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Levy BD, Noel PJ, Freemer MM, Cloutier MM, Georas SN, Jarjour NN, Ober C, Woodruff PG, Barnes KC, Bender BG, Camargo CA, Chupp GL, Denlinger LC, Fahy JV, Fitzpatrick AM, Fuhlbrigge A, Gaston BM, Hartert TV, Kolls JK, Lynch SV, Moore WC, Morgan WJ, Nadeau KC, Ownby DR, Solway J, Szefler SJ, Wenzel SE, Wright RJ, Smith RA, Erzurum SC. Future Research Directions in Asthma. An NHLBI Working Group Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 192:1366-72. [PMID: 26305520 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201505-0963ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic disease without cure. Our understanding of asthma onset, pathobiology, classification, and management has evolved substantially over the past decade; however, significant asthma-related morbidity and excess healthcare use and costs persist. To address this important clinical condition, the NHLBI convened a group of extramural investigators for an Asthma Research Strategic Planning workshop on September 18-19, 2014, to accelerate discoveries and their translation to patients. The workshop focused on (1) in utero and early-life origins of asthma, (2) the use of phenotypes and endotypes to classify disease, (3) defining disease modification, (4) disease management, and (5) implementation research. This report summarizes the workshop and produces recommendations to guide future research in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Levy
- 1 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia J Noel
- 2 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Nizar N Jarjour
- 5 University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carole Ober
- 6 The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | - Geoff L Chupp
- 11 Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - John V Fahy
- 7 University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Ben M Gaston
- 13 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tina V Hartert
- 14 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jay K Kolls
- 15 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan V Lynch
- 7 University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wendy C Moore
- 16 Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Kari C Nadeau
- 18 Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Stanley J Szefler
- 20 Children's Hospital Colorado and the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- 15 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert A Smith
- 2 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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202
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Wright ML, Starkweather AR, York TP. Mechanisms of the Maternal Exposome and Implications for Health Outcomes. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2016; 39:E17-30. [PMID: 27149232 PMCID: PMC4860277 DOI: 10.1097/ans.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the environment contributes to health. However, few studies have evaluated environmental exposures in women that may influence future health of their offspring. Knowledge gained may inform nursing how to better advocate for patients and families, and provide individualized interventions and education. Therefore, a more comprehensive investigation of the maternal exposome to uncover mechanistic insight into complex disease in offspring is warranted. To advance understanding of biologic mechanisms that contribute to high-risk birth outcomes and offspring predisposition to disease, it will be necessary to measure a range of exposures and biomarkers before and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela R. Starkweather
- Department of Adult Health and Nursing Systems, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA,
| | - Timothy P. York
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA,
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203
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Babaeian M, Naseri M, Kamalinejad M, Ghaffari F, Mazaheri M. Air Pollution: Avicenna's Concept. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:35. [PMID: 26955464 PMCID: PMC4763461 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.175995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Babaeian
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ghaffari
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mazaheri
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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204
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Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in cities. Environ Health 2016; 15 Suppl 1:38. [PMID: 26960529 PMCID: PMC4895603 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of people live in cities and urbanization is continuing worldwide. Cities have long been known to be society's predominant engine of innovation and wealth creation, yet they are also a main source of pollution and disease. METHODS We conducted a review around the topic urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health and describe the findings. RESULTS Within cities there is considerable variation in the levels of environmental exposures such as air pollution, noise, temperature and green space. Emerging evidence suggests that urban and transport planning indicators such as road network, distance to major roads, and traffic density, household density, industry and natural and green space explain a large proportion of the variability. Personal behavior including mobility adds further variability to personal exposures, determines variability in green space and UV exposure, and can provide increased levels of physical activity. Air pollution, noise and temperature have been associated with adverse health effects including increased morbidity and premature mortality, UV and green space with both positive and negative health effects and physical activity with many health benefits. In many cities there is still scope for further improvement in environmental quality through targeted policies. Making cities 'green and healthy' goes far beyond simply reducing CO2 emissions. Environmental factors are highly modifiable, and environmental interventions at the community level, such as urban and transport planning, have been shown to be promising and more cost effective than interventions at the individual level. However, the urban environment is a complex interlinked system. Decision-makers need not only better data on the complexity of factors in environmental and developmental processes affecting human health, but also enhanced understanding of the linkages to be able to know at which level to target their actions. New research tools, methods and paradigms such as geographical information systems, smartphones, and other GPS devices, small sensors to measure environmental exposures, remote sensing and the exposome paradigm together with citizens observatories and science and health impact assessment can now provide this information. CONCLUSION While in cities there are often silos of urban planning, mobility and transport, parks and green space, environmental department, (public) health department that do not work together well enough, multi-sectorial approaches are needed to tackle the environmental problems. The city of the future needs to be a green city, a social city, an active city, a healthy city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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205
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Andersen ZJ, Sram RJ, Ščasný M, Gurzau ES, Fucic A, Gribaldo L, Rossner P, Rossnerova A, Kohlová MB, Máca V, Zvěřinová I, Gajdosova D, Moshammer H, Rudnai P, Knudsen LE. Newborns health in the Danube Region: Environment, biomonitoring, interventions and economic benefits in a large prospective birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:112-122. [PMID: 26735349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EU strategy for the Danube Region addresses numerous challenges including environment, health and socioeconomic disparities. Many old environmental burdens and heavily polluted areas in Europe are located in the Danube Region, consisting of 14 countries, with over 100 million people. Estimating the burden of environmental exposures on early-life health is a growing research area in Europe which has major public health implications, but the data from the Danube Region are largely missing. AIM This review presents an inventory of current environmental challenges, related early-life health risks, and knowledge gaps in the Danube Region, based on publicly available databases, registers, and literature, as a rationale and incentive for a new integrated project. The review also proposes the concept for the project aiming to characterize in utero exposures to multiple environmental factors and estimate their effect on early-life health, evaluate economic impact, as well as identify interventions with a potential to harness social norms to reduce emissions, exposures and health risks in the Danube Region. METHODS Experts in environmental epidemiology, human biomonitoring and social science in collaboration with clinicians propose to establish a new large multi-center birth cohort of mother-child pairs from Danube countries, measure biomarkers of exposure and health in biological samples at birth, collect centrally measured climate, air and water pollution data, conduct pre- and postnatal surveys on lifestyle, indoor exposures, noise, occupation, socio-economic status, risk-averting behavior, and preferences; and undertake clinical examinations of children at and after birth. Birth cohort will include at least 2000 newborns per site, and a subset of at least 200 mother-child pairs per site for biomonitoring. Novel biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect will be applied, to gain better mechanistic insight. Effects of multiple environmental exposures on fetal and child growth, respiratory, allergic, immunologic, and neurodevelopmental health outcomes will be estimated. Parent's willingness to pay for reducing health risks in children will be elicited by survey, while values of cost-of-illness will be gathered from literature and national statistics. Effects of risk reducing interventions will be examined. CONCLUSIONS The proposed project would provide novel estimates of the burden of early childhood diseases attributable to environmental exposures and assess health impacts of different intervention scenarios in the Danube Region, in an integrated approach combining human biomonitoring, epidemiological and social science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana J Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, AS CR Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Ščasný
- Charles University in Prague, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugen S Gurzau
- The Environmental Health Center, Busuiocului 58, 400240 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
| | - Aleksandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- EC DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, TP 260, Via E. Fermi, 2749 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, AS CR Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, AS CR Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Braun Kohlová
- Charles University in Prague, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Máca
- Charles University in Prague, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Zvěřinová
- Charles University in Prague, Environment Center, Jose Martiho 2, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Gajdosova
- Regional Public Health Authority, Ipelska 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Institut Umwelt-Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Center for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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206
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Sakurai K, Miyaso H, Eguchi A, Matsuno Y, Yamamoto M, Todaka E, Fukuoka H, Hata A, Mori C. Chiba study of Mother and Children's Health (C-MACH): cohort study with omics analyses. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010531. [PMID: 26826157 PMCID: PMC4735302 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent epidemiological studies have shown that environmental factors during the fetal period to early childhood might affect the risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This is referred to as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept. The Chiba study of Mother and Children's Health (C-MACH) is a birth cohort study based on the DOHaD hypothesis and involves multiomics analysis. This study aims to explore the effects of genetic and environmental factors--particularly the fetal environment and postbirth living environment--on children's health, and to identify potential biomarkers for these effects. PARTICIPANTS The C-MACH consists of three hospital-based cohorts. The study participants are pregnant women at <13 weeks gestation. Women who underwent an examination in one of the three hospitals received an explanation of the study. The participants consented to completing questionnaire surveys and the collection and storage of biological and house/environmental samples. Participants were provided unique study numbers. All of the data and biological specimens will be stored in the Chiba University Center for Preventive Medical Sciences and Chiba University Center for Preventive Medical Sciences BioBank, respectively. FINDINGS TO DATE Consent to participate was obtained from 433 women. Of these women, 376 women completed questionnaires in the early gestational period. The mean age was 32.5 (4.4) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.1 (3.0) kg/m(2). Before pregnancy, 72.3% of the women had a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2). During early pregnancy, 5.0% of the participants smoked. FUTURE PLANS Primary outcomes are allergy, obesity, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and developmental disorders. Genome-level, metabolome-level, umbilical cord DNA methylation (epigenome), gut microbiota and environmental chemical exposure variables will be evaluated. We will analyse the relationships between the outcomes and analytical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Sakurai
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Miyaso
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuno
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Midori Yamamoto
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Emiko Todaka
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideoki Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Hata
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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207
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Abstract
To advance our knowledge of the influence of environmental exposures on human health and disease, robust studies are needed. However, for many exposures, robust studies are not feasible due to limitations with current ascertainment methods and/or study designs. Epigenetics, the study of mitotically heritable, reversible information that regulates critical cell processes, has gained much attention because it offers a potential mechanism to explain how exposures can influence cell states. Therefore, most studies have focused on epigenetics as a mechanism for disease. However, emerging evidence also suggests that epigenetic marks may also serve as biomarkers of exposure. Here, we highlight findings showing that the epigenome is labile to the environment and that these exposure-associated changes show long-term stability, are specific, are detectable in accessible tissues, can predict exposure status, and can be practically implemented, thus supporting the potential for epigenetic patterns to serve as robust measures of environmental exposure.
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208
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Breen MS, Long TC, Schultz BD, Williams RW, Richmond-Bryant J, Breen M, Langstaff JE, Devlin RB, Schneider A, Burke JM, Batterman SA, Meng QY. Air Pollution Exposure Model for Individuals (EMI) in Health Studies: Evaluation for Ambient PM2.5 in Central North Carolina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14184-14194. [PMID: 26561729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution health studies of fine particulate matter (diameter ≤2.5 μm, PM2.5) often use outdoor concentrations as exposure surrogates. Failure to account for variability of indoor infiltration of ambient PM2.5 and time indoors can induce exposure errors. We developed and evaluated an exposure model for individuals (EMI), which predicts five tiers of individual-level exposure metrics for ambient PM2.5 using outdoor concentrations, questionnaires, weather, and time-location information. We linked a mechanistic air exchange rate (AER) model to a mass-balance PM2.5 infiltration model to predict residential AER (Tier 1), infiltration factors (Tier 2), indoor concentrations (Tier 3), personal exposure factors (Tier 4), and personal exposures (Tier 5) for ambient PM2.5. Using cross-validation, individual predictions were compared to 591 daily measurements from 31 homes (Tiers 1-3) and participants (Tiers 4-5) in central North Carolina. Median absolute differences were 39% (0.17 h(-1)) for Tier 1, 18% (0.10) for Tier 2, 20% (2.0 μg/m(3)) for Tier 3, 18% (0.10) for Tier 4, and 20% (1.8 μg/m(3)) for Tier 5. The capability of EMI could help reduce the uncertainty of ambient PM2.5 exposure metrics used in health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Breen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas C Long
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Bradley D Schultz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ronald W Williams
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Miyuki Breen
- Biomathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - John E Langstaff
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Robert B Devlin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alexandra Schneider
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Janet M Burke
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stuart A Batterman
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qing Yu Meng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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209
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Abstract
Possible harm from endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in humans is speculated based on two types of evidence; 1) increasing trends of suspected diseases in ecological studies of populations and 2) findings from traditional epidemiological studies of individuals. However, ecological findings are not regarded as direct human evidence of the relation between EDCs and disease, while the evidence among epidemiological studies of individuals is often inconsistent. Thus, a criticism is that linking EDCs and health in human is naively presumed without solid evidence. However, human studies of EDCs are methodologically complex and understanding methodological issues will help to interpret findings from existing human studies and to properly design optimal human studies. The key issues are low reliability of exposure assessment of EDCs with short half-lives, EDC mixtures, possibility of non-monotonic dose-response relationships, non-existence of an unexposed group, difficulties in measuring exposure during critical periods, and interactions with established risk factors. Furthermore, EDC mixtures may affect human health through other mechanisms than traditional endocrine disruption, for example glutathione depletion or mitochondrial dysfunction. Given this complexity, the most plausible scenario in humans is that exposure to EDC mixtures leads to increasing risk of related diseases at the ecological level, but inconsistent associations would be expected in traditional epidemiological studies. Although epidemiologists have long relied on Bradford Hill's criteria to objectively evaluate whether associations observed in epidemiology can be interpreted as causal, there are challenges to use these criteria for EDCs, particularly concerning consistency across studies and the findings of linear dose-response relationships. At the individual level, compared to EDCs with short half-lives, epidemiological studies of EDCs with long half-lives among populations with a relatively low exposure dose range of exposure can likely produce relatively more reliable results, because the measurement of EDCs with long half-lives likely represents typical long-term exposure and populations with exposure in the low range of doses are likely to have a reference group closer to non-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 101 Dongin-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea, 700-422.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd St, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454-1075, USA.
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210
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Ghantous A, Hernandez-Vargas H, Byrnes G, Dwyer T, Herceg Z. Characterising the epigenome as a key component of the fetal exposome in evaluating in utero exposures and childhood cancer risk. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:733-42. [PMID: 25724893 PMCID: PMC4757935 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in laboratory sciences hold a promise for a 'leap forward' in understanding the aetiology of complex human diseases, notably cancer, potentially providing an evidence base for prevention. For example, remarkable advances in epigenomics have an important impact on our understanding of biological phenomena and importance of environmental stressors in complex diseases. Environmental and lifestyle factors are thought to be implicated in the development of a wide range of human cancers by eliciting changes in the epigenome. These changes, thus, represent attractive targets for biomarker discovery intended for the improvement of exposure and risk assessment, diagnosis and prognosis and provision of short-term outcomes in intervention studies. The epigenome can be viewed as an interface between the genome and the environment; therefore, aberrant epigenetic events associated with environmental exposures are likely to play an important role in the onset and progression of different human diseases. The advent of powerful technologies for analysing epigenetic patterns in both cancer tissues and normal cells holds promise that the next few years will be fundamental for the identification of critical cancer- and exposure-associated epigenetic changes and for their evaluation as new generation of biomarkers. Here, we discuss new opportunities in the current age of 'omics' technologies for studies with prospective design and associated biospecimens that represent exciting potential for characterising the epigenome as a key component of the fetal exposome and for understanding causal pathways and robust predictors of cancer risk and associated environmental determinants during in utero life. Such studies should improve our knowledge concerning the aetiology of childhood cancer and identify both novel biomarkers and clues to causation, thus, providing an evidence base for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Ghantous
- Epigenetics and
- Biostatistics Groups, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 rue Albert-Thomas, F-69008 Lyon, France
- The George Institute for Global Health and Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford Martin School | University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics and
- Biostatistics Groups, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 rue Albert-Thomas, F-69008 Lyon, France
- The George Institute for Global Health and Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford Martin School | University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Graham Byrnes
- Biostatistics Groups, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 rue Albert-Thomas, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health and Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford Martin School | University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +33-4-72 73 83 98; Fax: +33-4-72 73 83 29; E-mail:
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211
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Boggess AJ, Rahman GMM, Pamukcu M, Faber S, Kingston HMS. An accurate and transferable protocol for reproducible quantification of organic pollutants in human serum using direct isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 139:6223-31. [PMID: 25302342 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00851k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A robust method has been developed for easy transfer between analytical laboratories to obtain highly accurate and reproducible quantification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in micro-volumes of serum. This method is suited for analysts researching the impact of environmental exposure on human health. When performed by highly trained analysts, existing methods can produce high quality data; however, complex sample preparation steps often cannot be consistently replicated by laboratories, leading to variance in extraction recovery and quantitation. By combining stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with direct isotope dilution (D-ID) mass spectrometry quantification, a new analytical method was developed. The D-ID quantification significantly improved accuracy, corrected sample-to-sample irreproducibility, and reduced sample preparation time. Independent production of statistically identical data then confirmed transfer of the validated operating protocol to an off-site laboratory with different instrument models. SBSE performance was compared with industry-accepted extraction techniques. D-ID quantification was compared with peer-reviewed relative isotopic response factor (RF) quantification methods. Holding other variables constant, D-ID improved accuracy by 250% and precision by 300% compared with RF; SBSE improved accuracy by 37% compared to industry-accepted extraction methods. Limits of quantification of the analytes ranged from 60 pg g(-1) to 1 μg g(-1). Protocol transfer exhibited <7% mean between-laboratory error and <2% mean within-laboratory RSD. These results indicate that a transferable method has been developed for academic, government, commercial, and clinical laboratories seeking to maximize throughput and improve quantitative validity. This validated method was applied in a recent clinical study to assess non-communicable disease in children in Pennsylvania, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, USA.
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212
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Athersuch T. Metabolome analyses in exposome studies: Profiling methods for a vast chemical space. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 589:177-86. [PMID: 26494045 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling (metabonomics/metabolomics) is now used routinely as a tool to provide information-rich datasets for biomarker discovery, prompting and augmenting detailed mechanistic studies. The experimental design and focus of any individual study will be reflected in the types of biomarkers that can be detected; toxicological studies will likely focus on markers of response to insult, whereas clinical case-control studies may yield diagnostic markers of disease. Population studies can make use of omics analyses, including metabonomics, to provide mechanistically-relevant markers that link environmental exposures to chronic disease endpoints. In this article, examples of how metabolic profiling has played a key role in molecular epidemiological analyses of chronic disease are presented, and how these reflect different aspects of the causal pathway. A commentary on the nature of metabolome analysis as a complex mixture problem as opposed to a coded, sequence or template problem is provided, alongside an overview of current and future analytical platforms that are being applied to meet this analytical challenge. Epidemiological studies are an important nexus for integrating various measures of the human exposome, and the ubiquity, diversity and functions of small molecule metabolites, represent an important way to link individual exposures, genetics and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Athersuch
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Robinson O, Basagaña X, Agier L, de Castro M, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Gonzalez JR, Grimalt JO, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Sunyer J, Slama R, Vrijheid M. The Pregnancy Exposome: Multiple Environmental Exposures in the INMA-Sabadell Birth Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10632-41. [PMID: 26168307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is defined as "the totality of human environmental exposures from conception onward, complementing the genome" and its holistic approach may advance understanding of disease etiology. We aimed to describe the correlation structure of the exposome during pregnancy to better understand the relationships between and within families of exposure and to develop analytical tools appropriate to exposome data. Estimates on 81 environmental exposures of current health concern were obtained for 728 women enrolled in The INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) birth cohort, in Sabadell, Spain, using biomonitoring, geospatial modeling, remote sensors, and questionnaires. Pair-wise Pearson's and polychoric correlations were calculated and principal components were derived. The median absolute correlation across all exposures was 0.06 (5th-95th centiles, 0.01-0.54). There were strong levels of correlation within families of exposure (median = 0.45, 5th-95th centiles, 0.07-0.85). Nine exposures (11%) had a correlation higher than 0.5 with at least one exposure outside their exposure family. Effectively all the variance in the data set (99.5%) was explained by 40 principal components. Future exposome studies should interpret exposure effects in light of their correlations to other exposures. The weak to moderate correlation observed between exposure families will permit adjustment for confounding in future exposome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Robinson
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, U823 (IAB) Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research , Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Inserm and Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, U823 (IAB) Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) , Doctor Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Casanova, 143, 5 Planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The human metabolome-the complement of small molecule metabolites present in biofluids and tissues-represents a significant part of the internal chemical milieu and is therefore an important aspect of the human exposome. Metabolic profiling approaches, commonly referred to as metabonomics or metabolomics, permit detailed and efficient characterisation of human biospecimens; application to population studies holds great promise for uncovering new associations and causal relationships between environmental factors and chronic disease. In addition to the insight metabolic information can provide, metabolic phenotypes anchor other molecular readouts and help formulate a systems-level interpretation of biological phenomena. In this commentary, we discuss the general approach for applying metabolic profiling in exposome studies, alongside recent exemplars. We also comment on the complexity and dynamism of the metabolome and highlight both the limitations such properties impart and the requirements for dealing with such issues in real-world phenotyping studies. Given that several large-scale exposome studies are now underway, we offer a perspective on current and future challenges that will need to be addressed to maximise their utility in environmental health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College Norfolk Place, London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hector C Keun
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College Norfolk Place, London, London W2 1PG, UK
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Heude B, Forhan A, Slama R, Douhaud L, Bedel S, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Hankard R, Thiebaugeorges O, De Agostini M, Annesi-Maesano I, Kaminski M, Charles MA. Cohort Profile: The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development. Int J Epidemiol 2015; 45:353-63. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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216
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Joas A, Knudsen LE, Kolossa-Gehring M, Sepai O, Casteleyn L, Schoeters G, Angerer J, Castaño A, Aerts D, Biot P, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Reis MF, Lupsa IR, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Berglund M, Crettaz P, Rudnai P, Halzlova K, Mulcahy M, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Becher G, Fréry N, Jensen G, Van Vliet L, Koch HM, Den Hond E, Fiddicke U, Esteban M, Exley K, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Ligocka D, Hohenblum P, Kyrtopoulos S, Botsivali M, DeFelip E, Guillou C, Reniero F, Grazuleviciene R, Veidebaum T, Mørck TA, Nielsen JKS, Jensen JF, Rivas TC, Sanchez J, Koppen G, Smolders R, Kozepesy S, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Mannion R, Jakubowski M, Fucic JA, Pereira-Miguel J, Gurzau AE, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Lehmann A, Larsson K, Dumez B, Joas R. Policy recommendations and cost implications for a more sustainable framework for European human biomonitoring surveys. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 141:42-57. [PMID: 25526891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Human Biomonitoring (HBM) in exposure characterisation and risk assessment is well established in the scientific HBM community and regulatory arena by many publications. The European Environment and Health Strategy as well as the Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 of the European Commission recognised the value of HBM and the relevance and importance of coordination of HBM programmes in Europe. Based on existing and planned HBM projects and programmes of work and capabilities in Europe the Seventh Framework Programme (FP 7) funded COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale) to advance and improve comparability of HBM data across Europe. The pilot study protocol was tested in 17 European countries in the DEMOCOPHES feasibility study (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) cofunded (50%) under the LIFE+ programme of the European Commission. The potential of HBM in supporting and evaluating policy making (including e.g. REACH) and in awareness raising on environmental health, should significantly advance the process towards a fully operational, continuous, sustainable and scientifically based EU HBM programme. From a number of stakeholder activities during the past 10 years and the national engagement, a framework for sustainable HBM structure in Europe is recommended involving national institutions within environment, health and food as well as European institutions such as ECHA, EEA, and EFSA. An economic frame with shared cost implications for national and European institutions is suggested benefitting from the capacity building set up by COPHES/DEMOCOPHES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO, Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Belgium, Southern Denmark University, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, The Netherlands
| | - M Fátima Reis
- Medical Faculty of the University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | | | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Nadine Fréry
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, France
| | | | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | | | | | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Guillou
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Italy
| | - Fabiano Reniero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teresa C Rivas
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Jinny Sanchez
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michal Jajcaj
- Urad Verejneho Zdravotnictva Slovenskej Republiky, Slovakia
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Pećina-Šlaus N, Pećina M. Only one health, and so many omics. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:64. [PMID: 26101467 PMCID: PMC4476076 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new approaches based on wide profiling methods in studying biological and medical systems is bringing large amounts of data on a daily basis. The causes of complex diseases have been directed to the genome examination bringing formidable knowledge. We can study genome, but also proteome, exome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and newcomers too such as microbiome, connectome and exposome. The title of this editorial is paraphrasing the famous saying of Victor Schlichter from Buenos Aires children hospital in Argentina who said "How unfair! Only one health, and so many diseases". Today there is indeed a whole lot of omics. We think that we are lucky to have all the omics possible, but we also wanted to stress the importance of future holistic approach in integrating the knowledge omics has rewarded us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pećina-Šlaus
- Laboratory of Neuro-oncology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Salata 12, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia ; Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Pećina
- Department of Medical Sciences Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zrinski trg 11, Zagreb, Croatia
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218
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Jacquemin B, Siroux V, Sanchez M, Carsin AE, Schikowski T, Adam M, Bellisario V, Buschka A, Bono R, Brunekreef B, Cai Y, Cirach M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Declercq C, de Marco R, de Nazelle A, Ducret-Stich RE, Ferretti VV, Gerbase MW, Hardy R, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Al Kanaani Z, Keidel D, Kuh D, Le Moual N, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Marcon A, Modig L, Pin I, Rochat T, Schindler C, Sugiri D, Stempfelet M, Temam S, Tsai MY, Varraso R, Vienneau D, Vierkötter A, Hansell AL, Krämer U, Probst-Hensch NM, Sunyer J, Künzli N, Kauffmann F. Ambient air pollution and adult asthma incidence in six European cohorts (ESCAPE). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:613-21. [PMID: 25712593 PMCID: PMC4455584 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to air pollution has adverse effects among patients with asthma, but whether long-term exposure to air pollution is a cause of adult-onset asthma is unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between air pollution and adult onset asthma. METHODS Asthma incidence was prospectively assessed in six European cohorts. Exposures studied were annual average concentrations at home addresses for nitrogen oxides assessed for 23,704 participants (including 1,257 incident cases) and particulate matter (PM) assessed for 17,909 participants through ESCAPE land-use regression models and traffic exposure indicators. Meta-analyses of cohort-specific logistic regression on asthma incidence were performed. Models were adjusted for age, sex, overweight, education, and smoking and included city/area within each cohort as a random effect. RESULTS In this longitudinal analysis, asthma incidence was positively, but not significantly, associated with all exposure metrics, except for PMcoarse. Positive associations of borderline significance were observed for nitrogen dioxide [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.21 per 10 μg/m3; p = 0.10] and nitrogen oxides (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.08 per 20 μg/m3; p = 0.08). Nonsignificant positive associations were estimated for PM10 (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.23 per 10 μg/m3), PM2.5 (adjusted OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.23 per 5 μg/m3), PM2.5absorbance (adjusted OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.19 per 10-5/m), traffic load (adjusted OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.30 per 4 million vehicles × meters/day on major roads in a 100-m buffer), and traffic intensity (adjusted OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.30 per 5,000 vehicles/day on the nearest road). A nonsignificant negative association was estimated for PMcoarse (adjusted OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.14 per 5 μg/m3). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a deleterious effect of ambient air pollution on asthma incidence in adults. Further research with improved personal-level exposure assessment (vs. residential exposure assessment only) and phenotypic characterization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Jacquemin
- VIMA (Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches), U1168, INSERM (Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale), Villejuif, France
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Loke YJ, Hannan AJ, Craig JM. The Role of Epigenetic Change in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 26074864 PMCID: PMC4443738 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by problems with social communication, social interaction, and repetitive or restricted behaviors. ASD are comorbid with other disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, Rett syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Neither the genetic nor the environmental components have been characterized well enough to aid diagnosis or treatment of non-syndromic ASD. However, genome-wide association studies have amassed evidence suggesting involvement of hundreds of genes and a variety of associated genetic pathways. Recently, investigators have turned to epigenetics, a prime mediator of environmental effects on genomes and phenotype, to characterize changes in ASD that constitute a molecular level on top of DNA sequence. Though in their infancy, such studies have the potential to increase our understanding of the etiology of ASD and may assist in the development of biomarkers for its prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and eventually in its prevention and intervention. This review focuses on the first few epigenome-wide association studies of ASD and discusses future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Jing Loke
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Anthony John Hannan
- Melbourne Brain Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Jeffrey Mark Craig
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
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221
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Faber S, Zinn GM, Boggess A, Fahrenholz T, Kern JC, Kingston HMS. A cleanroom sleeping environment's impact on markers of oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:71. [PMID: 25887094 PMCID: PMC4374395 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging paradigm suggests children with autism display a unique pattern of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic triggers that make them susceptible to developing dysfunctional heavy metal and chemical detoxification systems. These abnormalities could be caused by alterations in the methylation, sulfation, and metalloprotein pathways. This study sought to evaluate the physiological and behavioral effects of children with autism sleeping in an International Organization for Standardization Class 5 cleanroom. METHODS Ten children with autism, ages 3-12, slept in a cleanroom for two weeks to evaluate changes in toxin levels, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and behavior. Before and after the children slept in the cleanroom, samples of blood and hair and rating scale scores were obtained to assess these changes. RESULTS Five children significantly lowered their concentration of oxidized glutathione, a biomarker of oxidative stress. The younger cohort, age 5 and under, showed significantly greater mean decreases in two markers of immune dysregulation, CD3% and CD4%, than the older cohort. Changes in serum magnesium, influencing neuronal regulation, correlated negatively while changes in serum iron, affecting oxygenation of tissues, correlated positively with age. Changes in serum benzene and PCB 28 concentrations showed significant negative correlations with age. The younger children demonstrated significant improvements on behavioral rating scales compared to the older children. In a younger pair of identical twins, one twin showed significantly greater improvements in 4 out of 5 markers of oxidative stress, which corresponded with better overall behavioral rating scale scores than the other twin. CONCLUSIONS Younger children who slept in the cleanroom altered elemental levels, decreased immune dysregulation, and improved behavioral rating scales, suggesting that their detoxification metabolism was briefly enhanced. The older children displayed a worsening in behavioral rating scale performance, which may have been caused by the mobilization of toxins from their tissues. The interpretation of this exploratory study is limited by lack of a control group and small sample size. The changes in physiology and behavior noted suggest that performance of larger, prospective controlled studies of exposure to nighttime or 24 hour cleanroom conditions for longer time periods may be useful for understanding detoxification in children with autism. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT02195401 (Obtained July 18, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Faber
- Medicine, The Children's Institute, 1405 Shady Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15217, USA.
| | - Gregory M Zinn
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Andrew Boggess
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Timothy Fahrenholz
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - John C Kern
- Mathematics and Computer Science, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - H M Skip Kingston
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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Slama R, Vrijheid M. Some challenges of studies aiming to relate the Exposome to human health. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:383-4. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Choi J, Aarøe Mørck T, Polcher A, Knudsen LE, Joas A. Review of the state of the art of human biomonitoring for chemical substances and its application to human exposure assessment for food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Choi
- Judy Choi Alexandra Polcher Anke Joas
| | | | | | | | - Anke Joas
- Judy Choi Alexandra Polcher Anke Joas
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224
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Lioy PJ. Exposure science and its places in environmental health sciences and risk assessment: why is its application still an ongoing struggle in 2014? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:1-3. [PMID: 25515539 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Lioy
- 1] Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology [2] Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA [3] Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Martinez-Arguelles DB, Papadopoulos V. Mechanisms mediating environmental chemical-induced endocrine disruption in the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25788893 PMCID: PMC4349159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to hundreds of man-made chemicals that pollute the environment in addition to multiple therapeutic drug treatments administered throughout life. Some of these chemicals, known as endocrine disruptors (EDs), mimic endogenous signals, thereby altering gene expression, influencing development, and promoting disease. Although EDs are eventually removed from the market or replaced with safer alternatives, new evidence suggests that early-life exposure leaves a fingerprint on the epigenome, which may increase the risk of disease later in life. Epigenetic changes occurring in early life in response to environmental toxicants have been shown to affect behavior, increase cancer risk, and modify the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Thus, exposure to an ED or combination of EDs may represent a first hit to the epigenome. Only limited information is available regarding the effect of ED exposure on adrenal function. The adrenal gland controls the stress response, blood pressure, and electrolyte homeostasis. This endocrine organ therefore has an important role in physiology and is a sensitive target of EDs. We review herein the effect of ED exposure on the adrenal gland with particular focus on in utero exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylehyl) phthalate. We discuss the challenges associated with identifying the mechanism mediating the epigenetic origins of disease and availability of biomarkers that may identify individual or population risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles and Vassilios Papadopoulos, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room C10-148, Montréal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada e-mail: ;
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel B. Martinez-Arguelles and Vassilios Papadopoulos, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room C10-148, Montréal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada e-mail: ;
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Abstract
As highlighted in a recent editorial in the Journal (Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(2):127-128), the research area of "-omics" includes genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and nascent fields of scientific inquiry such as epigenomics and exposomics. These fields can be collectively referred to as "global -omics." Increasing efforts have been made over the past 2 decades to identify and modify environmental risk factors among persons who are susceptible to disease because of their genotype and to integrate genetic information and other biological variables with information about individual-level risk factors and group-level or societal factors related to the broader residential, behavioral, or cultural context. In genome-wide association studies, only a small proportion of heritability is explained by genetic variants identified to date, which has prompted researchers in bioinformatics and biostatistics to take into account nonlinear relationships due to gene-environment or gene-gene interactions. The exposome, which is dynamic and variable, consists of all of the internal and external exposures an individual incurs over a lifetime. Both the epigenome and exposome change with age. The prenatal and perinatal periods are thought to be important times for epigenetic marking. Once the human epigenome has been fully mapped, identification of the effects of all deleterious environmental exposures according to duration of exposure and time period will be a complex undertaking, requiring collaborative epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1432 Central Avenue, No. 910, Memphis, TN.
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227
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Hu H, Ha S, Roth J, Kearney G, Talbott EO, Xu X. Ambient Air Pollution and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2014; 97:336-345. [PMID: 25242883 PMCID: PMC4166571 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia) have a substantial public health impact. Maternal exposure to high levels of air pollution may trigger HDP, but this association remains unclear. The objective of our report is to assess and quantify the association between maternal exposures to criteria air pollutants (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter ≤ 10, 2.5 μm) on HDP risk. PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Current Contents, Global Health, and Cochrane were searched (last search: September, 2013). After a detailed screening of 270 studies, 10 studies were extracted. We conducted meta-analyses if a pollutant in a specific exposure window was reported by at least four studies. Using fixed- and random-effects models, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated for each pollutant with specific increment of concentration. Increases in risks of HDP (OR per 10 ppb = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.30) and preeclampsia (OR per 10 ppb = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17) were observed to be associated with exposure to NO2 during the entire pregnancy, and significant associations between HDP and exposure to CO (OR per 1 ppm = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.31-2.45) and O3 (OR per 10 ppb = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.13) during the first trimester were also observed. Our review suggests an association between ambient air pollution and HDP risk. Although the ORs were relatively low, the population-attributable fractions were not negligible given the ubiquitous nature of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida
| | - Sandie Ha
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida
| | - Jeffrey Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Greg Kearney
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University
| | - Evelyn O. Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida
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228
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Bisphenol A exposure and asthma development in school-age children: a longitudinal study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111383. [PMID: 25356742 PMCID: PMC4214730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effect of bisphenol A on various health outcomes has been extensively examined, few studies have investigated its effect on asthma. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that exposure to bisphenol A in school-age children was associated with wheezing and asthma. METHODS Participants included 127 children aged 7-8 years without a previous asthma diagnosis in an elementary school in Seoul, Korea. Three surveys were conducted, each 2 years apart. Bisphenol A concentration was measured at the baseline survey, and PC20, which is defined as the methacholine concentration that induces a decrease in FEV1 of 20% from baseline, was measured at every survey. Associations between bisphenol A concentration at 7-8 years of age and wheezing, asthma, and PC20 at ages up to 11-12 years were examined using generalized estimating equations, a marginal Cox regression model, and a linear mixed model. RESULTS The log-transformed creatinine-adjusted urinary bisphenol A concentration at 7-8 years was positively associated with wheezing (odds ratio, 2.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.31; P = .02) and asthma (hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-3.00; P<.001) at ages up to 11-12 years. Bisphenol A was also negatively associated with PC20 (ß = -2.33; P = .02). When stratified by sex, the association between bisphenol A and asthma remained significant only in girls (hazard ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 2.18-2.76; P<.001). CONCLUSION Increased urinary bisphenol A concentrations at 7-8 years old were positively associated with wheezing and asthma and negatively associated with PC20 at ages up to 11-12 years.
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229
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Coughlin SS, Dawson A. Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Exposomics: A Call for Research Investment. Public Health Ethics 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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230
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The genetics of diabetic pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2014; 29:102-9. [PMID: 25438929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in molecular technology coupled with a greater awareness of the human genome and epigenome have broadened our understanding of the genetic contributions to the diabetic pregnancy. There are multiple genes and pathways that can result in a hyperglycemic environment for the fetus. Exposure to this environment in utero has an impact on the risk of adult-onset chronic diseases. How identification of an individual's genetic variants will impact clinical care and outcomes will continue to evolve as our understanding grows.
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231
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Using personal sensors to assess the exposome and acute health effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7805-19. [PMID: 25101766 PMCID: PMC4143834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110807805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The exposome encompasses the totality of human environmental exposures. Recent developments in sensor technology have made it possible to better measure personal exposure to environmental pollutants and other factors. We aimed to discuss and demonstrate the recent developments in personal sensors to measure multiple exposures and possible acute health responses, and discuss the main challenges ahead. Methods: We searched for a range of sensors to measure air pollution, noise, temperature, UV, physical activity, location, blood pressure, heart rate and lung function and to obtain information on green space and emotional status/mood and put it on a person. Results and Conclusions: We discussed the recent developments and main challenges for personal sensors to measure multiple exposures. We found and put together a personal sensor set that measures a comprehensive set of personal exposures continuously over 24 h to assess part of the current exposome and acute health responses. We obtained data for a whole range of exposures and some acute health responses, but many challenges remain to apply the methodology for extended time periods and larger populations including improving the ease of wear, e.g., through miniaturization and extending battery life, and the reduction of costs. However, the technology is moving fast and opportunities will come closer for further wide spread use to assess, at least part of the exposome.
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Maitre L, Fthenou E, Athersuch T, Coen M, Toledano MB, Holmes E, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L, Keun HC. Urinary metabolic profiles in early pregnancy are associated with preterm birth and fetal growth restriction in the Rhea mother-child cohort study. BMC Med 2014; 12:110. [PMID: 25012562 PMCID: PMC4094172 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth (PB) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) convey the highest risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity, as well as increasing the chance of developing chronic disease in later life. Identifying early in pregnancy the unfavourable maternal conditions that can predict poor birth outcomes could help their prevention and management. Here we used an exploratory metabolic profiling approach (metabolomics) to investigate the association between birth outcomes and metabolites in maternal urine collected early in pregnancy as part of the prospective mother-child cohort Rhea study. Metabolomic techniques can simultaneously capture information about genotype and its interaction with the accumulated exposures experienced by an individual from their diet, environment, physical activity or disease (the exposome). As metabolic syndrome has previously been shown to be associated with PB in this cohort, we sought to gain further insight into PB-linked metabolic phenotypes and to define new predictive biomarkers. METHODS Our study was a case-control study nested within the Rhea cohort. Major metabolites (n = 34) in maternal urine samples collected at the end of the first trimester (n = 438) were measured using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition to PB, we used FGR in weight and small for gestational age as study endpoints. RESULTS We observed significant associations between FGR and decreased urinary acetate (interquartile odds ratio (IOR) = 0.18 CI 0.04 to 0.60), formate (IOR = 0.24 CI 0.07 to 0.71), tyrosine (IOR = 0.27 CI 0.08 to 0.81) and trimethylamine (IOR = 0.14 CI 0.04 to 0.40) adjusting for maternal education, maternal age, parity, and smoking during pregnancy. These metabolites were inversely correlated with blood insulin. Women with clinically induced PB (IPB) had a significant increase in a glycoprotein N-acetyl resonance (IOR = 5.84 CI 1.44 to 39.50). This resonance was positively correlated with body mass index, and stratified analysis confirmed that N-acetyl glycoprotein and IPB were significantly associated in overweight and obese women only. Spontaneous PB cases were associated with elevated urinary lysine (IOR = 2.79 CI 1.20 to 6.98) and lower formate levels (IOR = 0.42 CI 0.19 to 0.94). CONCLUSIONS Urinary metabolites measured at the end of the first trimester are associated with increased risk of negative birth outcomes, and provide novel information about the possible mechanisms leading to adverse pregnancies in the Rhea cohort. This study emphasizes the potential of metabolic profiling of urine as a means to identify novel non-invasive biomarkers of PB and FGR risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Potera C. The HELIX Project: tracking the exposome in real time. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A169. [PMID: 24892972 PMCID: PMC4049704 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-a169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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234
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Vrijheid M. Child health and the environment: where next with birth cohort research? Occup Environ Med 2014; 71:663-4. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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