Kontzoglou K. Cell cyclins: triggering elements of cancer or not? World J Surg Oncol 2010; 8:111. [PMID: 21176227 PMCID: PMC3016250 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-8-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclins are indispensable elements of the cell cycle and derangement of their function can lead to cancer formation. Recent studies have also revealed more mechanisms through which cyclins can express their oncogenic potential. This review focuses on the aberrant expression of G1/S cyclins and especially cyclin D and cyclin E; the pathways through which they lead to tumour formation and their involvement in different types of cancer. These elements indicate the mechanisms that could act as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stamatakos
- 4th Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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204
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Chen W, Seefeldt T, Young A, Zhang X, Guan X. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of N-acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine and its analogs as a novel class of anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:287-94. [PMID: 21131205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine (NACC) was identified as a metabolite of sulofenur. Sulofenur was demonstrated to have broad activity against solid tumors in preclinical studies but exhibited disappointing clinical responses due to its high protein binding related adverse effects. NACC exhibited low protein binding and excellent activity against a sulofenur sensitive human colon cancer cell line. In this study, analogs of NACC were synthesized and evaluated with four human cancer cell lines. Two of the NACC analogs showed excellent activity against two human melanoma cell lines, while NACC remains the most potent of the series. All three compounds were more potent than dacarbazine, which is used extensively in treating melanoma. NACC was shown to induce apoptosis without affecting the cell cycle. Further, NACC exhibited low toxicity against monkey kidney cells. The selective anticancer activity, low toxicity, an unknown yet but unique anticancer mechanism and ready obtainability through synthesis make NACC and its analogs promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States.
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205
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Liao MH, Lin WC, Wen HC, Pu HF. Tithonia diversifolia and its main active component tagitinin C induce survivin inhibition and G2/M arrest in human malignant glioblastoma cells. Fitoterapia 2010; 82:331-41. [PMID: 21073931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antitumour activity of Tithonia diversifolia (TD) on malignant glioblastoma cells. Our results suggested that tagitinin C was the main component in viability inhibition on malignant glioblastoma cells, and also accounted to be the most abundant component (>65%) in TD extract. Both TD extract and tagitinin C exhibited vigorous potential to produce in vitro viability inhibition, autophagic cell death and G2/M arrest. Furthermore, the activity of survivin, a critical resistant-factor in cancer therapy, could be downregulated significantly by TD extract and tagitinin C. These findings suggested that TD extract and tagitinin C were effective for treating malignant glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Hua Liao
- Department and Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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206
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Choi SJ, Lee JE, Jeong SY, Im I, Lee SD, Lee EJ, Lee SK, Kwon SM, Ahn SG, Yoon JH, Han SY, Kim JI, Kim YC. 5,5'-substituted indirubin-3'-oxime derivatives as potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3696-706. [PMID: 20361800 DOI: 10.1021/jm100080z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the ability of indirubin derivatives to inhibit CDK2/cyclin E, a target of anticancer agents, we designed and synthesized a new series of indirubin-3'-oxime derivatives with combined substitutions at the 5 and 5' positions. A molecular docking study predicted the binding of derivatives with OH or halogen substitutions at the 5' position to the ATP binding site of CDK2, revealing the critical interactions that may explain the improved CDK2 inhibitory activity of these derivatives. Among the synthesized derivatives, the 5-nitro-5'-hydroxy analogue 3a and the 5-nitro-5'-fluoro analogue 5a displayed potent inhibitory activity against CDK2, with IC(50) values of 1.9 and 1.7 nM, respectively. These derivatives also showed antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines, with IC(50) values of 0.2-3.3 microM. A representative analogue, 3a, showed greater than 500-fold selectivity for CDK relative to selected kinase panel and potent in vivo anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeong Choi
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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207
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Lange TS, Zou Y, Singh RK, Kim KK, Kristjansdottir K, Sholler GLS, Brard L. Chemotherapeutic effect of calcidiol derivative B3CD in a neuroblastoma xenograft model. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:164-73. [PMID: 20492445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bromoacetoxy-calcidiol (B3CD), a pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic agent in neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines, displayed therapeutic potential in vivo as an anticancer drug in a NB xenograft mouse model. Tumors of all animals treated intraperitoneally with B3CD went into regression within 10-30 days of treatment, while tumors in control animals grew aggressively. The response mechanisms of NB cells to B3CD in vitro were studied and included differential targeting of cell cycle key regulators p21 and cyclin D1 on the transcriptional and expression level leading to arrest in G0/G1 phase. In contrast to the effect in ovarian cancer cells, B3CD-induced cell death in SMS-KCNR NB cells was only marginally mediated by the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Signaling induced by exogenous recombinant EGF leads to a partial restoration of the negative effects of B3CD on SMS-KCNR cell proliferation and survival. Upon combinational treatment of SMS-KCNR cells with B3CD and recombinant EGF, the EGF receptor (EGF-R) was highly activated. We suggest future studies to include analysis of the effects of B3CD in combination therapy with pharmacological inhibitors of cell cycle regulators or with EGF-R-targeting inhibitors, -toxins or -antibodies in vitro and their translation into in vivo models of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo S Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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208
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McIntyre NA, McInnes C, Griffiths G, Barnett AL, Kontopidis G, Slawin AMZ, Jackson W, Thomas M, Zheleva DI, Wang S, Blake DG, Westwood NJ, Fischer PM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2-methyl- and 2-amino-N-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-h]quinazolin-8-amines as ring-constrained 2-anilino-4-(thiazol-5-yl)pyrimidine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2136-45. [PMID: 20146435 DOI: 10.1021/jm901660c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent discovery and development of 2-anilino-4-(thiazol-5-yl)pyrimidine cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, a program was initiated to evaluate related ring-constrained analogues, specifically, 2-methyl- and 2-amino-N-aryl-4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-h]quinazolin-8-amines for inhibition of CDKs. Here we report the rational design, synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and cellular mode-of-action profile of these second generation CDK inhibitors. Many of the analogues from this chemical series inhibit CDKs with very low nanomolar K(i) values. The most potent compound reported in this study inhibits CDK2 with an IC(50) of 0.7 nM ([ATP] = 100 microM). Furthermore, an X-ray crystal structure of 2-methyl-N-(3-(nitro)phenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-h]quinazolin-8-amine (11g), a representative from the chemical series in complex with cyclin A-CDK2, is reported, confirming the design rationale and expected binding mode within the CDK2 ATP binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A McIntyre
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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209
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Kim KK, Lange TS, Singh RK, Brard L. Lipophilic aroylhydrazone chelator HNTMB and its multiple effects on ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:72. [PMID: 20184758 PMCID: PMC2836302 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal chelators have gained much attention as potential anti-cancer agents. However, the effects of chelators are often linked solely to their capacity to bind iron while the potential complexation of other trace metals has not been fully investigated. In present study, we evaluated the effects of various lipophilic aroylhydrazone chelators (AHC), including novel compound HNTMB, on various ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-3, NUTU-19). METHODS Cell viability was analyzed via MTS cytotoxicity assays and NCI60 cancer cell growth screens. Apoptotic events were monitored via Western Blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy and TUNEL assay. FACS analysis was carried out to study Cell Cycle regulation and detection of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) RESULTS: HNTMB displayed high cytotoxicity (IC50 200-400 nM) compared to previously developed AHC (oVtBBH, HNtBBH, StBBH/206, HNTh2H/315, HNI/311; IC50 0.8-6 microM) or cancer drug Deferoxamine, a hexadentate iron-chelator (IC50 12-25 microM). In a NCI60 cancer cell line screen HNTMB exhibited growth inhibitory effects with remarkable differences in specificity depending on the cell line studied (GI50 10 nM-2.4 microM). In SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells HNTMB treatment led to chromatin fragmentation and activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis with specific down-regulation of Bcl-2. HNTMB caused delayed cell cycle progression of SKOV-3 through G2/M phase arrest. HNTMB can chelate iron and copper of different oxidation states. Complexation with copper lead to high cytotoxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while treatment with iron complexes of the drug caused neither cytotoxicity nor increased ROS levels. CONCLUSIONS The present report suggests that both, non-complexed HNTMB as a chelator of intracellular trace-metals as well as a cytotoxic HNTMB/copper complex may be developed as potential therapeutic drugs in the treatment of ovarian and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Kwang Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Thilo S Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Laurent Brard
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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210
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Lu XM, Yi HW, Xu JL, Sun Y, Li JX, Cao SX, Xu Q. A novel synthetic oleanolic acid derivative with amino acid conjugate suppresses tumour growth by inducing cell cycle arrest. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1087-93. [PMID: 17725850 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.8.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (3β-hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid; OA) has a wide variety of bioactivities and is used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. Various derivatives of OA have been synthesized in attempts to improve the potency. Here we describe the anti-tumour activity of a novel OA derivative, N-[(3β)-3-(acetyloxy)-28-oxoolean-12-en-28-yl]-glycine methyl ester (AOA-GMe). AOA-GMe was a more potent inhibitor of the growth of B16 melanoma cells than its parent compound OA, both in-vitro and in-vivo. AOA-GMe also exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of human K562 leukaemia cells, but had almost no toxicity in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AOA-GMe induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and blocked G1-S transition, which correlated well with marked decreases in levels of cyclin D, cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, and increases in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15. OA did not show such activities. These results suggest that AOA-GMe may induce growth arrest in tumour cells through regulation of proteins involved in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
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211
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Yang L, Zhang HW, Hu R, Yang Y, Qi Q, Lu N, Liu W, Chu YY, You QD, Guo QL. Wogonin induces G1 phase arrest through inhibiting Cdk4 and cyclin D1 concomitant with an elevation in p21Cip1 in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:933-42. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wogonin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, has been shown to have tumor therapeutic potential both in vitro and in vivo. To better understand its anticancer mechanism, we examined the effect of wogonin on human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. In this study, we observed that G1 phase arrest was involved in wogonin-induced growth inhibition in HeLa cells. Over a 24 h exposure of HeLa cells to 90 µmol·L–1 wogonin, the promoters of G1–S transition, including cyclin D1/Cdk4 and pRb, decreased within 12 h and E2F-1 depleted in the nucleus at the same time. As the G1 phase arrest developed, p53 and the Cdk inhibitor p21Cip1 elevated both at protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, the up-regulation of p21Cip1 induced by wogonin was dramatically inhibited by siRNA-mediated p53 gene silencing. Collectively, our data suggested that wogonin induced G1 phase arrest in HeLa cells by modulating several key G1 regulatory proteins, such as Cdk4 and cyclin D1, as well as up-regulation of a p53-midiated p21Cip1 expression. This mechanism of wogonin may play an important role in the killing of cancerous cells and offer a potential mechanism for its anticancer action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-yi Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-dong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-long Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
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212
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A coumarin derivative (RKS262) inhibits cell-cycle progression, causes pro-apoptotic signaling and cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2009; 29:63-72. [PMID: 19865799 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin derivative RKS262 belongs to a new class of potential anti-tumor agents. RKS262 was identified by structural optimization of Nifurtimox which is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials to treat high-risk neuroblastoma. In a NCI(60) cell-line assay RKS262 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells and a variety of other cell lines exceeding effects of commercial drugs such as cisplatin, 5-FU, cyclophosphamide or sapacitabine. Various leukemia cell-lines were most sensitive (GI(50): ~ 10 nM) while several non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and few cell lines from other tissues were relatively resistant (GI(50) > 1 µM) to RKS262 treatment. The mechanism of cytotoxicity was examined using ovarian cancer cell-line OVCAR-3 as a model. RKS262 treatment resulted in a reduced mitochondria-transmembrane-depolarization potential. RKS262 effects included up-regulation of apoptotic markers and were not correlated with activation of pro-apoptotic MAP-Kinases (p38, SAP/JNK). RKS262 exerted strong inhibitory effects on oncogene ras, down-regulated DNA-pk KU-80 subunit expression and caused activation of Akt. A signature effect of RKS262 is the regulation of the mitochondrial Bcl2-family pathway. Pro-apoptotic factors Bid, Bad and Bok were up-regulated while expression of pro-survival factors Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 was inhibited. Moreover, at sub-cytotoxic doses RKS262 delayed OVCAR-3 cell-cycle progression through G2 phase and up-regulated p27 while cyclin-D1 and Cdk-6 were down-regulated, indicating that RKS262 is a specific cyclin/CDK inhibitor. In summary, RKS262 has been identified as a molecule belonging to a new class of potential chemotherapeutic agents affecting the viability of multiple cancer cell-lines and causing selective adverse effects on the viability of ovarian cancer cells.
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213
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Lange TS, McCourt C, Singh RK, Kim KK, Singh AP, Luisi BS, Alptürk O, Strongin RM, Brard L. Apoptotic and chemotherapeutic properties of iron (III)-salophene in an ovarian cancer animal model. Drug Des Devel Ther 2009; 3:17-26. [PMID: 19920918 PMCID: PMC2769229 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of organometallic compounds iron(III)-, cobalt(III)-, manganese(II)-, and copper(II)-salophene (-SP) on platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines was compared. Fe-SP displayed selective cytotoxicity (IC(50) at ~1 muM) against SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cell lines while Co-SP caused cytotoxic effects only at higher concentrations (IC(50) at 60 muM) and Cu-SP effects were negligible. High cytotoxicity of Mn-SP (30-60 muM) appeared to be nonspecific because the Mn-chloride salt reduced cell viability similarly. The effect of Fe-SP at 1 muM proved to be ovarian cancer cell selective when compared to a panel of cell lines derived from different tumors. The first irreversible step in the induction of cell death by Fe-SP occurred after 3 hrs as indicated by the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) and was mainly linked to apoptotic, not necrotic events. To evaluate the toxicity of Fe-SP in vivo we conducted an acute toxicity study in rats. The LD(50) of Fe-SP is >2000 mg/kg orally and >5.5 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection. An ovarian cancer animal model showed that the chemotherapeutic relevant dose of Fe-SP in rats is 0.5-1 mg/kg body weight. The present report suggests that Fe-SP is a potential therapeutic drug to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo S Lange
- Division of Biology and Medicine Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Carolyn McCourt
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kyu Kwang Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ajay P Singh
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brian S Luisi
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Onur Alptürk
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Laurent Brard
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women’s Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants’ Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Haykal J, Geara F, Haddadin MJ, Smith CA, Gali-Muhtasib H. The radiosensitizer 2-benzoyl-3-phenyl-6,7-dichloroquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide induces DNA damage in EMT-6 mammary carcinoma cells. Radiat Oncol 2009; 4:25. [PMID: 19594955 PMCID: PMC2716350 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-4-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DCQ (2-benzoyl-3-phenyl-6,7-dichloroquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide), a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide, enhances the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation (IR) in vivo and in vitro. We sought to clarify whether increased radiation-induced DNA damage, decreased rate of damage repair, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to DCQ enhancement of IR. Methods Murine mammary adenocarcinoma EMT-6 cells were treated with DCQ for 4 h before exposure to 10 Gy IR. Treated cells were monitored for modulations in cell cycle, induction of DNA damage, and generation of ROS. Results Combined DCQ and IR treatments (DCQ+IR) induced rapid cell-cycle arrests in EMT-6 cells, particularly in S and G2/M phases. Alkaline comet assays revealed high levels of DNA damage in cells after exposure to DCQ+IR, consistent with damage-induced arrest. Unlike IR-only and DCQ-only treated cells, the damage induced by combined DCQ+IR was repaired at a slower rate. Combined treatment, compared to separate DCQ and IR treatments, activated DNA-protein kinase and induced more p-ATM, supporting a role for double strand breaks (DSBs), which are more toxic and difficult to repair than single strand breaks (SSBs). Contributing factors to DCQ radiosensitization appear to be the induction of ROS and DSBs. Conclusion Collectively, our findings indicate that radiosensitization by DCQ is mediated by DNA damage and decreased repair and that ROS are at least partially responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Haykal
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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215
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Zhang C, Yan Z, Painter CL, Zhang Q, Chen E, Arango ME, Kuszpit K, Zasadny K, Hallin M, Hallin J, Wong A, Buckman D, Sun G, Qiu M, Anderes K, Christensen JG. PF-00477736 Mediates Checkpoint Kinase 1 Signaling Pathway and Potentiates Docetaxel-Induced Efficacy in Xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4630-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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216
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Hsieh WS, Soo R, Peh BK, Loh T, Dong D, Soh D, Wong LS, Green S, Chiao J, Cui CY, Lai YF, Lee SC, Mow B, Soong R, Salto-Tellez M, Goh BC. Pharmacodynamic effects of seliciclib, an orally administered cell cycle modulator, in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1435-42. [PMID: 19228744 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell cycle dysregulation resulting in expression of antiapoptotic genes and uncontrolled proliferation is a feature of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The pharmacodynamic effects of seliciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, were studied in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with treatment-naïve locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma received seliciclib at 800 mg or 400 mg twice daily on days 1 to 3 and 8 to 12. Paired tumor samples obtained at baseline and on day 13 were assessed by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptional profiling using real-time PCR low-density array consisting of a panel of 380 genes related to cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis, signal transduction, and cell proliferation. RESULTS At 800 mg bd, one patient experienced grade 3 liver toxicity and another had grade 2 vomiting; no significant toxicities were experienced in 13 patients treated at 400 mg bd. Seven of fourteen evaluable patients had clinical evidence of tumor reduction. Some of these responses were associated with increased tumor apoptosis, necrosis, and decreases in plasma EBV DNA posttreatment. Reduced protein expression of Mcl-1, cyclin D1, phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein pRB (T821), and significant transcriptional down-regulation of genes related to cellular proliferation and survival were shown in some patients posttreatment, indicative of cell cycle modulation by seliciclib, more specifically inhibition of cdk2/cyclin E, cdk7/cyclin H, and cdk9/cyclin T. CONCLUSIONS Brief treatment with this regimen of seliciclib in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is tolerable at 400 mg bd and associated with tumor pharmacodynamic changes consistent with cdk inhibition, and warrants further efficacy studies in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Son Hsieh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Oncology Research Institute, School of Computing, and Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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217
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Darbary H, Stoler DL, Anderson GR. Family cancer syndromes: inherited deficiencies in systems for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2009; 18:1-17, vii. [PMID: 19056039 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial cancer syndromes have revealed important fundamental features regarding how all cancers arise through destabilization of the genome, such that somatic evolution can select for the disruption of critical cellular coordinating and regulatory features. The authors examine those cellular genes and systems whose normal role is to preserve genomic integrity and relate them to the genetic foundations of heritable cancers. By examining how these cellular systems normally function, how family cancer genes are able to affect the process of tumor progression can be learned. In so doing, a clearer picture of how sporadic cancers arise is additionally gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huferesh Darbary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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218
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Xiang J, Yang H, Che C, Zou H, Yang H, Wei Y, Quan J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Lin S. Identifying tumor cell growth inhibitors by combinatorial chemistry and zebrafish assays. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4361. [PMID: 19194508 PMCID: PMC2633036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) play important roles in regulating cell cycle progression, and altered cell cycles resulting from over-expression or abnormal activation of CDKs observed in many human cancers. As a result, CDKs have become extensive studied targets for developing chemical inhibitors for cancer therapies; however, protein kinases share a highly conserved ATP binding pocket at which most chemical inhibitors bind, therefore, a major challenge in developing kinase inhibitors is achieving target selectivity. To identify cell growth inhibitors with potential applications in cancer therapy, we used an integrated approach that combines one-pot chemical synthesis in a combinatorial manner to generate diversified small molecules with new chemical scaffolds coupled with growth inhibition assay using developing zebrafish embryos. We report the successful identification of a novel lead compound that displays selective inhibitory effects on CDK2 activity, cancer cell proliferation, and tumor progression in vivo. Our approaches should have general applications in developing cell proliferation inhibitors using an efficient combinatorial chemical genetic method and integrated biological assays. The novel cell growth inhibitor we identified should have potential as a cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Che
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junmin Quan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
- Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
- Center of Developmental Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Singh RK, Lange TS, Kim KK, Singh AP, Vorsa N, Brard L. Isothiocyanate NB7M causes selective cytotoxicity, pro-apoptotic signalling and cell-cycle regression in ovarian cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1823-31. [PMID: 19002174 PMCID: PMC2600706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report identifies indole-3-ethyl isothiocyanate NB7M as a potent cytotoxic agent with selective activity against cell lines derived from various tumour types. Ovarian cancer cell lines showed sensitivity to NB7M (60–70% cytotoxicity at 2.5 μM), in contrast to control cells (TCL-1 and HTR-8; IC50 ∼15 μM). In a screen performed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) (NCI60 cancer cell-line assay) NB7M (NSC746077) reduced growth up to 100% with an IC50 between 0.1 and 10 μM depending on the cell line studied. Using SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells as a model, mechanisms of cytotoxicity were analysed. NB7M caused hallmarks of apoptosis such as PARP-1 deactivation, chromatin condensation, DNA nicks, activation of caspases-9, -8, -3, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane depolarisation potential and upregulation of pro-apoptotic mitogen activated protein kinases (p38, SAP/JNK). NB7M downregulated phosphorylation of prosurvival kinases (PI-3K, AKT, IKKα), transcription factor NF-κB, and expression of DNA-Pk and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. Subcytotoxic doses of NB7M inhibited DNA synthesis, caused G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and upregulated p27 expression. The present report suggests that NB7M is a selective cytotoxic agent in vitro for cell lines derived from ovarian and certain other tumours. In addition, NB7M acts as a growth/cell-cycle-suppressing agent and may be developed as a potential therapeutic drug to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Lopes EC, Valls E, Figueroa ME, Mazur A, Meng FG, Chiosis G, Laird PW, Schreiber-Agus N, Greally JM, Prokhortchouk E, Melnick A. Kaiso contributes to DNA methylation-dependent silencing of tumor suppressor genes in colon cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7258-63. [PMID: 18794111 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant CpG methylation of tumor suppressor gene regulatory elements is associated with transcriptional silencing and contributes to malignant transformation of different tissues. It is presumed that methylated DNA sequences recruit repressor machinery to actively shutdown gene expression. The Kaiso protein is a transcriptional repressor expressed in human and murine colorectal tumors that can bind to methylated clusters of CpG dinucleotides. We show here that Kaiso represses methylated tumor suppressor genes and can bind in a methylation-dependent manner to the CDKN2A in human colon cancer cell lines. The contribution of Kaiso to epigenetic silencing was underlined by the fact that Kaiso depletion induced tumor suppressor gene expression without affecting DNA methylation levels. As a consequence, colon cancer cells became susceptible to cell cycle arrest and cell death mediated by chemotherapy. The data suggest that Kaiso is a methylation-dependent "opportunistic" oncogene that silences tumor suppressor genes when they become hypermethylated. Because Kaiso inactivation sensitized colon cancer cell lines to chemotherapy, it is possible that therapeutic targeting of Kaiso could improve the efficacy of current treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisi C Lopes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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221
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Imidazoles: SAR and development of a potent class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5487-92. [PMID: 18815031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An imidazole series of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors has been developed. Protein inhibitor structure determination has provided an understanding of the emerging structure activity trends for the imidazole series. The introduction of a methyl sulfone at the aniline terminus led to a more orally bioavailable CDK inhibitor that was progressed into clinical development.
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222
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Fleming IN, Hogben M, Frame S, McClue SJ, Green SR. Synergistic inhibition of ErbB signaling by combined treatment with seliciclib and ErbB-targeting agents. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4326-35. [PMID: 18594016 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to investigate whether the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor seliciclib could synergize with agents that target ErbB receptors and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the observed synergy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Synergy between seliciclib and ErbB receptor targeted agents was investigated in various cell lines using the Calcusyn median effect model. The molecular mechanism of the observed synergy was studied in cultured cells, and the combination of seliciclib and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib was evaluated in an H358 xenograft model. RESULTS Seliciclib synergized with the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab in a breast cancer cell line, which overexpresses the HER2 receptor, and with the erlotinib analogue AG1478 in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. In the H358 non-small cell lung cancer cell line, synergy involved decreased signaling from the EGFR, with AG1478 directly inhibiting kinase activity while seliciclib decreased the levels of key components of the receptor signaling pathway, resulting in enhanced loss of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cyclin D1. The combination of seliciclib and erlotinib was evaluated further in an H358 xenograft and shown to be significantly more active than either agent alone. An enhanced loss of cyclin D1 was also seen in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that investigates combining seliciclib with an EGFR inhibitor. The combination decreased signaling from the EGFR in vitro and in vivo and was effective in cell lines containing either wild-type or mutant EGFR, suggesting that it may expand the range of tumors that respond to erlotinib, and therefore, such combinations are worth exploring in the clinic.
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223
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Lange TS, Kim KK, Singh RK, Strongin RM, McCourt CK, Brard L. Iron(III)-salophene: an organometallic compound with selective cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2303. [PMID: 18509533 PMCID: PMC2386551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this pioneer study to the biological activity of organometallic compound Iron(III)-salophene (Fe-SP) the specific effects of Fe-SP on viability, morphology, proliferation, and cell-cycle progression on platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines were investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Fe-SP displayed selective cytotoxicity against SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 (ovarian epithelial adenocarcinoma) cell lines at concentrations between 100 nM and 1 µM, while the viability of HeLa cells (epithelial cervix adenocarcinoma) or primary lung or skin fibroblasts was not affected. SKOV-3 cells in contrast to fibroblasts after treatment with Fe-SP revealed apparent hallmarks of apoptosis including densely stained nuclear granular bodies within fragmented nuclei, highly condensed chromatin and chromatin fragmentation. Fe-SP treatment led to the activation of markers of the extrinsic (Caspase-8) and intrinsic (Caspase-9) pathway of apoptosis as well as of executioner Caspase-3 while PARP-1 was deactivated. Fe-SP exerted effects as an anti-proliferative agent with an IC50 value of 300 nM and caused delayed progression of cells through S-phase phase of the cell cycle resulting in a complete S-phase arrest. When intra-peritoneally applied to rats Fe-SP did not show any systemic toxicity at concentrations that in preliminary trials were determined to be chemotherapeutic relevant doses in a rat ovarian cancer cell model. Conclusion/Significance The present report suggests that Fe-SP is a potent growth-suppressing agent in vitro for cell lines derived from ovarian cancer and a potential therapeutic drug to treat such tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo S. Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kyu Kwang Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Carolyn K. McCourt
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Laurent Brard
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of RI, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carpinelli P, Ceruti R, Giorgini ML, Cappella P, Gianellini L, Croci V, Degrassi A, Texido G, Rocchetti M, Vianello P, Rusconi L, Storici P, Zugnoni P, Arrigoni C, Soncini C, Alli C, Patton V, Marsiglio A, Ballinari D, Pesenti E, Fancelli D, Moll J. PHA-739358, a potent inhibitor of Aurora kinases with a selective target inhibition profile relevant to cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:3158-68. [PMID: 18089710 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PHA-739358 is a small-molecule 3-aminopyrazole derivative with strong activity against Aurora kinases and cross-reactivities with some receptor tyrosine kinases relevant for cancer. PHA-739358 inhibits all Aurora kinase family members and shows a dominant Aurora B kinase inhibition-related cellular phenotype and mechanism of action in cells in vitro and in vivo. p53 status-dependent endoreduplication is observed upon treatment of cells with PHA-739358, and phosphorylation of histone H3 in Ser(10) is inhibited. The compound has significant antitumor activity in different xenografts and spontaneous and transgenic animal tumor models and shows a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile. In vivo target modulation is observed as assessed by the inhibition of the phosphorylation of histone H3, which has been validated preclinically as a candidate biomarker for the clinical phase. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modeling was used to define drug potency and to support the prediction of active clinical doses and schedules. We conclude that PHA-739358, which is currently tested in clinical trials, has great therapeutic potential in anticancer therapy in a wide range of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Carpinelli
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l.-Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
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225
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Singh RK, Lange TS, Kim KK, Shaw SK, Brard L. A novel indole ethyl isothiocyanate (7Me-IEITC) with anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on platinum-resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:240-9. [PMID: 18329084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel indole ethyl isothiocyanate derivative (7Me-IEITC) was defined as a potent growth-suppressing agent to cell lines derived from ovarian cancers. Key mechanisms of the cellular response in vitro were studied and suggest a potential of 7Me-IEITC as a therapeutic drug. METHODS The viability of ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3, OVCAR-3) in comparison to pancreatic and prostate cancer cell lines, primary fibroblast and immortalized trophoblasts after treatment with 7Me-IEITC was analyzed. Morphological and apoptotic responses of SKOV-3 were studied by fluorescence microscopy (DAPI staining, TUNEL assay). SKOV-3 proliferation was estimated by a standardized BrdU incorporation assay. The phosphorylation of MAP-Kinases, pro-survival factors and the activation of caspases and PARP-1 were analyzed by western blotting. Changes of the mitochondrial transmembrane-potential and in cell-cycle progression were studied by FACS analysis. MAP-Kinase and caspase inhibitors were employed in cytotoxicity studies. RESULTS 7Me-IEITC selectively reduced the viability of SKOV-3, OVCAR-3, BXPC-3 and PC-3 cells (IC(50) values < or = 5 microM), while the viability of fibroblasts or trophoblasts remained un-affected at concentrations below 20 microM. 7Me-IEITC treatment down-regulated pro-survival kinases and transcription factors (STAT-3, IKKalpha and NF-kappaB), caused rapid loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane-potential and inactivation of PARP-1 along with activation of caspases. The use of p38 MAP-Kinase-and caspase inhibitors suppressed the cytotoxicity of the drug. 7Me-IEITC acted as an anti-proliferative agent and arrested the cell-cycle progression of SKOV-3 in G2/M phase. CONCLUSION 7Me-IEITC is a potent and growth-suppressing agent to cell lines derived from ovarian cancers by causing deactivation of survival signals, apoptosis, and cell-cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gysnecology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Rixe O, Fojo T. Is cell death a critical end point for anticancer therapies or is cytostasis sufficient? Clin Cancer Res 2008; 13:7280-7. [PMID: 18094408 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of conventional chemotherapy and the development of new target-based agents, the importance of cytostasis in anticancer activity has been debated. This review examines the relative importance of both cytostasis and cytotoxicity based on both preclinical data and clinical reports. Several limitations of our basic and clinical methods to evaluate cytostasis and cytotoxicity will be highlighted. Molecular mechanisms of cytostasis will be analyzed, including interference with the cell cycle as well as putative links with necrosis and autophagy. Finally, we will cite evidence that most older and newer compounds are both cytostatic and cytotoxic. The relative role of cytostasis and cytotoxicity on future drug screening and clinical development will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rixe
- Medical Oncology Department of the Salpêtrière Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.
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Ma NF, Hu L, Fung JM, Xie D, Zheng BJ, Chen L, Tang DJ, Fu L, Wu Z, Chen M, Fang Y, Guan XY. Isolation and characterization of a novel oncogene, amplified in liver cancer 1, within a commonly amplified region at 1q21 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008; 47:503-10. [PMID: 18023026 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amplification of 1q21 is the most frequent genetic alteration in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), being detected in 58%-78% of primary HCC cases by comparative genomic hybridization. Recently, we isolated a candidate oncogene, Amplified in Liver Cancer 1 (ALC1), from 1q21 by hybrid selection. Here we demonstrate that ALC1 was frequently amplified and overexpressed in HCC. ALC1-transfected cells possessed a strong oncogenic ability, increasing the colony formation in soft agar and increasing the tumorigenicity in nude mice, which could be effectively suppressed by small interfering RNA against ALC1. Functional studies showed that overexpression of ALC1 could promote G1/S phase transition and inhibit apoptosis. Molecular studies revealed that the oncogenic function of ALC1 might be associated with its roles in promoting cell proliferation by down-regulating p53 expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ALC1 is the target oncogene within the 1q21 amplicon and plays a pivotal role in HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Fang Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Substituted titanocenes induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and exhibit antitumour activity in vivo. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1234-41. [PMID: 17923871 PMCID: PMC2360460 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanocene compounds are a novel series of agents that exhibit cytotoxic effects in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of two titanocenes (Titanocenes X and Y) was evaluated in human epidermoid cancer cells in vitro. Titanocenes X and Y induce apoptotic cell death in epidermoid cancer cells, with IC50 values that are comparable to cisplatin. Characterisation of the cell death pathway induced by titanocene compounds in A431 cells revealed that apoptosis is preceded by cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of cell proliferation. The induction of apoptosis is dependent on the activation of caspase-3 and -7 but not caspase-8. Furthermore, the antitumour activity of Titanocene Y was tested in an A431 xenograft model of epidermoid cancer. Results indicate that Titanocene Y significantly reduced the growth of A431 xenografts with an antitumour effect similar to cisplatin. These results suggest that titanocenes represent a novel series of promising antitumour agents.
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229
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Rosa DD, Ismael G, Lago LD, Awada A. Molecular-targeted therapies: lessons from years of clinical development. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 34:61-80. [PMID: 17826917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, molecular-targeted therapies have been added to cytotoxic and anti-endocrine drugs in the treatment of cancer, with the aim to target the molecular pathways that underlie the carcinogenic process and maintain the cancer phenotype. Success with some of these agents has suggested that identification and validation of the drug target is the starting point for the route of development of active, safe and effective drugs. Main molecular targets used to the development of anticancer drugs are cell surface receptors, signal transduction pathways, gene transcription targets, ubiquitin-proteasome/heat shock proteins and tumour microenvironment components (especially antiangiogenic agents). Here, we review the development of the main molecular targeted non-cytotoxic agents studied in cancer, highlighting lessons derived from the development of these novel drugs and proposing new horizons for the clinical development of molecular-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D Rosa
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, and L Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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230
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Conchon E, Anizon F, Aboab B, Prudhomme M. Synthesis and biological activities of new checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors structurally related to granulatimide. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4669-80. [PMID: 17722905 DOI: 10.1021/jm070664k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the course of structure-activity relationship studies on granulatimide analogues, new pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles in which the imidazole heterocycle has been replaced by a five- or a six-membered ring bearing one or two carbonyl functions have been synthesized. Their checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitory properties and their in vitro antiproliferative activities toward three tumor cell lines-murine leukemia L1210 and human colon carcinoma HT29 and HCT116 have been determined. The results of molecular modeling in the ATP binding pocket of Chk1 are described. Among the newly synthesized compounds, compounds 13 and 16, in which the imidazole was replaced by a quinone and a hydroquinone and which bear a hydroxy group on the indole moiety, are the most potent Chk1 inhibitors in this series with IC50 values of 27 and 23 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Conchon
- Laboratoire SEESIB, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 63177 Aubière, France
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231
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Siragusa M, Zerilli M, Iovino F, Francipane MG, Lombardo Y, Ricci-Vitiani L, Di Gesù G, Todaro M, De Maria R, Stassi G. MUC1 oncoprotein promotes refractoriness to chemotherapy in thyroid cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:5522-30. [PMID: 17545635 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of MUC1 oncoprotein is frequently observed in cancer and contributes to confer resistance to genotoxic agents. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are the three forms of thyroid epithelial cancer. Anaplastic tumors are less differentiated and extremely aggressive, characterized by a poor prognosis. Little is known about the role of MUC1 in thyroid cancer. We recently showed that autocrine production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 controls thyroid cancer cell survival, growth, and resistance to chemotherapy through activation of Janus-activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. In the present study, we showed that MUC1 COOH-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) is overexpressed in all the histologic variants of thyroid cancer cells and localizes to mitochondria where it interferes with the release of mitochondrial proapoptotic proteins. Moreover, IL-4 and IL-10 promote the increase of MUC1-C expression levels in normal thyroid cells, whereas blockage of both cytokines or neutralization of JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt pathways through the exogenous expression of SOCS-1 and Akt(K179M) leads to a significant decrease of MUC1-C in primary thyroid cancer cells. Interestingly, down-regulation of MUC1 expression by direct targeting with RNA interference sensitizes anaplastic thyroid cancer cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in vitro. Thus, MUC1 is a main component of the survival network acting in thyroid cancer and could be considered a key molecular target for sensitizing cancer cells to conventional or novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Siragusa
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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232
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The synergistic inhibitory effect of somatostatin-doxorubicin co-treatment on gallbladder carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:125. [PMID: 17617924 PMCID: PMC1931603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder cancer is the most common billiary tract malignancy and carries a very poor prognosis. Somatostatin was recently shown to play an important role in the development of various tumors. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of doxorubicin on the chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer cells and xenograft growth after treatment with somatostatin. METHODS Twenty-four hours after somatostatin treatment, doxorubicin was gradually added and the growth curve of gallbladder cancer cells was determined. Exponential-phase gallbladder cancer cells were treated with doxorubicine or co-treated with doxorubicine and somastatine and the respective IC50 values were determined. In addition, the inhibitory effect on the growth of gallbladder cancer xenograft on nude mice was evaluated using the same treatments as those described above. RESULTS Treatment of gallbladder cancer cells with somatostatin led to a block in the cell cycle at the S phase. Growth inhibition of gallbladder cancer cells by doxorubicin was concentration-dependent (P < 0.05). However, upon co-treatment with doxorubicin and somatostatin, the IC50 value significantly decreased as compared to that of cells treated with doxorubicine alone (P < 0.05). Interestingly, treatment with either doxorubicin or somatostatin did not significantly inhibit xenograft growth on nude mice, in contrast to a co-treatment with both drugs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Somatostatin most likely sensitizes the chemotherapeutic effect and diminishes the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in a gallbladder cancer cell line and in mouse gallbladder cancer xenografts.
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233
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Rakitina TV, Vasilevskaya IA, O'Dwyer PJ. Inhibition of G1/S transition potentiates oxaliplatin-induced cell death in colon cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1715-26. [PMID: 17343830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a series of colorectal cancer cell lines, both necrosis and apoptosis were induced upon exposure to oxaliplatin, and enhanced by co-administration of the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG. We analyzed the effects of these interventions on the cell cycle, and found that oxaliplatin treatment caused G1 and G2 arrest in HCT116 cells, and S-phase accumulation in two p53-deficient cell lines (HT29 and DLD1). Addition of 17-AAG enhanced cell cycle effects of oxaliplatin in HCT116, and induced G1 arrest and decrease in S-phase population in the other cell lines. Analysis of cell cycle proteins revealed that the major difference between the cell lines was that in HCT116, 17-AAG resulted in profound inhibition of expression and phosphorylation of late G1 proteins cyclin E and cdk2, with no effect on p21/WAF1 induction. Consistent with these, an HCT116 p53(-/-) line, lacking p21, showed resistance to oxaliplatin, failure to enter apoptosis, and an accumulation of cells in S-phase. Introduction of p21 in these cells caused reversal of that phenotype, including restoration of the G1 block and re-sensitization to oxaliplatin. Inhibition of G1/S progression using cdk2 inhibitor also enhanced oxaliplatin cytotoxicity. We conclude that in colon cancer cells with impaired p53 function, interventions directed to cycle arrest in G1 may potentiate oxaliplatin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Rakitina
- Abramson Family Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 1020 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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234
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Gharagozloo M, Amirghofran Z. Effects of silymarin on the spontaneous proliferation and cell cycle of human peripheral blood leukemia T cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:525-32. [PMID: 17436018 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid that has a strong antioxidant activity and exhibits anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects. Although its hepatoprotective effect has been well documented, the effect of silymarin on T cells is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the silymarin on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of Jurkat cells, a human peripheral blood leukemia T cell line. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of silymarin for 24-72 h and examined for cell growth and proliferation using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and DNA 5-bromo 2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) colorimetric assays. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry was also performed using propidium iodide staining. Results of the study revealed that silymarin increased proliferation of Jurkat cells at 50-400 microM concentrations with 24 h exposure, confirmed by both MTT and BrdU assays. However, Jurkat incubation with silymarin at higher concentrations of 400 microM for 48 h and 200-400 microM for 72 h caused inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and significant cell death. Results of the present study also revealed a similarity of cell growth patterns between Jurkat, U937 and RPMI 8866 cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated an in vitro growth stimulatory effect of silymarin on leukemia cells with monocyte, T and B cell origin that has not been previously reported for either solid tumors or other leukemia cells, suggesting a possible specific stimulatory effect of silymarin on the key cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345-1798 Shiraz, Iran
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235
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Hsu MH, Chen CJ, Kuo SC, Chung JG, Lai YY, Teng CM, Pan SL, Huang LJ. 2-(3-Fluorophenyl)-6-methoxyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (YJC-1) induces mitotic phase arrest in A549 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 559:14-20. [PMID: 17223102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 2-phenyl-4-quinolone (2-PQ) derivative, 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (YJC-1), was synthesized in our laboratory. In this study, we delineated the growth-inhibitory effect of YJC-1 in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. YJC-1 inhibited cell growth with an IC(50) value of about 4.8 microM via microtubule polymerization, causing growth arrest in the mitotic phase. Immunoblotting analysis revealed a dramatic induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21(Cip1/Waf1) and down-regulation of Cdc25C phosphatase to inhibit the protein expression of cyclin B1 and CDK1. We also found that YJC-1 induced a profound time-dependent elevation in p21(Cip1/Waf1) gene expression in comparison with the negative control. In vivo, we also found that YJC-1 significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice inoculated with A549 cells. These findings suggest that YJC-1 can suppress A549 cell growth via mitotic phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40421, Taiwan (ROC)
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236
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Coley HM, Shotton CF, Kokkinos MI, Thomas H. The effects of the CDK inhibitor seliciclib alone or in combination with cisplatin in human uterine sarcoma cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 105:462-9. [PMID: 17300833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibition of cyclin-dependent-kinases (CDKs) represents an interesting approach in cancer therapy. We have explored this in cell lines of human uterine sarcoma-tumours associated with poor survival, chemo-unresponsiveness and deregulation of cell cycle components. We studied the effects of the CDK inhibitor seliciclib (CYC202, R-roscovitine) when used alone or in combination with cisplatin. METHODS Cell lines used: SK-UT-1, SK-UT-1b and SK-LMS-1, the cytotoxicity of seliciclib and cisplatin was measured by the MTT assay. In combination with cisplatin the effects of seliciclib were examined by isobologram analysis. CDK2 levels were examined at mRNA and protein level by immunoblotting and PCR. We also looked at the effects of seliciclib on p53-dependent response of cells to seliciclib using immunoblotting. The effects of combination treatment were analysed using annexin V and PI staining by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS IC50 values for seliciclib were 10.5, 7.1 and 25.7 microM, for SK-UT-1, SK-UT-1b and SK-LMS-1 respectively, P53 in the SK-UT-1b (wild-type) and SK-LMS-1 lines (mutant) showed a wild-type response with induction seen with seliciclib treatment for 24 and 48 h. Seliciclib caused a decrease in CDK2 mRNA and protein over 72 h. A combination of cisplatin and seliciclib was synergistic in all three cell lines. Effects of combination treatment were an enhancement in apoptosis as judged by the emergence of a sub-G1 population in cell cycle analysis and a sub-G1 population with PI staining. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the effectiveness of seliciclib as a single agent and when used in combination with cisplatin where the effects are synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Coley
- Postgraduate Medical School, Room 26PGM02, Daphne Jackson Road, Manor Park, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK.
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237
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Oh JM, Choi SJ, Kim ST, Choy JH. Cellular uptake mechanism of an inorganic nanovehicle and its drug conjugates: Enhanced efficacy due to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 17:1411-7. [PMID: 17105218 DOI: 10.1021/bc0601323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We present the mechanism for the cellular uptake of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles that are internalized into MNNG/HOS cells principally via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The intracellular LDHs are highly colocalized with not only typical endocytic proteins, such as clathrin heavy chain, dynamin, and eps15, but also transferrin, a marker of the clathrin-mediated process, suggesting their specific internalization pathway. LDHs loaded with an anticancer drug (MTX-LDH) were also prepared to confirm the efficacy of LDHs as drug delivery systems. The cellular uptake of MTX was higher in MTX-LDH-treated cells than in MTX-treated cells, giving a lower IC50 value for MTX-LDH than for MTX only. The inhibition of the cell cycle was greater for MTX-LDH than for MTX only. This result clearly shows that the internalization of LDH nanoparticles via clathrin-mediated endocytosis may allow the efficient delivery of MTX-LDH in cells and thus enhance drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Oh
- Center for Intelligent Nano-Bio Materials, Division of Nanoscience and Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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238
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Voland C, Bord A, Péleraux A, Pénarier G, Carrière D, Galiègue S, Cvitkovic E, Jbilo O, Casellas P. Repression of cell cycle–related proteins by oxaliplatin but not cisplatin in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:2149-57. [PMID: 16985047 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) is a third-generation platinum derivative with an in vitro and in vivo spectrum of activity distinct from that of cisplatin, especially in colon cancer cells. Here, we studied the molecular basis of this difference on the HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cell line (mismatch repair-deficient, wild-type functional p53). Oxaliplatin inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation with greater efficacy than cisplatin. At comparable concentrations, cisplatin slowed down the replication phase and activated the G2-M checkpoint, whereas oxaliplatin activated the G1-S checkpoint and completely blocked the G2-M transition. With the aim of finding oxaliplatin-specific target genes and mechanisms differing from those of cisplatin, we established the transcriptional signatures of both products on HCT-116 cells using microarray technology. Based on hierarchical clustering, we found that (a) many more genes were modulated by oxaliplatin compared with cisplatin and (b) among the 117 modulated genes, 79 were regulated similarly by both drugs and, in sharp contrast, 38 genes were dose dependently down-regulated by oxaliplatin and, conversely, up-regulated or unaffected by cisplatin. Interestingly, several cell cycle-related genes encoding proteins involved in DNA replication and G2-M progression belong to this latter group. RNA modulations, confirmed at the protein level, were in accordance with oxaliplatin- and cisplatin-induced cell cycle variations. Beyond the identification of genes affected by both drugs, the identified oxaliplatin-specific target genes could be useful as predictive markers for evaluating and comparing the efficacy and molecular pharmacology of platinum drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Voland
- Oncology Department, Sanofi-Synthelabo Recherche, F-34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France
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239
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Byth KF, Geh C, Forder CL, Oakes SE, Thomas AP. The cellular phenotype of AZ703, a novel selective imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:655-64. [PMID: 16546980 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Because the majority of cancers exhibit direct or indirect deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) function, members of the CDK family are attractive targets for the development of anticancer agents. As part of an ongoing program, novel imidazopyridines were identified and developed as potent and selective CDK inhibitors. Here, we describe data on the in vitro biological activities of one of these compounds, AZ703. The selectivity profile of AZ703 was investigated in kinase assays against a range of CDK enzymes as well as a panel of protein kinases in vitro. IC50s were assessed against different tumor cell lines in vitro. The mechanism of action of AZ703 was determined by observing changes in phosphorylation of CDK substrates and cell cycle effects on tumor and normal cells. In vitro studies revealed that AZ703 is a selective inhibitor of CDK1 and CDK2 and displays a mode of action consistent with the induction of G1-, S-, and G2-M-phase arrest. AZ703 also showed potent antiproliferative activity across a wide range of tumor cell lines in vitro. Moreover, AZ703 induced reversible blockade of normal cells while causing tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. We have identified AZ703 as a novel selective imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine CDK inhibitor that shows promising antitumor properties in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate F Byth
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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240
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Müller EJ, Caldelari R, Kolly C, Williamson L, Baumann D, Richard G, Jensen P, Girling P, Delprincipe F, Wyder M, Balmer V, Suter MM. Consequences of depleted SERCA2-gated calcium stores in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:721-31. [PMID: 16397524 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) pumps belong to the family of Ca2+-ATPases responsible for the maintenance of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum. In epidermal keratinocytes, SERCA2-controlled calcium stores are involved in cell cycle exit and onset of terminal differentiation. Hence, their dysfunction was thought to provoke impaired keratinocyte cohesion and hampered terminal differentiation. Here, we assessed cultured keratinocytes and skin biopsies from a canine family with an inherited skin blistering disorder. Cells from lesional and phenotypically normal areas of one of these dogs revealed affected calcium homeostasis due to depleted SERCA2-gated stores. In phenotypically normal patient cells, this defect compromised upregulation of p21(WAF1) and delayed the exit from the cell cycle. Despite this abnormality it failed to impede the terminal differentiation process in the long term but instead coincided with enhanced apoptosis and appearance of chronic wounds, suggestive of secondary mutations. Collectively, these findings provide the first survey on phenotypic consequences of depleted SERCA-gated stores for epidermal homeostasis that explain how depleted SERCA2 calcium stores provoke focal lesions rather than generalized dermatoses, a phenotype highly reminiscent of the human genodermatosis Darier disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane J Müller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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241
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Sigmond J, Peters GJ. Pyrimidine and purine analogues, effects on cell cycle regulation and the role of cell cycle inhibitors to enhance their cytotoxicity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1997-2022. [PMID: 16438061 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500269556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In anti-cancer treatment, deoxynucleoside analogues are widely used in combination chemotherapy. Improvement can be achieved by rational design of novel combinations with cell cycle inhibitors. These compounds inhibit protein kinases, preventing the cell cycle from continuing when affected by deoxynucleoside analogs. The efficacy is dependent on the site of cell cycle inhibition, whether multiple cyclin-dependent kinases are inhibited and whether the inhibitors should be given before or after the deoxynucleoside analogs. The action of cell cycle inhibition in vivo may be limited by unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed, aiming to design improved future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sigmond
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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242
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Newton HB. Molecular neuro-oncology and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Part 5: apoptosis and cell cycle. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 5:355-78. [PMID: 15877531 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are a diverse group of malignancies that remain refractory to conventional treatment approaches. Molecular neuro-oncology has now begun to clarify the transformed phenotype of brain tumors and identify oncogenic pathways that might be amenable to targeted therapy. Abnormalities of the apoptotic and cell cycle signaling pathways are key molecular features of many brain tumors and are currently under evaluation for potential therapeutic intervention. The apoptosis pathway has numerous targets for molecular therapeutic development, including p53, Bax, Bcl-2, cFLIP, effector caspases, growth factor receptors, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt and apoptosis inhibitors. Current molecular treatment approaches include antisense techniques, gene therapy and small-molecule modulators and inhibitors. Potential targets of the cell cycle pathway include the cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, p53, retinoblastoma, E2F and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Developmental molecular therapeutics for this pathway include adenoviral and gene therapy, small-peptide cyclin-dependent kinase modulators, proteasomal inhibitors and small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Several of these recently identified agents have begun evaluation in clinical trials. Further development of targeted therapies designed to modulate apoptosis and the cell cycle, and evaluation of these new agents in clinical trials, will be needed to improve survival and quality of life for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert B Newton
- Dardinger Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Hospitals, 465 Means Hall, 1654 Upham Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Liu TZ, Chen CY, Yiin SJ, Chen CH, Cheng JT, Shih MK, Wang YS, Chern CL. Molecular mechanism of cell cycle blockage of hepatoma SK-Hep-1 cells by Epimedin C through suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and increased expression of CDK inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:227-35. [PMID: 16112786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reports elsewhere demonstrated that Epimedin C, a constituent isolated from the leaves of Epimedium sagittatum, possessed anti-tumor activity. However, its mechanism of action remains unresolved. Using SK-Hep-1 cells, a poorly-differentiated hepatoma subline, as an experimental model, we present evidence here that the anti-tumor activity of Epimedin C may involve cell cycle blockage. Immunoblotting analyses demonstrated that Epimedin C caused a decreased expression of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and c-Fos. In parallel, we measured the kinase activities and found that CDK2 and CDK4 were suppressed with commensurate increased levels of CDK inhibitors, p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). These data suggested that Epimedin C arrested the proliferation of these cells at G0/G1 phase through inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 activities via an increased induction of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). Alternatively, we investigated whether the anti-proliferative effect of Epimedin C on these cells might involve MAP kinase cascade. Using western blotting technique, we demonstrated that Epimedin C also selectively decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Among the downstream effectors of ERK examined, we found that Epimedin C selectively decreased the expression of c-Fos, but not c-Jun. By EMSA assay, we further demonstrated that decreased c-Fos resulted in the downregulation of AP-1/DNA binding activity. Taken together, the molecular mechanisms of anti-tumor activity of Epimedin C may be proceeded by the combined effects of the cell cycle blockage via either the inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 activities, with commensurate increase in their inhibitors, p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) or negatively modulates the ERK/c-Fos/AP-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Zon Liu
- Center for Gerontological Research and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang-Gang University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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244
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Vorburger SA, Hetrakul N, Xia W, Wilson-Heiner M, Mirza N, Pollock RE, Feig B, Swisher SG, Hunt KK. Gene therapy with E2F-1 up-regulates the protein kinase PKR and inhibits growth of leiomyosarcoma in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1710-6. [PMID: 16275992 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the transcription factor E2F-1 induces apoptosis in a variety of carcinoma cells and inactivates murine double minute protein 2, a factor associated with poor prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas. We have shown previously that the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR plays an important role in mediating this apoptotic response in carcinoma cells to E2F-1. We sought to evaluate the potential of E2F-1 gene therapy in soft tissue sarcomas and to study the involvement of PKR in the response to E2F-1 overexpression in mesenchymal cells. A replication-deficient adenovirus carrying the E2F-1 gene (Ad5E2F) was used to induce E2F-1 overexpression in the p53 mutated leiomyosarcoma cell line, SKLMS-1. Western blot analysis confirmed E2F-1 overexpression and up-regulation of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 48 hours following infection with Ad5E2F. Apoptosis in Ad5E2F-treated cells was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and DNA fragmentation assays. Vector-dependent up-regulation of PKR correlated with the amount of Ad5E2F-induced apoptosis. In vivo treatment of SKLMS-1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice with intratumoral injections of Ad5E2F at a dose of 2 x 10(10) viral particles resulted in significant inhibition in tumor growth compared with control-treated animals (P < 0.016). Complete disappearance of all tumors was seen in two of seven mice in the Ad5E2F-treated animals. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor specimens showed overexpression of E2F-1 and up-regulation of PKR in Ad5E2F-treated tumors. These findings show that adenovirus-mediated overexpression of E2F-1 results in up-regulation of PKR and significant growth suppression of leiomyosarcomas in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that E2F-1 gene therapy and PKR modulation might be a promising treatment strategy for these tumors that are highly resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Vorburger
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 444, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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245
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Cai D, Byth KF, Shapiro GI. AZ703, an Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyridine Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 1 and 2, Induces E2F-1-Dependent Apoptosis Enhanced by Depletion of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9. Cancer Res 2006; 66:435-44. [PMID: 16397259 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies were performed of a novel selective imidazopyridine cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, AZ703. In vitro kinase assays showed that IC50 values for AZ703 against purified cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin B/cdk1 were 34 and 29 nmol/L, respectively. In contrast, the IC50 against cdk4 was 10 micromol/L. AZ703 also inhibited cdk7 and cdk9 with IC50 values of 2.1 micromol/L and 521 nmol/L, respectively. Treatment of U2OS, NCI-H1299, and A549 cells for 24 hours resulted in growth arrest involving multiple cell cycle phases. At low drug concentrations (< 2 micromol/L), G2 arrest predominated, whereas at higher concentrations (> or = 2 micromol/L), S-G2 arrest was observed. When cells were synchronized in G1 by starvation and released into AZ703, a block in G1 occurred that was not evident in exponentially growing cells. Cell cycle arrest was associated with reduced phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and p27(Kip1) at cdk2 phospho-sites. Following longer exposures, apoptosis was evident. Cells were further sensitized to AZ703 following recruitment to S phase by synchronization. Consistent with the inhibition of cdks during S and G2 that modulate the activity and stability of E2F-1, AZ703 treatment induced E2F-1 expression. In U2OS and NCI-H1299 cells engineered to inducibly express the dominant-negative mutant E2F-1 (1-374), expression of the mutant decreased AZ703-mediated apoptosis, indicating dependence on E2F-1 transcriptional targets. AZ703-induced apoptosis in NCI-H1299 cells was enhanced by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of cdk9, which caused reduced levels of Mcl-1 and XIAP, suggesting that cdk2, cdk1, and cdk9 represent a rational subset of family members for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpo Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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246
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Villa D, Miloso M, Nicolini G, Rigolio R, Villa A, Cavaletti G, Tredici G. Low-dose cisplatin protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1439-47. [PMID: 16170037 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined anticancer therapy using platinum compounds and antitubulins has increased the risk of neurotoxicity. However, the combination of low-dose cisplatin (CDDP) with toxic doses of paclitaxel significantly reduces cellular death in a human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. To analyze the mechanisms of this protection, we evaluated various signaling molecules possibly involved in apoptosis and some relevant cell cycle regulatory proteins. CDDP does not interfere with the tubulin-stabilizing action of paclitaxel. The evaluation of molecular pathways involved in apoptosis indicates that the Bcl-2 but not the caspases may be involved in the CDDP protection of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The increase in p53 protein and its nuclear accumulation suggests a possible involvement of p53 in CDDP protection. The use of the chemical inhibitor of p53, pifithrin alpha, excluded this possibility. The study of cyclins and the flow cytometric analysis (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) suggest that CDDP exerts a protective action by blocking cells early in the cell cycle. The determination of the mitotic index indicates that CDDP prevents cells from reaching the mitosis. We concluded that low doses of CDDP are protective against toxic doses of paclitaxel and that the possible mechanism of this protection is that the CDDP prevents human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from achieving mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Villa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Monza, Milan, Italy
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247
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Synthesis of pyridino[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]pyrrolo[3,4-e]indolizin-1,3-dione and pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrazole skeletons. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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248
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Grillo M, Bott MJ, Khandke N, McGinnis JP, Miranda M, Meyyappan M, Rosfjord EC, Rabindran SK. Validation of cyclin D1/CDK4 as an anticancer drug target in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: Effect of regulated overexpression of cyclin D1 and siRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 95:185-94. [PMID: 16319987 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the role of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) in the cell cycle progression and proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Forced expression of cyclin D1 using a tetracycline-regulated expression system, and suppression of endogenous cyclin D1 and CDK4 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to validate this protein complex as a drug target in cancer drug discovery. Overexpression of cyclin D1 increased both phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (RB) and passage through the G1-S phase transition, resulting in increased proliferation of cells. When cyclin D1 expression was shut off, growth rates fell below those seen in control cell lines transfected with the vector, indicating an increased dependence on this protein for proliferation. Inhibition of endogenous cyclin D1 or CDK4 expression by RNA interference resulted in hypophosphorylation of RB and accumulation of cells in G1. These results support the prevailing view that pharmacological inhibition of cyclin D1/CDK4 complexes is a useful strategy to inhibit the growth of tumors. Furthermore, since MCF-7 cells appear to be dependent on this pathway for their continued proliferation, it is a suitable cell line to test novel cyclin D1/CDK4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Grillo
- Oncology Research, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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249
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Medina DJ, Sheay W, Osman M, Goodell L, Martin J, Rabson AB, Strair RK. Adenovirus infection and cytotoxicity of primary mantle cell lymphoma cells. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:1337-47. [PMID: 16263418 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) derived from CD5+ B cells. MCL cells overexpress cyclin D1 as a consequence of translocation of the gene into the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus. MCL is an aggressive form of NHL with frequent relapses after standard-dose chemotherapy. In this context, a variety of novel therapies for patients with MCL have been investigated. In this study, we use an expanded panel of attenuated adenoviruses to study adenovirus-mediated cytotoxicity of MCL cells. Our results demonstrate: 1) adenovirus infection of MCL cells despite the absence of receptor/coreceptor molecules known to be important for adenovirus infection of other cells types; 2) cytotoxicity of MCL cells after infection with specific adenovirus mutants; 3) a high degree of cytotoxicity after infection of some patient samples with viruses lacking the E1B 19k "antiapoptotic" gene; and 4) cytotoxicity after infection with viruses containing mutations in E1A pRb or p300 binding. The extent of cytotoxicity with the panel of viruses demonstrated interpatient variability, but 100% cytotoxicity, as determined by molecular analysis, was detected in some samples. These studies provide the foundation for: 1) the development of adenoviruses as cytotoxic agents for MCL and 2) analyses of key regulatory pathways operative in MCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Medina
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Cerciello F, Hofstetter B, Fatah SA, Zaghloul M, Odermatt B, Bodis S, Varga Z, Pruschy M, Ciernik IF. G2/M cell cycle checkpoint is functional in cervical cancer patients after initiation of external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:1390-8. [PMID: 16029798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate changes in cancer of the uterine cervix during radiotherapy (RT) with respect to G2/M transition in relation to tumor cell apoptosis and changes in the tumor vasculature in cervical carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 40 consecutive patients with Stage IIA-IIIB cervical cancer underwent RT without any chemotherapy. Tumor biopsy was obtained before RT and after five fractions of 1.8 Gy. The tumor samples were stained for cyclin B1, cdc2, and Ki-67, the apoptotic index, using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling staining. The tumor vasculature density was assessed. In 38 cases, the tissue samples were informative. RESULTS Cyclin B1 was positive in all biopsies before and after initiation of RT, and staining for cdc2 was positive in 35 (92%) of 38 biopsies before and 33 (87%) of 38 after 1 week of RT. Nuclear staining for cyclin B1 was observed in 92% of patients, staining an average of 15% of cells before RT. After initiating RT, 73% of patients showed positive staining on about 5% of tumor cells (p < 0.01). Nuclear staining for cdc2 was detected in 89% of patients, staining an average of 21% of cells before RT. After initiating RT, 79% of patients showed positive staining on 9% of cells (p < 0.01). The apoptotic index of the tumor cells increased after initiating RT, and a slight decrease in the vascular density after 1 week of RT was noted (p = 0.08). Changes in G2/M were associated with the clinical response, but changes in apoptosis or tumor vasculature were not. CONCLUSION RT leads to significant changes in the cell cycle in cervical cancer indicating intact G2/M checkpoint function. Targeting G2/M with compounds interfering with G2/M transition may further enhance the effect of RT in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Cerciello
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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