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Cai BD, Zhu JX, Shi ZG, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. A simple sample preparation approach based on hydrophilic solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of endogenous cytokinins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:31-6. [PMID: 24212141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs), a vital family of phytohormones, play important roles in the regulation of shoot and root development. However, the quantification of CKs in plant samples is frequently affected by the complex plant matrix. In the current study, we developed a simple, rapid and efficient hydrophilic interaction chromatography-solid phase extraction (HILIC-SPE) method for CKs purification. CKs were extracted by acetonitrile (ACN) followed by HILIC-SPE (silica as sorbents) purification. The extraction solution of plant samples could be directly applied to HILIC-SPE without solvent evaporation step, which simplified the analysis process. Moreover, with HILIC chromatographic retention mechanism, the hydrophobic co-extracted impurities were efficiently removed. Subsequently, CKs were separated by RPLC, orthogonal to the HILIC pretreatment process, and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The method exhibits high specificity and recovery yield (>77.0%). Good linearities were obtained for all eight CKs ranging from 0.002 to 100ngmL(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.9927. The limits of detection (LODs, signal/noise=5) for the CKs were between 1.0 and 12.4pgmL(-1). Reproducibility of the method was evaluated by intra-day and inter-day measurements and the results showed that relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 10.5%. Employing this method, we successfully quantified six CKs in 20mg Oryza sativa leaves and the method was also successfully applied to Brassica napus (flower and leaves).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Dong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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202
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Ellouzi H, Ben Hamed K, Asensi-Fabado MA, Müller M, Abdelly C, Munné-Bosch S. Drought and cadmium may be as effective as salinity in conferring subsequent salt stress tolerance in Cakile maritima. PLANTA 2013; 237:1311-23. [PMID: 23381736 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to a combination of stresses, which can occur simultaneously or at different times throughout their life. In this study, the effects of salinity, drought and cadmium pre-treatments were evaluated on the subsequent response of Cakile maritima, a halophytic species, to various levels of salinity (from 100 to 800 mM NaCl) after a recovery time of 2 weeks. Studies were performed in two sets of experiments in a glasshouse under short and long photoperiod (November and July, respectively). In both experiments and in contrast to control plants (not exposed to any previous stress), plants previously exposed to drought, salt or cadmium stress showed lower levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, upon salt treatment, particularly at high NaCl concentrations. Oxidative stress alleviation was not only observed at 800 mM NaCl under short photoperiod, but also at 600 and 800 mM NaCl under long photoperiod in terms of reduced salt-induced increases in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in plants previously exposed to drought, salt or cadmium stress. Previous exposure of plants to all stresses additionally caused decreased levels of jasmonic acid, which might be associated with a lower oxidative stress, differences being observed again at 800 mM NaCl only under short photoperiod and at 600 and 800 mM NaCl under long photoperiod. In conclusion, a relatively long-term stress memory was found in C. maritima pre-exposed to salinity, drought or cadmium, which resulted in a lower oxidative stress when subsequently exposed to salinity. The positive effects of drought and cadmium were of similar magnitude to those provided by salt pre-exposure, which indicated an effective cross-tolerance response in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ellouzi
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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203
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Ellouzi H, Hamed KB, Cela J, Müller M, Abdelly C, Munné-Bosch S. Increased sensitivity to salt stress in tocopherol-deficient Arabidopsis mutants growing in a hydroponic system. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23136. [PMID: 23299430 PMCID: PMC3657010 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that tocopherols could play physiological roles in salt tolerance but the mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed changes in growth, mineral and oxidative status in vte1 and vte4 Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exposed to salt stress. vte1 and vte4 mutants lack α-tocopherol, but only the vte1 mutant is additionally deficient in γ-tocopherol. Results showed that a deficiency in vitamin E leads to reduced growth and increased oxidative stress in hydroponically-grown plants. This effect was observed at early stages, not only in rosettes but also in roots. The vte1 mutant was more sensitive to salt-induced oxidative stress than the wild type and the vte4 mutant. Salt sensitivity was associated with (i) high contents of Na(+), (ii) reduced efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm ratio) and (iii) more pronounced oxidative stress as indicated by increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdeyde levels. The vte 4 mutant, which accumulates γ- instead of α-tocopherol showed an intermediate sensitivity to salt stress between the wild type and the vte1 mutant. Contents of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid were higher in the vte1 mutant than the vte4 mutant and wild type. It is concluded that vitamin E-deficient plants show an increased sensitivity to salt stress both in rosettes and roots, therefore indicating the positive role of tocopherols in stress tolerance, not only by minimizing oxidative stress, but also controlling Na(+)/K(+) homeostasis and hormonal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ellouzi
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles; Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria; Hammam, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Hamed
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles; Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria; Hammam, Tunisia
| | - Jana Cela
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles; Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria; Hammam, Tunisia
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal; Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
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204
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Blanco-Ulate B, Vincenti E, Powell ALT, Cantu D. Tomato transcriptome and mutant analyses suggest a role for plant stress hormones in the interaction between fruit and Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:142. [PMID: 23717322 PMCID: PMC3653111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit-pathogen interactions are a valuable biological system to study the role of plant development in the transition from resistance to susceptibility. In general, unripe fruit are resistant to pathogen infection but become increasingly more susceptible as they ripen. During ripening, fruit undergo significant physiological and biochemical changes that are coordinated by complex regulatory and hormonal signaling networks. The interplay between multiple plant stress hormones in the interaction between plant vegetative tissues and microbial pathogens has been documented extensively, but the relevance of these hormones during infections of fruit is unclear. In this work, we analyzed a transcriptome study of tomato fruit infected with Botrytis cinerea in order to profile the expression of genes for the biosynthesis, modification and signal transduction of ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA), hormones that may be not only involved in ripening, but also in fruit interactions with pathogens. The changes in relative expression of key genes during infection and assays of susceptibility of fruit with impaired synthesis or perception of these hormones were used to formulate hypotheses regarding the involvement of these regulators in the outcome of the tomato fruit-B. cinerea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Estefania Vincenti
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Ann L. T. Powell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dario Cantu, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. e-mail:
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205
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Hernández I, Munné-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 61:24-28. [PMID: 23031844 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids fulfill an enormous range of biological functions in plants. In seeds, these compounds play several roles; for instance proanthocyanidins protect them from moisture, pathogen attacks, mechanical stress, UV radiation, etc., and flavonols have been suggested to protect the embryo from oxidative stress. The present study aimed at determining the role of flavonoids in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) seed germination, and the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), two phytohormones with the same biosynthetic origin as flavonoids, the shikimate pathway, in such a putative role. We show that naringenin, a flavanone, strongly inhibits the germination of A. thaliana seeds in a dose-dependent and SA-independent manner. Altered auxin levels do not affect seed germination in Arabidopsis, but impaired auxin transport does, although to a minor extent. Naringenin and N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) impair auxin transport through the same mechanisms, so the inhibition of germination by naringenin might involve impaired auxin transport among other mechanisms. From the present study it is concluded that naringenin inhibits the germination of Arabidopsis seeds in a dose-dependent and SA-independent manner, and the results also suggest that such effects are exerted, at least to some extent, through impaired auxin transport, although additional mechanisms seem to operate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Hernández
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Edifici Margalef, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcleona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Margalef Bldg, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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206
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Simultaneous determination of 24 or more acidic and alkaline phytohormones in femtomole quantities of plant tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1257-66. [PMID: 23128908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones act at relatively low concentrations as major regulatory factors of plant growth and development, and cross talk of phytohormones is currently of great interest throughout the plant science community. To meet this demand, a method that is capable of simultaneously analyzing diverse plant hormones is essential. This paper introduces a high-performance liquid chromatographic separation technique coupled with sensitive and selective ion trap mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine 24 or more acidic and alkaline phytohormones, including auxin, cis- and trans-abscisic acid, 11 cytokinins, and 10 gibberellins, in a single injection of sample. A binary solid-phase extraction using Oasis MCX cartridges for cations and Oasis MAX cartridges for anions was used to prepurify more than 24 acidic and alkaline phytohormones from a single plant extract. The method showed good linearity for all 24 phytohormones with R(2) values ranging from 0.9903 to 0.9997. Limits of detection for most of the phytohormones were in the femtomole range with some extending into the sub-femtomole range. This method was applied to hundreds of plant samples comprising different tissues from various plants, including herbaceous, woody climbing, and woody plants to demonstrate feasibility and to validate the methodology.
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207
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Arrom L, Munné-Bosch S. Hormonal regulation of leaf senescence in Lilium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1542-1550. [PMID: 22854182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to floral senescence and longevity, the control of leaf senescence is a major factor determining the quality of several cut flowers, including Lilium, in the commercial market. To better understand the physiological process underlying leaf senescence in this species, we evaluated: (i) endogenous variation in the levels of phytohormones during leaf senescence, (ii) the effects of leaf darkening in senescence and associated changes in phytohormones, and (iii) the effects of spray applications of abscisic acid (ABA) and pyrabactin on leaf senescence. Results showed that while gibberellin 4 (GA(4)) and salicylic acid (SA) contents decreased, that of ABA increased during the progression of leaf senescence. However, dark-induced senescence increased ABA levels, but did not affect GA(4) and SA levels, which appeared to correlate more with changes in air temperature and/or photoperiod than with the induction of leaf senescence. Furthermore, spray applications of pyrabactin delayed the progression of leaf senescence in cut flowers. Thus, we conclude that (i) ABA plays a major role in the regulation of leaf senescence in Lilium, (ii) darkness promotes leaf senescence and increases ABA levels, and (iii) exogenous applications of pyrabactin inhibit leaf senescence in Lilium, therefore suggesting that it acts as an antagonist of ABA in senescing leaves of cut lily flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Arrom
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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208
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Farrow SC, Emery RJN. Concurrent profiling of indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins and structurally related purines by high-performance-liquid-chromatography tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:42. [PMID: 23061971 PMCID: PMC3583190 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of plant growth regulators that are involved in several plant developmental processes. Despite the breadth of knowledge surrounding CKs and their diverse functions, much remains to be discovered about the full potential of CKs, including their relationship with the purine salvage pathway, and other phytohormones. The most widely used approach to query unknown facets of CK biology utilized functional genomics coupled with CK metabolite assays and screening of CK associated phenotypes. There are numerous different types of assays for determining CK quantity, however, none of these methods screen for the compendium of metabolites that are necessary for elucidating all roles, including purine salvage pathway enzymes in CK metabolism, and CK cross-talk with other phytohormones. Furthermore, all published analytical methods have drawbacks ranging from the required use of radiolabelled compounds, or hazardous derivatization reagents, poor sensitivity, lack of resolution between CK isomers and lengthy run times. RESULTS In this paper, a method is described for the concurrent extraction, purification and analysis of several CKs (freebases, ribosides, glucosides, nucleotides), purines (adenosine monophosphate, inosine, adenosine, and adenine), indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid from hundred-milligram (mg) quantities of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue. This method utilizes conventional Bieleski solvents extraction, solid phase purification, and is unique because of its diverse range of detectable analytes, and implementation of a conventional HPLC system with a fused core column that enables good sensitivity without the requirement of a UHPLC system. Using this method we were able to resolve CKs about twice as fast as our previous method. Similarly, analysis of adenosine, indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid, was comparatively rapid. A further enhancement of the method was the utilization of a QTRAP 5500 mass analyzer, which improved upon several aspects of our previous analytical method carried out on a Quattro mass analyzer. Notable improvements included much superior sensitivity, and number of analytes detectable within a single run. Limits of detection ranged from 2 pM for (9G)Z to almost 750 pM for indole-3-acetic acid. CONCLUSIONS This method is well suited for functional genomics platforms tailored to understanding CK metabolism, CK interrelationships with purine recycling and associated hormonal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Farrow
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - RJ Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
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209
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Dang X, Hu C, Chen Z, Wang S, Hu S. Electrochemical characteristics of cis-jasmone in acid media at multi-wall carbon nanotube-Nafion composite film modified electrode and its analytical application. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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210
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Lechat MM, Pouvreau JB, Péron T, Gauthier M, Montiel G, Véronési C, Todoroki Y, Le Bizec B, Monteau F, Macherel D, Simier P, Thoiron S, Delavault P. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5311-22. [PMID: 22859674 PMCID: PMC3431000 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
After a conditioning period, seed dormancy in obligate root parasitic plants is released by a chemical stimulus secreted by the roots of host plants. Using Phelipanche ramosa as the model, experiments conducted in this study showed that seeds require a conditioning period of at least 4 d to be receptive to the synthetic germination stimulant GR24. A cDNA-AFLP procedure on seeds revealed 58 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) whose expression pattern changed upon GR24 treatment. Among the isolated TDFs, two up-regulated sequences corresponded to an abscisic acid (ABA) catabolic gene, PrCYP707A1, encoding an ABA 8'-hydroxylase. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, two full-length cDNAs, PrCYP707A1 and PrCYP707A2, were isolated from seeds. Both genes were always expressed at low levels during conditioning during which an initial decline in ABA levels was recorded. GR24 application after conditioning triggered a strong up-regulation of PrCYP707A1 during the first 18 h, followed by an 8-fold decrease in ABA levels detectable 3 d after treatment. In situ hybridization experiments on GR24-treated seeds revealed a specific PrCYP707A1 mRNA accumulation in the cells located between the embryo and the micropyle. Abz-E2B, a specific inhibitor of CYP707A enzymes, significantly impeded seed germination, proving to be a non-competitive antagonist of GR24 with reversible inhibitory activity. These results demonstrate that P. ramosa seed dormancy release relies on ABA catabolism mediated by the GR24-dependent activation of PrCYP707A1. In addition, in situ hybridization corroborates the putative location of cells receptive to the germination stimulants in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Marie Lechat
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Mathieu Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Grégory Montiel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Christophe Véronési
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Yasushi Todoroki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - David Macherel
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Séverine Thoiron
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, SFR 4207 QUASAV, LUNAM UniversityNantes, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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211
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Juvany M, Müller M, Munné-Bosch S. Leaves of field-grown mastic trees suffer oxidative stress at the two extremes of their lifespan. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:584-594. [PMID: 22765357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a complex phenomenon occurring in all plant species, but it is still poorly understood in plants grown in Mediterranean field conditions and well-adapted to harsh climatic conditions. To better understand the physiological processes underlying leaf senescence in mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus L.), we evaluated leaf growth, water and N content, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, lipid peroxidation and levels of photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid and jasmonic acid during the complete leaf lifespan, from early expansion to late senescence in relation to natural climatic conditions in the field. While mature leaves suffered from water and N deficit during late spring and summer, both young (emerging) and old (senescing) leaves were most sensitive to photo-oxidative stress, as indicated by reductions in the F(v)/F(m) ratio and enhanced lipid peroxidation during late autumn and winter. Reductions in the F(v)/F(m) ratio were associated with low α-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels, while very old, senescing leaves additionally showed severe anthocyanin losses. We have concluded that both young (emerging) and old (senescing) leaves suffer oxidative stress in mastic trees, which may be linked in part to suboptimal temperatures during late autumn and winter as well as to low vitamin E levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Juvany
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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212
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Svačinová J, Novák O, Plačková L, Lenobel R, Holík J, Strnad M, Doležal K. A new approach for cytokinin isolation from Arabidopsis tissues using miniaturized purification: pipette tip solid-phase extraction. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:17. [PMID: 22594941 PMCID: PMC3492005 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a new analytical approach for isolation and quantification of cytokinins (CK) in minute amounts of fresh plant material, which combines a simple one-step purification with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fast scanning tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plant tissue samples (1-5 mg FW) were purified by stop-and-go-microextraction (StageTip purification), which previously has only been applied for clean-up and pre-concentration of peptides. We found that a combination of two reverse phases and one cation-exchange phase, was the best tool, giving a total extraction recovery higher than 80%. The process was completed by a single chromatographic analysis of a wide range of naturally occurring cytokinins (bases, ribosides, O- and N-glucosides, and nucleotides) in 24.5 minutes using an analytical column packed with sub-2-microne particles. In multiple reaction monitoring mode, the detection limits ranged from 0.05 to 5 fmol and the linear ranges for most cytokinins were at least five orders of magnitude. The StageTip purification was validated and optimized using samples of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, roots and shoots where eighteen cytokinins were successfully determined. CONCLUSIONS The combination of microextraction with one-step high-throughput purification provides fast, effective and cheap sample preparation prior to qualitative and quantitative measurements. Our procedure can be used after modification also for other phytohormones, depending on selectivity, affinity and capacity of the selected sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Svačinová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - René Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Holík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ 783 71, Czech Republic
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