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Hay JR, Johnson VE, Young AM, Smith DH, Stewart W. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Is an Early Event That May Persist for Many Years After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/74.12.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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202
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Sedeyn JC, Wu H, Hobbs RD, Levin EC, Nagele RG, Venkataraman V. Histamine Induces Alzheimer's Disease-Like Blood Brain Barrier Breach and Local Cellular Responses in Mouse Brain Organotypic Cultures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:937148. [PMID: 26697497 PMCID: PMC4677161 DOI: 10.1155/2015/937148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the top ten causes of death in the United States, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the only one that cannot be cured, prevented, or even slowed down at present. Significant efforts have been exerted in generating model systems to delineate the mechanism as well as establishing platforms for drug screening. In this study, a promising candidate model utilizing primary mouse brain organotypic (MBO) cultures is reported. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the MBO cultures exhibit increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability as shown by IgG leakage into the brain parenchyma, astrocyte activation as evidenced by increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuronal damage-response as suggested by increased vimentin-positive neurons occur upon histamine treatment. Identical responses-a breakdown of the BBB, astrocyte activation, and neuronal expression of vimentin-were then demonstrated in brains from AD patients compared to age-matched controls, consistent with other reports. Thus, the histamine-treated MBO culture system may provide a valuable tool in combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Sedeyn
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Reilly D. Hobbs
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Eli C. Levin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Robert G. Nagele
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Venkat Venkataraman
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Currais A, Goldberg J, Farrokhi C, Chang M, Prior M, Dargusch R, Daugherty D, Armando A, Quehenberger O, Maher P, Schubert D. A comprehensive multiomics approach toward understanding the relationship between aging and dementia. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 7:937-55. [PMID: 26564964 PMCID: PMC4694064 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Because age is the greatest risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), phenotypic screens based upon old age-associated brain toxicities were used to develop the potent neurotrophic drug J147. Since certain aspects of aging may be primary cause of AD, we hypothesized that J147 would be effective against AD-associated pathology in rapidly aging SAMP8 mice and could be used to identify some of the molecular contributions of aging to AD. An inclusive and integrative multiomics approach was used to investigate protein and gene expression, metabolite levels, and cognition in old and young SAMP8 mice. J147 reduced cognitive deficits in old SAMP8 mice, while restoring multiple molecular markers associated with human AD, vascular pathology, impaired synaptic function, and inflammation to those approaching the young phenotype. The extensive assays used in this study identified a subset of molecular changes associated with aging that may be necessary for the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Currais
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joshua Goldberg
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Max Chang
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marguerite Prior
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel Daugherty
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Armando
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Schubert
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sun P, Esteban G, Inokuchi T, Marco-Contelles J, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Unzeta M, Solé M. Protective effect of the multitarget compound DPH-4 on human SSAO/VAP-1-expressing hCMEC/D3 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions: an in vitro experimental model of cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5390-402. [PMID: 26362823 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are related pathologies in which the cerebrovascular system is involved. Plasma levels of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein 1 (SSAO/VAP-1, also known as Primary Amine Oxidase -PrAO) are increased in both stroke and AD patients and contribute to the vascular damage. During inflammation, its enzymatic activity mediates leukocyte recruitment to the injured tissue, inducing damage in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuronal tissue. We hypothesized that by altering cerebrovascular function, SSAO/VAP-1 might play a role in the stroke-AD transition. Therefore, we evaluated the protective effect of the novel multitarget-directed ligand DPH-4, initially designed for AD therapy, on the BBB. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A human microvascular brain endothelial cell line expressing human SSAO/VAP-1 was generated, as the expression of SSAO/VAP-1 is lost in cultured cells. To simulate ischaemic damage, these cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and re-oxygenation conditions. The protective role of DPH-4 was then evaluated in the presence of methylamine, an SSAO substrate, and/or β-amyloid (Aβ). KEY RESULTS Under our conditions, DPH-4 protected brain endothelial cells from OGD and re-oxygenation-induced damage, and also decreased SSAO-dependent leukocyte adhesion. DPH-4 was also effective at preventing the damage induced by OGD and re-oxygenation in the presence of Aβ as a model of AD pathology. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS From these results, we concluded that the multitarget compound DPH-4 might be of therapeutic benefit to delay the onset and/or progression of the neurological pathologies associated with stroke and AD, which appear to be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sun
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Esteban
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Inokuchi
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3.1.1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - J Marco-Contelles
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), 3 Juan de la Cierva, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - B B Weksler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - I A Romero
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - P O Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Unzeta
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Solé
- Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular. Edifici M, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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205
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Zhang H, Sachdev PS, Wen W, Crawford JD, Brodaty H, Baune BT, Kochan NA, Slavin MJ, Reppermund S, Kang K, Trollor JN. The relationship between inflammatory markers and voxel-based gray matter volumes in nondemented older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:138-146. [PMID: 26559883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by chronically elevated inflammatory markers (IMs). Peripheral IM levels have been found in negative correlations with brain structural measures including global and lobar volumes and the hippocampus. This study investigated the relationship between 10 peripheral IMs and voxel-based gray matter (GM) volumes in nondemented older adults (n = 463). Two proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-1β) and 2 vascular IMs (vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were negatively correlated with regional GM volumes. TNF-α and interleukin-1β were both significantly correlated with GM volumes in the left occipitotemporal area, left superior occipital gyrus, and left inferior parietal lobule; TNF-α was also significantly correlated with the bilateral medial prefrontal cortices and approached significance for the correlations with the bilateral hippocampi. Significant GM correlations with vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 were located in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortices, and with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the cerebellum and right hippocampus. The neuroanatomical correlation patterns of 2 proinflammatory cytokines and 2 vascular IMs might be reflective of the effects of neurodegenerative and vascular pathological processes in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Zhang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John D Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Academic Department for Old Age Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Slavin
- Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristan Kang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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206
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Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15015. [PMID: 26468932 PMCID: PMC4606562 DOI: 10.1038/srep15015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a microbial aetiology has been proposed by several researchers. Here, we provide evidence that tissue from the central nervous system (CNS) of AD patients contain fungal cells and hyphae. Fungal material can be detected both intra- and extracellularly using specific antibodies against several fungi. Different brain regions including external frontal cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, entorhinal cortex/hippocampus and choroid plexus contain fungal material, which is absent in brain tissue from control individuals. Analysis of brain sections from ten additional AD patients reveals that all are infected with fungi. Fungal infection is also observed in blood vessels, which may explain the vascular pathology frequently detected in AD patients. Sequencing of fungal DNA extracted from frozen CNS samples identifies several fungal species. Collectively, our findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of fungal infection in the CNS from AD patients, but not in control individuals.
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207
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Poggesi A, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Atrial Fibrillation and Cognition: Epidemiological Data and Possible Mechanisms. Stroke 2015; 46:3316-21. [PMID: 26396028 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Poggesi
- From the Neuroscience Section, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (A.P., D.I., L.P.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy (D.I.).
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- From the Neuroscience Section, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (A.P., D.I., L.P.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy (D.I.)
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- From the Neuroscience Section, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (A.P., D.I., L.P.); and Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy (D.I.)
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209
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Di Marco LY, Venneri A, Farkas E, Evans PC, Marzo A, Frangi AF. Vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease--A review of endothelium-mediated mechanisms and ensuing vicious circles. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:593-606. [PMID: 26311408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset dementia is a major health concern in the ageing population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for the largest proportion (65-70%) of dementia cases in the older population. Despite considerable research effort, the pathogenesis of late-onset AD remains unclear. Substantial evidence suggests that the neurodegenerative process is initiated by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) caused by ageing and cardiovascular conditions. CCH causes reduced oxygen, glucose and other nutrient supply to the brain, with direct damage not only to the parenchymal cells, but also to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key mediator of cerebral homeostasis. BBB dysfunction mediates the indirect neurotoxic effects of CCH by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, paracellular permeability, and dysregulation of nitric oxide, a key regulator of regional blood flow. As such, BBB dysfunction mediates a vicious circle in which cerebral perfusion is reduced further and the neurodegenerative process is accelerated. Endothelial interaction with pericytes and astrocytes could also play a role in the process. Reciprocal interactions between vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration could further contribute to the development of the disease. A comprehensive overview of the complex scenario of interacting endothelium-mediated processes is currently lacking, and could prospectively contribute to the identification of adequate therapeutic interventions. This study reviews the current literature of in vitro and ex vivo studies on endothelium-mediated mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, with the aim of presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex network of causative relationships. Particular emphasis is given to vicious circles which can accelerate the process of neurovascular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; IRCCS San Camillo Foundation Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alberto Marzo
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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210
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Ryu JK, Cho T, Choi HB, Jantaratnotai N, McLarnon JG. Pharmacological antagonism of interleukin-8 receptor CXCR2 inhibits inflammatory reactivity and is neuroprotective in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:144. [PMID: 26255110 PMCID: PMC4529987 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) and its receptor CXCR2 contribute to chemotactic responses in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, properties of the ligand and receptor have not been characterized in animal models of disease. The primary aim of our study was to examine effects of pharmacological antagonism of CXCR2 as a strategy to inhibit receptor-mediated inflammatory reactivity and enhance neuronal viability in animals receiving intrahippocampal injection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1–42). Methods In vivo studies used an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease incorporating injection of full-length Aβ1–42 into rat hippocampus. Immunohistochemical staining of rat brain was used to measure microgliosis, astrogliosis, neuronal viability, and oxidative stress. Western blot and Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were used to determine levels of CXCR2 in animal tissue with the latter also used to determine expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Immunostaining of human AD and non-demented (ND) tissue was also undertaken. Results We initially determined that in the human brain, AD relative to ND tissue exhibited marked increases in expression of CXCR2 with cell-specific receptor expression prominent in microglia. In Aβ1–42-injected rat brain, CXCR2 and IL-8 showed time-dependent increases in expression, concomitant with enhanced gliosis, relative to controls phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or reverse peptide Aβ42–1 injection. Administration of the competitive CXCR2 antagonist SB332235 to peptide-injected rats significantly reduced expression of CXCR2 and microgliosis, with astrogliosis unchanged. Double staining studies demonstrated localization of CXCR2 and microglial immunoreactivity nearby deposits of Aβ1–42 with SB332235 effective in inhibiting receptor expression and microgliosis. The numbers of neurons in granule cell layer (GCL) were reduced in rats receiving Aβ1–42, compared with PBS, with administration of SB332235 to peptide-injected animals conferring neuroprotection. Oxidative stress was indicated in the animal model since both 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and hydroethidine (HEt) were markedly elevated in Aβ1–42 vs PBS-injected rat brain and diminished with SB332235 treatment. Conclusion Overall, the findings suggest critical roles for CXCR2-dependent inflammatory responses in an AD animal model with pharmacological modulation of the receptor effective in inhibiting inflammatory reactivity and conferring neuroprotection against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - T Cho
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Hyun B Choi
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - N Jantaratnotai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Appraising the Role of Iron in Brain Aging and Cognition: Promises and Limitations of MRI Methods. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:272-87. [PMID: 26248580 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related increase in frailty is accompanied by a fundamental shift in cellular iron homeostasis. By promoting oxidative stress, the intracellular accumulation of non-heme iron outside of binding complexes contributes to chronic inflammation and interferes with normal brain metabolism. In the absence of direct non-invasive biomarkers of brain oxidative stress, iron accumulation estimated in vivo may serve as its proxy indicator. Hence, developing reliable in vivo measurements of brain iron content via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of significant interest in human neuroscience. To date, by estimating brain iron content through various MRI methods, significant age differences and age-related increases in iron content of the basal ganglia have been revealed across multiple samples. Less consistent are the findings that pertain to the relationship between elevated brain iron content and systemic indices of vascular and metabolic dysfunction. Only a handful of cross-sectional investigations have linked high iron content in various brain regions and poor performance on assorted cognitive tests. The even fewer longitudinal studies indicate that iron accumulation may precede shrinkage of the basal ganglia and thus predict poor maintenance of cognitive functions. This rapidly developing field will benefit from introduction of higher-field MRI scanners, improvement in iron-sensitive and -specific acquisition sequences and post-processing analytic and computational methods, as well as accumulation of data from long-term longitudinal investigations. This review describes the potential advantages and promises of MRI-based assessment of brain iron, summarizes recent findings and highlights the limitations of the current methodology.
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Abstract
The past two decades of research into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) have been driven largely by the amyloid hypothesis; the neuroinflammation that is associated with AD has been assumed to be merely a response to pathophysiological events. However, new data from preclinical and clinical studies have established that immune system-mediated actions in fact contribute to and drive AD pathogenesis. These insights have suggested both novel and well-defined potential therapeutic targets for AD, including microglia and several cytokines. In addition, as inflammation in AD primarily concerns the innate immune system - unlike in 'typical' neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and encephalitides - the concept of neuroinflammation in AD may need refinement.
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213
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Winkler EA, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. The pericyte: a forgotten cell type with important implications for Alzheimer's disease? Brain Pathol 2015; 24:371-86. [PMID: 24946075 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are cells in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early neurovascular dysfunction, elevation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), tau pathology and neuronal loss, leading to progressive cognitive decline and dementia. Pericytes are uniquely positioned within the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells of brain capillaries, astrocytes and neurons. Recent studies have shown that pericytes regulate key neurovascular functions including BBB formation and maintenance, vascular stability and angioarchitecture, regulation of capillary blood flow, and clearance of toxic cellular by-products necessary for normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we review the concept of the neurovascular unit and neurovascular functions of CNS pericytes. Next, we discuss vascular contributions to AD and review new roles of pericytes in the pathogenesis of AD such as vascular-mediated Aβ-independent neurodegeneration, regulation of Aβ clearance and contributions to tau pathology, neuronal loss and cognitive decline. We conclude that future studies should focus on molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying aberrant signal transduction between pericytes and its neighboring cells within the neurovascular unit, that is, endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons, which could represent potential therapeutic targets to control pericyte degeneration in AD and the resulting secondary vascular and neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Winkler
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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214
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Brock AJ, Kasus-Jacobi A, Lerner M, Logan S, Adesina AM, Anne Pereira H. The antimicrobial protein, CAP37, is upregulated in pyramidal neurons during Alzheimer's disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:293-308. [PMID: 26170148 PMCID: PMC4575391 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a well-defined factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a strong need to identify the molecules contributing to neuroinflammation so that therapies can be designed to prevent immune-mediated neurotoxicity. The cationic antimicrobial protein of 37 kDa (CAP37) is an inflammatory mediator constitutively expressed in neutrophils (PMNs). In addition to antibiotic activity, CAP37 exerts immunomodulatory effects on microglia. We hypothesize that CAP37 mediates the neuroinflammation associated with AD. However, PMNs are not customarily associated with the pathology of AD. This study was therefore designed to identify non-neutrophilic source(s) of CAP37 in brains of AD patients. Brain tissues from patients and age-matched controls were analyzed for CAP37 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). To determine factors that induce CAP37 in AD, HCN-1A primary human neurons were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) or amyloid β1-40 (Aβ) and analyzed by IHC. Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to confirm CAP37 expression in neurons and brain tissues. IHC revealed CAP37 in cortical neurons in temporal and parietal lobes as well as CA3 and CA4 hippocampal neurons in patients with AD. CAP37 was found in more neurons in AD patients compared with age-matched controls. qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed an increase in CAP37 transcript and protein in the AD temporal lobe, a brain region that is highly impacted in AD. qRT-PCR observations confirmed CAP37 expression in neurons. TNF-α and Aβ increased neuronal expression of CAP37. These findings support our hypothesis that neuronal CAP37 may modulate the neuroinflammatory response in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brock
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Anne Kasus-Jacobi
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1122 NE 13th St., ORB 350, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Sreemathi Logan
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th St., BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Adekunle M Adesina
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Rm 286A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - H Anne Pereira
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 329, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 329, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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De Marco M, Venneri A. ‘O’ blood type is associated with larger grey-matter volumes in the cerebellum. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jiang L, Zhong J, Dou X, Cheng C, Huang Z, Sun X. Effects of ApoE on intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury. Neuroscience 2015; 301:375-83. [PMID: 26073697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to explore the effects of apolipoprotein e (ApoE) on intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) and apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury in vitro. METHODS A neuron mechanical injury model was established after primary neurons obtained from APOE knockout and wild-type (WT) mice, and four experimental groups were generated: Group-ApoE4, Group-ApoE3, Group-ApoE(-) and Group-WT. Recombinant ApoE4 and ApoE3 were added to Group-ApoE4 and Group-ApoE3 respectively, and Group-ApoE(-) and Group-WT were control groups. Intracellular calcium was labeled by fluo-3/AM and examined using laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry, and the apoptosis of neurons was also evaluated. RESULTS The intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of mice neurons were significantly higher in Group-ApoE4 than in Group-ApoE3 and Group-WT after mechanical injury. However, without mechanical injury on neurons, no significant differences in intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates were found among all four experimental groups. The effects of ApoE4 on intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of injured neurons were partly decreased by EGTA treatment. CONCLUSION Compared with ApoE3-treatment and WT neurons, ApoE4 caused higher intracellular calcium levels and apoptosis rates of neurons after mechanical injury. This suggested APOE polymorphisms may affect neuron apoptosis after mechanical injury through different influences on intracellular calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - J Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - X Dou
- Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - C Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Z Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - X Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China.
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217
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Currais A. Ageing and inflammation - A central role for mitochondria in brain health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21:30-42. [PMID: 25684584 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop successful therapies that prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases requires an understanding of the upstream events. Ageing is by far the greatest risk factor for most of these diseases, and to clarify their causes will require an understanding of the process of ageing itself. Starting with the question Why do we age as individual organisms, but the line of pluripotent embryonic stem cells and germ cells carried by individuals and transmitted to descendants is immortal? this review discusses how the process of cellular differentiation leads to the accumulation of biological imperfections with ageing, and how these imperfections may be the cause of chronic inflammatory responses to stress that undermine cellular function. Both differentiation and inflammation involve drastic metabolic changes associated with alterations in mitochondrial dynamics that shift the balance between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. With ageing, mitochondrial dysfunction can be both the cause and consequence of inflammatory processes and elicit metabolic adaptations that might be either protective or become progressively detrimental. It is argued here that an understanding of the relationship between metabolism, differentiation and inflammation is essential to understand the pathological mechanisms governing brain health and disease during ageing.
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218
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Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Rodal I, Carrasco L. Evidence for fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:546-58. [PMID: 25892962 PMCID: PMC4400386 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among neurogenerative diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal illness characterized by a progressive motor neuron dysfunction in the motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. ALS is the most common form of motor neuron disease; yet, to date, the exact etiology of ALS remains unknown. In the present work, we have explored the possibility of fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in brain tissue from ALS patients. Fungal antigens, as well as DNA from several fungi, were detected in CSF from ALS patients. Additionally, examination of brain sections from the frontal cortex of ALS patients revealed the existence of immunopositive fungal antigens comprising punctate bodies in the cytoplasm of some neurons. Fungal DNA was also detected in brain tissue using PCR analysis, uncovering the presence of several fungal species. Finally, proteomic analyses of brain tissue demonstrated the occurrence of several fungal peptides. Collectively, our observations provide compelling evidence of fungal infection in the ALS patients analyzed, suggesting that this infection may play a part in the etiology of the disease or may constitute a risk factor for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Alonso
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Diana Pisa
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Marina
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Esperanza Morato
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain
| | - Izaskun Rodal
- 2. Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid. Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- 1. Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
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The effect of depression on serum VEGF level in Alzheimer's disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:742612. [PMID: 25838619 PMCID: PMC4369941 DOI: 10.1155/2015/742612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Growing evidence suggests that angiogenesis might represent a new pathogenic mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among angiogenic cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in AD patients have been evaluated, but the results are controversial among studies. We investigated serum levels of VEGF in AD patients with depression, AD patients without depression, and the controls, respectively. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between VEGF, depression, and cognitive impairment in AD. Methods. The CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating), MMSE-KC (the Mini-Mental Status Examination-Korean version), and SGDS-K (the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form) were measured in the subjects. Serum VEGF levels were measured in 24 AD patients with depression, 25 AD patients without depression, and 26 controls, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results. Serum VEGF levels in AD patients with depression were significantly higher than AD patients without depression or the control. A correlation was observed between VEGF and scores on SGDS-K, but no correlation was detected between VEGF and MMSE-KC scores. Conclusion. Serum VEGF levels in AD patients with depression were higher than those without depression. Depression might be associated with changes in serum levels of VEGF in AD patients.
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Canobbio I, Abubaker AA, Visconte C, Torti M, Pula G. Role of amyloid peptides in vascular dysfunction and platelet dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:65. [PMID: 25784858 PMCID: PMC4347625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia in the elderly. AD is accompanied by the accumulation of amyloid peptides in the brain parenchyma and in the cerebral vessels. The sporadic form of AD accounts for about 95% of all cases. It is characterized by a late onset, typically after the age of 65, with a complex and still poorly understood aetiology. Several observations point towards a central role of cerebrovascular dysfunction in the onset of sporadic AD (SAD). According to the "vascular hypothesis", AD may be initiated by vascular dysfunctions that precede and promote the neurodegenerative process. In accordance to this, AD patients show increased hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke risks. It is now clear that multiple bidirectional connections exist between AD and cerebrovascular disease, and in this new scenario, the effect of amyloid peptides on vascular cells and blood platelets appear to be central to AD. In this review, we analyze the effect of amyloid peptides on vascular function and platelet activation and its contribution to the cerebrovascular pathology associated with AD and the progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Canobbio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Aisha Alsheikh Abubaker
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Visconte
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Torti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Giordano Pula
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
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Solé M, Miñano-Molina AJ, Unzeta M. A cross-talk between Aβ and endothelial SSAO/VAP-1 accelerates vascular damage and Aβ aggregation related to CAA-AD. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:762-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fonseca ACR, Resende R, Cardoso SM, Pereira CF. The role of proteotoxic stress in vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the principal cause of dementia in the elderly; however, its prevalence is increasing due to the fact that current pharmaceuticals used to manage the symptoms are not capable of preventing, halting, or reversing disease progression. In the last decade, evidence has accumulated to support the hypothesis that a primary cerebral vascular dysfunction initiates the cascade of events that leads to neuronal injury and the subsequent cognitive decline observed in AD. The mechanisms underlying these vascular defects and their relationship with neurodegeneration are still poorly understood however. It is pathologically known that cerebrovascular dysfunctions can induce the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), an amyloidogenic and toxic peptide that in turn causes cerebrovascular degeneration. Mammalian cells regulate proteostasis and the functioning of intracellular organelles through diverse mechanisms such as the Unfolded Protein Response, the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and autophagy; however, when these mechanisms cannot compensate for perturbations in homeostasis, the cell undergoes programmed death via apoptosis. This review summarizes recent studies that together correlate the deregulation of protein quality control pathways with dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells of the brain in AD, thus supporting the hypothesis that it is the vicious, progressive failure of the proteostatic network and endothelial activation that underlies the cerebrovascular changes that symptomize AD.
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224
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Metabolite profiling for the identification of altered metabolic pathways in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 107:75-81. [PMID: 25575172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the most frequent tool for metabolomic profiling of low molecular weight metabolites. Its suitability in health survey is beyond doubt, given that primary metabolites involved in central pathways of metabolism are usually altered in diseases. The objective of this work is to investigate metabolic differences in serum between Alzheimer's disease patients and healthy controls in order to elucidate pathological mechanisms underlying to disease. Alterations in levels of 23 metabolites were detected, including increased lactic acid, α-ketoglutarate, isocitric acid, glucose, oleic acid, adenosine and cholesterol, as well as decreased urea, valine, aspartic acid, pyroglutamate, glutamine, phenylalanine, asparagine, ornithine, pipecolic acid, histidine, tyrosine, palmitic and uric acid, tryptophan, stearic acid and cystine. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed the involvement of multiple affected pathways, such as energy deficiencies, oxidative stress, hyperammonemia, and others. Moreover, it is noteworthy that some of these compounds have not been previously described in AD research, such as α-ketoglutarate, isocitrate pipecolic acid, pyroglutamate and adenosine, confirming the potential of this metabolomic approach in the search of novel potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain; Campus of Excellence International ceiA3, University of Huelva, Spain; Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
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da Fonseca ACC, Matias D, Garcia C, Amaral R, Geraldo LH, Freitas C, Lima FRS. The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:362. [PMID: 25404894 PMCID: PMC4217497 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), constituted by an extensive network of endothelial cells (ECs) together with neurons and glial cells, including microglia, forms the neurovascular unit (NVU). The crosstalk between these cells guarantees a proper environment for brain function. In this context, changes in the endothelium-microglia interactions are associated with a variety of inflammation-related diseases in brain, where BBB permeability is compromised. Increasing evidences indicate that activated microglia modulate expression of tight junctions, which are essential for BBB integrity and function. On the other hand, the endothelium can regulate the state of microglial activation. Here, we review recent advances that provide insights into interactions between the microglia and the vascular system in brain diseases such as infectious/inflammatory diseases, epilepsy, ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Catarina Freitas
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Gil-Montoya JA, Sanchez-Lara I, Carnero-Pardo C, Fornieles F, Montes J, Vilchez R, Burgos JS, Gonzalez-Moles MA, Barrios R, Bravo M. Is periodontitis a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia? A case-control study. J Periodontol 2014; 86:244-53. [PMID: 25345338 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a multi-etiologic syndrome characterized by multiple cognitive deficits but not always by the presence of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is associated with multiple non-modifiable risk factors but few modifiable factors. Epidemiologic studies have shown an association between periodontitis, a potentially modifiable risk factor, and cognitive impairment. The objective of this study is to determine whether clinical periodontitis is associated with the diagnosis of cognitive impairment/dementia after controlling for known risk factors, including age, sex, and education level. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in Granada, Spain, in two groups of dentate individuals aged >50 years: 1) cases with a firm diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia of any type or severity and 2) controls with no subjective memory loss complaints and a score >30 in the Phototest cognitive test (screening test for cognitive impairment). Periodontitis was evaluated by measuring tooth loss, plaque and bleeding indexes, probing depths, and clinical attachment loss (AL). RESULTS The study included 409 dentate adults, 180 with cognitive impairment and 229 without. A moderate and statistically significant association was observed between AL and cognitive impairment after controlling for age, sex, education level, oral hygiene habits, and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.049). No significant association was found between tooth loss and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Periodontitis appears to be associated with cognitive impairment after controlling for confounders such as age, sex, and education level.
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Williams R, Münch G, Gyengesi E, Bennett L. Bacopa monnieri (L.) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cells of the innate immune system in vitro. Food Funct 2014; 5:517-20. [PMID: 24452710 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (L., BM) is a traditional Ayurvedic medicinal herb recognised for its efficacy in relieving acute pain and inflammation, as related to selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and consequent reduction in COX-2-mediated prostanoid mediators. BM is also associated with cognitive enhancing (nootropic) activity including improving memory free recall, observed after prolonged intake (>3 months). It is likely that the time frame required to exert an effect in the brain reflects regulation by BM of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with aging and chronic diseases, and other polypharmacological effects. We report down-regulation by BM of NO and TNF-α in stimulated RAW 246.7 macrophages and of IFN-γ in stimulated human blood cells. Furthermore, in human blood cells, IL-10 was slightly elevated indicating polarisation towards a regulatory T cell phenotype. These results provide further supportive evidence to justify the clinical evaluation of BM for managing diseases involving chronic systemic and brain inflammation driven by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Williams
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Coenzyme Q10 protects human endothelial cells from β-amyloid uptake and oxidative stress-induced injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109223. [PMID: 25272163 PMCID: PMC4182835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease appear in advances stages, once neuronal damage arises. Nevertheless, recent studies demonstrate that in early asymptomatic stages, ß-amyloid peptide damages the cerebral microvasculature through mechanisms that involve an increase in reactive oxygen species and calcium, which induces necrosis and apoptosis of endothelial cells, leading to cerebrovascular dysfunction. The goal of our work is to study the potential preventive effect of the lipophilic antioxidant coenzyme Q (CoQ) against ß-amyloid-induced damage on human endothelial cells. We analyzed the protective effect of CoQ against Aβ-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using fluorescence and confocal microscopy, biochemical techniques and RMN-based metabolomics. Our results show that CoQ pretreatment of HUVECs delayed Aβ incorporation into the plasma membrane and mitochondria. Moreover, CoQ reduced the influx of extracellular Ca2+, and Ca2+ release from mitochondria due to opening the mitochondrial transition pore after β-amyloid administration, in addition to decreasing O2.− and H2O2 levels. Pretreatment with CoQ also prevented ß-amyloid-induced HUVECs necrosis and apoptosis, restored their ability to proliferate, migrate and form tube-like structures in vitro, which is mirrored by a restoration of the cell metabolic profile to control levels. CoQ protected endothelial cells from Aβ-induced injury at physiological concentrations in human plasma after oral CoQ supplementation and thus could be a promising molecule to protect endothelial cells against amyloid angiopathy.
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González-Domínguez R, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Using direct infusion mass spectrometry for serum metabolomics in Alzheimer’s disease. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7137-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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The role of the blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2014:191863. [PMID: 25309772 PMCID: PMC4189524 DOI: 10.1155/2014/191863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of beta-amyloid [Aβ] within senile plaques [SP] is characteristic of these lesions in Alzheimer's disease. The accumulation of Aβ42, in particular, in the superior temporal [ST] cortex may result from an inability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) to regulate the trans-endothelial transport and clearance of the amyloid. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein [LRP] and P-glycoprotein [P-gp] facilitate the efflux of Aβ out of the brain, whereas receptor for advanced glycation end products [RAGE] facilitates Aβ influx. Additionally, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] may influence the trans-BBB transport of Aβ. In this study we examined ST samples and compared SP burden of all types with the capillary expression of LRP, p-gp, RAGE, VEGF, and e-NOS in samples from 15 control and 15 Alzheimer brains. LRP, P-gp, RAGE, VEGF, and eNOS positive capillaries and Aβ42 plaques were quantified and statistical analysis of the nonparametric data was performed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. In the Alzheimer condition P-gp, VEGF, and eNOS positive capillaries were negatively correlated with SP burden, but LRP and RAGE were positively correlated with SP burden. These results indicate altered BBB function in the pathogenesis of SPs in Alzheimer brains.
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Metabolomic study of lipids in serum for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease using direct infusion mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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232
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Maarouf CL, Kokjohn TA, Walker DG, Whiteside CM, Kalback WM, Whetzel A, Sue LI, Serrano G, Jacobson SA, Sabbagh MN, Reiman EM, Beach TG, Roher AE. Biochemical assessment of precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus in the context of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105784. [PMID: 25166759 PMCID: PMC4148328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the biochemical alterations that occur in the brain during “normal” aging is an important part of understanding the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and of distinguishing pathological conditions from aging-associated changes. Three groups were selected based on age and on having no evidence of neurological or significant neurodegenerative disease: 1) young adult individuals, average age 26 years (n = 9); 2) middle-aged subjects, average age 59 years (n = 5); 3) oldest-old individuals, average age 93 years (n = 6). Using ELISA and Western blotting methods, we quantified and compared the levels of several key molecules associated with neurodegenerative disease in the precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus, two brain regions known to exhibit early imaging alterations during the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Our experiments revealed that the bioindicators of emerging brain pathology remained steady or decreased with advancing age. One exception was S100B, which significantly increased with age. Along the process of aging, neurofibrillary tangle deposition increased, even in the absence of amyloid deposition, suggesting the presence of amyloid plaques is not obligatory for their development and that limited tangle density is a part of normal aging. Our study complements a previous assessment of neuropathology in oldest-old subjects, and within the limitations of the small number of individuals involved in the present investigation, it adds valuable information to the molecular and structural heterogeneity observed along the course of aging and dementia. This work underscores the need to examine through direct observation how the processes of amyloid deposition unfold or change prior to the earliest phases of dementia emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chera L. Maarouf
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tyler A. Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Charisse M. Whiteside
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Walter M. Kalback
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alexis Whetzel
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sandra A. Jacobson
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alex E. Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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233
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Nazeri A, Ganjgahi H, Roostaei T, Nichols T, Zarei M. Imaging proteomics for diagnosis, monitoring and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:657-65. [PMID: 25173418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic and imaging markers have been widely studied as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we used Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset and performed parallel independent component analysis on cross sectional and longitudinal proteomic and imaging data in order to identify the best proteomic model for diagnosis, monitoring and prediction of Alzheimer disease (AD). We used plasma proteins measurement and imaging data from AD and healthy controls (HC) at the baseline and 1 year follow-up. Group comparisons at baseline and changes over 1 year were calculated for proteomic and imaging data. The results were fed into parallel independent component analysis in order to identify proteins that were associated with structural brain changes cross sectionally and longitudinally. Regression model was used to find the best model that can discriminate AD from HC, monitor AD and to predict MCI converters from non-converters. We showed that five proteins are associated with structural brain changes in the brain. These proteins could discriminate AD from HC with 57% specificity and 89% sensitivity. Four proteins whose change over 1 year were associated with brain structural changes could discriminate AD from HC with sensitivity of 93%, and specificity of 92%. This model predicted MCI conversion to AD in 2 years with 94% accuracy. This model has the highest accuracy in prediction of MCI conversion to AD within the ADNI-1 dataset. This study shows that combination of selected plasma protein levels and MR imaging is a useful method in identifying potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nazeri
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Habib Ganjgahi
- National Brain Mapping Centre, and Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4739, Iran; Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Tina Roostaei
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Thomas Nichols
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- National Brain Mapping Centre, and Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4739, Iran.
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234
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Martin C. Contributions and complexities from the use of in vivo animal models to improve understanding of human neuroimaging signals. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25191214 PMCID: PMC4137227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the major advances in our understanding of how functional brain imaging signals relate to neuronal activity over the previous two decades have arisen from physiological research studies involving experimental animal models. This approach has been successful partly because it provides opportunities to measure both the hemodynamic changes that underpin many human functional brain imaging techniques and the neuronal activity about which we wish to make inferences. Although research into the coupling of neuronal and hemodynamic responses using animal models has provided a general validation of the correspondence of neuroimaging signals to specific types of neuronal activity, it is also highlighting the key complexities and uncertainties in estimating neural signals from hemodynamic markers. This review will detail how research in animal models is contributing to our rapidly evolving understanding of what human neuroimaging techniques tell us about neuronal activity. It will highlight emerging issues in the interpretation of neuroimaging data that arise from in vivo research studies, for example spatial and temporal constraints to neuroimaging signal interpretation, or the effects of disease and modulatory neurotransmitters upon neurovascular coupling. We will also give critical consideration to the limitations and possible complexities of translating data acquired in the typical animals models used in this area to the arena of human fMRI. These include the commonplace use of anesthesia in animal research studies and the fact that many neuropsychological questions that are being actively explored in humans have limited homologs within current animal models for neuroimaging research. Finally we will highlighting approaches, both in experimental animals models (e.g. imaging in conscious, behaving animals) and human studies (e.g. combined fMRI-EEG), that mitigate against these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Martin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
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235
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Banks WA, Abrass CK, Hansen KM. Differentiating the Influences of Aging and Adiposity on Brain Weights, Levels of Serum and Brain Cytokines, Gastrointestinal Hormones, and Amyloid Precursor Protein. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 71:21-9. [PMID: 25128822 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and obesity exert important effects on disease. Differentiating these effects is difficult, however, because weight gain often accompanies aging. Here, we used a nested design of aged, calorically restricted, and refed rats to measure changes in brain and blood levels of cytokines and gastrointestinal hormones, brain amyloid precursor protein levels, and brain and body weights. By comparing groups and using path analysis, we found divergent influences of chronological aging versus body weight, our main findings being (i) changes in whole brain weight and serum macrophage colony-stimulating factor levels correlated better with body weight than with chronological aging, (ii) a decrease in brain cytokines and brain plasminogen activator inhibitor levels correlated better with chronological aging than with body weight, (iii) serum erythropoietin levels were influenced by both body weight and aging, (iv) serum plasminogen activator inhibitor, serum cytokines, and brain tumor necrosis factor were not influenced by aging or body weight, and (v) brain amyloid precursor protein more closely related to body weight and serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones than to brain weight, chronological aging, or cytokines. These findings show that although aging and body weight interact, their influences are distinct not only among various cytokines and hormones but also between the central nervous system and the peripheral tissue compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington. Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
| | - Christine K Abrass
- Primary and Specialty Care Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
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236
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Increased risk of dementia among chronic osteomyelitis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:153-159. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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237
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Wang F, Guo X, Shen X, Kream RM, Mantione KJ, Stefano GB. Vascular dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: a potential etiological linkage. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2014; 20:118-29. [PMID: 25082505 PMCID: PMC4138067 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.891278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelium performs a crucial role in maintaining vascular integrity leading to whole organ metabolic homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction represents a key etiological factor leading to moderate to severe vasculopathies observed in both Type 2 diabetic and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients. Accordingly, evidence-based epidemiological factors support a compelling hypothesis stating that metabolic rundown encountered in Type 2 diabetes engenders severe cerebral vascular insufficiencies that are causally linked to long term neural degenerative processes in AD. Of mechanistic importance, Type 2 diabetes engenders an immunologically mediated chronic pro-inflammatory state involving interactive deleterious effects of leukocyte-derived cytokines and endothelial-derived chemotactic agents leading to vascular and whole organ dysfunction. The long term negative consequences of vascular pro-inflammatory processes on the integrity of CNS basal forebrain neuronal populations mediating complex cognitive functions establish a striking temporal comorbidity of AD with Type 2 diabetes. Extensive biomedical evidence supports the pivotal multi-functional role of constitutive nitric oxide (NO) production and release as a critical vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant, mechanism within the vascular endothelium. Within this context, we currently review the functional contributions of dysregulated endothelial NO expression to the etiology and persistence of Type 2 diabetes-related and co morbid AD-related vasculopathies. Additionally, we provide up-to-date perspectives on critical areas of AD research with special reference to common NO-related etiological factors linking Type 2 diabetes to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Maternit and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Xirong Guo
- Institutes of Pediatrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Kirk J Mantione
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
| | - George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, USA
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238
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Volume of the hippocampal subfields in healthy adults: differential associations with age and a pro-inflammatory genetic variant. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2663-74. [PMID: 24947882 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the most age-sensitive brain regions, yet the mechanisms of hippocampal shrinkage remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that hippocampal subfields are differentially vulnerable to aging and differentially sensitive to vascular risk. Promoters of inflammation are frequently proposed as major contributors to brain aging and vascular disease but their effects on hippocampal subfields are unknown. We examined the associations of hippocampal subfield volumes with age, a vascular risk factor (hypertension), and genetic polymorphisms associated with variation in pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-1β C-511T and IL-6 C-174G) and risk for Alzheimer's disease (APOEε4) in healthy adult volunteers (N = 80; age = 22-82 years). Volumes of three hippocampal subfields, cornu ammonis (CA) 1-2, CA3-dentate gyrus, and the subiculum were manually measured on high-resolution magnetic resonance images. Advanced age was differentially associated with smaller volume of CA1-2, whereas carriers of the T allele of IL-1β C-511T polymorphism had smaller volume of all hippocampal subfields than CC homozygotes did. Neither of the other genetic variants, nor diagnosis of hypertension, was associated with any of the measured volumes. The results support the notion that volumes of age-sensitive brain regions may be affected by pro-inflammatory factors that may be targeted by therapeutic interventions.
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239
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Abstract
Vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular disease are common causes of dementia. Shared risk factors for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease, as well as frequent coexistence of these pathologies in cognitively impaired older people, suggests convergence of the aetiology, prevention and management of the commonest dementias affecting older people. In light of this understanding, the cognitive impairment associated with cerebrovascular disease is an increasingly important and recognised area of the medicine of older people. Although the incidence of cerebrovascular events is declining in many populations, the overall burden associated with brain vascular disease will continue to increase associated with population ageing. A spectrum of cognitive disorders related to cerebrovascular disease is now recognised. Cerebrovascular disease in older people is associated with specific clinical and imaging findings. Although prevention remains the cornerstone of management, the diagnosis of brain vascular disease is important because of the potential to improve clinical outcomes through clear diagnosis, enhanced control of risk factors, lifestyle interventions and secondary prevention. Specific pharmacological intervention may also be indicated for some patients with cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular disease. However the evidence base to guide intervention remains relatively sparse.
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240
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Ferreira LK, Tamashiro-Duran JH, Squarzoni P, Duran FL, Alves TC, Buchpiguel CA, Busatto GF. The link between cardiovascular risk, Alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment: support from recent functional neuroimaging studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 36:344-57. [PMID: 24918525 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review functional neuroimaging studies about the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search to identify articles in the neuroimaging field addressing CVRF in AD and MCI. We included studies that used positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). RESULTS CVRFs have been considered risk factors for cognitive decline, MCI, and AD. Patterns of AD-like changes in brain function have been found in association with several CVRFs (both regarding individual risk factors and also composite CVRF measures). In vivo assessment of AD-related pathology with amyloid imaging techniques provided further evidence linking CVRFs and AD, but there is still limited information resulting from this new technology. CONCLUSION There is a large body of evidence from functional neuroimaging studies supporting the hypothesis that CVRFs may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of AD. A major limitation of most studies is their cross-sectional design; future longitudinal studies using multiple imaging modalities are expected to better document changes in CVRF-related brain function patterns and provide a clearer picture of the complex relationship between aging, CVRFs, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz K Ferreira
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline H Tamashiro-Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Squarzoni
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania C Alves
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Buchpiguel
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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241
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McLarnon JG. Correlated inflammatory responses and neurodegeneration in peptide-injected animal models of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:923670. [PMID: 24822221 PMCID: PMC4005142 DOI: 10.1155/2014/923670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which emphasize activation of microglia may have particular utility in correlating proinflammatory activity with neurodegeneration. This paper reviews injection of amyloid- β (A β ) into rat brain as an alternative AD animal model to the use of transgenic animals. In particular, intrahippocampal injection of Aβ 1-42 peptide demonstrates prominent microglial mobilization and activation accompanied by a significant loss of granule cell neurons. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of inflammatory reactivity is demonstrated by a broad spectrum of drugs with a common endpoint in conferring neuroprotection in peptide-injected animals. Peptide-injection models provide a focus on glial cell responses to direct peptide injection in rat brain and offer advantages in the study of the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1W3
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242
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An apolipoprotein E modified liposomal nanoparticle: Ligand dependent efficiency as a siRNA delivery carrier for mouse-derived brain endothelial cells. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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243
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Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction significantly contributes to the clinical presentation and pathoetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Deposition and aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) within vascular smooth muscle cells leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, impaired vasorelaxation, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. Midlife vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increase the relative risk for AD. These comorbidities are all characterized by low and/or dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which itself is a risk factor for AD. HDL performs a wide variety of critical functions in the periphery and CNS. In addition to lipid transport, HDL regulates vascular health via mediating vasorelaxation, inflammation, and oxidative stress and promotes endothelial cell survival and integrity. Here, we summarize clinical and preclinical data examining the involvement of HDL, originating from the circulation and from within the CNS, on AD and hypothesize potential synergistic actions between the two lipoprotein pools.
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244
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Valproic acid suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression via MKP-1 in murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:372-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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245
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Engelhardt S, Patkar S, Ogunshola OO. Cell-specific blood-brain barrier regulation in health and disease: a focus on hypoxia. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1210-30. [PMID: 24641185 PMCID: PMC3952799 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex vascular structure consisting of microvascular endothelial cells that line the vessel wall, astrocyte end-feet, pericytes, as well as the basal lamina. BBB cells act in concert to maintain the characteristic impermeable and low paracellular flux of the brain vascular network, thus ensuring a homeostatic neuronal environment. Alterations in BBB stability that occur during injury have dire consequences on disease progression and it is clear that BBB cell-specific responses, positive or negative, must make a significant contribution to injury outcome. Reduced oxygenation, or hypoxia, is a characteristic of many brain diseases that significantly increases barrier permeability. Recent data suggest that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), the master regulator of the hypoxic response, probably mediates many hypoxic effects either directly or indirectly via its target genes. This review discusses current knowledge of physiological cell-specific regulation of barrier function, their responses to hypoxia as well as consequences of hypoxic- and HIF-1-mediated mechanisms on barrier integrity during select brain diseases. In the final sections, the potential of current advances in targeting HIF-1 as a therapeutic strategy will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engelhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - S Patkar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - O O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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246
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Lim DC, Pack AI. Obstructive sleep apnea and cognitive impairment: addressing the blood-brain barrier. Sleep Med Rev 2014; 18:35-48. [PMID: 23541562 PMCID: PMC3758447 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing data support a connection between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cognitive impairment but a causal link has yet to be established. Although neuronal loss has been linked to cognitive impairment, emerging theories propose that changes in synaptic plasticity can cause cognitive impairment. Studies demonstrate that disruption to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is uniquely structured to tightly maintain homeostasis inside the brain, leads to changes in the brain's microenvironment and affects synaptic plasticity. Cyclical intermittent hypoxia is a stressor that could disrupt the BBB via molecular responses already known to occur in either OSA patients or animal models of intermittent hypoxia. However, we do not yet know if or how intermittent hypoxia can cause cognitive impairment by mechanisms operating at the BBB. Therefore, we propose that initially, adaptive homeostatic responses at the BBB occur in response to increased oxygen and nutrient demand, specifically through regulation of influx and efflux BBB transporters that alter microvessel permeability. We further hypothesize that although these responses are initially adaptive, these changes in BBB transporters can have long-term consequences that disrupt the brain's microenvironment and alter synaptic plasticity leading to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Allan I Pack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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247
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Heringa SM, van den Berg E, Reijmer YD, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, van den Hurk K, Kappelle LJ, Dekker JM, Biessels GJ. Markers of low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are related to reduced information processing speed and executive functioning in an older population - the Hoorn Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 40:108-18. [PMID: 24485482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are related to cognitive decline and dementia, in a complex interplay with vascular factors and aging. We investigated, in an older population, low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to detailed assessment of cognitive functioning. Furthermore, we explored this association within the context of vascular factors. 377 participants (73 ± 6 years) of the population-based Hoorn Study were included. In plasma samples of 2000-2001 (n=363) and/or 2005-2008 (n=323), biomarkers were determined of low-grade inflammation (CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, SAA, MPO, and sICAM-1) and endothelial dysfunction (vWF, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sTM, sE-selectin). In 2005-2008, all participants underwent neuropsychological examination. Composite z-scores were computed for low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction at both time points, and for six domains of cognitive functioning (abstract reasoning, memory, information processing speed, attention and executive functioning, visuoconstruction, and language). The association between low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and cognitive functioning was evaluated with linear regression analysis. In secondary analyses, we explored the relation with vascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were associated with worse performance on information processing speed and attention and executive functioning, in prospective and cross-sectional analyses (standardized betas ranging from -0.20 to -0.10). No significant relation with other cognitive domains was observed. Adjusting for vascular factors slightly attenuated the associations. Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction accounted for only 2.6% explained variance in cognitive functioning, on top of related vascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Bootstrapping analyses show that low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction mediate the relation between vascular risk factors and cognitive functioning. This study shows that low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction contribute to reduced information processing speed and executive functioning in an older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Heringa
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E van den Berg
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Helmholtz Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y D Reijmer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Boston, United States
| | - G Nijpels
- VU University Medical Center, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO Institute), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; VU University Medical Center, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C D A Stehouwer
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C G Schalkwijk
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Teerlink
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P G Scheffer
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K van den Hurk
- Sanquin Blood Supply, Department of Donor Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Kappelle
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J M Dekker
- VU University Medical Center, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO Institute), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J Biessels
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Neurology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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248
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KIF6 719Arg Carrier Status Association with Homocysteine and C-Reactive Protein in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 2013:242303. [PMID: 24455405 PMCID: PMC3884607 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated associations between statin use, KIF6 719Arg carrier status, and cholesterol levels and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The association between 719Arg carrier status with homocysteine (tHcy) and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels in aMCI and AD has not been previously investigated. Data from 175 aMCI and AD patients were used for the analysis. 719Arg carriers had significantly lower levels of tHcy than noncarriers (P = 0.02). No significant difference in CRP levels between 719Arg carriers and noncarriers was present (P = 0.37). Logistic regression yielded no significant effect for 719Arg status on CRP [OR = 1.79 (0.85, 3.83), P = 0.13] but did demonstrate a significant effect for tHcy [OR = 0.44 (0.23, 0.83), P = 0.01] after adjusting for ApoE ε4 carrier status, age, gender, and statin use. This study is the first to explore the relationship between KIF6 719Arg carrier status with tHcy and CRP levels. 719Arg carriers were more likely to have normal tHcy levels after adjusting for ApoE ε4 status, age, gender, and statin use. These results suggest that the KIF6 gene might influence cardiovascular pathways associated with AD.
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Burstein AH, Grimes I, Galasko DR, Aisen PS, Sabbagh M, Mjalli AMM. Effect of TTP488 in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:12. [PMID: 24423155 PMCID: PMC4021072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TTP488, an antagonist at the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products, was evaluated as a potential treatment for patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). A previous report describes decreased decline in ADAS-cog (delta = 3.1, p = 0.008 at 18 months, ANCOVA with multiple imputation), relative to placebo, following a 5 mg/day dose of TTP488. Acute, reversible cognitive worsening was seen with a 20 mg/day dose. The present study further evaluates the efficacy of TTP488 by subgroup analyses based on disease severity and concentration effect analysis. METHODS 399 patients were randomized to one of two oral TTP488 doses (60 mg for 6 days followed by 20 mg/day; 15 mg for 6 days followed by 5 mg/day) or placebo for 18 months. Pre-specified primary analysis, using an ITT population, was on the ADAS-cog11. Secondary analyses included as a key secondary variable the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), and another secondary variable of the ADCS-ADL. RESULTS On-treatment analysis demonstrated numerical differences favoring 5 mg/day over placebo, with nominal significance at Month 18 (delta = 2.7, p = 0.03). Patients with mild AD, whether defined by MMSE or ADAS-cog, demonstrated significant differences favoring 5 mg/day on ADAS-cog and trends on CDR-sb and ADCS-ADL at Month 18. TTP488 plasma concentrations of 7.6-16.8 ng/mL were associated with a decreased decline in ADAS-cog over time compared to placebo. Worsening on the ADAS-cog relative to placebo was evident at 46.8-167.0 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Results of these analyses support further investigation of 5 mg/day in future Phase 3 trials in patients with mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, AZ, USA
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PINK1 and its familial Parkinson's disease-associated mutation regulate brain vascular endothelial inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:109-16. [PMID: 24385196 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating disorder that affects movement. Inflammation-mediated endothelial dysfunction has been found to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. More than 40 PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations have been found in PD patients. The effects of PINK1 in vascular inflammation are as yet unknown. In this study, our findings revealed that PINK1 can be increased by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). We found that wild-type PINK1 prevents expression of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), thus inhibiting the attachment of monocytes to brain endothelial cells. However, PINK1G309D, the loss-of-function mutation associated with early-onset familial PD, promotes expression of VCAM-1 and exacerbates attachment of monocytes to brain endothelial cells. Mechanism studies revealed that overexpression of wild-type PINK1 inhibits the VCAM-1 promoter by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). However, PINK1G309D promotes the VCAM-1 promoter by increasing the transcriptional activity of IRF-1.
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