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Autologous Graft-versus-Tumor Effect: Reality or Fiction? Adv Hematol 2016; 2016:5385972. [PMID: 27635143 PMCID: PMC5011204 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5385972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the current dogma is not an evidence of graft-versus-tumor effect in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; thus, it is assumed that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation only relies on the high-dose chemotherapy to improve clinical outcomes. However, recent studies argue in favor of the existence of an autologous graft-versus-tumor without the detrimental complications of graft-versus-host disease due to the nonspecific immune response from the infused donor alloreactive immune effector cells in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Herein, this paper reviews the clinical evidence of an autologous graft-versus-tumor effect based on the autograft collected and infused host immune effector cells and host immunity recovery after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation affecting clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
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202
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Yu JJ, Sun HT, Zhang ZF, Shi RX, Liu LB, Shang WQ, Wei CY, Chang KK, Shao J, Wang MY, Li MQ. IL15 promotes growth and invasion of endometrial stromal cells and inhibits killing activity of NK cells in endometriosis. Reproduction 2016; 152:151-60. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is associated with an abnormal immune response to endometrial cells, which can facilitate the implantation and proliferation of ectopic endometrial tissues. It has been reported that human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) express interleukin (IL)15. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether or not IL15 regulates the cross talk between ESCs and natural killer (NK) cells in the endometriotic milieu and, if so, how this regulation occurs. The ESC behaviors in vitro were verified by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Annexin/PI, and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. To imitate the local immune microenvironment, the co-culture system between ESCs and NK cells was constructed. The effect of IL15 on NK cells in the co-culture unit was investigated by flow cytometry (FCM). In this study, we found that ectopic endometrium from patients with EMS highly expressed IL15. Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, decreased the level of IL15 receptors (i.e. IL15Rα and IL2Rβ). IL15 inhibits apoptosis and promotes the invasiveness, viability, and proliferation of ESCs. Meanwhile, a co-culture with ESCs led to a decrease in CD16 on NK cells. In the co-culture system, IL15 treatment downregulated the levels of Granzyme B and IFN-γ in CD16+NK cells, NKG2D in CD56dimCD16-NK cells, and NKP44 in CD56brightCD16-NK cells. On the one hand, these results indicated that IL15 derived from ESCs directly stimulates the growth and invasion of ESCs. On the other hand, IL15 may help the immune escape of ESCs by suppressing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells in the ectopic milieu, thereby facilitating the progression of EMS.
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203
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IL-15 activates mTOR and primes stress-activated gene expression leading to prolonged antitumor capacity of NK cells. Blood 2016; 128:1475-89. [PMID: 27465917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-698027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hematological malignancies by adoptive transfer of activated natural killer (NK) cells is limited by poor postinfusion persistence. We compared the ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 to sustain human NK-cell functions following cytokine withdrawal to model postinfusion performance. In contrast to IL-2, IL-15 mediated stronger signaling through the IL-2/15 receptor complex and provided cell function advantages. Genome-wide analysis of cytosolic and polysome-associated messenger RNA (mRNA) revealed not only cytokine-dependent differential mRNA levels and translation during cytokine activation but also that most gene expression differences were primed by IL-15 and only manifested after cytokine withdrawal. IL-15 augmented mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which correlated with increased expression of genes related to cell metabolism and respiration. Consistently, mTOR inhibition abrogated IL-15-induced cell function advantages. Moreover, mTOR-independent STAT-5 signaling contributed to improved NK-cell function during cytokine activation but not following cytokine withdrawal. The superior performance of IL-15-stimulated NK cells was also observed using a clinically applicable protocol for NK-cell expansion in vitro and in vivo. Finally, expression of IL-15 correlated with cytolytic immune functions in patients with B-cell lymphoma and favorable clinical outcome. These findings highlight the importance of mTOR-regulated metabolic processes for immune cell functions and argue for implementation of IL-15 in adoptive NK-cell cancer therapy.
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204
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Dawidowska M, Kosmalska M, Sędek Ł, Szczepankiewicz A, Twardoch M, Sonsala A, Szarzyńska-Zawadzka B, Derwich K, Lejman M, Pawelec K, Obitko-Płudowska A, Pawińska-Wąsikowska K, Kwiecińska K, Kołtan A, Dyla A, Grzeszczak W, Kowalczyk JR, Szczepański T, Ziętkiewicz E, Witt M. Association of germline genetic variants in RFC, IL15 and VDR genes with minimal residual disease in pediatric B-cell precursor ALL. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29427. [PMID: 27427275 PMCID: PMC4947903 DOI: 10.1038/srep29427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) enables reliable assessment of risk in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, little is known on association between MRD status and germline genetic variation. We examined 159 Caucasian (Slavic) patients with pediatric ALL, treated according to ALL-IC-BFM 2002/2009 protocols, in search for association between 23 germline polymorphisms and MRD status at day 15, day 33 and week 12, with adjustment for MRD-associated clinical covariates. Three variants were significantly associated with MRD: rs1544410 in VDR (MRD-day15); rs1051266 in RFC (MRD-day33, MRD-week12), independently and in an additive effect with rs10519613 in IL15 (MRD-day33). The risk alleles for MRD-positivity were: A allele of VDR (OR = 2.37, 95%CI = 1.07–5.21, P = 0.03, MRD-day15); A of RFC (OR = 1.93, 95%CI = 1.05–3.52, P = 0.03, MRD-day33 and MRD-week12, P < 0.01); A of IL15 (OR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.02–5.18, P = 0.04, MRD-day33). The risk for MRD-day33-positive status was higher in patients with risk alleles in both RFC and IL15 loci than in patients with risk alleles in one locus or no risk alleles: 2 vs. 1 (OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 1.28–12.11, P = 0.024), 2 vs. 0 (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.61–28.39, P = 0.012). Germline variation in genes related to pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of anti-leukemic drugs and to anti-tumor immunity of the host is associated with MRD status and might help improve risk assessment in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Dawidowska
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Kosmalska
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sędek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twardoch
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Alicja Sonsala
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Derwich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children's University Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawelec
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kinga Kwiecińska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kołtan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dyla
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Hematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Władysław Grzeszczak
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jerzy R Kowalczyk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Cytogenetic Laboratory, Children's University Hospital, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szczepański
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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205
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Mishra A, La Perle K, Kwiatkowski S, Sullivan LA, Sams GH, Johns J, Curphey DP, Wen J, McConnell K, Qi J, Wong H, Russo G, Zhang J, Marcucci G, Bradner JE, Porcu P, Caligiuri MA. Mechanism, Consequences, and Therapeutic Targeting of Abnormal IL15 Signaling in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:986-1005. [PMID: 27422033 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the most common type of primary cutaneous lymphoma. Here, we report that patients with CTCL show increased IL15 in a clinical stage-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we show that ZEB1 is a transcriptional repressor of IL15 in T cells and that hypermethylation of the ZEB1 binding region within the IL15 promoter, as seen in patients with CTCL, prevents ZEB1 binding and causes increased transcription of IL15 Using a transgenic mouse model of IL15, we provide evidence that overexpression of IL15 induces a spontaneous CTCL that mimics the human neoplasm. Excessive autocrine production of IL15 in T cells inhibits an HDAC1-mediated negative autoregulatory loop, resulting in the upregulation of HDAC1 and HDAC6 and transcriptional induction of the onco-miR-21. Interruption of IL15 downstream signaling with isotype-specific HDAC inhibitors halts (HDAC1) or significantly delays (HDAC6) the progression of CTCL in vivo and provides preclinical evidence supporting a hierarchical model of oncogenic signaling in CTCL. SIGNIFICANCE To date, CTCL pathogenesis remains unknown, and there are no curative therapies. Our findings not only demonstrate a critical role for IL15-mediated inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphomagenesis, but also uncover a new oncogenic regulatory loop in CTCL involving IL15, HDAC1, HDAC6, and miR-21 that shows differential sensitivity to isotype-specific HDAC inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 6(9); 986-1005. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mishra
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Krista La Perle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sonya Kwiatkowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura A Sullivan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory H Sams
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica Johns
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas P Curphey
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jing Wen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathleen McConnell
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry Wong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Giandomenico Russo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Centers for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, Norbert Gehr and Family Leukemia Center, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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206
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Liu JJ, Hu XJ, Li ZR, Yan RH, Li D, Wang J, Shan H. In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Rejection Mediated by Intrahepatic NK Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 19:31-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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207
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Patidar M, Yadav N, Dalai SK. Interleukin 15: A key cytokine for immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:49-59. [PMID: 27325459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15, a member of the immunoregulatory cytokines family, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential. It is predominantly expressed by the myeloid cells, as well as other cell types. IL-15 serves multiple functions including dictating T cell response, regulating tissue repair and B cell homing, modulating inflammation, and activating NK cells. Among cytokines, IL-15 is unique because of its wide expression, tightly regulated secretion, trans-presentation, and therapeutic potential. IL-15 has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for the induction and maintenance of T cell responses. In addition, IL-15 can be targeted by antibody- or mutant IL-15 therapy to reduce inflammation. Its multifaceted biological applications are crucial in immunotherapy. In this article, we review the functions, expression, and regulation of IL-15 for designing an improved IL-15-based therapy targeting the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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208
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Takeuchi A, Eto M, Tatsugami K, Shiota M, Yamada H, Kamiryo Y, Dejima T, Kashiwagi E, Kiyoshima K, Inokuchi J, Takahashi R, Yokomizo A, Ohara N, Yoshikai Y. Antitumor activity of recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin secreting interleukin-15-Ag85B fusion protein against bladder cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:327-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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209
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Qiu Y, Peng K, Liu M, Xiao W, Yang H. CD8αα TCRαβ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in the Mouse Gut. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1451-60. [PMID: 26769056 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-4016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the mouse small intestine harbors an abundant CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population. This unique IEL subset is a self-reactive population that requires exposure to self-agonists for selection in the thymus, similarly to other regulatory T cell populations. After leaving the thymus, these cells directly seed the intestinal epithelium, which provides a unique combination of cellular interactions together with cytokines, nutrients, and antigens that guide the lineage-specific differentiation and function of these IELs. For instance, epithelial cells and nearby immune cells secrete a number of cytokines, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-7, and transforming growth factor-β, resulting in an assortment of cellular responses, including activation of master transcription factors, cell proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Recent advances have also highlighted the importance of diet-derived substances and commensal metabolites, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands and vitamin D, in controlling the survival and gene expression of CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs. Furthermore, these cells function in the epithelium and require constant communication between cells in the form of cell-to-cell contacts. These interactions tune the antigen sensitivity of the TCR and maintain the quiescence of the CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs. Finally, we discuss how these cells might contribute to tolerance and immunopathological responses in the gut. Therefore, an increased understanding of CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs in the gut will help us understand how these cells participate in immune regulation and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Minqiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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210
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Yang D, Yang W, Tian Z, van Velkinburgh JC, Song J, Wu Y, Ni B. Innate lymphoid cells as novel regulators of obesity and its-associated metabolic dysfunction. Obes Rev 2016; 17:485-98. [PMID: 26948388 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity worldwide has been accompanied by increases in risk and rates of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions, such as insulin resistance. The chronic, low-grade inflammatory condition of obesity highlights the pathophysiological link between the immune system and the metabolic system, which has yet to be fully understood. Recent studies of obesity have started to uncover potential regulatory roles for the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which under normal conditions serve to regulate development of lymphoid tissue and function of the mucosal immune system. The ILCs are a newly identified immune cell population with complicated composition and subsequently diverse and dynamic functions. Studies to determine the distribution profile of the various ILCs in adipose tissue provide intriguing clues as to their regulatory capacity in obesity and its associated metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review the recent findings supporting a role for ILCs as regulators of obesity or its associated insulin resistance, and discuss the potential underlying molecular mechanism as well as its promise as a therapeutic target for clinical applications. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W Yang
- Department of Dermatology, 181st Hospital of PLA, Guilin, China
| | - Z Tian
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J C van Velkinburgh
- van Velkinburgh Initiative for Collaboratory BioMedical Research, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - J Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Y Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - B Ni
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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211
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Added effects of dexamethasone and mesenchymal stem cells on early Natural Killer cell activation. Transpl Immunol 2016; 37:1-9. [PMID: 27142560 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease are leading causes of transplant related mortality despite advancements in immunosuppressive therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a promising addition to immunosuppressive drugs (ISD), while NK-cells are increasingly used as effector cells in graft-versus-leukemia. Combined therapy of ISD, NK-cells and/or MSCs is used in clinical practice. Here, we examined the effects of MSCs and selected ISD (tacrolimus, cyclosporin A, mycophenolic acid, dexamethasone) treatment on early NK-cell activation. We assessed STAT4 and STAT5 phosphorylation triggered by IL-12 and IL-2, respectively. Furthermore, we determined IFNγ, perforin production and the expression pattern of selected NK-cell receptors. Of all drugs tested, only dexamethasone inhibited NK-cell STAT4 and STAT5 phosphorylation. All ISD, with the exception of MPA, significantly inhibited IFNγ, and only dexamethasone inhibited upregulation of early activation markers CD69 and CD25 (IL-2 condition only). MSCs inhibited IL-2 induced NK cell STAT5 phosphorylation, IFNγ production and CD69 upregulation, and IL-12 induced IFNγ and perforin production. While MSCs mediated inhibition of CD69 expression was cell contact dependent, inhibition of IFNγ and perforin production, as well as STAT5 phosphorylation was cell-contact independent. Importantly, dexamethasone augmented MSCs mediated inhibition of both IL-12 and IL-2 induced CD69 expression and IFNγ production, as well as IL-2 induced STAT5 phosphorylation. Taken together, these novel insights may help the design of future NK-cell and MSCs based immunotherapy.
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212
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Pan WJ, Li H, Xiao JJ, Horner MJ, Lebrec HN, Butz EA, Kaliyaperumal A, Cheah TC, Ortiz RC, Prokop SP, Buntich SA, Boren BM, Wolford ST, Tsuji WH, Wienkers LC, Köck K. Modeling the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the monoclonal anti-macaque-IL-15 antibody Hu714MuXHu in cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 3:e00199. [PMID: 27022472 PMCID: PMC4777250 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu714MuXHu is a recombinant chimeric murine‐human monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin‐15 (IL‐15), a proinflammatory cytokine associated with memory CD8+ and natural killer (NK) T‐cell activation and implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. A pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to describe the NK cell count reduction in cynomolgus monkeys after treatment with Hu714MuXHu. Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed with Hu714MuXHu in three studies: as a single dose at 0.1 or 1 mg·kg−1 i.v.; weekly for 5 weeks at 0, 30, 60, or 150 mg·kg−1 i.v. or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c.; weekly for 13 weeks at 0, 5, 30, or 150 mg·kg−1 s.c. Serum Hu714MuXHu concentration‐time data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis and the PK/NK cell count relationship was assessed via simultaneous PK/PD modeling. Hu714MuXHu PK was approximately dose‐proportional between 0.1–150 mg·kg−1 for i.v. and 5–150 mg·kg−1 for s.c. administration with an elimination half‐life of 12.7–18 days. Hu714MuXHu administration resulted in rapid and marked reductions in NK cell counts after the first dose which recovered fully after the serum Hu714MuXHu concentrations approached 0.1 μg·mL−1 (assay limit of quantification). PK/PD modeled Hu714MuXHu effects on NK cells had an EC50 of 0.09 μg·mL−1. In summary, weekly i.v. or s.c. doses with Hu714MuXHu for up to 3 months in cynomolgus monkeys demonstrated linear PK and significant NK cell count reduction, which was described using PK/PD modeling. This approach may be used to guide investigative product dose selections for inflammatory diseases where NK cell count alterations are quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei J Pan
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Hong Li
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Jim J Xiao
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Michelle J Horner
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Herve N Lebrec
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Eric A Butz
- Inflammation Discovery Research Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | - Tsui C Cheah
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | - Robert C Ortiz
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks Washington
| | | | - Sabina A Buntich
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Thousand Oaks California
| | - Babette M Boren
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | | | | | - Larry C Wienkers
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
| | - Kathleen Köck
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Amgen Inc. Seattle Washington
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213
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Hromadnikova I, Li S, Kotlabova K, Dickinson AM. Influence of In Vitro IL-2 or IL-15 Alone or in Combination with Hsp 70 Derived 14-Mer Peptide (TKD) on the Expression of NK Cell Activatory and Inhibitory Receptors on Peripheral Blood T Cells, B Cells and NKT Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151535. [PMID: 26982331 PMCID: PMC4794217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from Multhoff and colleagues reported that plasma membrane Hsp70 acts as a tumour-specific recognition structure for activated NK cells, and that the incubation of NK cells with Hsp70 and/or a 14-mer peptide derived from the N-terminal sequence of Hsp70 (TKDNNLLGRFELSG, TKD, aa 450–463) plus a low dose of IL-2 triggers NK cell proliferation and migration, and their capacity to kill cancer cells expressing membrane Hsp70. Herein, we have used flow cytometry to determine the influence of in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals with IL-2 or IL-15, either alone or in combination with TKD peptide on the cell surface expression of CD94, NK cell activatory receptors (CD16, NK2D, NKG2C, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp80, KIR2DL4, DNAM-1 and LAMP1) and NK cell inhibitory receptors (NKG2A, KIR2DL2/L3, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKR-P1A) by CD3+CD56+ (NKT), CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+ and CD19+ populations. NKG2D, DNAM-1, LAMP1 and NKR-P1A expression was upregulated after the stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15 alone or in combination with TKD in NKT, CD8+ T cells and B cells. CD94 was upregulated in NKT and CD8+ T cells. Concurrently, an increase in a number of CD8+ T cells expressing LIR1/ILT-2 and CD4+ T cells positive for NKR-P1A was observed. The proportion of CD8+ T cells that expressed NKG2D was higher after IL-2/TKD treatment, when compared with IL-2 treatment alone. In comparison with IL-15 alone, IL-15/TKD treatment increased the proportion of NKT cells that were positive for CD94, LAMP1 and NKRP-1A. The more potent effect of IL-15/TKD on cell surface expression of NKG2D, LIR1/ILT-2 and NKRP-1A was observed in B cells compared with IL-15 alone. However, this increase was not of statistical significance. IL-2/TKD induced significant upregulation of LAMP1 in CD8+ T cells compared with IL-2 alone. Besides NK cells, other immunocompetent cells present within the fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were influenced by the treatment with low-dose interleukins themselves or in combination with hsp70 derived (TKD) peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kotlabova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Ruska 87, 10 000 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Anne M. Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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214
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Rosinsky C, Antony PA. A role for pre-mNK cells in tumor progression. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 26981246 PMCID: PMC4791770 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved together to fight infection and cancerous tissues. The innate immune system emerges first with the adaptive immune system following, both ostensibly being bridged by dendritic cells (DC). Recently cells have emerged that possess characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cell qualities, termed interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs). These cells have an indistinct origin that is not well understood. They appear to have more NK cell attributes than DC but purportedly can regulate the immune system similar to immunoregulatory NK cells. Because of this, they have been renamed pre-mNK cells (pre-mature NK cells). We argue in this commentary that pre-mNK cells may contribute to cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Rosinsky
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Paul Andrew Antony
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, 734D MSTF, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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215
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells specialized to eliminate malignant cells via direct cytotoxicity and immunoregulatory cytokine production. As such, NK cells are ideal as cellular therapy for cancer patients, and several studies have provided proof of principle that adoptively transferred NK cells can induce remissions in patients with leukemia. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying NK cell antitumor responses, including target cell recognition, activation status, and negative regulatory signals will improve NK cellular therapy for cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical studies have demonstrated the safety and preliminary efficacy of NK cell adoptive transfer, especially in hematologic malignancies. Various NK cell sources, isolation techniques, activation approaches, and ex-vivo expansion strategies are under investigation. New approaches have been developed and are being tested to optimize NK cell therapy, including ways to better target NK cells to malignant cells, increase their functional competence, facilitate expansion in patients, and limit inhibitory signals or cells. SUMMARY NK cells represent a promising cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In addition to adoptive cellular therapy, adjunct treatments that optimize NK cell targeting and function will enhance their potency and broaden their potential use to many cancer types.
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216
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Gilhar A, Schrum AG, Etzioni A, Waldmann H, Paus R. Alopecia areata: Animal models illuminate autoimmune pathogenesis and novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:726-35. [PMID: 26971464 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common human autoimmune diseases, alopecia areata (AA), is characterized by sudden, often persisting and psychologically devastating hair loss. Animal models have helped greatly to elucidate critical cellular and molecular immune pathways in AA. The two most prominent ones are inbred C3H/HeJ mice which develop an AA-like hair phenotype spontaneously or after experimental induction, and healthy human scalp skin xenotransplanted onto SCID mice, in which a phenocopy of human AA is induced by injecting IL-2-stimulated PBMCs enriched for CD56+/NKG2D+ cells intradermally. The current review critically examines the pros and cons of the available AA animal models and how they have shaped our understanding of AA pathobiology, and the development of new therapeutic strategies. AA is thought to arise when the hair follicle's (HF) natural immune privilege (IP) collapses, inducing ectopic MHC class I expression in the HF epithelium and autoantigen presentation to autoreactive CD8+ T cells. In common with other autoimmune diseases, upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-15 is critically implicated in AA pathogenesis, as are NKG2D and its ligands, MICA, and ULBP3. The C3H/HeJ mouse model was used to identify key immune cell and molecular principles in murine AA, and proof-of-principle that Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are suitable agents for AA management in vivo, since both IFN-γ and IL-15 signal via the JAK pathway. Instead, the humanized mouse model of AA has been used to demonstrate the previously hypothesized key role of CD8+ T cells and NKG2D+ cells in AA pathogenesis and to discover human-specific pharmacologic targets like the potassium channel Kv1.3, and to show that the PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, inhibits AA development in human skin. As such, AA provides a model disease, in which to contemplate general challenges, opportunities, and limitations one faces when selecting appropriate animal models in preclinical research for human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Flieman Medical Center, PO Box 9649, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amos Etzioni
- Ruth Children Hospital, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Medical School, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Therapeutic Immunology Group, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Inst. of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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217
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Anderson BG, Quinn LS. Free IL-15 Is More Abundant Than IL-15 Complexed With Soluble IL-15 Receptor-α in Murine Serum: Implications for the Mechanism of IL-15 Secretion. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1315-20. [PMID: 26812159 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is a cytokine that is part of the innate immune system, as well as a proposed myokine released from skeletal muscle during physical exercise that mediates many of the positive physiological effects of exercise. Many of the immune functions of IL-15 are mediated by juxtacrine signaling via externalized IL-15 bound to membrane-associated IL-15 receptor-α (IL-15Rα). Serum and plasma samples also contain measurable concentrations of IL-15, believed to arise from proteolytic cleavage of membrane-associated IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to generate soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα species. Here, we validate commercial assays that can distinguish the free form of IL-15 and IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes. These assays showed that most (86%) IL-15 in mouse serum resides in the free state, with a minor proportion (14%) residing in complex with IL-15Rα. Given the much shorter half-life of free IL-15 compared with IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes, these findings cast doubt on the currently accepted model for IL-15 secretion from cleavage of membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and suggest that IL-15 is released as a free molecule by an unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Anderson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (B.G.A., L.S.Q.), and Research Service (L.S.Q.), Veteran's Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (B.G.A., L.S.Q.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - LeBris S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (B.G.A., L.S.Q.), and Research Service (L.S.Q.), Veteran's Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (B.G.A., L.S.Q.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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218
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Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) is multifunctional, acting as an endocrine tissue and participating in the regulation of the organism's homeostasis. Metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory mechanisms are tightly intertwined within the AT, regulating its function. Disruption of the equilibrium among these mechanisms leads to pathologies, the most common being obesity-related insulin resistance. Two types of AT exist, the white and the brown AT. Traditionally the white AT (WAT) was thought to store energy in the form of lipids, while the brown AT (BAT) was known to mediate heat generation. Recently, the 'brite' or 'beige' AT was identified, which is localized predominantly in subcutaneous WAT, but shares functional features with the BAT and is capable of heat production. The major stimulus triggering beige and brown adipogenesis is cold exposure and catecholamine signalling. However, several further signals and mechanisms exist, which can orchestrate and fine-tune beige and brown AT function. Immune cells and inflammation have emerged as regulators of beige and brown AT function. The present review will focus on the recently identified crosstalk between innate immunity and the regulation of beige and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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219
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Bobbala D, Kandhi R, Chen X, Mayhue M, Bouchard E, Yan J, Knecht H, Barabé F, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. Interleukin-15 deficiency promotes the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in non-obese diabetes mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Leukemia 2016; 30:1749-52. [PMID: 26876593 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Bobbala
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - R Kandhi
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - X Chen
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - M Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - E Bouchard
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - J Yan
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - H Knecht
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - F Barabé
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - S Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,CR-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - S Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,CR-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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220
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Panek M, Jonakowski M, Zioło J, Pietras T, Wieteska Ł, Małachowska B, Mokros Ł, Szemraj J, Kuna P. Identification of Relationships Between Interleukin 15 mRNA and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor II mRNA Levels With Formal Components of Temperament in Asthmatic Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1733-1744. [PMID: 26874516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and heterogeneous disease developing mostly through allergic inflammation, which modifies the expression of various cytokines and neurotrophins. Previous studies suggest the involvement of interleukin (IL)-15 in the regulation of immune response in asthma. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) II plays an important role as a regulator of development and survival of neurons as well as maintenance of their physiological activity. Chronic stress associated with asthma and elevated IL-15 mRNA and BDNFII mRNA levels may affect the mood and a subjective sensation of dyspnoea-inducing anxiety. Psychopathological variables and numerous cytokine/neurotrophin interactions influence the formation of temperament and strategies of coping with stress. The aim of the study was to identify the role of IL-15 mRNA and BDNFII mRNA expressions and their effect on components of temperament and strategies of coping with stress in asthmatics. A total of 352 subjects (176 healthy volunteers and 176 asthmatic patients) participated in the study. The Formal Characteristic of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale were applied in all the subjects. The expression of IL-15 and BDNFII gene was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Different levels of IL-15 and BDNFII expressions between healthy volunteers and patients were revealed in the study. IL-15 enhanced the BDNFII mRNA expression among patients with bronchial asthma. The depression level negatively correlated with the BDNFII mRNA expression. This neurotrophin modified the temperament variable. BDNFII significantly affected (proportional relationship) the level of briskness in asthmatic patients. BDNFII might influence the level and style of coping with stress (emotion-oriented style). This hypothesis requires further studies on protein functional models. The obtained data confirms the role of IL-15 and BDNFII in the pathomechanisms of depression and formation of selected traits defining the temperament in asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Panek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Jonakowski
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Zioło
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wieteska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Małachowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, 36/50 Sporna St., 91-738, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mokros
- Students Research Group at the Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcinskiego St., 90-153, Lodz, Poland
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221
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Cepero-Donates Y, Lacraz G, Ghobadi F, Rakotoarivelo V, Orkhis S, Mayhue M, Chen YG, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15-mediated inflammation promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cytokine 2016; 82:102-11. [PMID: 26868085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is essential for the homeostasis of lymphoid cells particularly memory CD8(+) T cells and NK cells. These cells are abundant in the liver, and are implicated in obesity-associated pathogenic processes. Here we characterized obesity-associated metabolic and cellular changes in the liver of mice lacking IL-15 or IL-15Rα. High fat diet-induced accumulation of lipids was diminished in the livers of mice deficient for IL-15 or IL-15Rα. Expression of enzymes involved in the transport of lipids in the liver showed modest differences. More strikingly, the liver tissues of IL15-KO and IL15Rα-KO mice showed decreased expression of chemokines CCl2, CCL5 and CXCL10 and reduced infiltration of mononuclear cells. In vitro, IL-15 stimulation induced chemokine gene expression in wildtype hepatocytes, but not in IL15Rα-deficient hepatocytes. Our results show that IL-15 is implicated in the high fat diet-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver, leading to fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Grégory Lacraz
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Farnaz Ghobadi
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sakina Orkhis
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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222
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Thiant S, Moutuou MM, Leboeuf D, Guimond M. Homeostatic cytokines in immune reconstitution and graft-versus-host disease. Cytokine 2016; 82:24-32. [PMID: 26795458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For numerous patients, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the only therapeutic option that could potentially cure their disease. Despite significant progress made in clinical management of allogeneic SCT, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains the second cause of death after disease recurrence. aGVHD is highly immunosuppressive and the adverse effect of allogeneic SCT on T cell regeneration is typically more important than the levels of immunosuppression normally seen after autologous SCT. In these patients, immune reconstitution often takes several years to occur and restoring immunocompetence after allogeneic SCT represents an important challenge, principally because clinical options are limited and current methods used to accelerate immune reconstitution are associated with increased GVHD. Interleukin-7 and IL-15 are both under clinical investigation and demonstrate the greatest potential on peripheral T cells regeneration in mice and humans. However, awareness has been raised about the use of IL-7 and IL-15 after allogeneic SCT with regards to potential adverse effects on aGVHD. In this review, we will discuss about recent progress made in lymphocyte regeneration, the critical role played by IL-7 and IL-15 in T cell homeostasis and how these cytokines could be used to improve immune reconstitution after allogeneic SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Thiant
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominique Leboeuf
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guimond
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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223
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Inflammaging and Anti-Inflammaging: The Role of Cytokines in Extreme Longevity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:111-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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224
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Yu H, Sui Y, Wang Y, Sato N, Frey B, Xia Z, Waldmann TA, Berzofsky J. Interleukin-15 Constrains Mucosal T Helper 17 Cell Generation: Influence of Mononuclear Phagocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143001. [PMID: 26600079 PMCID: PMC4658142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 has multiple roles in innate and adaptive immunity, especially regarding CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells. However, the role of IL-15 in regulating differentiation of T helper cell subsets and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in different tissues in vivo is unknown. Here we report that IL-15 indirectly regulates Th17 but not other Th subsets in the intestinal lamina propria (LP), apparently through effects on MPs. Th17 cells in the LP were more prevalent in IL-15 KO mice than their wild-type counterparts, and less prevalent in IL-15 transgenic mice than their wild-type littermates, even co-caged. MPs from the LP of these mice were sufficient to mimic the in vivo finding in vitro by skewing of cocultured wild type OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. However, production of IL-15 or lack thereof by these MPs was not sufficient to explain the skewing, as addition or blockade of IL-15 in the cultures had no effect. Rather, a skewing of the relative proportion of CD11b+, CD103+ and double positive LP MP subsets in transgenic and KO could explain the differences in Th17 cells. Thus, IL-15 may influence MP subsets in the gut in a novel way that alters the frequency of LP Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YS); (JB)
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Noriko Sato
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xia
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YS); (JB)
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225
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Munblit D, Boyle RJ, Warner JO. Factors affecting breast milk composition and potential consequences for development of the allergic phenotype. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:583-601. [PMID: 25077553 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to allergic sensitization and disease. The factors in breast milk which influence these processes are still unclear and under investigation. We know that colostrum and breast milk contain a variety of molecules which can influence immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of a neonate. This review summarizes the evidence that variations in colostrum and breast milk composition can influence allergic outcomes in the infant, and the evidence that maternal and environmental factors can modify milk composition. Taken together, the data presented support the possibility that maternal dietary interventions may be an effective way to promote infant health through modification of breast milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK; International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, of the World Universities Network (WUN)
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226
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Samochocki Z, Bogaczewicz J, Sysa-Jędrzejowska A, McCauliffe DP, Kontny E, Wozniacka A. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and other cytokines in atopic dermatitis, and correlation with clinical features. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:e141-6. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarosław Bogaczewicz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | | | - Daniel P. McCauliffe
- Department of Dermatology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
- Private Practice; Rutland VT USA
| | - Ewa Kontny
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology; Institute of Rheumatology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Wozniacka
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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227
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Dolgikh MS. [Role of innate immunity in tolerance induction]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:560-78. [PMID: 26539864 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the role of innate immunity in mechanisms of transplant tolerance and rejection, analyse the role of innate immunity cells (dendritic cells-DC, NK, must and other cells) in these processes, and the pathes of creation of tolerogenic DC for transplant rejection therapy and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dolgikh
- Shumakov Institute of Transplantology and Artificial organs
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228
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Therapeutic potential of IL-15 in rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:812-8. [PMID: 26429323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive inflammatory autoimmune disease. Cytokine-mediated immunity has been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including RA. Recently, much attention has been paid on the role of IL-15, which is a member of the 4 α-helix bundle cytokine family. IL-15 was detected in serum and synovial fluid from RA patients and arthritis mice models. Moreover, administration of IL-15 leads to the development of severe inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that IL-15 may be therapeutically relevant in RA. Therefore, targeting IL-15 may be significantly important and valuable. In this article, we discuss the biological features and effects of IL-15 and summarize recent advances on the pathological roles of IL-15 in RA and treatment for RA.
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229
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Rosario M, Liu B, Kong L, Collins LI, Schneider SE, Chen X, Han K, Jeng EK, Rhode PR, Leong JW, Schappe T, Jewell BA, Keppel CR, Shah K, Hess B, Romee R, Piwnica-Worms DR, Cashen AF, Bartlett NL, Wong HC, Fehniger TA. The IL-15-Based ALT-803 Complex Enhances FcγRIIIa-Triggered NK Cell Responses and In Vivo Clearance of B Cell Lymphomas. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:596-608. [PMID: 26423796 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are an important immunotherapy for B-cell lymphoma, and provide evidence that the immune system may be harnessed as an effective lymphoma treatment approach. ALT-803 is a superagonist IL-15 mutant and IL-15Rα-Fc fusion complex that activates the IL-15 receptor constitutively expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. We hypothesized that ALT-803 would enhance anti-CD20 mAb-directed NK-cell responses and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested this hypothesis by adding ALT-803 immunostimulation to anti-CD20 mAb triggering of NK cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell lines and primary human lymphoma cells were utilized as targets for primary human NK cells. Two complementary in vivo mouse models were used, which included human NK-cell xenografts in NOD/SCID-γc (-/-) mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that short-term ALT-803 stimulation significantly increased degranulation, IFNγ production, and ADCC by human NK cells against B-cell lymphoma cell lines or primary follicular lymphoma cells. ALT-803 augmented cytotoxicity and the expression of granzyme B and perforin, providing one potential mechanism for this enhanced functionality. Moreover, in two distinct in vivo B-cell lymphoma models, the addition of ALT-803 to anti-CD20 mAb therapy resulted in significantly reduced tumor cell burden and increased survival. Long-term ALT-803 stimulation of human NK cells induced proliferation and NK-cell subset changes with preserved ADCC. CONCLUSIONS ALT-803 represents a novel immunostimulatory drug that enhances NK-cell antilymphoma responses in vitro and in vivo, thereby supporting the clinical investigation of ALT-803 plus anti-CD20 mAbs in patients with indolent B-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Granzymes/genetics
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/metabolism
- Proteins/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Rosario
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Pathology/Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lynne I Collins
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie E Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Kaiping Han
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Leong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Schappe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brea A Jewell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Catherine R Keppel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Keval Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Hess
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David R Piwnica-Worms
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda F Cashen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nancy L Bartlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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230
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Huang PL, Hou MS, Wang SW, Chang CL, Liou YH, Liao NS. Skeletal muscle interleukin 15 promotes CD8(+) T-cell function and autoimmune myositis. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:33. [PMID: 26417430 PMCID: PMC4584479 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is thought to be abundant in the skeletal muscle under steady state conditions based on RNA expression; however, the IL-15 RNA level may not reflect the protein level due to post-transcriptional regulation. Although exogenous protein treatment and overexpression studies indicated IL-15 functions in the skeletal muscle, how the skeletal muscle cell uses IL-15 remains unclear. In myositis patients, IL-15 protein is up-regulated in the skeletal muscle. Given the supporting role of IL-15 in CD8+ T-cell survival and activation and the pathogenic role of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in polymyositis and inclusion-body myositis, we hypothesize that IL-15 produced by the inflamed skeletal muscle promotes myositis via CD8+ T cells. Methods Expression of IL-15 and IL-15 receptors at the protein level by skeletal muscle cells were examined under steady state and cytokine stimulation conditions. The functions of IL-15 in the skeletal muscle were investigated using Il15 knockout (Il15−/−) mice. The immune regulatory role of skeletal muscle IL-15 was determined by co-culturing cytokine-stimulated muscle cells and memory-like CD8+ T cells in vitro and by inducing autoimmune myositis in skeletal-muscle-specific Il15−/− mice. Results We found that the IL-15 protein was not expressed by skeletal muscle cells under steady state condition but induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) stimulation and expressed as IL-15/IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) complex. Skeletal muscle cells expressed a scanty amount of IL-15 receptor beta (IL-15Rβ) under either conditions and only responded to a high concentration of IL-15 hyperagonist, but not IL-15. Consistently, deficiency of endogenous IL-15 affected neither skeletal muscle growth nor its responses to TNF-α and IFN-γ. On the other hand, the cytokine-stimulated skeletal muscle cells presented antigen and provided IL-15 to promote the effector function of memory-like CD8+ T cells. Genetic ablation of Il15 in skeletal muscle cells greatly ameliorated autoimmune myositis in mice. Conclusions These findings together indicate that skeletal muscle IL-15 directly regulates immune effector cells but not muscle cells and thus presents a potential therapeutic target for myositis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-015-0058-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Huang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Mau-Sheng Hou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ling Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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231
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Bortell N, Morsey B, Basova L, Fox HS, Marcondes MCG. Phenotypic changes in the brain of SIV-infected macaques exposed to methamphetamine parallel macrophage activation patterns induced by the common gamma-chain cytokine system. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:900. [PMID: 26441851 PMCID: PMC4568411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One factor in the development of neuroAIDS is the increase in the migration of pro-inflammatory CD8 T cells across the blood–brain barrier. Typically these cells are involved with keeping the viral load down. However, the persistence of above average numbers of CD8 T cells in the brain, not necessarily specific to viral peptides, is facilitated by the upregulation of IL15 from astrocytes, in the absence of IL2, in the brain environment. Both IL15 and IL2 are common gamma chain (γc) cytokines. Here, using the non-human primate model of neuroAIDS, we have demonstrated that exposure to methamphetamine, a powerful illicit drug that has been associated with HIV exposure and neuroAIDS severity, can cause an increase in molecules of the γc system. Among these molecules, IL15, which is upregulated in astrocytes by methamphetamine, and that induces the proliferation of T cells, may also be involved in driving an inflammatory phenotype in innate immune cells of the brain. Therefore, methamphetamine and IL15 may be critical in the development and aggravation of central nervous system immune-mediated inflammatory pathology in HIV-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Bortell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
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232
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Waldmann TA. The shared and contrasting roles of IL2 and IL15 in the life and death of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:219-27. [PMID: 25736261 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IL2 and IL15, members of the 4α-helix bundle family of cytokines, play pivotal roles in the control of the life and death of lymphocytes. Although their heterotrimeric receptors have two receptor subunits in common, these two cytokines have contrasting roles in adaptive immune responses. The unique role of IL2 through maintenance of fitness of regulatory T cells and activation-induced cell death is the elimination of self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmunity. In contrast with IL2, IL15 is dedicated to the prolonged maintenance of memory T-cell responses to invading pathogens. Blockade of IL2 and IL15 using monoclonal antibodies has been reported to be of value in the treatment of patients with leukemia, autoimmune disorders, and in the prevention of allograft rejection. IL2 has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with malignant renal cell cancer and metastatic malignant melanoma. Clinical trials involving recombinant human IL15 given by bolus infusions have been completed, and studies assessing subcutaneous and continuous intravenous infusions are under way in patients with metastatic malignancy. Furthermore, clinical trials are being initiated that employ the combination of IL15 with IL15Rα(+/-) IgFc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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233
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Mattiola I, Pesant M, Tentorio PF, Molgora M, Marcenaro E, Lugli E, Locati M, Mavilio D. Priming of Human Resting NK Cells by Autologous M1 Macrophages via the Engagement of IL-1β, IFN-β, and IL-15 Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2818-28. [PMID: 26276870 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cross talk between NK cells and macrophages is emerging as a major line of defense against microbial infections and tumors. This study reveals a complex network of soluble mediators and cell-to-cell interactions allowing human classically activated (M1) macrophages, but not resting (M0) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, to prime resting autologous NK cells. In this article, we show that M1 increase NK cell cytotoxicity by IL-23 and IFN-β-dependent upregulation of NKG2D, IL-1β-dependent upregulation of NKp44, and trans-presentation of IL-15. Moreover, both IFN-β-dependent cis-presentation of IL-15 on NK cells and engagement of the 2B4-CD48 pathway are used by M1 to trigger NK cell production of IFN-γ. The disclosure of these synergic cellular mechanisms regulating the M1-NK cell cross talk provides novel insights to better understand the role of innate immune responses in the physiopathology of tumor biology and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mattiola
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Matthieu Pesant
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo F Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Molgora
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale and Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Leukocyte Biology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
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234
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Mongini PKA, Gupta R, Boyle E, Nieto J, Lee H, Stein J, Bandovic J, Stankovic T, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chu CC, Chiorazzi N. TLR-9 and IL-15 Synergy Promotes the In Vitro Clonal Expansion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:901-23. [PMID: 26136429 PMCID: PMC4505957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reflects the clone's Ag receptor (BCR) and involves stroma-dependent B-CLL growth within lymphoid tissue. Uniformly elevated expression of TLR-9, occasional MYD88 mutations, and BCR specificity for DNA or Ags physically linked to DNA together suggest that TLR-9 signaling is important in driving B-CLL growth in patients. Nevertheless, reports of apoptosis after B-CLL exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) raised questions about a central role for TLR-9. Because normal memory B cells proliferate vigorously to ODN+IL-15, a cytokine found in stromal cells of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, we examined whether this was true for B-CLL cells. Through a CFSE-based assay for quantitatively monitoring in vitro clonal proliferation/survival, we show that IL-15 precludes TLR-9-induced apoptosis and permits significant B-CLL clonal expansion regardless of the clone's BCR mutation status. A robust response to ODN+IL-15 was positively linked to presence of chromosomal anomalies (trisomy-12 or ataxia telangiectasia mutated anomaly + del13q14) and negatively linked to a very high proportion of CD38(+) cells within the blood-derived B-CLL population. Furthermore, a clone's intrinsic potential for in vitro growth correlated directly with doubling time in blood, in the case of B-CLL with Ig H chain V region-unmutated BCR and <30% CD38(+) cells in blood. Finally, in vitro high-proliferator status was statistically linked to diminished patient survival. These findings, together with immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic cells and IL-15-producing cells proximal to B-CLL pseudofollicles in patient spleens, suggest that collaborative ODN and IL-15 signaling may promote in vivo B-CLL growth.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549;
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Erin Boyle
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jennifer Nieto
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Joanna Stein
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jela Bandovic
- Department of Pathology, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Charles C Chu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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235
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Guo Y, Luan L, Rabacal W, Bohannon JK, Fensterheim BA, Hernandez A, Sherwood ER. IL-15 Superagonist-Mediated Immunotoxicity: Role of NK Cells and IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 is currently undergoing clinical trials to assess its efficacy for treatment of advanced cancers. The combination of IL-15 with soluble IL-15Rα generates a complex termed IL-15 superagonist (IL-15 SA) that possesses greater biological activity than IL-15 alone. IL-15 SA is considered an attractive antitumor and antiviral agent because of its ability to selectively expand NK and memory CD8(+) T (mCD8(+) T) lymphocytes. However, the adverse consequences of IL-15 SA treatment have not been defined. In this study, the effect of IL-15 SA on physiologic and immunologic functions of mice was evaluated. IL-15 SA caused dose- and time-dependent hypothermia, weight loss, liver injury, and mortality. NK (especially the proinflammatory NK subset), NKT, and mCD8(+) T cells were preferentially expanded in spleen and liver upon IL-15 SA treatment. IL-15 SA caused NK cell activation as indicated by increased CD69 expression and IFN-γ, perforin, and granzyme B production, whereas NKT and mCD8(+) T cells showed minimal, if any, activation. Cell depletion and adoptive transfer studies showed that the systemic toxicity of IL-15 SA was mediated by hyperproliferation of activated NK cells. Production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, but not TNF-α or perforin, was essential to IL-15 SA-induced immunotoxicity. The toxicity and immunological alterations shown in this study are comparable to those reported in recent clinical trials of IL-15 in patients with refractory cancers and advance current knowledge by providing mechanistic insights into IL-15 SA-mediated immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Whitney Rabacal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Benjamin A Fensterheim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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Ali AK, Nandagopal N, Lee SH. IL-15-PI3K-AKT-mTOR: A Critical Pathway in the Life Journey of Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:355. [PMID: 26257729 PMCID: PMC4507451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous cytokines modulating natural killer (NK) cell function, interleukin 15 (IL-15) exerts a broad range of effect from development and homeostasis, to activation of mature NK cells during infection. Its significance is further highlighted by clinical trials in which IL-15 is being used to boost the proliferation and anti-tumor response of NK cells. Among the signal transduction pathways triggered by the engagement of IL-15 receptor with its ligand, the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway seems to be critical for the IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells, therefore being responsible for efficient anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. This review provides an overview of the role of IL-15 at multiple stages of NK cell life journey. Understanding the pathway by which IL-15 conveys critical signals for the generation of NK cells with efficient effector functions, in combination with established protocols for NK cell expansion ex vivo, will undoubtedly open new avenues for therapeutic applications for immunomodulation against infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Neethi Nandagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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237
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Abstract
Asthma is an immune-mediated disease of the airways characterized by reversible airway obstruction, bronchial eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). The immune dysregulation in asthma has been attributed to the involvement of diverse immune cells that contribute to the immunopathology of the disease. Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in host defense against viruses and various cancers. Accumulating evidence demonstrates additional important roles for these cells in T cell priming, dendritic cell maturation, and the development of inflammation, all of which have the potential to enhance or dampen allergic responses. The ability of NK cells to produce Th2-type cytokines and their pivotal role in combating respiratory infections which cause airway dysfunction in asthmatics further suggest that they may directly contribute to the immunopathogenesis of allergic airway disease. In this review, we examine emerging evidence and discuss the putative roles of NK cells in the sensitization, progression, and resolution of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton B Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, 01119, USA,
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238
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Heon EK, Wulan H, Macdonald LP, Malek AO, Braunstein GH, Eaves CG, Schattner MD, Allen PM, Alexander MO, Hawkins CA, McGovern DW, Freeman RL, Amir EP, Huse JD, Zaltzman JS, Kauff NP, Meyers PG, Gleason MH, Overholtzer MG, Wiseman SS, Streutker CD, Asa SW, McAlindon TP, Newcomb PO, Sorensen PM, Press OA. IL-15 induces strong but short-lived tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cell responses through the regulation of Tim-3 in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:360-6. [PMID: 26141233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has pivotal roles in the control of CD8(+) memory T cells and has been investigated as a therapeutic option in cancer therapy. Although IL-15 and IL-2 share many functions together, including the stimulation of CD8 T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, the different in vivo roles of IL-15 and IL-2 have been increasingly recognized. Here, we explored the different effects of IL-15 and IL-2 on tumor-infiltrating (TI) T cells from resected breast tumors. We found that neither IL-2 nor IL-15 induced intratumoral CD8 T cell proliferation by itself, but after CD3/CD28-stimulation, IL-15 induced significantly higher proliferation than IL-2 during early time points, at day 2, day 3 and day 6. However, the IL-15-induced proliferation leveled off at day 9 and day 12, whereas IL-2 induced lower but progressive proliferation at each time point. Furthermore, IL-15 caused an early and robust increase of IFN-γ in the supernatant of TI cell cultures, which diminished at later time points, while the IL-2-induced IFN-γ production remained constant over time. In addition, the IL-15-costimulated CD8 T cells presented higher frequencies of apoptotic cells. The diminishing IL-15-induced response was possibly due to regulatory and/or exhaustion mechanisms. We did not observe increased IL-10 or PD-1 upregulation, but we have found an increase of Tim-3 upregulation on IL-15-, but not IL-2-stimulated cells. Blocking Tim-3 function using anti-Tim-3 antibodies resulted in increased IL-15-induced proliferation and IFN-γ production for a prolonged period of time, whereas adding Tim-3 ligand galectin 9 led to reduced proliferation and IFN-γ production. Our results suggest that IL-15 in combination of Tim-3 blocking antibodies could potentially act as an IL-2 alternative in tumor CD8 T cell expansion in vitro, a crucial step in adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K Heon
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Hasi Wulan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | | | - Adel O Malek
- Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | | | | | | | - Peter M Allen
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Eitan P Amir
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Jason D Huse
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | | | - Noah P Kauff
- University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Paul G Meyers
- University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | | | | | - Sam S Wiseman
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | | | - Sylvia W Asa
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | | | | | | | - Oliver A Press
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
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239
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Meyer C, Walker J, Dewane J, Engelmann F, Laub W, Pillai S, Thomas CR, Messaoudi I. Impact of irradiation and immunosuppressive agents on immune system homeostasis in rhesus macaques. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:491-510. [PMID: 25902927 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined the effects of non-myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI) in combination with immunosuppressive chemotherapy on immune homeostasis in rhesus macaques. Our results show that the administration of cyclosporin A or tacrolimus without radiotherapy did not result in lymphopenia. The addition of TBI to the regimen resulted in lymphopenia as well as alterations in the memory/naive ratio following reconstitution of lymphocyte populations. Dendritic cell (DC) numbers in whole blood were largely unaffected, while the monocyte population was altered by immunosuppressive treatment. Irradiation also resulted in increased levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines that correlated with T cell proliferative bursts and with the shift towards memory T cells. We also report that anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) treatment and CD3 immunotoxin administration resulted in a selective and rapid depletion of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased frequency of memory T cells. We also examined the impact of these treatments on reactivation of latent simian varicella virus (SVV) infection as a model of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection of humans. None of the treatments resulted in overt SVV reactivation; however, select animals had transient increases in SVV-specific T cell responses following immunosuppression, suggestive of subclinical reactivation. Overall, we provide detailed observations into immune modulation by TBI and chemotherapeutic agents in rhesus macaques, an important research model of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meyer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - J Walker
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J Dewane
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - F Engelmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - W Laub
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S Pillai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles R Thomas
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - I Messaoudi
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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240
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XIN JUN, ZHANG XUEKUI, XIN DEYOU, LI XIANFENG, SUN DEKE, MA YUEYE, TIAN LIQIANG. FUS1 acts as a tumor-suppressor gene by upregulating miR-197 in human glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:868-76. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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241
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Molanouri Shamsi M, Hassan ZM, Quinn LS, Gharakhanlou R, Baghersad L, Mahdavi M. Time course of IL-15 expression after acute resistance exercise in trained rats: effect of diabetes and skeletal muscle phenotype. Endocrine 2015; 49:396-403. [PMID: 25522723 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy. Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ producing myokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to contraction. These factors may mediate the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle metabolism and anabolic pathways. Lack of correlation between muscle IL-15 mRNA and protein levels after exercise training has been observed, while regulatory effects of IL-6 on IL-15 expression have also been suggested. This study determined post-exercise changes in muscle IL-15 and IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-15 protein levels in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in both the fast flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and slow soleus muscles. Resistance training preserved FHL muscle weight in diabetic rats and increased IL-15 protein levels in both the soleus and FHL muscles. However, the temporal pattern of this response was distinct in normal and diabetic rats. Moreover, discordance between post-exercise muscle IL-15 mRNA and protein expression was observed in our study, and diabetes suppressed post-exercise increases in FHL muscle IL-6 mRNA expression. Our study indicates that training, skeletal muscle phenotype, and metabolic status all influence the temporal pattern of post-exercise changes in IL-15 expression. Muscle IL-15 protein levels increase following training, suggesting this may be an adaptation contributing to increased capacity for secretion of this myokine that is not depressed by the diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran,
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242
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Yokota S, Yoshida O, Dou L, Spadaro AV, Isse K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Kimura S, Du Q, Demetris AJ, Thomson AW, Geller DA. IRF-1 promotes liver transplant ischemia/reperfusion injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:6045-56. [PMID: 25964490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury following liver transplantation (LTx) is an important problem that significantly impacts clinical outcomes. IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a nuclear transcription factor that plays a critical role in liver injury. Our objective was to determine the immunomodulatory role of IRF-1 during I/R injury following allogeneic LTx. IRF-1 was induced in liver grafts immediately after reperfusion in both human and mouse LTx. IRF-1 contributed significantly to I/R injury because IRF-1-knockout (KO) grafts displayed much less damage as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase and histology. In vitro, IRF-1 regulated both constitutive and induced expression of IL-15, as well as IL-15Rα mRNA expression in murine hepatocytes and liver dendritic cells. Specific knockdown of IRF-1 in human primary hepatocytes gave similar results. In addition, we identified hepatocytes as the major producer of soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes in the liver. IRF-1-KO livers had significantly reduced NK, NKT, and CD8(+) T cell numbers, whereas rIL-15/IL-15Rα restored these immune cells, augmented cytotoxic effector molecules, promoted systemic inflammatory responses, and exacerbated liver injury in IRF-1-KO graft recipients. These results indicate that IRF-1 promotes LTx I/R injury via hepatocyte IL-15/IL-15Rα production and suggest that targeting IRF-1 and IL-15/IL-15Rα may be effective in reducing I/R injury associated with LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yokota
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lei Dou
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony V Spadaro
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark A Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Qiang Du
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anthony J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - David A Geller
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Liver Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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243
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Zhang J, Ahn J, Suh Y, Hwang S, Davis ME, Lee K. Identification of CTLA2A, DEFB29, WFDC15B, SERPINA1F and MUP19 as Novel Tissue-Specific Secretory Factors in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124962. [PMID: 25946105 PMCID: PMC4422522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory factors in animals play an important role in communication between different cells, tissues and organs. Especially, the secretory factors with specific expression in one tissue may reflect important functions and unique status of that tissue in an organism. In this study, we identified potential tissue-specific secretory factors in the fat, muscle, heart, lung, kidney and liver in the mouse by analyzing microarray data from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository and searching and predicting their subcellular location in GeneCards and WoLF PSORT, and then confirmed tissue-specific expression of the genes using semi-quantitative PCR reactions. With this approach, we confirmed 11 lung, 7 liver, 2 heart, 1 heart and muscle, 7 kidney and 2 adipose and liver-specific secretory factors. Among these genes, 1 lung-specific gene - CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), 3 kidney-specific genes - SERPINA1F (serpin peptidase inhibitor, Clade A, member 1F), WFDC15B (WAP four-disulfide core domain 15B) and DEFB29 (defensin beta 29) and 1 liver-specific gene - MUP19 (major urinary protein 19) have not been reported as secretory factors. These genes were tagged with hemagglutinin at the 3’end and then transiently transfected to HEK293 cells. Through protein detection in cell lysate and media using Western blotting, we verified secretion of the 5 genes and predicted the potential pathways in which they may participate in the specific tissue through data analysis of GEO profiles. In addition, alternative splicing was detected in transcripts of CTLA2A and SERPINA1F and the corresponding proteins were found not to be secreted in cell culture media. Identification of novel secretory factors through the current study provides a new platform to explore novel secretory factors and a general direction for further study of these genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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244
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Lee SH, Shin DJ, Kim SK. Generation of recombinant canine interleukin-15 and evaluation of its effects on the proliferation and function of canine NK cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 165:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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245
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Holmkvist P, Roepstorff K, Uronen-Hansson H, Sandén C, Gudjonsson S, Patschan O, Grip O, Marsal J, Schmidtchen A, Hornum L, Erjefält JS, Håkansson K, Agace WW. A major population of mucosal memory CD4+ T cells, coexpressing IL-18Rα and DR3, display innate lymphocyte functionality. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:545-58. [PMID: 25269704 PMCID: PMC4424383 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues contain large numbers of memory CD4(+) T cells that, through T-cell receptor-dependent interactions with antigen-presenting cells, are believed to have a key role in barrier defense and maintenance of tissue integrity. Here we identify a major subset of memory CD4(+) T cells at barrier surfaces that coexpress interleukin-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Rα) and death receptor-3 (DR3), and display innate lymphocyte functionality. The cytokines IL-15 or the DR3 ligand tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1a) induced memory IL-18Rα(+)DR3(+)CD4(+) T cells to produce interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-5, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-22 in the presence of IL-12/IL-18. TL1a synergized with IL-15 to enhance this response, while suppressing IL-15-induced IL-10 production. TL1a- and IL-15-mediated cytokine induction required the presence of IL-18, whereas induction of IL-5, IL-13, GM-CSF, and IL-22 was IL-12 independent. IL-18Rα(+)DR3(+)CD4(+) T cells with similar functionality were present in human skin, nasal polyps, and, in particular, the intestine, where in chronic inflammation they localized with IL-18-producing cells in lymphoid aggregates. Collectively, these results suggest that human memory IL-18Rα(+)DR3(+) CD4(+) T cells may contribute to antigen-independent innate responses at barrier surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holmkvist
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - K Roepstorff
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - C Sandén
- Unit of Airway Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Gudjonsson
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Patschan
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - O Grip
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Marsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L Hornum
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J S Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Håkansson
- Biopharmaceuticals Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - W W Agace
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Section of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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246
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Meresse B, Korneychuk N, Malamut G, Cerf-Bensussan N. Interleukin-15, a master piece in the immunological jigsaw of celiac disease. Dig Dis 2015; 33:122-130. [PMID: 25925912 DOI: 10.1159/000369521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response causing celiac disease (CD) depends on the activation of intestinal CD4+ T cells by gluten-derived peptides presented by HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, the main genetic risk factor. However, additional factors are necessary to impair immune tolerance to dietary gluten, to stimulate intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and to induce intestinal damage. KEY MESSAGES Current data point to a central role of interleukin-15 (IL-15). In situ and ex vivo studies indicate that IL-15 stimulates the accumulation and cytotoxic activation of CD8+ T IEL in active CD, and that of the malignant innate-like IEL in type II refractory CD (RCDII). Other studies show that IL-15 impairs the immunoregulatory control of effector T cells, notably CD8+. Recently, animal models have been designed to investigate the respective role of CD4+ T cells and IL-15 in CD. We discuss more particularly our results in such a model, which shows that IL-15 produced in excess in the intestine can cooperate with CD4+ T cells specific for a dietary antigen to trigger a celiac-like enteropathy. In this mouse model, CD4+ T cells activated by dietary ovalbumin secreted IL-2 which, along with IL-15, stimulated the expansion of noncognate intestinal cytotoxic CD8+ T cells containing large amounts of granzyme B. In the presence of IL-15, the latter cells did not respond to regulatory T cells, and accumulated in the intestine close to epithelial damage. CONCLUSION On the basis of these data, we propose that, in CD, gluten-specific CD4+ T cells synthesize cytokines that synergize with IL-15 to license the expansion and activation of cytotoxic IEL, which drive tissue damage. We suggest that IL-15 is a meaningful therapeutic target, notably in patients with RCDII in which malignant IEL can respond to IL-15 independently of signals provided by CD4+ T cells.
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247
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Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of natural killer cells. Blood 2015; 125:3420-31. [PMID: 25896649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CNS-ALL) is a major clinical problem. Prophylactic therapy is neurotoxic, and a third of the relapses involve the CNS. Increased expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) in leukemic blasts is associated with increased risk for CNS-ALL. Using in vivo models for CNS leukemia caused by mouse T-ALL and human xenografts of ALL cells, we demonstrate that expression of IL-15 in leukemic cells is associated with the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. This activation limits the outgrowth of leukemic cells in the periphery, but less in the CNS because NK cells are excluded from the CNS. Depletion of NK cells in NOD/SCID mice enabled combined systemic and CNS leukemia of human pre-B-ALL. The killing of human leukemia lymphoblasts by NK cells depended on the expression of the NKG2D receptor. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) diagnostic samples derived from children with subsequent CNS-ALL revealed a significantly high expression of the NKG2D and NKp44 receptors. We suggest that the CNS may be an immunologic sanctuary protected from NK-cell activity. CNS prophylactic therapy may thus be needed with emerging NK cell-based therapies against hematopoietic malignancies.
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248
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Wang W, Li R, Meng M, Wei C, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Dong R, Wang C, Zhong Y, Yang F, Tang W, Jin X, Liu B, Hou Z. MicroRNA profiling of CD3+ CD56+ cytokine-induced killer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9571. [PMID: 25826780 PMCID: PMC5380330 DOI: 10.1038/srep09571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have proven that IL-2 and IL-15 showed contrasting roles during CIK cells preparation. By employing microarray, we analyzed miRNA expression profiles of PBMC, CIKIL-2 and CIKIL-15. Advanced bioinformatic analyses were performed to explore the key miRNAs which may regulate cell proliferation and anti-tumor activity of CIK. We identified 261 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between PBMC and CIKIL-2, and 249 DEMs between PBMC and CIKIL-15. MiR-143-3p/miR-145-5p was miRNA cluster which may positively regulate cell proliferation. In contrast, miR-340-5p/miR-340-3p cluster may negatively regulate cell proliferation via induction apoptosis, which may cause decreased cell proliferation capacity of CIKIL-2. MiRNA-target interaction analysis indicated that 10 co-downregulated miRNAs may synergistically turn on the expression of a pool of tumor cytotoxic genes in CIK cells. The DEMs between CIKIL-2 and CIKIL-15 may contribute to enhanced tumor cytotoxic capacity of CIKIL-2. Importantly, we found that repressed miR-193a-5p may regulate the expressions of inhibitory receptor KLRD1. The results of the validation assay have shown that KLRD1 were upregulated in CIK cells. Our findings have provided new insights into mechanisms of CIK cells production and tumor cytotoxic function, and shed light on their safety for clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Wang
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhong Li
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Meng
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Wei
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayong Zhang
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyi Dong
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- 1] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650050, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfang Jin
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650050, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongliu Hou
- 1] Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China [2] Yunnan Cell Biology and Clinical Translation Research Center, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Martin I, Cabán-Hernández K, Figueroa-Santiago O, Espino AM. Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein inhibits TLR4 activation and suppresses the inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3924-36. [PMID: 25780044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR4, the innate immunity receptor for bacterial endotoxins, plays a pivotal role in the induction of inflammatory responses. There is a need to develop molecules that block either activation through TLR4 or the downstream signaling pathways to inhibit the storm of inflammation typically elicited by bacterial LPS, which is a major cause of the high mortality associated with bacterial sepsis. We report in this article that a single i.p. injection of 15 μg fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica (Fh12) 1 h before exposure to LPS suppressed significantly the expression of serum inflammatory cytokines in a model of septic shock using C57BL/6 mice. Because macrophages are a good source of IL-12p70 and TNF-α, and are critical in driving adaptive immunity, we investigated the effect of Fh12 on the function of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmMΦs). Although Fh12 alone did not induce cytokine expression, it significantly suppressed the expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β cytokines, as well as inducible NO synthase-2 in bmMΦs, and also impaired the phagocytic capacity of bmMΦs. Fh12 had a limited effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced in response to other TLR ligands. One mechanism used by Fh12 to exert its anti-inflammatory effect is binding to the CD14 coreceptor. Moreover, it suppresses phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK. The potent anti-inflammatory properties of Fh12 demonstrated in this study open doors to further studies directed at exploring the potential of this molecule as a new class of drug against septic shock or other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelisse Martin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Kimberly Cabán-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Olgary Figueroa-Santiago
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Ana M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
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Myokine interleukin-15 expression profile is different in suckling and weaning piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:30-35. [PMID: 29766983 PMCID: PMC5884465 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine highly expressed in skeletal muscle. The objective of the present study was to investigate the development of muscle IL-15 expression in suckling piglets and in early weaning piglets (day 14) at each level, that is, mRNA, protein, and secretion. Eight litters (eight piglets per litter) of newborn healthy piglets (Large × White × Landrace) with a similar initial weight (1618.0 ± 140.1 g) were chosen and divided into two groups. Group one used suckling piglets that were killed, respectively, at days 1, 7, 14, 21, and group two used early (day 14) weaning piglets that were killed respectively, at days 15, 17, 19, 21. In group one, IL-15 gene expression levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) along with increased body weight over time. IL-15 protein expression levels in piglets at day 21 of age were higher (P < 0.05) than those in piglets at other ages, and there was no difference (P > 0.05) among piglets at other ages. These findings indicated that increased IL-15 mRNA expression did not result in a corresponding increase of its protein expression. In group two, which used early weaning piglets from days 15–19, IL-15 mRNA and protein expression levels increased constantly (P < 0.05) and were higher (P < 0.05) than those in suckling piglets. Moreover, there was no gain of body weight (P > 0.05) compared with suckling piglets at day 14 of age. However, IL-15 protein expression levels in early weaning piglets at day 21 of age dropped significantly (P < 0.05) to the levels as suckling piglets at day 21 of age, while body weight increased (P < 0.05) markedly to the levels as suckling piglets at day 21 of age. In both groups, the serum IL-15 levels of piglets decreased significantly (P < 0.01) over time. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-15 expression differs in suckling piglets and in weaning piglets. It is speculated that IL-15 may play an important role in counteracting the effects of early weaning stress.
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