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Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26221182 PMCID: PMC4499611 DOI: 10.1155/2015/957031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance triggers cell damage that in turn causes a number of lung diseases. Flavonoids are known for their health benefits, and Citrus fruits juices are one of the main food sources of these secondary plant metabolites. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the flavonoid fraction of bergamot and orange juices, on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human lung epithelial A549 cells. First we tested the antioxidant properties of both extracts in cell-free experimental models and then we assayed their capability to prevent the cytotoxic effects induced by H2O2. Our results demonstrated that both Citrus juice extracts reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane lipid peroxidation, improve mitochondrial functionality, and prevent DNA-oxidative damage in A549 cells incubated with H2O2. Our data indicate that the mix of flavonoids present in both bergamot and orange juices may be of use in preventing oxidative cell injury and pave the way for further research into a novel healthy approach to avoid lung disorders.
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202
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Seys LJM, Verhamme FM, Dupont LL, Desauter E, Duerr J, Seyhan Agircan A, Conickx G, Joos GF, Brusselle GG, Mall MA, Bracke KR. Airway Surface Dehydration Aggravates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Hallmarks of COPD in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129897. [PMID: 26066648 PMCID: PMC4466573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway surface dehydration, caused by an imbalance between secretion and absorption of ions and fluid across the epithelium and/or increased epithelial mucin secretion, impairs mucociliary clearance. Recent evidence suggests that this mechanism may be implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the role of airway surface dehydration in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate in vivo the effect of airway surface dehydration on several CS-induced hallmarks of COPD in mice with airway-specific overexpression of the β-subunit of the epithelial Na⁺ channel (βENaC). METHODS βENaC-Tg mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to air or CS for 4 or 8 weeks. Pathological hallmarks of COPD, including goblet cell metaplasia, mucin expression, pulmonary inflammation, lymphoid follicles, emphysema and airway wall remodelling were determined and lung function was measured. RESULTS Airway surface dehydration in βENaC-Tg mice aggravated CS-induced airway inflammation, mucin expression and destruction of alveolar walls and accelerated the formation of pulmonary lymphoid follicles. Moreover, lung function measurements demonstrated an increased compliance and total lung capacity and a lower resistance and hysteresis in βENaC-Tg mice, compared to WT mice. CS exposure further altered lung function measurements. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that airway surface dehydration is a risk factor that aggravates CS-induced hallmarks of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen J. M. Seys
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien M. Verhamme
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa L. Dupont
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Desauter
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julia Duerr
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayca Seyhan Agircan
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Griet Conickx
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy F. Joos
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy G. Brusselle
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ken R. Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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203
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Celli BR, Decramer M, Wedzicha JA, Wilson KC, Agustí A, Criner GJ, MacNee W, Make BJ, Rennard SI, Stockley RA, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, Au DH, Barnes PJ, Burgel PR, Calverley PM, Casanova C, Clini EM, Cooper CB, Coxson HO, Dusser DJ, Fabbri LM, Fahy B, Ferguson GT, Fisher A, Fletcher MJ, Hayot M, Hurst JR, Jones PW, Mahler DA, Maltais F, Mannino DM, Martinez FJ, Miravitlles M, Meek PM, Papi A, Rabe KF, Roche N, Sciurba FC, Sethi S, Siafakas N, Sin DD, Soriano JB, Stoller JK, Tashkin DP, Troosters T, Verleden GM, Verschakelen J, Vestbo J, Walsh JW, Washko GR, Wise RA, Wouters EFM, ZuWallack RL. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Research questions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:e4-e27. [PMID: 25830527 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0044st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and resource use worldwide. The goal of this Official American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) Research Statement is to describe evidence related to diagnosis, assessment, and management; identify gaps in knowledge; and make recommendations for future research. It is not intended to provide clinical practice recommendations on COPD diagnosis and management. METHODS Clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates with expertise in COPD were invited to participate. A literature search of Medline was performed, and studies deemed relevant were selected. The search was not a systematic review of the evidence. Existing evidence was appraised and summarized, and then salient knowledge gaps were identified. RESULTS Recommendations for research that addresses important gaps in the evidence in all areas of COPD were formulated via discussion and consensus. CONCLUSIONS Great strides have been made in the diagnosis, assessment, and management of COPD as well as understanding its pathogenesis. Despite this, many important questions remain unanswered. This ATS/ERS Research Statement highlights the types of research that leading clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates believe will have the greatest impact on patient-centered outcomes.
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Yamada Y, Tomaru U, Ishizu A, Ito T, Kiuchi T, Ono A, Miyajima S, Nagai K, Higashi T, Matsuno Y, Dosaka-Akita H, Nishimura M, Miwa S, Kasahara M. Decreased proteasomal function accelerates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. J Transl Med 2015; 95:625-34. [PMID: 25915723 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease common in elderly people, characterized by progressive destruction of lung parenchyma and chronic inflammation of the airways. The pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear, but recent studies suggest that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in alveolar cells contributes to emphysematous lung destruction. The proteasome is a multicatalytic enzyme complex that plays a critical role in proteostasis by rapidly destroying misfolded and modified proteins generated by oxidative and other stresses. Proteasome activity decreases with aging in many organs including lungs, and an age-related decline in proteasomal function has been implicated in various age-related pathologies. However, the role of the proteasome system in the pathogenesis of COPD has not been investigated. Recently, we have established a transgenic (Tg) mouse model with decreased proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity, showing age-related phenotypes. Using this model, we demonstrate here that decreased proteasomal function accelerates cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary emphysema. CS-exposed Tg mice showed remarkable airspace enlargement and increased foci of inflammation compared with wild-type controls. Importantly, apoptotic cells were found in the alveolar walls of the affected lungs. Impaired proteasomal activity also enhanced apoptosis in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-exposed fibroblastic cells derived from mice and humans in vitro. Notably, aggresome formation and prominent nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor were observed in CSE-exposed fibroblastic cells isolated from Tg mice. Collective evidence suggests that CS exposure and impaired proteasomal activity coordinately enhance apoptotic cell death in the alveolar walls that may be involved in the development and progression of emphysema in susceptible individuals such as the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamada
- 1] Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan [2] Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kiuchi
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Ono
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Syota Miyajima
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsura Nagai
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsuno
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Dosaka-Akita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nishimura
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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205
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Sato S, Bartolák-Suki E, Parameswaran H, Hamakawa H, Suki B. Scale dependence of structure-function relationship in the emphysematous mouse lung. Front Physiol 2015; 6:146. [PMID: 26029115 PMCID: PMC4428081 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine how the initial distribution of elastase in mouse lungs determines the time course of tissue destruction and how structural heterogeneity at different spatial scales influences lung function. We evaluated lung function and alveolar structure in normal and emphysematous C57BL/6 mice at 2 and 21 days following orotracheal treatment with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Initial distribution of elastase 1 h after treatment was assessed using red fluorescently labeled PPE (f-PPE) by laser scanning confocal microscopy. From measured input impedance of the respiratory system, the global lung compliance, and the variability of regional compliance were obtained. Lungs were fixed and equivalent airspace diameters were measured in four lobes of the right lung and three regions of the left lung. At day 2 and day 21, the mean airspace diameter of each region was significantly enlarged which was accompanied by an increased inter-regional heterogeneity. The deposition of f-PPE on day 0 was much more heterogeneous than the inter-regional diameters at both day 2 and day 21 and, at day 21, this reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Microscale heterogeneity characterized by the overall variability of airspace diameters correlated significantly better with compliance than macroscale or inter-regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, while the spatial distribution of the inflammatory response does not seem to follow that of the elastase deposition, it correlates with the strongest regional determinant of lung function. These results may help interpret lung function decline in terms of structural deterioration in human patients with emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Sato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Hamakawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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Kurotani R, Shima R, Miyano Y, Sakahara S, Matsumoto Y, Shibata Y, Abe H, Kimura S. SCGB3A2 Inhibits Acrolein-Induced Apoptosis through Decreased p53 Phosphorylation. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:61-8. [PMID: 26019375 PMCID: PMC4427566 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major global health problem with increasing morbidity and mortality rates, is anticipated to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. COPD arises from exposure to cigarette smoke. Acrolein, which is contained in cigarette smoke, is the most important risk factor for COPD. It causes lung injury through altering apoptosis and causes inflammation by augmenting p53 phosphorylation and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Secretoglobin (SCGB) 3A2, a secretory protein predominantly present in the epithelial cells of the lungs and trachea, is a cytokine-like small molecule having anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and growth factor activities. In this study, the effect of SCGB3A2 on acrolein-related apoptosis was investigated using the mouse fibroblast cell line MLg as the first step in determining the possible therapeutic value of SCGB3A2 in COPD. Acrolein increased the production of ROS and phosphorylation of p53 and induced apoptosis in MLg cells. While the extent of ROS production induced by acrolein was not affected by SCGB3A2, p53 phosphorylation was significantly decreased by SCGB3A2. These results demonstrate that SCGB3A2 inhibited acrolein-induced apoptosis through decreased p53 phosphorylation, not altered ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kurotani
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Reika Shima
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yuki Miyano
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Satoshi Sakahara
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoshie Matsumoto
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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207
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Jin Z, Pan X, Zhou K, Bi H, Wang L, Yu L, Wang Q. Biological effects and mechanisms of action of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Int Med Res 2015; 43:303-10. [PMID: 25834280 DOI: 10.1177/0300060514568733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most frequent chronic respiratory disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, worldwide. Given that the foremost risk factor leading to the development of COPD is cigarette smoke, the initial treatment for COPD is smoking cessation. Even after smoking cessation, inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress can persist and continue to contribute to COPD. Although current therapies for COPD (which are primarily based on anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids, theophylline and bronchodilators) reduce airway obstruction, limit COPD exacerbation and improve the patient's health-related quality-of-life, none can prevent disease progression or reduce mortality. Recent advances in stem cell research have provided novel insight into the potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of several pulmonary diseases. This review article discusses the biological effects and mechanisms of action of MSC transplantation in COPD, and highlights the foundation that MSCs provide for novel therapeutic approaches in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Jin
- Second Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xinghua Pan
- Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Department of Clinical Research, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Kaihua Zhou
- Second Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong Bi
- Second Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Second Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Second Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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208
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Celli BR, Decramer M, Wedzicha JA, Wilson KC, Agustí A, Criner GJ, MacNee W, Make BJ, Rennard SI, Stockley RA, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, Au DH, Barnes PJ, Burgel PR, Calverley PM, Casanova C, Clini EM, Cooper CB, Coxson HO, Dusser DJ, Fabbri LM, Fahy B, Ferguson GT, Fisher A, Fletcher MJ, Hayot M, Hurst JR, Jones PW, Mahler DA, Maltais F, Mannino DM, Martinez FJ, Miravitlles M, Meek PM, Papi A, Rabe KF, Roche N, Sciurba FC, Sethi S, Siafakas N, Sin DD, Soriano JB, Stoller JK, Tashkin DP, Troosters T, Verleden GM, Verschakelen J, Vestbo J, Walsh JW, Washko GR, Wise RA, Wouters EF, ZuWallack RL. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: research questions in COPD. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:879-905. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00009015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and resource use worldwide. The goal of this official American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) research statement is to describe evidence related to diagnosis, assessment and management; identify gaps in knowledge; and make recommendations for future research. It is not intended to provide clinical practice recommendations on COPD diagnosis and management.Clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates with expertise in COPD were invited to participate. A literature search of Medline was performed, and studies deemed relevant were selected. The search was not a systematic review of the evidence. Existing evidence was appraised and summarised, and then salient knowledge gaps were identified.Recommendations for research that addresses important gaps in the evidence in all areas of COPD were formulatedviadiscussion and consensus.Great strides have been made in the diagnosis, assessment and management of COPD, as well as understanding its pathogenesis. Despite this, many important questions remain unanswered. This ATS/ERS research statement highlights the types of research that leading clinicians, researchers, and patient advocates believe will have the greatest impact on patient-centred outcomes.
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209
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Li X, Wang T, Yang T, Shen Y, An J, Liu L, Dong J, Guo L, Li D, Zhang X, Chen L, Xu D, Wen F. Elevated plasma levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor correlated with inflammation and lung function in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:587-94. [PMID: 25844034 PMCID: PMC4368029 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s78546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 50 kD small secreting glycoprotein that participates in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have reported that PEDF plays an important role in inflammatory responses in several diseases. However, the role of PEDF in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. Objective The aim of the present study is to explore the potential relationship between PEDF and COPD. Methods We used differential proteomics – stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture – to investigate protein expression profile changes in cigarette smoke extract-treated pulmonary cells and found that the neurotrophic and antiangiogenic protein PEDF was abnormally expressed. Furthermore, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of PEDF in the lung tissue of rats that were exposed to cigarette smoke. Eighty subjects between the ages of 40–90 years, including 20 healthy nonsmokers, ten smoking volunteers, and 50 COPD patients, were recruited from September 2012 until August 2013 in Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China. We measured the plasma PEDF concentration and classic proinflammatory cytokines by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, we performed a spirometry examination to diagnose COPD patients and we also analyzed the correlation between PEDF and lung function. Results First, we found that the expression of PEDF in cigarette smoke extract-treated cells increased 16.2-fold when compared with the control group. Next, we confirmed that 4 weeks’ exposure to cigarette smoke can upregulate PEDF levels in rat lung tissues. We also discovered that plasma PEDF in COPD patients was significantly increased when compared with either healthy nonsmoking or smoking subjects. Furthermore, circulating PEDF was correlated with inflammatory cytokine and blood neutrophil numbers, but it was reversely associated with a decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent predicted. Conclusion Our findings provide a novel link between PEDF and COPD. Elevated PEDF levels may be involved in promoting the development of COPD by performing proinflamma-tory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingli Guo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Diandian Li
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Boskabady MH, Gholami Mahtaj L. Lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure in guinea pigs affected by Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:39. [PMID: 25881210 PMCID: PMC4354995 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an epidemic and progressive health problem which is mainly a consequence of cigarette smoking, and associated with lung inflammation. Anti-inflammatory property of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and its constituent, carvacrol was shown in various inflammatory disorders previously. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of the plant and its constituent, carvacrol, on lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress, in guinea pigs model of COPD were evaluated. Methods Nine groups of animals including control, COPD, COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of extract of Z. multiflora (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/mL), COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of carvacrol (60, 120, and 240 μg/mL), and COPD + dexamethasone (50 μg/mL) were studied. For inducing COPD, animals were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 months. Thiol groups, IL-8, total and differential WBC were measured in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 6 for each group). Results Total WBC, eosinophils, and neutrophils counts as well as the levels of IL-8 in BALF were significantly increased but thiol group was decreased in COPD compared to the control group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Total WBC and IL-8 in all treated COPD groups, thiol group, eosinophils and neutrophils counts in treated groups with dexamethasone and two higher concentrations of the Z. multiflora and carvacrol were significantly improved compared to non-treated COPD group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Lymphocyte count in treated groups with dexamethasone, highest concentration of Z. multiflora, and two higher concentration of carvacrol was also significantly higher than non-treated group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions A preventive effect of Z. multiflora extract and its constituent carvacrol on lung inflammation changes and oxidative stress in animal model of COPD was suggested.
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Yang M, Chen P, Peng H, Zhang H, Chen Y, Cai S, Lu Q, Guan C. Cigarette smoke extract induces aberrant cytochrome-c oxidase subunit II methylation and apoptosis in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C378-84. [PMID: 25500741 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00197.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for endothelial apoptosis remain poorly understood. We conducted an in vitro study to investigate whether DNA methylation is involved in smoking-induced endothelial apoptosis. Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at a range of concentrations (0-10%). HUVECs were also incubated with a demethylating reagent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidinem (AZA), with and without CSE. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and flow cytometry using annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. We found that CSE treatment significantly increased HUVEC apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunoblot revealed that CSE treatment decreased cytochrome-c oxidase subunit II (COX II) mRNA and protein levels and decreased COX activity. Methylation-specific PCR and direct bisulfite sequencing revealed positive COX II gene methylation. AZA administration partly increased mRNA and protein expressions of COX II, and COX activity decreased by CSE and attenuated the toxic effects of CSE. Our results showed that CSE induced aberrant COX II methylation and apoptosis in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China;
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Dermatological Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
| | - Chaxiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Central-South University, Hunan, Changsha, China
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212
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Stockley RA. Immune Modulation by α1-Antitrypsin. A Nice Concept, but Does It Influence Outcome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:363-4. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2129ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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213
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Luanpitpong S, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. The effects of carbon nanotubes on lung and dermal cellular behaviors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:895-912. [PMID: 24981653 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold great promise to create new and better products, but their adverse health effect is a major concern. Human exposure to CNTs is primarily through inhalation and dermal contact, especially during the manufacturing and handling processes. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated the potential pulmonary and dermal hazards associated with CNT exposure, while in vitro studies have assessed the effects of CNT exposure on various cellular behaviors and have been used to perform mechanistic studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathological effects of CNTs and examine the acute and chronic effects of CNT exposure on lung and dermal cellular behaviors, beyond the generally discussed cytotoxicity. We then examine the linkage of cellular behaviors and disease pathogenesis, and discuss the pertinent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences Program, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
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214
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Park HY, Jhun BW, Jeong HJ, Chon HR, Koh WJ, Suh GY, Kim H, Chung MJ, Jun HJ, Choi YH, Lim SY. The complex association of metabolic syndrome and its components with computed tomography-determined emphysema index. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 13:132-9. [PMID: 25569241 DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have suggested the association between emphysema and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, there are few reports regarding association of emphysema severity with metabolic syndrome and its components representing CVD risk factors. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in 2814 adult male subjects over age 40 who visited the Health Promotion Center in Samsung Medical Center for a health checkup program. RESULTS We classified patients according to the quintiles of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and emphysema index (EI). FEV1 percentage predicted values (% pred) was inversely associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and most of its components, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, fasting hyperglycemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although there was no association between prevalence of metabolic syndrome and EI, hypertension was positively associated with EI (P<0.001) and high triglycerides (TGs) were inversely associated with EI (P=0.021). These associations persisted after adjustment of other variables (P<0.001 in hypertension and P=0.039 in high TGs). CONCLUSION The computed tomography-determined EI has a complex association with components of metabolic syndrome that is associated with increased prevalence of hypertension but decreased prevalence of high TGs, whereas FEV1 (% pred) has an inverse association with metabolic syndrome and most of its components with consistent direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yun Park
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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215
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Visalli G, Baluce B, Bertuccio M, Picerno I, Di Pietro A. Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway in alveolar epithelial cells exposed to the metals in combustion-generated particulate matter. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:697-709. [PMID: 26039747 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1024081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously a significant mitochondrial impairment was identified in alveolar epithelial cells exposed to metals adsorbed to combustion-generated particulate matter (PM). Due to the critical role of mitochondria in apoptosis, the aim of this study was to investigate the pro-apoptotic potential of metals present in oil fly ash (OFA). A549 cells were exposed to water-soluble components of an OFA sample, containing vanadium [V(IV)], iron [Fe(III)], and nickel [Ni(II)] (68.8, 110.4, and 18 μM, respectively). Experiments were also performed using individual metal solutions. Apoptosis was detected and the mitochondrial role was assessed by a caspase-9 inhibitor (Z-LEHD-FMK). To determine whether the presence of impaired mitochondria in unexposed daughter cells increased apoptosis, an in vitro model was developed that allowed determination of effects until the third cell generation. To specifically examine the toxicity of vanadium (V), that characterize the airborne pollutant examined in this study, p53involvement and metabolic impairment through changes in HIF-1α and Glut-1 expression were determined. OFA and individual metal solutions produced significant apoptosis in the progeny of exposed cells, triggering the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In apoptosis induced by poorly genotoxic metal V, p53 did not play a significant role. However, V exposure increased nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and expression of the Glut-1 receptor, indicating metabolic impairment due to metal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, these results improve our knowledge of the pathogenic role that airborne metals and in particular V exerted in respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Visalli
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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216
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Suki B, Parameswaran H. Computational modeling helps uncover mechanisms related to the progression of emphysema. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:4245-4249. [PMID: 24904681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Emphysema is a progressive disease characterized by deterioration of alveolar structure and decline in lung function. While morphometric and molecular biology studies have not fully uncovered the underlying mechanisms, they have produced data to advance computational modeling. In this review, we discuss examples in which modeling has led to novel insight into mechanisms related to disease progression. Finally, we propose a general scheme of multiscale modeling approach that could help unravel the progressive nature of emphysema and provide patient specific mechanisms perhaps suitable for use in treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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217
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Visalli G, Bertuccio MP, Picerno I, Spataro P, Di Pietro A. Mitochondrial dysfunction by pro-oxidant vanadium: ex vivo assessment of individual susceptibility. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:93-101. [PMID: 25473821 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the individual susceptibility to mitochondrial impairment induced by ex vivo exposure to vanadium, an airborne pro-oxidant pollutant. In lymphocyte cultures V(IV)-treated of forty-five healthy subjects, we evaluated the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and the H2O2 in comparison to background values. As variables, we included both lifestyle factors and genetic polymorphisms (GSTM1 and GSTT1 variants, and C677T and A1298C variants of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR). H2O2 mitochondrial content increased significantly (P<0.05) after metal exposure while, in comparison to basal Δψm, both depolarisation and hyperpolarisation were recorded. This underlined the mitochondrial dysfunction vanadium-induced that worsens the redox imbalance by endogenous ROS overproduction. Only age was found to contribute significantly to the high inter-individual variability, as assessed by multivariate analysis. In older subjects, the H2O2/Δψm values underline the organelle impairment and, under V-exposure, Δψm values were inversely related to age (R=-0.591; P=0.012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Isa Picerno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Spataro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy.
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218
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Goldkorn T, Filosto S, Chung S. Lung injury and lung cancer caused by cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities involving the ceramide-generating machinery and epidermal growth factor receptor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2149-74. [PMID: 24684526 PMCID: PMC4215561 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are frequently caused by tobacco smoking. However, these diseases present opposite phenotypes involving redox signaling at the cellular level. While COPD is characterized by excessive airway epithelial cell death and lung injury, lung cancer is caused by uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation. Notably, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that lung cancer incidence is significantly higher in patients who have preexisting emphysema/lung injury. However, the molecular link and common cell signaling events underlying lung injury diseases and lung cancer are poorly understood. This review focuses on studies of molecular mechanism(s) underlying smoking-related lung injury (COPD) and lung cancer. Specifically, the role of the ceramide-generating machinery during cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress leading to both apoptosis and proliferation of lung epithelial cells is emphasized. Over recent years, it has been established that ceramide is a sphingolipid playing a major role in lung epithelia structure/function leading to lung injury in chronic pulmonary diseases. However, new and unexpected findings draw attention to its potential role in lung development, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis. To address this dichotomy in detail, evidence is presented regarding several protein targets, including Src, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and neutral sphingomyelinase 2, the major sphingomyelinase that controls ceramide generation during oxidative stress. Furthermore, their roles are presented not only in apoptosis and lung injury but also in enhancing cell proliferation, lung cancer development, and resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy for treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipora Goldkorn
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California School of Medicine , Davis, California
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219
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Zhang L, Guo X, Xie W, Li Y, Ma M, Yuan T, Luo B. Resveratrol exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on human bronchial epithelial cells undergoing cigarette smoke exposure. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1752-8. [PMID: 25385506 PMCID: PMC4270337 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and induce apoptosis, both of which are important pathogenic factors contributing to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of the present study was to produce a cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced apoptosis human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEpC) model, to investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RES). The role of oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) in the RES-induced activation of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was additionally studied. Cultured HBEpCs were initially treated with CSE to induce apoptosis, followed by an incubation either with or without RES. Numerous techniques were used to evaluate the outcomes of the present study, including cell counting kit-8 assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, Hoechst 33342 staining and AnnexinV-PI flow cytometry apoptosis analyses, and gene knockdown. It was identified that 24 h 2% CSE incubation induced apoptosis in HBEpC, accompanied by an overexpression of the apoptosis molecular markers CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, caspase 4 and caspase 3. Pre-treatment of the cells with RES markedly alleviated the severity of apoptosis, as confirmed by apoptosis analyses and the expression levels of the apoptosis molecular markers. SIRT1 was shown to be overexpressed following RES treatment. However, following the gene knockdown of ORP150, the anti-apoptotic effects of RES were significantly attenuated. The results of the present study demonstrate that RES may have a protective effect against CSE-induced apoptosis, and a molecular pathway involving SIRT1 and ORP150 may be associated with the anti-apoptotic functions of RES in HBEpC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xialing Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wang Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Critical Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Bailing Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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220
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Singh D, Fox SM, Tal-Singer R, Bates S, Riley JH, Celli B. Altered gene expression in blood and sputum in COPD frequent exacerbators in the ECLIPSE cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107381. [PMID: 25265030 PMCID: PMC4179270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are defined as frequent exacerbators suffer with 2 or more exacerbations every year. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype are poorly understood. We investigated gene expression profile patterns associated with frequent exacerbations in sputum and blood cells in a well-characterised cohort. Samples from subjects from the ECLIPSE COPD cohort were used; sputum and blood samples from 138 subjects were used for microarray gene expression analysis, while blood samples from 438 subjects were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Using microarray, 150 genes were differentially expressed in blood (>±1.5 fold change, p≤0.01) between frequent compared to non-exacerbators. In sputum cells, only 6 genes were differentially expressed. The differentially regulated genes in blood included downregulation of those involved in lymphocyte signalling and upregulation of pro-apoptotic signalling genes. Multivariate analysis of the microarray data followed by confirmatory PCR analysis identified 3 genes that predicted frequent exacerbations; B3GNT, LAF4 and ARHGEF10. The sensitivity and specificity of these 3 genes to predict the frequent exacerbator phenotype was 88% and 33% respectively. There are alterations in systemic immune function associated with frequent exacerbations; down-regulation of lymphocyte function and a shift towards pro-apoptosis mechanisms are apparent in patients with frequent exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven M. Fox
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stewart Bates
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Riley
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bartolome Celli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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221
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Das B, Ray T, Panda KK, Maiti A, Sarkar S, Sil AK. Leucine and its transporter provide protection against cigarette smoke-induced cell death: A potential therapy for emphysema. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:752-763. [PMID: 28962288 PMCID: PMC5598113 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for emphysematous changes in the lungs and the underlying mechanism involves CS-induced cell death. In the present study we investigated the ability of nutrients to rescue CS-induced cell death. We observed that pre-treatment with excess leucine can partially rescue CS extract-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Excess dietary leucine was also effective in alleviating effects of CS in guinea pig lungs. Further investigation to understand the underlying mechanism showed that CS exposure causes downregulation of leucine transporter that results in inactivation of mTOR, which is a positive regulator of protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Notably, leucine supplemented diet ameliorated even existing CS-induced emphysematous changes in guinea pig lung, a condition hitherto thought to be irreversible. Thus the current study documents a new mechanism by which CS affects cellular physiology wherein leucine transporter is a key target.
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Key Words
- Bap2, branched-chain amino acid permease
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- ChIP, chromatin immune precipitation
- Cigarette smoke
- E, glutamic acid
- Emphysema
- EtBr, ethidium bromide
- F, phenylalanine
- H & E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H, histidine
- I, isoleucine
- K, lysine
- L, leucine
- LAT1
- Lat1, L-type amino acid transporter 1
- Leucine
- M, methionine
- Mad1, Max dimerization protein 1
- N, asparagine
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- R, argnine
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S, serine
- T, threonine
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Tat1, tyrosine and tryptophan amino acid transporter 1
- V, valine
- W, tryptophan
- Y, tyrosine
- YCM, yeast complete media
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Bannhi Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Tanusree Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Kaushik K Panda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Arnab Maiti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Srimonti Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Alok K Sil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India
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222
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Fallica J, Boyer L, Kim B, Serebreni L, Varela L, Hamdan O, Wang L, Simms T, Damarla M, Kolb TM, Bucala R, Mitzner W, Hassoun PM, Damico R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a novel determinant of cigarette smoke-induced lung damage. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:94-103. [PMID: 24490973 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0371oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), including emphysema. CS exposure impacts all cell types within the airways and lung parenchyma, causing alveolar tissue destruction through four mechanisms: (1) oxidative stress; (2) inflammation; (3) protease-induced degradation of the extracellular matrix; and (4) enhanced alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Studies in human pulmonary ECs demonstrate that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) antagonizes CS-induced apoptosis. Here, we used human microvascular ECs, an animal model of emphysema (mice challenged with chronic CS), and patient serum samples to address both the capacity of CS to alter MIF expression and the effects of MIF on disease severity. We demonstrate significantly reduced serum MIF levels in patients with COPD. In the murine model, chronic CS exposure resulted in decreased MIF mRNA and protein expression in the intact lung. MIF deficiency (Mif(-/-)) potentiated the toxicity of CS exposure in vivo via increased apoptosis of ECs, resulting in enhanced CS-induced tissue remodeling. This was linked to MIF's capacity to protect against double-stranded DNA damage and suppress p53 expression. Taken together, MIF appears to antagonize CS-induced toxicity in the lung and resultant emphysematous tissue remodeling by suppressing EC DNA damage and controlling p53-mediated apoptosis, highlighting a critical role of MIF in EC homeostasis within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fallica
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Human CD56+ cytotoxic lung lymphocytes kill autologous lung cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103840. [PMID: 25078269 PMCID: PMC4117545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD56+ natural killer (NK) and CD56+ T cells, from sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more cytotoxic to highly susceptible NK targets than those from control subjects. Whether the same is true in lung parenchyma, and if NK activity actually contributes to emphysema progression are unknown. To address these questions, we performed two types of experiments on lung tissue from clinically-indicated resections (n = 60). First, we used flow cytometry on fresh single-cell suspension to measure expression of cell-surface molecules (CD56, CD16, CD8, NKG2D and NKp44) on lung lymphocytes and of the 6D4 epitope common to MICA and MICB on lung epithelial (CD326+) cells. Second, we sequentially isolated CD56+, CD8+ and CD4+ lung lymphocytes, co-cultured each with autologous lung target cells, then determined apoptosis of individual target cells using Annexin-V and 7-AAD staining. Lung NK cells (CD56+ CD3-) and CD56+ T cells (CD56+ CD3+) were present in a range of frequencies that did not differ significantly between smokers without COPD and subjects with COPD. Lung NK cells had a predominantly "cytotoxic" CD56+ CD16+ phenotype; their co-expression of CD8 was common, but the percentage expressing CD8 fell as FEV1 % predicted decreased. Greater expression by autologous lung epithelial cells of the NKG2D ligands, MICA/MICB, but not expression by lung CD56+ cells of the activating receptor NKG2D, correlated inversely with FEV1 % predicted. Lung CD56+ lymphocytes, but not CD4+ or CD8+ conventional lung T cells, rapidly killed autologous lung cells without additional stimulation. Such natural cytotoxicity was increased in subjects with severe COPD and was unexplained in multiple regression analysis by age or cancer as indication for surgery. These data show that as spirometry worsens in COPD, CD56+ lung lymphocytes exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity of autologous structural lung cells, supporting their potential role in emphysema progression. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00281229.
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Effect of the Zataria multiflora on systemic inflammation of experimental animals model of COPD. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:802189. [PMID: 25013803 PMCID: PMC4071971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/802189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on systemic inflammation in guinea pigs model of COPD were examined. Control animals, COPD (induced by exposing animals to cigarette smoke), COPD + drinking water containing three concentrations of the extract of Z. multiflora, and COPD + dexamethasone were studied (n = 6 for each group). Serum levels of IL-8 and malondialdehyde (MDA), total blood WBC (P < 0.01 for all cases), and eosinophil counts (P < 0.05) were higher and weight changes (P < 0.05) were lower in the COPD group compared to controls. IL-8 level (P < 0.001) and weight changes (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) in all treated groups with Z. multiflora and total WBC number and MDA level in treated groups with two higher concentrations of the extract and lymphocytes percentage (P < 0.05) in the highest concentration of Z. multiflora and dexamethasone (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) were significantly improved compared to the COPD group. Results showed a preventive effect of hydroethanolic extract from Z. multiflora on all measured parameters in animals model of COPD which was comparable or even higher (in the highest concentration) compared to the effect of dexamethasone at the concentration used.
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225
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Gogebakan B, Bayraktar R, Ulaslı M, Oztuzcu S, Tasdemir D, Bayram H. The role of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5321-7. [PMID: 24871992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increased airway inflammation in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and it has been suggested that there may also be problem in the apoptosis and renewal of cells. However, there are limited human airway cell studies, in particular those from larger airways such as bronchi. We cultured primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from bronchial explants of smokers (n = 6) without COPD and smokers with COPD (n = 8). Apoptosis was studied by fluorescence activated cell sorting. qRT-PCR was used to assess mRNA expression for proteins involving apoptosis including p21(CIP1/WAF1), p53, caspase-8 and caspase-9. Although there was no difference in the rate of viable cells between cells from smokers and COPDs, the level of early apoptotic cells was significantly increased in COPD cells [mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) = 4.86 ± 3.2 %, p = 0.015] as compared to smokers (mean ± SEM = 2.71 ± 1.62 %). In contrast, the rate of late apoptotic cells was significantly decreased in COPD cells (mean ± SEM = 9.82 ± 5.71 %) comparing to smokers (mean ± SEM = 15.21 ± 5.08 %, p = 0.003). Although expression of mRNA for p21(CIP1/WAF1) and caspase-9 was similar in both groups, p53 and caspase-8 mRNA expression was significantly greater in COPD cells. These findings suggest that HBEC apoptosis is increased in COPD, and that this involves p53 and caspase-8 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gogebakan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, 31034, Hatay, Turkey,
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226
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Structure-activity association of flavonoids in lung diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:3570-95. [PMID: 24662074 PMCID: PMC6271797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds classified into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and chalcones according to their chemical structures. They are abundantly found in Nature and over 8,000 flavonoids have from different sources, mainly plant materials, have been described. Recently reports have shown the valuable effects of flavonoids as antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents and interest in these compounds has been increasing since they can be helpful to human health. Several mechanisms of action are involved in the biological properties of flavonoids such as free radical scavenging, transition metal ion chelation, activation of survival genes and signaling pathways, regulation of mitochondrial function and modulation of inflammatory responses. The anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids have been described in a number of studies in the literature, but not frequently associated to respiratory disease. Thus, this review aims to discuss the effects of different flavonoids in the control of lung inflammation in some disorders such as asthma, lung emphysema and acute respiratory distress syndrome and the possible mechanisms of action, as well as establish some structure-activity relationships between this biological potential and chemical profile of these compounds.
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227
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Comer DM, Elborn JS, Ennis M. Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of acrolein, nicotine, acetylaldehyde and cigarette smoke extract on human nasal epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:32. [PMID: 24581246 PMCID: PMC3945717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke induces a pro-inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells but it is not clear which of the various chemicals contained within cigarette smoke (CS) should be regarded as predominantly responsible for these effects. We hypothesised that acrolein, nicotine and acetylaldehyde, important chemicals contained within volatile cigarette smoke in terms of inducing inflammation and causing addiction, have immunomodulatory effects in primary nasal epithelial cell cultures (PNECs). METHODS PNECs from 19 healthy subjects were grown in submerged cultures and were incubated with acrolein, nicotine or acetylaldehyde prior to stimulation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (PA LPS). Experiments were repeated using cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for comparison. IL-8 was measured by ELISA, activation of NF-κB by ELISA and Western blotting, and caspase-3 activity by Western blotting. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin-V staining and the terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS CSE was pro-inflammatory after a 24 h exposure and 42% of cells were apoptotic or necrotic after this exposure time. Acrolein was pro-inflammatory for the PNEC cultures (30 μM exposure for 4 h inducing a 2.0 fold increase in IL-8 release) and also increased IL-8 release after stimulation with PA LPS. In contrast, nicotine had anti-inflammatory properties (0.6 fold IL-8 release after 50 μM exposure to nicotine for 24 h), and acetylaldehyde was without effect. Acrolein and nicotine had cellular stimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects respectively, as determined by NF-κB activation. Both chemicals increased levels of cleaved caspase 3 and induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Acrolein is pro-inflammatory and nicotine anti-inflammatory in PNEC cultures. CSE induces cell death predominantly by apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Comer
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Joseph Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Respiratory Department, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Madeleine Ennis
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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228
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Ruwanpura SM, McLeod L, Brooks GD, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R, Longano A, Bardin PG, Anderson GP, Jenkins BJ. IL-6/Stat3-driven pulmonary inflammation, but not emphysema, is dependent on interleukin-17A in mice. Respirology 2014; 19:419-27. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saleela M. Ruwanpura
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Louise McLeod
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Gavin D. Brooks
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Anthony Longano
- Pathology; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Philip G. Bardin
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Monash Medical Centre; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Gary P. Anderson
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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229
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Zhai R, Yu X, Shafer A, Wain JC, Christiani DC. The impact of coexisting COPD on survival of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer undergoing surgical resection. Chest 2014; 145:346-353. [PMID: 24008835 PMCID: PMC3913301 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is a recognized risk factor for lung cancer, but studies of coexisting COPD in relation to lung cancer outcomes are limited. We assessed the impact of COPD on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Patients (N = 902) with early-stage (stage IA-IIB) NSCLC treated with surgical resection were retrospectively analyzed. The association of self-reported, physician-diagnosed COPD with survivals of NSCLC was assessed using the log-rank and Cox regression models, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, stages, and performance status. RESULTS Among this cohort of patients with NSCLC, 330 cases had physician-diagnosed COPD, and 572 did not have COPD. The 5-year OS in patients with COPD (54.4%) was significantly lower (P = .0002) than that in patients without COPD (69.0%). The 5-year PFS rates for patients with COPD and without COPD were 50.1% and 60.6%, respectively (P = .007). Compared with patients without COPD, patients with COPD had increased risk of worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj] = 1.41, P = .002) and PFS (HRadj = 1.67, P = .003). The associations between COPD and worse survival outcomes were stronger in men and in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). CONCLUSIONS Coexisting COPD is associated with worse survival outcomes in patients with early-stage NSCLC, particularly for men and for SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihong Zhai
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Andrea Shafer
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John C Wain
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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230
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Wang X, Li W, Liu W, Cai B, Cheng T, Gao C, Mo L, Yang H, Chang L. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms as major risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a Chinese Han population. Gene 2014; 533:48-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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231
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Peng H, Yang M, Chen ZY, Chen P, Guan CX, Xiang XD, Cai S, Chen Y, Fang X. Expression and methylation of mitochondrial transcription factor a in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82739. [PMID: 24367550 PMCID: PMC3867397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and this process can be regulated by mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA). Epigenetics is involved in the regulation and modification of the genes involved in lung cancer and COPD. In this study, we determined the expression of mtTFA and its methylation levels in the COPD patients with lung cancer. Methods Twenty-one squamous cell lung cancer patients, 11 with COPD and 10 without COPD, undergoing pneumonectomy were enrolled. The apoptotic index (AI) of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells was analyzed by transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling assay. The expression of mtTFA mRNA and protein was measured using PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western-blot. Methylation of the mtTFA promoter was detected using bisulfite sequencing PCR. Results Compared to the non-COPD group, the AI was higher, and expression of mtTFA mRNA and protein was lower in the COPD group (P<0.001). Expression of the mtTFA protein was positively correlated with FEV1/Pre (r = 0.892, P<0.001), and negatively correlated with AI (r = −0.749, P<0.001) and smoke index (r = −0.763, P<0.001). Percentage of mtTFA promoter methylation in the COPD patients was significantly higher compared to the non-COPD patients (P<0.05). Conclusion These results suggest that the expression of mtTFA mRNA and protein is down-regulated in the lung tissue from the COPD patients with squamous cell lung cancer, and the level of mtTFA protein is related to apoptosis of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Aberrant mtTFA methylation may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China ; Human Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhi-yong Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Cha-xiang Guan
- Physiological Research Center, Xiangya Medical School of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xu-dong Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shan Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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232
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Park YC, Jin M, Kim SH, Kim MH, Namgung U, Yeo Y. Effects of inhalable microparticle of flower of Lonicera japonica in a mouse model of COPD. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:123-130. [PMID: 24211495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Flower of Lonicera japonica (FLJ) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used in East Asia as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. The purpose of this study is to develop an inhalable powder formulation of FLJ and to evaluate its biological effects in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Inhalable dry powder containing FLJ was produced by spray-drying with leucine as an excipient. Its aerodynamic properties and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using the Anderson cascade impactor (ACI) and a mouse model of COPD, respectively. RESULTS FLJ microparticle (FLJmp) had a hollow spherical shape in electron microscopy and showed aerodynamic properties suitable for inhalation (fine particle fraction of 54.0 ± 4.68% and mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.6 ± 0.34μm). FLJmp decreased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In mice challenged with LPS and cigarette smoke solution (CSS) to develop COPD, FLJmp decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar fluidas well as the number of inflammatory cells including neutrophils in peripheral blood. In addition, FLJmp induced recovery of elastin and collagen distribution, reduction of caspase-3 expression in lung tissues of COPD mice. CONCLUSIONS Inhalational delivery of FLJ using a microparticle system is a promising strategy for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chun Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Mirim Jin
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyung Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Uk Namgung
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea; East-West Biological Science Institute, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongwun-dong, Daejeon 300-716, South Korea
| | - Yoon Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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233
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Suki B, Sato S, Parameswaran H, Szabari MV, Takahashi A, Bartolák-Suki E. Emphysema and mechanical stress-induced lung remodeling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2013; 28:404-13. [PMID: 24186935 PMCID: PMC3858211 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transpulmonary pressure and the mechanical stresses of breathing modulate many essential cell functions in the lung via mechanotransduction. We review how mechanical factors could influence the pathogenesis of emphysema. Although the progression of emphysema has been linked to mechanical rupture, little is known about how these stresses alter lung remodeling. We present possible new directions and an integrated multiscale view that may prove useful in finding solutions for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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234
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Janssen WJ, Yunt ZX, Muldrow A, Kearns MT, Kloepfer A, Barthel L, Bratton DL, Bowler RP, Henson PM. Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells are decreased in COPD. COPD 2013; 11:277-89. [PMID: 24182349 DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2013.841668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bone marrow derived progenitor cells participate in the repair of injured vessels. The lungs of individuals with emphysema have reduced alveolar capillary density and increased endothelial apoptosis. We hypothesized that circulating levels of endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells would be reduced in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to measure circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in subjects with COPD and to determine if progenitor levels correlated with disease severity and the presence of emphysema. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 61 patients with COPD and 32 control subjects. Levels of EPCs (CD45(dim) CD34+) and HPCs (CD45(+) CD34(+) VEGF-R2(+)) were quantified using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Progenitor cell function was assessed using cell culture assays. All subjects were evaluated with spirometry and CT scanning. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS HPC levels were reduced in subjects with COPD compared to controls, whereas circulating EPC levels were similar between the two groups. HPC levels correlated with severity of obstruction and were lowest in subjects with severe emphysema. These associations remained after correction for factors known to affect progenitor cell levels including age, smoking status, the use of statin medications and the presence of coronary artery disease. The ability of mononuclear cells to form endothelial cell colony forming units (EC-CFU) was also reduced in subjects with COPD. CONCLUSIONS HPC levels are reduced in subjects with COPD and correlate with emphysema phenotype and severity of obstruction. Reduction of HPCs may disrupt maintenance of the capillary endothelium, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Janssen
- 1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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235
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Non-essential role for TLR2 and its signaling adaptor Mal/TIRAP in preserving normal lung architecture in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78095. [PMID: 24205107 PMCID: PMC3812132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and MyD88-adaptor like (Mal)/Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) play a critical role in transducing signals downstream of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. While genetic ablation of the TLR4/MyD88 signaling axis in mice leads to pulmonary cell death and oxidative stress culminating in emphysema, the involvement of Mal, as well as TLR2 which like TLR4 also signals via MyD88 and Mal, in the pathogenesis of emphysema has not been studied. By employing an in vivo genetic approach, we reveal here that unlike the spontaneous pulmonary emphysema which developed in Tlr4−/− mice by 6 months of age, the lungs of Tlr2−/− mice showed no physiological or morphological signs of emphysema. A more detailed comparative analysis of the lungs from these mice confirmed that elevated oxidative protein carbonylation levels and increased numbers of alveolar cell apoptosis were only detected in Tlr4−/− mice, along with up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 3 (Nox3) mRNA expression. With respect to Mal, the architecture of the lungs of Mal−/− mice was normal. However, despite normal oxidative protein carbonylation levels in the lungs of emphysema-free Mal−/− mice, these mice displayed increased levels of apoptosis comparable to those observed in emphysematous Tlr4−/− mice. In conclusion, our data provide in vivo evidence for the non-essential role for TLR2, unlike the related TLR4, in maintaining the normal architecture of the lung. In addition, we reveal that Mal differentially facilitates the anti-apoptotic, but not oxidant suppressive, activities of TLR4 in the lung, both of which appear to be essential for TLR4 to prevent the onset of emphysema.
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236
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Heo JS, Park JS, Lee EJ, Kim TH, Jang AS, Park SW, Kim JN, Kim YG, Uh ST, Choi JS, Na JO, Kim YH, Jeong SH, Kim YB, Kim SR, Park CS. Retinoic acid receptor alpha: One of plasma biomarkers associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2013; 11:152-62. [DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2013.828028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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237
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Chang Y, Al-Alwan L, Audusseau S, Chouiali F, Carlevaro-Fita J, Iwakura Y, Baglole CJ, Eidelman DH, Hamid Q. Genetic deletion of IL-17A reduces cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and alveolar type II cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L132-43. [PMID: 24097560 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00111.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disorder marked by relative resistance to steroids. Inflammation and apoptosis have been suggested to be important mechanisms for COPD. Interleukin (IL)-17 superfamily has been associated with chronic inflammation and diminished responses to steroids. It is reasonable to consider that IL-17 may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD. In this study, we examined IL-17 expression in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and investigated the contribution of IL-17 to CS-induced inflammation and alveolar cell apoptosis in IL-17(-/-) mice. After exposing wild-type and IL-17(-/-) mice to mainstream CS for 4 wk, IL-17A, but not IL-17F, expression was increased in mice upon CS exposure. Neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of IL-17(-/-) mice was significantly decreased. In IL-17(-/-) mice, there is reduced expression of IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-12 compared with wild-type mice after CS exposure. The number of apoptotic type II alveolar cells was significantly increased in CS-exposed wild-type mice but not in IL-17(-/-) mice. The effect of IL-17A on type II alveolar cell apoptosis was confirmed in vitro through either addition of IL-17A or transient knockdown of IL-17A by small-interfering RNA transfection in type II alveolar cells. These findings suggest that IL-17A plays an important role in the inflammatory response to CS exposure through increased multiple inflammatory mediators. Moreover, IL-17 may also contribute to type II alveolar cell apoptosis. This study opens a new option in targeting IL-17A to modulate inflammatory response to CS and may be the bases for new therapy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, Dept. of Medicine McGill Univ., 3626 rue St. Urbain, Montreal, QC, Canada H2X 2P2.
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Mimae T, Hagiyama M, Inoue T, Yoneshige A, Kato T, Okada M, Murakami Y, Ito A. Increased ectodomain shedding of lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule 1 as a cause of increased alveolar cell apoptosis in emphysema. Thorax 2013; 69:223-31. [PMID: 24092566 PMCID: PMC3933066 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and protease/antiprotease imbalance based proteolysis play central roles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema but molecular mechanisms underlying these two events are not yet clearly understood. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is a lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily. It generates two membrane associated C terminal fragments (CTFs), αCTF and βCTF, through protease mediated ectodomain shedding. Objective To explore the hypothesis that more CADM1-CTFs are generated in emphysematous lungs through enhanced ectodomain shedding, and cause increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells. Methods and results Western blot analyses revealed that CADM1-CTFs increased in human emphysematous lungs in association with increased ectodomain shedding. Increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells in emphysematous lungs was confirmed by terminal nucleotide nick end labelling (TUNEL) assays. NCI-H441 lung epithelial cells expressing mature CADM1 but not CTFs were induced to express αCTF both endogenously (by shedding inducers phorbol ester and trypsin) and exogenously (by transfection). Cell fractionation, immunofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potentiometric JC-1 dye labelling and TUNEL assays revealed that CADM1-αCTF was localised to mitochondria where it decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cell apoptosis. A mutation in the intracytoplasmic domain abrogated all three abilities of αCTF. Conclusions CADM1 ectodomain shedding appeared to cause alveolar cell apoptosis in emphysematous lungs by producing αCTF that accumulated in mitochondria. These data link proteolysis to apoptosis, which are two landmark events in emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mimae
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, , Hiroshima, Japan
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Ceramides: a potential therapeutic target in pulmonary emphysema. Respir Res 2013; 14:96. [PMID: 24083966 PMCID: PMC3851206 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this manuscript was to characterize airway ceramide profiles in a rodent model of elastase-induced emphysema and to examine the effect of pharmacological intervention directed towards ceramide metabolism. Methods Adult mice were anesthetized and treated with an intratracheal instillation of elastase. Lung function was measured, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid collected and histological and morphometrical analysis of lung tissue performed within 3 weeks after elastase injection, with and without sphingomyelinase inhibitors or serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor. Ceramides in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Results BAL fluid showed a transient increase in total protein and IgM, and activated macrophages and neutrophils. Ceramides were transiently upregulated at day 2 after elastase treatment. Histology showed persistent patchy alveolar destruction at day 2 after elastase installation. Acid and neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors had no effect on BAL ceramide levels, lung function or histology. Addition of a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor ameliorated lung function changes and reduced ceramides in BAL. Conclusions Ceramides were increased during the acute inflammatory phase of elastase-induced lung injury. Since addition of a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor diminished the rise in ceramides and ameliorated lung function, ceramides likely contributed to the early phase of alveolar destruction and are a potential therapeutic target in the elastase model of lung emphysema.
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Grau M, Barr RG, Lima JA, Hoffman EA, Bluemke DA, Carr JJ, Chahal H, Enright PL, Jain A, Prince MR, Kawut SM. Percent emphysema and right ventricular structure and function: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis-Lung and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis-Right Ventricle Studies. Chest 2013; 144:136-144. [PMID: 23450302 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COPD can lead to cor pulmonale and emphysema and is associated with impaired left ventricular (LV) filling. We evaluated whether emphysema and airflow obstruction would be associated with changes in right ventricular (RV) structure and function and whether these associations would differ by smoking status. METHODS The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) performed cardiac MRI on 5,098 participants without clinical cardiovascular disease aged 45 to 84 years. RV and emphysema measures were available for 4,188 participants. Percent emphysema was defined as the percentage of voxels below -910 Hounsfield units in the lung windows on cardiac CT scans. Generalized additive models were used to control for confounders and adjust for respective LV parameters. RESULTS Participants consisted of 13% current smokers, 36% former smokers, and 52% never smokers. Percent emphysema was inversely associated with RV end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, cardiac output, and mass prior to adjustment for LV measures. After adjustment for LV end-diastolic volume, greater percent emphysema was associated with greater RV end-diastolic volume (+1.5 mL, P=.03) among current smokers, smaller RV end-diastolic volume (-0.8 mL, P=.02) among former smokers, and similar changes among never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Percent emphysema was associated with smaller RV volumes and lower mass. The relationship of emphysema to cardiac function is complex but likely involves increased pulmonary vascular resistance, predominantly with reduced cardiac output, pulmonary hyperinflation, and accelerated cardiopulmonary aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grau
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Joao A Lima
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | - Harjit Chahal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Aditya Jain
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin R Prince
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Steven M Kawut
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Zhou Y, Kang MJ, Jha BK, Silverman RH, Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of ribonuclease L in viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern/influenza virus and cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2637-46. [PMID: 23913960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and viral infection play an important role(s) in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a variety of other disorders. A variety of lines of evidence suggest that this interaction induces exaggerated inflammatory, cytokine, and tissue remodeling responses. We hypothesized that the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L system, an innate immune antiviral pathway, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these exaggerated responses. To test this hypothesis, we characterize the activation of 2'-5' OAS in lungs from mice exposed to CS and viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)/live virus, alone and in combination. We also evaluated the inflammatory and remodeling responses induced by CS and virus/viral PAMPs in lungs from RNase L null and wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that CS and viral PAMPs/live virus interact in a synergistic manner to stimulate the production of select OAS moieties. They also demonstrate that RNase L plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the exaggerated inflammatory, fibrotic, emphysematous, apoptotic, TGF-β1, and type I IFN responses induced by CS plus virus/viral PAMP in combination. These studies demonstrate that CS is an important regulator of antiviral innate immunity, highlight novel roles of RNase L in CS plus virus induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, apoptosis, and cytokine elaboration and highlight pathways that may be operative in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistically related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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242
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Romo1 expression contributes to oxidative stress-induced death of lung epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:315-20. [PMID: 23867822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant-mediated death of lung epithelial cells due to cigarette smoking plays an important role in pathogenesis in lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the exact mechanism by which oxidants induce epithelial cell death is not fully understood. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulator 1 (Romo1) is localized in the mitochondria and mediates mitochondrial ROS production through complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Here, we show that Romo1 mediates mitochondrial ROS production and apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased Romo1 expression, and Romo1 knockdown suppressed the cellular ROS levels and cell death triggered by H2O2 treatment. In immunohistochemical staining of lung tissues from patients with IPF, Romo1 was mainly localized in hyperplastic alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells. Romo1 overexpression was detected in 14 of 18 patients with IPF. TUNEL-positive alveolar epithelial cells were also detected in most patients with IPF but not in normal controls. These findings suggest that Romo1 mediates apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells.
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243
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Kim BS, Serebreni L, Hamdan O, Wang L, Parniani A, Sussan T, Scott Stephens R, Boyer L, Damarla M, Hassoun PM, Damico R. Xanthine oxidoreductase is a critical mediator of cigarette smoke-induced endothelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:336-46. [PMID: 23380026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is unquestionably the most frequent cause of emphysema in the United States. Accelerated pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis is an early determinant of lung destruction in emphysema. One of the pathogenic causes of emphysema is an alveolar oxidant and antioxidant imbalance. The enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been shown to be a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a multitude of diseases (S. Sakao et al., FASEB J.21, 3640-3652; 2007). The contribution of XOR to CS-induced apoptosis is not well defined. Here we demonstrate that C57/bl6 mice exposed to CS have increased pulmonary XOR activity and protein levels compared to filtered-air-exposed controls. In addition, we demonstrate that primary pulmonary human lung microvascular endothelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract undergo increased rates of caspase-dependent apoptosis that are reliant on XOR activity, ROS production, and p53 function/expression. We also demonstrate that exogenous XOR is sufficient to increase p53 expression and induce apoptosis, suggesting that XOR is an upstream mediator of p53 in CS-induced EC apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that XOR activation results in DNA double-strand breaks that activate the enzyme ataxia telangiectasia mutated, which phosphorylates histone H2AX and upregulates p53. In conclusion, CS increases XOR expression, and the enzyme is both sufficient and necessary for p53 induction and CS-induced EC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo S Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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244
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Yamauchi J, Kumar A, Duarte L, Mehuron T, Girgenrath M. Triggering regeneration and tackling apoptosis: a combinatorial approach to treating congenital muscular dystrophy type 1 A. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:4306-17. [PMID: 23773998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the laminin-α2 gene (OMIM: 607855). Currently, no treatment other than palliative care exists for this disease. In our previous work, genetic interventions in the Lama2(Dy-w) mouse model for MDC1A demonstrated that limited regeneration and uncontrolled apoptosis are important drivers of this disease. However, targeting one of these disease drivers without addressing the other results in only partial rescue of the phenotype. The present study was designed to determine whether utilizing a combinatorial treatment approach can lead to a more profound amelioration of the disease pathology. To accomplish this task, we generated Bax-null Lama2(Dy-w)mice that overexpressed muscle-specific IGF-1 (Lama2(Dy-w)Bax(-/-)+IGF-1tg). Further to test the translational potential of IGF-1 administration in combination with Bax inhibition, we treated Lama2(Dy-w)Bax(-/-) mice postnatally with systemic recombinant human IGF-1 (IPLEX™). These two combinatorial treatments lead to similar, promising outcomes. In addition to increased body and muscle weights, both transgenic overexpression and systemic administration of IGF-1 combined with Bax-inhibition resulted in improved muscle phenotype and locomotory function that were nearly indistinguishable from wild-type mice. These results provide a fundamental proof of concept that justifies the use of a combination therapy as an effective treatment for MDC1A and highlights a compelling argument toward shifting the paradigm in treating multifaceted neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Yamauchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ricciardolo FLM, Sabatini F, Sorbello V, Benedetto S, Defilippi I, Petecchia L, Usai C, Gnemmi I, Balbi B, De Rose V, Ten Hacken NHT, Postma DS, Timens W, Di Stefano A. Expression of vascular remodelling markers in relation to bradykinin receptors in asthma and COPD. Thorax 2013; 68:803-11. [PMID: 23739138 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular remodelling plays a central role in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bradykinin (BK) is a vasoactive proinflammatory peptide mediating acute responses in asthma. We investigated the role of angiogenic factors in relation to BK receptors in asthma and COPD. METHODS Bronchial biopsies from 33 patients with COPD, 24 old (≥50 years) patients with (≥50 years) asthma, 18 old control smokers, 11 old control non-smokers, 15 young (≤40yrs) patients with (≤40 years) asthma and 10 young control non-smokers were immunostained for CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), angiogenin and BK receptors (B2R and B1R). Fibroblast and endothelial co-localisation of relevant molecules were performed by immunofluorescence. BK-induced VEGF-A and angiogenin release was studied (ELISA) in bronchial fibroblasts from subjects with asthma and COPD. RESULTS In bronchial lamina propria of old patients with asthma, CD31 and VEGF-A(+) cell numbers were higher than old control non-smokers (p<0.05). Angiogenin(+), B2R(+) and B1R(+) cell numbers in old patients with asthma were higher than in old control non-smokers, control smokers and patients with COPD (p<0.01). Angiogenin(+) cell numbers were higher in patients with COPD than both old control groups (p<0.05). In all patients with asthma the number of B2R(+) cells was positively related to the numbers of B1R(+) (rs=0.43), angiogenin(+) (rs=0.42) and CD31 cells (rs=0.46) (p<0.01). Angiogenin(+) cell numbers were negatively related to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (rs=-0.415, p=0.008). Double immunofluorescence revealed that CD31 cells of capillary vessels coexpressed B2R and that fibroblasts coexpressed B2R, VEGF-A and angiogenin. BK (10(-6)M) induced significant angiogenin release in fibroblasts from asthma and to a lesser extent in COPD. CONCLUSIONS Unlike COPD, this study suggests the involvement of BK receptors in bronchial vascular remodelling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, A.O.U. San Luigi Hospital, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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Lee KH, Yoo CG. Simultaneous inactivation of GSK-3β suppresses quercetin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L782-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00348.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a ubiquitous bioactive plant flavonoid, has shown to exert a broad range of activities, such as apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, flavonoids can mediate both cell protection and cell injury. Recently, quercetin has been reported to prevent the progression of emphysema in animal models through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. These findings suggest that quercetin could be a potential treatment option for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Its clinical application, however, could be limited by the cytotoxicity of quercetin, and understanding of the apoptotic mechanisms of quercetin is a prerequisite to develop a therapeutic strategy with minimal cytotoxicity. We evaluated the apoptotic effect of quercetin and its molecular mechanisms in normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells). Quercetin decreased the viability of BEAS-2B cells via apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Quercetin activated JNK and increased the expression levels of c-Jun and p53-dependent Bax. Blockade of JNK activation by overexpression of dominant negative JNK1 suppressed apoptosis by quercetin via inhibition of caspase-3 activation and reduction of p53 and Bax expression. Simultaneously, quercetin inactivated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, which is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt dependent. Overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant enhanced quercetin-induced JNK activation. In contrast, overexpression of enzymatically inert GSK-3β inhibited JNK activation, resulting in a suppression of apoptosis by quercetin. Taken together, the JNK-p53 pathway is involved in quercetin-induced apoptosis, and simultaneous inactivation of GSK-3β can attenuate apoptosis in normal bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Hee Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; and Lung Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; and Lung Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sohal SS, Reid D, Soltani A, Weston S, Muller HK, Wood-Baker R, Walters EH. Changes in airway histone deacetylase2 in smokers and COPD with inhaled corticosteroids: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64833. [PMID: 23717666 PMCID: PMC3661479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of HDAC2 is reported as reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We assessed HDAC2 expression within the airways of smokers and subjects with COPD and effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), using immuno-histology to contrast with previous molecular methodology. Endobronchial biopsies (ebb) from current smokers with COPD (COPD-CS; n = 15), ex-smokers with COPD (COPD-ES; n = 17), smokers with normal lung function (NS; n = 16) and normal controls (NC; n = 9) were immunostained for HDAC2. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled 6 months intervention study assessed effects of ICS on HDAC2 in 34 COPD subjects. There was no difference in epithelial HDAC2 staining in all groups. There was a significant reduction in total cell numbers in the lamina propria (LP) in COPD-CS and NS (p<0.05). LP cellularity correlated inversely with smoking history in COPD-CS (R = −0.8, p<0.003). HDAC2 expression increased markedly in NS (p<0.001); in contrast COPD-CS was associated with suppressed signal (p<0.03), while normal in COPD-ES. ICS did not affect HDAC2 cell staining. Our findings suggest that airway HDAC2 expression is increased in the LP by smoking itself, but is reduced in COPD. Ex-smokers have normalised HDAC2 cell expression, but ICS had no effect. The paper emphasise the pit-falls of relying on molecular data alone to define airway changes. Clinical Trial Registration Information: Name of registry The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) Registry number ACTRN12612001111864
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Respiratory Disease, University of Tasmania School of Medicine, Hobart, Australia.
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Replacements of rare herbs and simplifications of traditional chinese medicine formulae based on attribute similarities and pathway enrichment analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:136732. [PMID: 23533462 PMCID: PMC3594946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/136732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula is a collection of several herbs. TCM formulae have been used to treat various diseases for several thousand years. However, wide usage of TCM formulae has results in rapid decline of some rare herbs. So it is urgent to find common available replacements for those rare herbs with the similar effects. In addition, a formula can be simplified by reducing herbs with unchanged effects. Based on this consideration, we propose a method, called "formula pair," to replace the rare herbs and simplify TCM formulae. We show its reasonableness from a perspective of pathway enrichment analysis. Both the replacements of rare herbs and simplifications of formulae provide new approaches for a new formula discovery. We demonstrate our approach by replacing a rare herb "Forsythia suspensa" in the formula "the seventh of Sang Ju Yin plus/minus herbs (SSJY)" with a common herb "Thunberg Fritillary Bulb" and simplifying two formulae, "the fifth of Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang plus/minus herbs (FDHJST)" and "Fang Feng Tang" (FFT) to a new formula "Fang Feng Du Huo Tang" (FFDHT).
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Weng T, Karmouty-Quintana H, Garcia-Morales LJ, Molina JG, Pedroza M, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Seethamraju H, Blackburn MR. Hypoxia-induced deoxycytidine kinase expression contributes to apoptosis in chronic lung disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:2013-26. [PMID: 23392349 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent inflammation and tissue remodeling and is a leading cause of death in the United States. Increased apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells is thought to play a role in COPD development and progression. Identification of signaling pathways resulting in increased apoptosis in COPD can be used in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Deoxyadenosine (dAdo) is a DNA breakdown product that amplifies lymphocyte apoptosis by being phosphorylated to deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP). dAdo is maintained at low levels by adenosine deaminase (ADA). This study demonstrated that mice lacking ADA developed COPD manifestations in association with elevated dAdo and dATP levels and increased apoptosis in the lung. Deoxycitidine kinase (DCK), a major enzyme for dAdo phosphorylation, was up-regulated in mouse and human airway epithelial cells in association with air-space enlargement. Hypoxia was identified as a novel regulator of DCK, and inhibition of DCK resulted in diminished dAdo-mediated apoptosis in the lungs. Our results suggest that activating the dAdo-DCK-dATP pathway directly results in increased apoptosis in the lungs of mice with air-space enlargement and suggests a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137:251-69. [PMID: 23563369 PMCID: PMC3657849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of physiologically defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults aged >40 yr is approximately 9-10 per cent. Recently, the Indian Study on Epidemiology of Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Chronic Bronchitis in Adults had shown that the overall prevalence of chronic bronchitis in adults >35 yr is 3.49 per cent. The development of COPD is multifactorial and the risk factors of COPD include genetic and environmental factors. Pathological changes in COPD are observed in central airways, small airways and alveolar space. The proposed pathogenesis of COPD includes proteinase-antiproteinase hypothesis, immunological mechanisms, oxidant-antioxidant balance, systemic inflammation, apoptosis and ineffective repair. Airflow limitation in COPD is defined as a postbronchodilator FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec) to FVC (forced vital capacity) ratio <0.70. COPD is characterized by an accelerated decline in FEV1. Co morbidities associated with COPD are cardiovascular disorders (coronary artery disease and chronic heart failure), hypertension, metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity), bone disease (osteoporosis and osteopenia), stroke, lung cancer, cachexia, skeletal muscle weakness, anaemia, depression and cognitive decline. The assessment of COPD is required to determine the severity of the disease, its impact on the health status and the risk of future events (e.g., exacerbations, hospital admissions or death) and this is essential to guide therapy. COPD is treated with inhaled bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral theophylline and oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. Non pharmacological treatment of COPD includes smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation and nutritional support. Lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation are advised in selected severe patients. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease guidelines recommend influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations.
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