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Vogel N, Lange R, Schmidt P, Rodriguez Martin L, Remy S, Springer A, Puklová V, Černá M, Rudnai P, Középesy S, Janasik B, Ligocka D, Fábelová L, Kolena B, Petrovicova I, Jajcaj M, Eštóková M, Esteban-Lopez M, Castaño A, Tratnik JS, Stajnko A, Knudsen LE, Toppari J, Main KM, Juul A, Andersson AM, Jørgensen N, Frederiksen H, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Åkesson A, Hartmann C, Dewolf MC, Koppen G, Biot P, Den Hond E, Voorspoels S, Gilles L, Govarts E, Murawski A, Gerofke A, Weber T, Rüther M, Gutleb AC, Guignard C, Berman T, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M. Exposure to Phthalates in European Children, Adolescents and Adults since 2005: A Harmonized Approach Based on Existing HBM Data in the HBM4EU Initiative. Toxics 2023; 11:241. [PMID: 36977006 PMCID: PMC10057641 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers and are associated inter alia with adverse effects on reproductive functions. While more and more national programs in Europe have started monitoring internal exposure to phthalates and its substitute 1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (DINCH), the comparability of results from such existing human biomonitoring (HBM) studies across Europe is challenging. They differ widely in time periods, study samples, degree of geographical coverage, design, analytical methodology, biomarker selection, and analytical quality assurance level. The HBM4EU initiative has gathered existing HBM data of 29 studies from participating countries, covering all European regions and Israel. The data were prepared and aggregated by a harmonized procedure with the aim to describe-as comparably as possible-the EU-wide general population's internal exposure to phthalates from the years 2005 to 2019. Most data were available from Northern (up to 6 studies and up to 13 time points), Western (11; 19), and Eastern Europe (9; 12), e.g., allowing for the investigation of time patterns. While the bandwidth of exposure was generally similar, we still observed regional differences for Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), and Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) with pronounced decreases over time in Northern and Western Europe, and to a lesser degree in Eastern Europe. Differences between age groups were visible for Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), where children (3 to 5-year olds and 6 to 11-year olds) had lower urinary concentrations than adolescents (12 to 19-year-olds), who in turn had lower urinary concentrations than adults (20 to 39-year-olds). This study is a step towards making internal exposures to phthalates comparable across countries, although standardized data were not available, targeting European data sets harmonized with respect to data formatting and calculation of aggregated data (such as developed within HBM4EU), and highlights further suggestions for improved harmonization in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillipp Schmidt
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sylvie Remy
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Andrea Springer
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimíra Puklová
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health and Environment, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health and Environment, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Péter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Environmental Health Unit of the Department of Public Health Laboratory, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Középesy
- National Public Health Center, Environmental Health Unit of the Department of Public Health Laboratory, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lucia Fábelová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kolena
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ida Petrovicova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Michal Jajcaj
- Public Health Authority, Department of Environment and Health, 83105 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milada Eštóková
- Public Health Authority, Department of Environment and Health, 83105 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lisbeth E. Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Katharina M. Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, 1060 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Department of Environment and Health, Provincial Institute of Hygiene (PIH), 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Gerofke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cedric Guignard
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tamar Berman
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9446724, Israel
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance—Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Department of Toxicology, Health-Related Environmental Monitoring, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Gerofke A, David M, Schmidt P, Vicente JL, Buekers J, Gilles L, Colles A, Bessems J, Bastiaensen M, Covaci A, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Laeremans M, Verheyen VJ, Černá M, Klánová J, Krsková A, Zvonař M, Knudsen LE, Koch HM, Jensen TK, Rambaud L, Riou M, Vogel N, Gabriel C, Karakitsios S, Papaioannou N, Sarigiannis D, Kakucs R, Középesy S, Rudnai P, Szigeti T, Barbone F, Rosolen V, Guignard C, Gutleb AC, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Janasik B, Ligocka D, Estokova M, Fabelova L, Kolena B, Murinova LP, Petrovicova I, Richterova D, Horvat M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Runkel AA, Castaño A, Esteban-López M, Pedraza-Díaz S, Åkesson A, Lignell S, Vlaanderen J, Zock JP, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. From science to policy: How European HBM indicators help to answer policy questions related to phthalates and DINCH exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114073. [PMID: 36434900 PMCID: PMC9758616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the European Human Biomonitoring (HBM) Initiative HBM4EU we derived HBM indicators that were designed to help answering key policy questions and support chemical policies. The result indicators convey information on chemicals exposure of different age groups, sexes, geographical regions and time points by comparing median exposure values. If differences are observed for one group or the other, policy measures or risk management options can be implemented. Impact indicators support health risk assessment by comparing exposure values with health-based guidance values, such as human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). In general, the indicators should be designed to translate complex scientific information into short and clear messages and make it accessible to policy makers but also to a broader audience such as stakeholders (e.g. NGO's), other scientists and the general public. Based on harmonized data from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies (2014-2021), the usefulness of our indicators was demonstrated for the age group children (6-11 years), using two case examples: one phthalate (Diisobutyl phthalate: DiBP) and one non-phthalate substitute (Di-isononyl cyclohexane-1,2- dicarboxylate: DINCH). For the comparison of age groups, these were compared to data for teenagers (12-18 years), and time periods were compared using data from the DEMOCOPHES project (2011-2012). Our result indicators proved to be suitable for demonstrating the effectiveness of policy measures for DiBP and the need of continuous monitoring for DINCH. They showed similar exposure for boys and girls, indicating that there is no need for gender focused interventions and/or no indication of sex-specific exposure patterns. They created a basis for a targeted approach by highlighting relevant geographical differences in internal exposure. An adequate data basis is essential for revealing differences for all indicators. This was particularly evident in our studies on the indicators on age differences. The impact indicator revealed that health risks based on exposure to DiBP cannot be excluded. This is an indication or flag for risk managers and policy makers that exposure to DiBP still is a relevant health issue. HBM indicators derived within HBM4EU are a valuable and important complement to existing indicator lists in the context of environment and health. Their applicability, current shortcomings and solution strategies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Gerofke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Madlen David
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillipp Schmidt
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana Lobo Vicente
- European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, 1050, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Ann Colles
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Michelle Laeremans
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Veerle J. Verheyen
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zvonař
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic,Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisbeth E. Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen Øster Farimagsgade 5 DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance − Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé publique France, French Public Health Agency (SpFrance), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé publique France, French Public Health Agency (SpFrance), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Nafsika Papaioannou
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece,Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Palazzo del Broletto - Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Réka Kakucs
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6., 1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Középesy
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6., 1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6., 1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szigeti
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6., 1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Department of Medicine—DAME, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosolen
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cedric Guignard
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, Lodz, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milada Estokova
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Trnavska cesta 52, 826 45, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Fabelova
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kolena
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 1, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Ida Petrovicova
- Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Tr. A Hlinku 1, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterova
- Slovak Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban-López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pedraza-Díaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Swedish Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Unit Health, Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
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Grešner P, Zieliński M, Ligocka D, Polańska K, Wąsowicz W, Gromadzińska J. Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants measured in breast milk of lactating women from an urban area in central Poland. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:4549-4557. [PMID: 32946056 PMCID: PMC7835183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mothers' milk is considered a channel by means of which new-borns are exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), environmental pollutants entering food chain and accumulating in fat-rich tissues. In this study, the concentrations of selected PCDDs, PCDFs, and dl-PCBs (a total of 29 substances) in milk samples of 110 breast-feeding women from an urban area were analyzed using the high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Environmental exposure to these substances was expressed by means of the World Health Organization Toxicity Equivalent (WHO-TEQ2005) using the Toxicity Equivalent Factor values from van der Berg et al. (Toxicol. Sci. 93: 223-241, 2006). Concentrations and WHO-TEQ2005 values were then searched for plausible relationships with selected demographic and diet-related factors. The total WHO-TEQ2005 toxicity equivalent for all 29 substances was (mean ± SD) 10.57 ± 4.57 pg/g fat, while the WHO-TEQ2005 levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and dl-PCBs were 7.90 ± 4.17 pg/g fat and 2.67 ± 1.36 pg/g fat, respectively. The concentration and WHO-TEQ2005 toxicity equivalent of dl-PCBs correlated significantly with the mothers' age (rP = 0.3814, p < 0.00005; rP = 0.2817, p < 0.005, respectively). The total WHO-TEQ2005 toxicity equivalent for all analyzed substances was found to be positively associated with the frequency of consumption of fish and dairy products (p < 0.05 for both associations). These outcomes must, however, be interpreted cautiously due to limited size of the study. The results of this paper may provide a basis for further studies on the exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs, and dl-PCBs, and mechanisms underlying their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grešner
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy St., 91-348, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marek Zieliński
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Bureau of Quality Assurance, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kinga Polańska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Jankowska A, Polańska K, Hanke W, Wesołowska E, Ligocka D, Waszkowska M, Stańczak A, Tartaglione AM, Mirabella F, Chiarotti F, Garí M, Calamandrei G. Prenatal and early postnatal phthalate exposure and child neurodevelopment at age of 7 years - Polish Mother and Child Cohort. Environ Res 2019; 177:108626. [PMID: 31419718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are among the most frequently investigated environmental chemicals influencing children's health and particularly their neuropsychological development. However, the reported effects of these compounds on child behavior, cognitive and psychomotor outcomes are not fully consistent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the associations between prenatal and early postnatal phthalate exposures and child neurodevelopment at age of 7 years. A total of 134 mother-child pairs from Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL) constitute the basis for current analysis. Eleven phthalate metabolites were measured in urine samples collected from mothers in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and from children at the age of 2 years. Child neuropsychological development at early school age (7 years) was assessed by both the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) filled by mothers and the Polish adaptation of the Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS) performed by psychologists. Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) concentration during pregnancy was significantly associated with increased risk of peer relationship problems in SDQ (OR = 2.7, p = 0.03). The results of the IDS analyses focused on child's cognitive and psychomotor development are not fully conclusive. Negative associations were evident between some phthalates in early childhood period and fluid intelligence and cognition (MEP: β = -5.2; p = 0.006; β = -4.2; p = 0.006; mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP): β = -4.9; p = 0.03; β = -4.0; p = 0.03; respectively), while positive associations have been found in the prenatal period (mono-2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl phthalate (oxo-MEHP): β = 3.6; p = 0.03 for fluid intelligence; β = 2.9; p = 0.03 for cognition). Further studies are required in order to elucidate which are the most critical periods of phthalate exposure on children's neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jankowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kinga Polańska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wesołowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Bureau of Quality Assurance, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Waszkowska
- Department of Health and Work Psychology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksander Stańczak
- Department of Health and Work Psychology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Tartaglione
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorino Mirabella
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gemma Calamandrei
- Centre for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
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Polańska K, Ligocka D, Sobala W, Hanke W. Effect of environmental phthalate exposure on pregnancy duration and birth outcomes. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016; 29:683-97. [DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Radwan P, Jakubowski L, Wielgomas B, Ligocka D, Brzeźnicki S, Hanke W. Exposure to widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals and human sperm sex ratio. Environ Pollut 2016; 213:732-740. [PMID: 27031570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a trend toward a declining proportion of male births has been noted in several, but not all, industrialized countries. The underlying reason for the drop in the sex ratio is unclear, but one theory states that widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting the male reproductive system in a negative manner could be part of the explanation. The present study was designed to investigate whether the urinary phthalate, pyrethroids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites concentrations were associated with sperm Y:X ratio. The study population consisted of 194 men aged under 45 years of age who attended infertility clinic in Lodz, Poland for diagnostic purposes with normal semen concentration of 20-300 mln/ml or with slight oligozoospermia (semen concentration of 15-20 mln/ml) (WHO, 1999). The Y:X ratio was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene were measured by high performance liquid chromatography, phthalate metabolites were analyzed using a procedure based on the LC-MS/MS methods and metabolites of synthetic pyrethroids were assessed by gas chromatography ion-tap mass spectrometry method. After adjustment for potential confounders (past diseases, age, abstinence, smoking, alcohol consumption, sperm concentration, motility, morphology) 5OH MEHP, CDCCA to TDCCA and 1-OHP was negatively related to Y:X sperm chromosome ratio (p = 0.033, p < 0.001, p = 0.047 respectively). As this is the first study to elucidate the association between the level of metabolites of widespread environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (phthalates, synthetic pyrethroids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on sex chromosome ratio in sperm therefore, these findings require further replication in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St, 91-362, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Radwan
- Department of Gynecology and Reproduction, "Gameta" Hospital, 34/36 Rudzka St, 95-030, Rzgów, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobala
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St, 91-362, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Radwan
- Department of Gynecology and Reproduction, "Gameta" Hospital, 34/36 Rudzka St, 95-030, Rzgów, Poland
| | - Lucjusz Jakubowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska St, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107 Hallera St, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Bureau of Quality Assurance, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Brzeźnicki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St, 91-362, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Fiddicke U, Becker K, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Joas R, Joas A, Biot P, Aerts D, Casteleyn L, Dumez B, Castaño A, Esteban M, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sepai O, Exley K, Knudsen LE, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerna M, Krsková A, Jensen JF, Nielsen JKS, Rudnai P, Közepésy S, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Kamińska J, Reis MF, Namorado S, Lupsa IR, Gurzau AE, Halzlová K, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Rivas TC, Gómez S, Berglund M, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Dewolf MC, Burns D, Kellegher A, Kolossa-Gehring M. Lessons learnt on recruitment and fieldwork from a pilot European human biomonitoring survey. Environ Res 2015; 141:15-23. [PMID: 25454101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the European Environment and Health Action Plan an initiative to establish a coherent human biomonitoring approach in Europe was started. The project COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale ) developed recommendations for a harmonized conduct of a human biomonitoring (HBM) survey which came into action as the pilot study DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale). Seventeen European countries conducted a survey with harmonized instruments for, inter alia, recruitment, fieldwork and sampling, in autumn/winter 2011/2012. Based on the countries' experiences of conducting the pilot study, following lessons learnt were compiled: the harmonized fieldwork instruments (basic questionnaire, urine and hair sampling) turned out to be very valuable for future HBM surveys on the European scale. A school approach was favoured by most of the countries to recruit school-aged children according to the established guidelines and country specific experiences. To avoid a low participation rate, intensive communication with the involved institutions and possible participants proved to be necessary. The communication material should also include information on exclusion criteria and offered incentives. Telephone contact to the participants the day before fieldwork during the survey can prevent the forgetting of appointments and first morning urine samples. To achieve comparable results on the European scale, training of interviewers in all issues of recruitment, fieldwork and sampling through information material and training sessions is crucial. A survey involving many European countries needs time for preparation and conduct. Materials for quality control prepared for all steps of recruitment, fieldwork and sampling proved to be important to warrant reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Greet Schoeters
- University of Antwerp, Belgium and Southern Denmark University, Denmark and Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Exley
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Science International, Hulst, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Prague, Czech Republic and Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Közepésy
- National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann (CRP-GL), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Danuta Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Lodz, Poland
| | - M Fátima Reis
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine (IMP/FML), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Namorado
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine (IMP/FML), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Anca E Gurzau
- Environmental Health Centre (EHC), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Katarína Halzlová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (UVZ SR), Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Teresa C Rivas
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gómez
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristin Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Lehmann
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Crettaz
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Berne, Switzerland
| | | | - Damien Burns
- National Environmental Health Office, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Kellegher
- Health Service Executive, Environmental Health Department, Leitrim, Ireland
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8
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Exley K, Cano N, Aerts D, Biot P, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Castaño A, Angerer J, Koch HM, Esteban M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Knudsen LE, Joas R, Joas A, Dewolf MC, Van de Mieroop E, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerna M, Krskova A, Becker K, Fiddicke U, Seiwert M, Mørck TA, Rudnai P, Kozepesy S, Cullen E, Kellegher A, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Kamińska J, Namorado S, Reis MF, Lupsa IR, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Huetos O, López A, Berglund M, Larsson K, Sepai O. Communication in a Human biomonitoring study: Focus group work, public engagement and lessons learnt in 17 European countries. Environ Res 2015; 141:31-41. [PMID: 25499539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A communication strategy was developed by The Consortium to Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (COPHES), as part of its objectives to develop a framework and protocols to enable the collection of comparable human biomonitoring data throughout Europe. The framework and protocols were tested in the pilot study DEMOCOPHES (Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale). The aims of the communication strategy were to raise awareness of human biomonitoring, encourage participation in the study and to communicate the study results and their public health significance. It identified the audiences and key messages, documented the procedure for dissemination of results and was updated as the project progressed. A communication plan listed the tools and materials such as press releases, flyers, recruitment letters and information leaflets required for each audience with a time frame for releasing them. Public insight research was used to evaluate the recruitment material, and the feedback was used to improve the documents. Dissemination of results was coordinated in a step by step approach by the participating countries within DEMOCOPHES, taking into account specific national messages according to the needs of each country. Participants received individual results, unless they refused to be informed, along with guidance on what the results meant. The aggregate results and policy recommendations were then communicated to the general public and stakeholders, followed by dissemination at European level. Several lessons were learnt that may assist other future human biomonitoring studies. Recruitment took longer than anticipated and so social scientists, to help with community engagement, should be part of the research team from the start. As a European study, involving multiple countries, additional considerations were needed for the numerous organisations, different languages, cultures, policies and priorities. Therefore, communication documents should be seen as templates with essential information clearly indicated and the option for each country to tailor the material to reflect these differences. Future studies should consider setting up multidisciplinary networks of medical professionals and communication experts, and holding training workshops to discuss the interpretation of results and risk communication. Publicity and wide dissemination of the results helped to raise awareness of human biomonitoring to the general public, policy makers and other key stakeholders. Effective and timely communication, at all stages of a study, is essential if the potential of human biomonitoring research to improve public health is to be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Exley
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, South Oxfordshire OX10 8BW, United Kingdom.
| | - Noemi Cano
- Independent TV Director and Communications Consultant, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universitat Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Science International, Hulst, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Els Van de Mieroop
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Krskova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | | | | | - Sónia Namorado
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Reis
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Lisbon Faculty of Medicine, Portugal
| | | | | | - Katarina Halzlova
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Jajcaj
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Olga Huetos
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ovnair Sepai
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, South Oxfordshire OX10 8BW, United Kingdom
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9
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Joas A, Knudsen LE, Kolossa-Gehring M, Sepai O, Casteleyn L, Schoeters G, Angerer J, Castaño A, Aerts D, Biot P, Horvat M, Bloemen L, Reis MF, Lupsa IR, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Berglund M, Crettaz P, Rudnai P, Halzlova K, Mulcahy M, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Becher G, Fréry N, Jensen G, Van Vliet L, Koch HM, Den Hond E, Fiddicke U, Esteban M, Exley K, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Ligocka D, Hohenblum P, Kyrtopoulos S, Botsivali M, DeFelip E, Guillou C, Reniero F, Grazuleviciene R, Veidebaum T, Mørck TA, Nielsen JKS, Jensen JF, Rivas TC, Sanchez J, Koppen G, Smolders R, Kozepesy S, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Mannion R, Jakubowski M, Fucic JA, Pereira-Miguel J, Gurzau AE, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Lehmann A, Larsson K, Dumez B, Joas R. Policy recommendations and cost implications for a more sustainable framework for European human biomonitoring surveys. Environ Res 2015; 141:42-57. [PMID: 25526891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Human Biomonitoring (HBM) in exposure characterisation and risk assessment is well established in the scientific HBM community and regulatory arena by many publications. The European Environment and Health Strategy as well as the Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 of the European Commission recognised the value of HBM and the relevance and importance of coordination of HBM programmes in Europe. Based on existing and planned HBM projects and programmes of work and capabilities in Europe the Seventh Framework Programme (FP 7) funded COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale) to advance and improve comparability of HBM data across Europe. The pilot study protocol was tested in 17 European countries in the DEMOCOPHES feasibility study (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) cofunded (50%) under the LIFE+ programme of the European Commission. The potential of HBM in supporting and evaluating policy making (including e.g. REACH) and in awareness raising on environmental health, should significantly advance the process towards a fully operational, continuous, sustainable and scientifically based EU HBM programme. From a number of stakeholder activities during the past 10 years and the national engagement, a framework for sustainable HBM structure in Europe is recommended involving national institutions within environment, health and food as well as European institutions such as ECHA, EEA, and EFSA. An economic frame with shared cost implications for national and European institutions is suggested benefitting from the capacity building set up by COPHES/DEMOCOPHES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO, Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Belgium, Southern Denmark University, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, The Netherlands
| | - M Fátima Reis
- Medical Faculty of the University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | | | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Nadine Fréry
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, France
| | | | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | | | | | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Guillou
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Italy
| | - Fabiano Reniero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP), Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teresa C Rivas
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Jinny Sanchez
- Environmental Toxicology, CNSA-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michal Jajcaj
- Urad Verejneho Zdravotnictva Slovenskej Republiky, Slovakia
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10
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Castaño A, Cutanda F, Esteban M, Pärt P, Navarro C, Gómez S, Rosado M, López A, López E, Exley K, Schindler BK, Govarts E, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Koch H, Angerer J, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Sepai O, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Aerts D, Joas A, Biot P, Joas R, Jiménez-Guerrero JA, Diaz G, Pirard C, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Gutleb AC, Ligocka D, Reis FM, Berglund M, Lupsa IR, Halzlová K, Charlier C, Cullen E, Hadjipanayis A, Krsková A, Jensen JF, Nielsen JK, Schwedler G, Wilhelm M, Rudnai P, Középesy S, Davidson F, Fischer ME, Janasik B, Namorado S, Gurzau AE, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Lavranos G, Posada M. Fish consumption patterns and hair mercury levels in children and their mothers in 17 EU countries. Environ Res 2015; 141:58-68. [PMID: 25667172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) in humans is well established and the main source of exposure is via the consumption of large marine fish and mammals. Of particular concern are the potential neurodevelopmental effects of early life exposure to low-levels of MeHg. Therefore, it is important that pregnant women, children and women of childbearing age are, as far as possible, protected from MeHg exposure. Within the European project DEMOCOPHES, we have analyzed mercury (Hg) in hair in 1799 mother-child pairs from 17 European countries using a strictly harmonized protocol for mercury analysis. Parallel, harmonized questionnaires on dietary habits provided information on consumption patterns of fish and marine products. After hierarchical cluster analysis of consumption habits of the mother-child pairs, the DEMOCOPHES cohort can be classified into two branches of approximately similar size: one with high fish consumption (H) and another with low consumption (L). All countries have representatives in both branches, but Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Portugal and Sweden have twice as many or more mother-child pairs in H than in L. For Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia the situation is the opposite, with more representatives in L than H. There is a strong correlation (r=0.72) in hair mercury concentration between the mother and child in the same family, which indicates that they have a similar exposure situation. The clustering of mother-child pairs on basis of their fish consumption revealed some interesting patterns. One is that for the same sea fish consumption, other food items of marine origin, like seafood products or shellfish, contribute significantly to the mercury levels in hair. We conclude that additional studies are needed to assess and quantify exposure to mercury from seafood products, in particular. The cluster analysis also showed that 95% of mothers who consume once per week fish only, and no other marine products, have mercury levels 0.55 μg/g. Thus, the 95th percentile of the distribution in this group is only around half the US-EPA recommended threshold of 1 μg/g mercury in hair. Consumption of freshwater fish played a minor role in contributing to mercury exposure in the studied cohort. The DEMOCOPHES data shows that there are significant differences in MeHg exposure across the EU and that exposure is highly correlated with consumption of fish and marine products. Fish and marine products are key components of a healthy human diet and are important both traditionally and culturally in many parts of Europe. Therefore, the communication of the potential risks of mercury exposure needs to be carefully balanced to take into account traditional and cultural values as well as the potential health benefits from fish consumption. European harmonized human biomonitoring programs provide an additional dimension to national HMB programs and can assist national authorities to tailor mitigation and adaptation strategies (dietary advice, risk communication, etc.) to their country's specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Cutanda
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Pärt
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute of Environment and Sustainability, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Gómez
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Rosado
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana López
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella López
- Instituto de Investigacion de Enfermedades Raras (IIER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Exley
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit K Schindler
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Eva Govarts
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ulrike Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Rosslau, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Departament of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Demark
| | - Dominique Aerts
- DG Environment, Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Biot
- DG Environment, Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - José A Jiménez-Guerrero
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Diaz
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII), 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Pirard
- CHU of Liege, Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Louxembourg
| | | | | | - Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Katarína Halzlová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (UVZ SR), Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Corinne Charlier
- CHU of Liege, Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Cullen
- Department of Community of Health, Health Service Executive, Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Andrea Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janne F Jensen
- Departament of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Demark
| | - Jeanette K Nielsen
- Departament of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Demark
| | - Gerda Schwedler
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Dessau-Rosslau, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Fred Davidson
- Public Analyst's Laboratory Health Service Executive, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Michal Jajcaj
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic (UVZ SR), Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristin Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Lehmann
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Crettaz
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Berne, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Posada
- Instituto de Investigacion de Enfermedades Raras (IIER) Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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11
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Casteleyn L, Dumez B, Becker K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Castaño A, Koch HM, Angerer J, Esteban M, Exley K, Sepai O, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Koppen G, Dewolf MC, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerná M, Krsková A, Schwedler G, Fiddicke U, Nielsen JKS, Jensen JF, Rudnai P, Közepésy S, Mulcahy M, Mannion R, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M, Reis MF, Namorado S, Lupsa IR, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik Snoj J, Posada M, López E, Berglund M, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Aerts D. A pilot study on the feasibility of European harmonized human biomonitoring: Strategies towards a common approach, challenges and opportunities. Environ Res 2015; 141:3-14. [PMID: 25746298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2004 the European Commission and Member States initiated activities towards a harmonized approach for Human Biomonitoring surveys throughout Europe. The main objective was to sustain environmental health policy by building a coherent and sustainable framework and by increasing the comparability of data across countries. A pilot study to test common guidelines for setting up surveys was considered a key step in this process. Through a bottom-up approach that included all stakeholders, a joint study protocol was elaborated. From September 2011 till February 2012, 17 European countries collected data from 1844 mother-child pairs in the frame of DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES).(1) Mercury in hair and urinary cadmium and cotinine were selected as biomarkers of exposure covered by sufficient analytical experience. Phthalate metabolites and Bisphenol A in urine were added to take into account increasing public and political awareness for emerging types of contaminants and to test less advanced markers/markers covered by less analytical experience. Extensive efforts towards chemo-analytical comparability were included. The pilot study showed that common approaches can be found in a context of considerable differences with respect to experience and expertize, socio-cultural background, economic situation and national priorities. It also evidenced that comparable Human Biomonitoring results can be obtained in such context. A European network was built, exchanging information, expertize and experiences, and providing training on all aspects of a survey. A key challenge was finding the right balance between a rigid structure allowing maximal comparability and a flexible approach increasing feasibility and capacity building. Next steps in European harmonization in Human Biomonitoring surveys include the establishment of a joint process for prioritization of substances to cover and biomarkers to develop, linking biomonitoring surveys with health examination surveys and with research, and coping with the diverse implementations of EU regulations and international guidelines with respect to ethics and privacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Becker
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | | | | | | | - A Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - H M Koch
- Ruhr Universität Bochum, Germany
| | | | - M Esteban
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - K Exley
- Public Health England, United Kingdom
| | - O Sepai
- Public Health England, United Kingdom
| | - L Bloemen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, The Netherlands
| | - M Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - P Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food chain safety and Environment, Belgium
| | | | - M-C Dewolf
- Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire (HVS) and Hygiene Publique in Hainaut (HPH), Belgium
| | | | | | - M Cerná
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - A Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - P Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - S Közepésy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | | | | | - A C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | | | - D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - M Jakubowski
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - M F Reis
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Namorado
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I-R Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, Romania
| | | | - K Halzlova
- Urad Verejneho Zdravotnictva Slovenskej Republiky, Slovakia
| | - M Jajcaj
- Urad Verejneho Zdravotnictva Slovenskej Republiky, Slovakia
| | - D Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | - M Posada
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - E López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - M Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Lehmann
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Switzerland
| | - P Crettaz
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Switzerland
| | - D Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food chain safety and Environment, Belgium
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12
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Lupsa IR, Nunes B, Ligocka D, Gurzau AE, Jakubowski M, Casteleyn L, Aerts D, Biot P, Den Hond E, Castaño A, Esteban M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Knudsen LE, Schoeters G, Reis MF. Urinary cotinine levels and environmental tobacco smoke in mothers and children of Romania, Portugal and Poland within the European human biomonitoring pilot study. Environ Res 2015; 141:106-117. [PMID: 25841796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore data from the DEMOCOPHES study population for Romania, Portugal and Poland, in order to assess smoking patterns and the extent of ETS exposure and compare the national study samples with reference to the respective anti-smoking laws. The subset of the DEMOCOPHES study sample consisted of 360 children and their mothers (120 in each of the three countries - Romania (RO), Portugal (PT) and Poland (PL). Smoking was assessed using a detailed questionnaire for the participants, which addresses both active and passive smoking. This assessment uses exposure-relevant questionnaire data, in particular on the home environment and residence, socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle such as nutrition, smoking behavior, other exposure-relevant behavior and occupational history, as well as urinary cotinine and creatinine measurements. We performed general statistical analysis and innovative receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Smoking prevalence as evaluated by the questionnaire was generally high, and higher than official statistics, which suggests some under-reporting in the countries, particularly in Romania. Urinary cotinine levels provided biochemical confirmation of the high and similar smoking prevalence for the three countries. Concerning ETS exposure, Romania presented significantly higher levels, for children as well as for non-smoking mothers, with Portugal showing significantly lower levels. Compared to non-smoking mothers, the children showed relatively higher ETS exposure levels in all three countries. The established country-specific optimal cut-off values in urinary cotinine to distinguish smokers from non-smokers vary more than those to discriminate ETS exposure extent in non-smoking mothers and children. Although different between countries, these values are a valuable output to monitor effectiveness of both national antismoking laws and educational programs in the three countries. The findings of this study point to the urgent need for stronger, more effective and well enforced smoke-free legislation in the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Rodica Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, 58 Busuiocului Street, 400240 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Anca Elena Gurzau
- Environmental Health Center, 58 Busuiocului Street, 400240 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Ludwine Casteleyn
- University of Leuven, Centrum Menselijke Erfelijkheid, Herestraat 49 bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Place Victor Horta 40/10, 1060 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Place Victor Horta 40/10, 1060 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km2, E- 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km2, E- 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M Fátima Reis
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Smolders R, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Govarts E, Willems H, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Fiddicke U, Castaño A, Koch HM, Angerer J, Esteban M, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerna M, Krskova A, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Nielsen JKS, Rudnai P, Közepesy S, Evans DS, Ryan MP, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M, Reis MF, Namorado S, Lupsa IR, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Fabianova E, Mazej D, Tratnik Snoj J, Gomez S, González S, Berglund M, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Schoeters G. Interpreting biomarker data from the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin projects: Using external exposure data to understand biomarker differences among countries. Environ Res 2015; 141:86-95. [PMID: 25440294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In 2011 and 2012, the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin projects performed the first ever harmonized human biomonitoring survey in 17 European countries. In more than 1800 mother-child pairs, individual lifestyle data were collected and cadmium, cotinine and certain phthalate metabolites were measured in urine. Total mercury was determined in hair samples. While the main goal of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin projects was to develop and test harmonized protocols and procedures, the goal of the current paper is to investigate whether the observed differences in biomarker values among the countries implementing DEMOCOPHES can be interpreted using information from external databases on environmental quality and lifestyle. In general, 13 countries having implemented DEMOCOPHES provided high-quality data from external sources that were relevant for interpretation purposes. However, some data were not available for reporting or were not in line with predefined specifications. Therefore, only part of the external information could be included in the statistical analyses. Nonetheless, there was a highly significant correlation between national levels of fish consumption and mercury in hair, the strength of antismoking legislation was significantly related to urinary cotinine levels, and we were able to show indications that also urinary cadmium levels were associated with environmental quality and food quality. These results again show the potential of biomonitoring data to provide added value for (the evaluation of) evidence-informed policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Smolders
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - E Den Hond
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - G Koppen
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - E Govarts
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - H Willems
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | - U Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - A Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - J Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - M Esteban
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - O Sepai
- Public Health England, United Kingdom
| | - K Exley
- Public Health England, United Kingdom
| | - L Bloemen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, The Netherlands
| | - M Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - P Biot
- FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - D Aerts
- FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Belgium
| | - A Katsonouri
- State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | | | - M Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - A Krskova
- National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - M Seiwert
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | | | - P Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - S Közepesy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - D S Evans
- Health Service Executive (HSE), Ireland
| | - M P Ryan
- University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland
| | - A C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | | | - D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - M Jakubowski
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - M F Reis
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Namorado
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I-R Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, Romania
| | | | - K Halzlova
- Úrad verejného zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky, Slovakia
| | - E Fabianova
- Úrad verejného zdravotníctva Slovenskej republiky, Slovakia
| | - D Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | - S Gomez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | | | | | - A Lehmann
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Switzerland
| | - P Crettaz
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Switzerland
| | - G Schoeters
- Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Belgium; Southern Denmark University, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Berglund M, Larsson K, Grandér M, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Castaño A, Esteban M, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Schoeters G, Smolders R, Exley K, Sepai O, Blumen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Mørck TA, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, De Cremer K, Van Overmeire I, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Cerna M, Krskova A, Nielsen JKS, Jensen JF, Rudnai P, Kozepesy S, Griffin C, Nesbitt I, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M, Reis MF, Namorado S, Lupsa IR, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Lopez A, Cañas A, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Den Hond E, Govarts E. Exposure determinants of cadmium in European mothers and their children. Environ Res 2015; 141:69-76. [PMID: 25465922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The metal cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with documented adverse effects on the kidneys and bones from long-term environmental exposure, but with insufficiently elucidated public health consequences such as risk of cardiovascular disease, hormone-related cancer in adults and developmental effects in children. This study is the first pan-European human biomonitoring project that succeeded in performing harmonized measurements of Cd in urine in a comparable way in mother-child couples from 16 European countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the overall Cd exposure and significant determinants of Cd exposure. A study population of 1632 women (24-52 years of age), and 1689 children (5-12 years of age), from 32 rural and urban areas, was examined within a core period of 6 months in 2011-2012. Women were stratified as smokers and non-smokers. As expected, smoking mothers had higher geometric mean (gm) urinary cadmium (UCd; 0.24 µg/g crea; n=360) than non-smoking mothers (gm 0.18 µg/g crea; n=1272; p<0.0001), and children had lower UCd (gm 0.065 µg/g crea; n=1689) than their mothers at the country level. Non-smoking women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home had 14% (95% CI 1-28%) higher UCd than those who were not exposed to ETS at home (p=0.04). No influence of ETS at home or other places on UCd levels was detected in children. Smoking women with primary education as the highest educational level of the household had 48% (95% CI 18-86%) higher UCd than those with tertiary education (p=0.0008). The same observation was seen in non-smoking women and in children; however they were not statistically significant. In children, living in a rural area was associated with 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.03) compared to living in an urban area. Children, 9-12 years had 7% (95% CI 1-13%) higher UCd (p=0.04) than children 5-8 years. About 1% of the mothers, and 0.06% of the children, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) appointed by EFSA, corresponding to 1.0 µg Cd/g crea in urine. Poland had the highest UCd in comparison between the 16 countries, while Denmark had the lowest. Whether the differences between countries are related to differences in the degree of environmental Cd contamination or to differences in lifestyle, socioeconomic status or dietary patterns is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Grandér
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Argelia Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Intitute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Intitute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Birgit K Schindler
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Roel Smolders
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Karen Exley
- Public Health England, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ovnair Sepai
- Public Health England, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Luies Blumen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, Hulst, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thit A Mørck
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Adamos Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, School of Medicine, European University of Cyprus, Larnaca, Cyprus
| | - Milena Cerna
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Krskova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jeanette K S Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne Fangel Jensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Chris Griffin
- Health Service Executive, Dublin Public Analyst's Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Nesbitt
- Health Service Executive, Dublin Public Analyst's Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Luxemburg
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michal Jajcaj
- Authority of Public Health, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Ana Lopez
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Intitute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cañas
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Intitute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
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15
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Fucic A, Plavec D, Casteleyn L, Aerts D, Biot P, Katsonouri A, Cerna M, Knudsen LE, Castano A, Rudnai P, Gutleb A, Ligocka D, Lupsa IR, Berglund M, Horvat M, Halzlova K, Schoeters G, Koppen G, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Középesy S, Arendt M, Fischer ME, Janasik B, Gurzau AE, Gurzau ES, Grandér M, Larsson K, Jajcaj M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Sepai O, Exley K, Bartolome M, Cutanda F, Mazej D, Nielsen JKS, Snoj-Tratnik J, Schwedler G, Fiddicke U, Seiwert M, Govarts E, Den Hond E, Koch HM, Lopez A, Joas A, Joas R. Gender differences in cadmium and cotinine levels in prepubertal children. Environ Res 2015; 141:125-131. [PMID: 25529752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to environmental stressors has been described for fetal and early childhood development. However, the possible susceptibility of the prepubertal period, characterized by the orchestration of the organism towards sexual maturation and adulthood has been poorly investigated and exposure data are scarce. In the current study levels of cadmium (Cd), cotinine and creatinine in urine were analyzed in a subsample 216 children from 12 European countries within the DEMOCOPHES project. The children were divided into six age-sex groups: boys (6-8 years, 9-10 years and 11 years old), and girls (6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years). The number of subjects per group was between 23 and 53. The cut off values were set at 0.1 µg/L for Cd, and 0.8 µg/L for cotinine defined according to the highest limit of quantification. The levels of Cd and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine level. In the total subsample group, the median level of Cd was 0.180 µg/L (range 0.10-0.69 µg/L), and for cotinine the median wet weight value was 1.50 µg/L (range 0.80-39.91 µg/L). There was no significant difference in creatinine and cotinine levels between genders and age groups. There was a significant correlation between levels of cadmium and creatinine in all children of both genders. This shows that even at such low levels the possible effect of cadmium on kidney function was present and measurable. An increase in Cd levels was evident with age. Cadmium levels were significantly different between 6-7 year old girls, 11 year old boys and 10-11 year old girls. As there was a balanced distribution in the number of subjects from countries included in the study, bias due to data clustering was not probable. The impact of low Cd levels on kidney function and gender differences in Cd levels needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - D Plavec
- Children Hospital Srebrnjak, Croatia
| | | | - D Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment - DG Environment, Belgium
| | - P Biot
- DG Environment, Multilateral and Strategic Affairs, Belgium
| | - A Katsonouri
- State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - M Cerna
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | | | - A Castano
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - P Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - A Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourg
| | - D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | - I-R Lupsa
- Environmental Health Center, Romania
| | - M Berglund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Horvat
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | - K Halzlova
- Public Health Authority, Slovak Republic; State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus
| | - G Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - G Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - A Hadjipanayis
- Larnaca General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Republic of Cyprus
| | - A Krskova
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - S Középesy
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Hungary
| | - M Arendt
- Initiativ Liewensufank, Luxembourg
| | - M E Fischer
- Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg; National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
| | - B Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland
| | | | | | - M Grandér
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - K Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - M Jajcaj
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | | - F Cutanda
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - D Mazej
- Institute Josef Stefan, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | - U Fiddicke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - M Seiwert
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Germany
| | - E Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - E Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Netherlands
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - A Lopez
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
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16
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Stelmach I, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Podlecka D, Stelmach W, Polańska K, Ligocka D, Hanke W. The effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on food allergy and early eczema in inner-city children. Allergy Asthma Proc 2015; 36:72-8. [PMID: 26108074 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2015.36.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that maternal prenatal and children urine metabolite concentration of phthalates would be associated with food allergy and early eczema among inner-city children. The study was based on data from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort. METHODS Prenatal and postnatal exposure to the following phthalates: diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl-benzyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate were determined by measuring phthalate metabolites in the urine collected from the mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy and from their children at age 2 years. Pre- and postnatal observations limited the response rate and final sample size; data from 147 participants were included in the analysis. Children's health status was assessed at 24 months of age by using a questionnaire administered to the mothers. We studied associations between the urine level of phthalates and the presence of food allergy and atopic dermatitis in logistic regression analysis. All associations were adjusted for independent risk factors of dependent variables. Associations with atopic dermatitis were adjusted for the effect of atopy in the family, the father's education, frequency of house cleaning, and breastfeeding; associations with food allergy were adjusted for the presence of pets at home during pregnancy and breastfeeding. RESULTS The prevalence of the outcomes were as follows: atopic dermatitis, 12.2%, and food allergy, 48.9%. We showed that higher urine concentrations of monobenzyl phthalate in mothers during pregnancy increased the risk of food allergy in children during the first 2 years of life (odds ratio 4.17 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-17.89]). There were no associations with children's urine and allergic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results of our study indicated awareness of environmental factors that may affect children's health because the phthalates were shown to be risk factors for food allergy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stelmach
- Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, Poland
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17
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Den Hond E, Govarts E, Willems H, Smolders R, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Seiwert M, Fiddicke U, Castaño A, Esteban M, Angerer J, Koch HM, Schindler BK, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, Koppen G, Katsonouri A, Hadjipanayis A, Krskova A, Maly M, Mørck TA, Rudnai P, Kozepesy S, Mulcahy M, Mannion R, Gutleb AC, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M, Reis MF, Namorado S, Gurzau AE, Lupsa IR, Halzlova K, Jajcaj M, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, López A, Lopez E, Berglund M, Larsson K, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Schoeters G. First steps toward harmonized human biomonitoring in Europe: demonstration project to perform human biomonitoring on a European scale. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123:255-63. [PMID: 25493439 PMCID: PMC4348748 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Europe as a whole, data on internal exposure to environmental chemicals do not yet exist. Characterization of the internal individual chemical environment is expected to enhance understanding of the environmental threats to health. OBJECTIVES We developed and applied a harmonized protocol to collect comparable human biomonitoring data all over Europe. METHODS In 17 European countries, we measured mercury in hair and cotinine, phthalate metabolites, and cadmium in urine of 1,844 children (5-11 years of age) and their mothers. Specimens were collected over a 5-month period in 2011-2012. We obtained information on personal characteristics, environment, and lifestyle. We used the resulting database to compare concentrations of exposure biomarkers within Europe, to identify determinants of exposure, and to compare exposure biomarkers with health-based guidelines. RESULTS Biomarker concentrations showed a wide variability in the European population. However, levels in children and mothers were highly correlated. Most biomarker concentrations were below the health-based guidance values. CONCLUSIONS We have taken the first steps to assess personal chemical exposures in Europe as a whole. Key success factors were the harmonized protocol development, intensive training and capacity building for field work, chemical analysis and communication, as well as stringent quality control programs for chemical and data analysis. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of a Europe-wide human biomonitoring framework to support the decision-making process of environmental measures to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Den Hond
- Unit Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
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18
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Schindler BK, Esteban M, Koch HM, Castano A, Koslitz S, Cañas A, Casteleyn L, Kolossa-Gehring M, Schwedler G, Schoeters G, Hond ED, Sepai O, Exley K, Bloemen L, Horvat M, Knudsen LE, Joas A, Joas R, Biot P, Aerts D, Lopez A, Huetos O, Katsonouri A, Maurer-Chronakis K, Kasparova L, Vrbík K, Rudnai P, Naray M, Guignard C, Fischer ME, Ligocka D, Janasik B, Reis MF, Namorado S, Pop C, Dumitrascu I, Halzlova K, Fabianova E, Mazej D, Tratnik JS, Berglund M, Jönsson B, Lehmann A, Crettaz P, Frederiksen H, Nielsen F, McGrath H, Nesbitt I, De Cremer K, Vanermen G, Koppen G, Wilhelm M, Becker K, Angerer J. The European COPHES/DEMOCOPHES project: Towards transnational comparability and reliability of human biomonitoring results. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:653-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Ligocka D, Strugała-Stawik H, Magnus P. Predictors of environmental lead exposure among pregnant women - a prospective cohort study in Poland. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014; 21:49-54. [PMID: 24738496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood lead levels (BLL) in women of child-bearing age have been decreasing in recent decades, but still remains a concern for long-term effects of child psychomotor development. The aim of the study was to characterize lead exposure among Polish pregnant women and assess the relationship between BLL and selected socio-demographic, economic and lifestyle factors. The study population consisted of 594 pregnant women who had been the subjects of the prospective Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL). The women were interviewed three times during pregnancy (once in each trimester. Lead concentration in the blood collected during the second trimester of pregnancy was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Active and passive smoking was analyzed by the cotinine level in saliva using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The lead level in the blood ranged from 0.3 - 5.7 μg/dL, with a geometric mean (GM) of 1.1 μg/dL (GSD ±0.2 μg/dL). Statistically significant associations were found between BLL and factors such as maternal age (β=0.01; p=0.02), education (β=0.08; p=0.04) and prepregnancy BMI (β=0.1; p=0.001). Additionally, BLL increased with increasing cotinine level in saliva (β=0.02; p=0.06) and decreased with the increasing distance from the copper smelter (β=-0.1; p=0.009). Public health interventions, especially in regions with a higher level of exposure to lead, among women with lower SES and among smokers, are still reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hanke
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sobala
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Danuta Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Per Magnus
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Merecz-Kot D, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hanke W. Occupational, life stress and family functioning: does it affect semen quality? Ann Hum Biol 2013; 41:220-8. [PMID: 24180268 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.849755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although psychological stress has been implicated as a cause of idiopathic infertility in both men and women, it has received little scientific attention among males as compared to females. The aim of the study was to examine the association between occupational, life stress, family functioning and semen quality. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 327 men who were attending an infertility clinic for diagnostic purposes. Psychological stress was assessed based on two questionnaires: The Subjective Work Characteristics Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale. The level of satisfaction with family functioning and support was evaluated by means of the APGAR Family Scale. The findings suggest that, on the one hand, exposure to occupational stressors can be negatively associated with semen quality (there was a positive association between stress and the percentage of sperm with DNA damage (p = 0.03) and atypical sperm (p = 0.05)); on the other hand, there was no correlation between the level of life stress and semen quality indicators. Negative associations were found between satisfaction with family functioning and the percentage of motile sperm cells (p = 0.02), VAP (p = 0.05), VSL (p = 0.05) and VCL (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The study indicates that occupational stress can affect male semen quality; however, due to limited data on this issue, the obtained results should be confirmed in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jurewicz
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine , 91-362 Lodz , Poland
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21
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Stragierowicz J, Mikołajewska K, Zawadzka-Stolarz M, Polańska K, Ligocka D. Estimation of cutoff values of cotinine in urine and saliva for pregnant women in Poland. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:386784. [PMID: 24228246 PMCID: PMC3818804 DOI: 10.1155/2013/386784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Setting appropriate cutoff values and the use of a highly sensitive analytical method allow for correct classification of the smoking status. Urine-saliva pairs samples of pregnant women in the second and third trimester, and saliva only in the first trimester were collected. Offline SPE and LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed in the broad concentration range (saliva 0.4-1000 ng/mL, urine 0.8-4000 ng/mL). The mean recoveries were 3.7 ± 7.6% for urine and 99.1 ± 2.6% for saliva. LOD for saliva was 0.12 ng/mL and for urine 0.05 ng/mL; LOQ was 0.4 ng/mL and 0.8 ng/mL, respectively. Intraday and interday precision equaled, respectively, 1.2% and 3.4% for urine, and 2.3% and 6.4% for saliva. There was a strong correlation between salivary cotinine and the uncorrected cotinine concentration in urine in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The cutoff values were established for saliva 12.9 ng/mL and urine 42.3 ng/mL or 53.1 μg/g creatinine with the ROC curve analysis. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to quantify cotinine, and a significant correlation between the urinary and salivary cotinine levels was found. The presented cut-off values for salivary and urinary cotinine ensure a categorization of the smoking status among pregnant women that is more accurate than self-reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Mikołajewska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Kinga Polańska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Danuta Ligocka
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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22
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Jurewicz J, Radwan M, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Radwan P, Bochenek M, Hanke W. Lifestyle and semen quality: role of modifiable risk factors. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 60:43-51. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2013.840687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Kamińska J, Ligocka D, Zieliński M, Czerska M, Jakubowski M. The use of PowerPrep and HRGC/HRMS for biological monitoring of exposure to PCDD, PCDF and dl-PCB in Poland. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:11-6. [PMID: 23623596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to design the optimized laboratory protocol as a tool for human biomonitoring of selected Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Poland. In this study, we present the method developed for the determination of 29 congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), as well as individual results of the measurements in 40 human breast milk samples collected in central Poland in 2008-2010. METHODS The protocol of sample preparation and quantitative analysis of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was optimized for the isotopic dilution method with high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry HRGC/HRMS. Fat content in the extracts was determined gravimetrically. The results were corrected by fat content in the samples. RESULTS The average sum of PCDD/F and dl-PCBs in the human milk samples from the urban area was 7.429 WHO-TEQpg/g fat (with the range 0.431-14.27), and in the rural area it was 6.448pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (0.539-12.61). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study indicate that the mothers were exposed uniformly to PCDD/Fs and PCBs regardless of location. The significant difference of p<0.1 between the milk samples from the urban and rural mothers in 2,3,7,8-TCDD; 1,2,37,8,9-HxCDD and 2,3,4,6,7-HxCDF were observed. For the other 14 PCDD/F and 12 dl-PCB congeners, the observed differences were not significant. The total WHO-TEQ values are lower in comparison with the average results in Europe from the fourth round of a WHO-coordinated study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kamińska
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Poland.
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24
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Bellanger M, Pichery C, Aerts D, Berglund M, Castaño A, Čejchanová M, Crettaz P, Davidson F, Esteban M, Fischer ME, Gurzau AE, Halzlova K, Katsonouri A, Knudsen LE, Kolossa-Gehring M, Koppen G, Ligocka D, Miklavčič A, Reis MF, Rudnai P, Tratnik JS, Weihe P, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Grandjean P. Economic benefits of methylmercury exposure control in Europe: monetary value of neurotoxicity prevention. Environ Health 2013; 12:3. [PMID: 23289875 PMCID: PMC3599906 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to global mercury pollution and the adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury (MeHg), an assessment of the economic benefits of prevented developmental neurotoxicity is necessary for any cost-benefit analysis. METHODS Distributions of hair-Hg concentrations among women of reproductive age were obtained from the DEMOCOPHES project (1,875 subjects in 17 countries) and literature data (6,820 subjects from 8 countries). The exposures were assumed to comply with log-normal distributions. Neurotoxicity effects were estimated from a linear dose-response function with a slope of 0.465 Intelligence Quotient (IQ) point reduction per μg/g increase in the maternal hair-Hg concentration during pregnancy, assuming no deficits below a hair-Hg limit of 0.58 μg/g thought to be safe. A logarithmic IQ response was used in sensitivity analyses. The estimated IQ benefit cost was based on lifetime income, adjusted for purchasing power parity. RESULTS The hair-mercury concentrations were the highest in Southern Europe and lowest in Eastern Europe. The results suggest that, within the EU, more than 1.8 million children are born every year with MeHg exposures above the limit of 0.58 μg/g, and about 200,000 births exceed a higher limit of 2.5 μg/g proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The total annual benefits of exposure prevention within the EU were estimated at more than 600,000 IQ points per year, corresponding to a total economic benefit between €8,000 million and €9,000 million per year. About four-fold higher values were obtained when using the logarithmic response function, while adjustment for productivity resulted in slightly lower total benefits. These calculations do not include the less tangible advantages of protecting brain development against neurotoxicity or any other adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS These estimates document that efforts to combat mercury pollution and to reduce MeHg exposures will have very substantial economic benefits in Europe, mainly in southern countries. Some data may not be entirely representative, some countries were not covered, and anticipated changes in mercury pollution all suggest a need for extended biomonitoring of human MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominique Aerts
- FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Esteban
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Katarina Halzlova
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Pál Weihe
- Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Philippe Grandjean
- Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D. Exposure to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and predictors of exposure among spouses of farmers. Ann Agric Environ Med 2012; 19:51-56. [PMID: 22462445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the environmental exposure to 2 commonly used pesticides: 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) among spouses of farmers, not directly involved in the process of spraying. Exposure to 63 sprayings 24 women in households from the rural area of the Łódż Voivodeship in Poland was assessed. The women were asked to collect 3 biological urine samples: in the morning before spraying (sample A), in the evening after spraying (sample B), and on the morning of the next day (sample C). The determination of pesticides in urine was performed by high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and negative electrospray (LC-MS/MS-ESI-). In the case of both active ingredient, the number of urine samples with the level of pesticides above limit of detection (LOD) increased from 30% in samples A to 45% in samples B and C. The average levels of herbicides increased from sample A (2.8 ng/g creatinine) to sample B (6.0 ng/g creatinine). The mean value of the C sample was 4.0 ng/g creatinine. Similar results were obtained when the average was calculated for all measurements, including those below LOD. The outdoor activity of the women during spraying was statistically significant (p=0.023), a predictor of exposure in multivariate analyses. The presented study indicates that farmers' spouses might be exposed to pesticides, even if they do not take part in the spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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Czerska M, Kamińska J, Zieliński M, Ligocka D. [Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: sources of exposure and expected health effects]. Med Pr 2012; 63:463-469. [PMID: 22994076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) along with hexabromocyclododecan, tetrabromobisphenol A and polybrominated biphenyls have been widely used for several decades as flame retardants. They have been added to consumer products, such as car and furniture upholstery, TV sets and computers. PBDE are not chemically bound to the polymers therefore, they can leach into the environment. They have been found in household dust, food, human breast milk, human adipose tissue and human serum. In this paper the potential major sources of emission of PBDEs, human biomonitoring data and results of experimental studies are reviewed. The available data shows that this group of compounds requires a particular concern because of their possibly adverse effects on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Czerska
- Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego, Laboratorium Badawczo-Pomiarowe Organicznych Zanieczyszczeń Srodowiska, Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. J. Nofera, ul. sw. Teresy 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
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Stragierowicz J, Mikołajewska K, Zawadzka-Stolarz M, Ligocka D. [Biomarkers of occupational and environmental exposure to benzene and styrene determinated by LC-MS/MS]. Med Pr 2012; 63:565-572. [PMID: 23373325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the studies performed a sensitive and simple method for the determination of benzene and styrene metabolites in urine has been developed. The developed procedure can be used for biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS Urine samples for the determination of styrene metabolites (phenylglyoxylic acid--PGA and mandelic acid--MA) were only acidified with formic acid, while those for the determination of benzene metabolite (S-phenyl-mercapturic acid--S-PMA) were additionally extracted with ethyl acetate. The measurement was performed by high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The quality of our analysis was verified using internal and external quality control. RESULTS Limit of detection for S-PMA was 0.33 microg/l, for MA--60 microg/l and for PGA--40 microg/l; precision was 2-3% and recovery 94-98%. CONCLUSIONS The method for the quantification of benzene and styrene metabolites can be used for biological monitoring of occupational and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stragierowicz
- Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego, Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Łódź, Poland.
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Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Gawora-Ziółek M. [Occupational exposure to pesticides among farmers of the Łódź' voivodeship agricultural area]. Med Pr 2011; 62:9-16. [PMID: 21748878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides are widely used in agriculture for the crop protection. Despite advanced mechanization of the agricultural production, the population's exposure to these chemicals is still significant. The objective of the study was to evaluate farmers' occupational exposure to two most frequently used pesticides: MCPA and 2,4-D. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pesticide exposure was assessed in 24 farmers, living in the Łódź voivodeship agriculture area, for 71 sprayings performed on their arable areas. The exposure assessment methods were used to estimate workers' exposure to selected pesticides (MCPA and 2,4-D). The analysis covered the biological material (urine) collected on the day of pesticides spraying: in the morning before spraying (Sample A), in the evening after spraying (Sample B) and on the next day (Sample C). RESULTS The level of pesticides found in farmers' urine was growing from sample A to sample C. The highest level of pesticides was found in sample C and the lowest in sample A. The predictors of the pesticide level were: sample collection time (urine concentration of pesticides in sample C compared with sample B) (p = 0.002), concentration of pesticides in sample A (p = 0.012) and the amount of products used during spraying (p = 0.021). 'The use of protective equipment was at the border of statistical significance (p = 0.059). The differences in exposure between farmers can be only partly explained by the analyzed exposure predictors. CONCLUSIONS The study not only confirmed the presence of occupational exposure but also showed the level of exposure among farmers under study. This is very important because in Poland the level of exposure among farmers is unknown and studies using the biological monitoring are very rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Institut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Łódź.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D. [Impact of prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure on birth parameters]. Przegl Lek 2010; 67:835-837. [PMID: 21360909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the association between prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and child anthropometric parameters at birth such birth weight, length, head and chest circumference. The study population consisted of 107 pregnant women from Lodz district as the part of Polish Mother and Child Cohort study. The child prenatal ETS exposure was assessed based on questionnaire with mothers and cotinine level in saliva collected three times in pregnancy. The level of cotinine in biological samples was analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS ESI+). About 35% of the children were prenatally exposed to ETS. The birth weight of the children prenatally exposed to ETS was 335 g lower than the birth weight of non-exposed newborns p < 0.001 after adjustment for: maternal educational level, marital status, prepregnancy weight, child gender, and gestational age. The same refers to child length and chest circumference (coef. -1.1 cm; p = 0.03 and coef. -1.3 cm; p = 0.002 respectively). Taking into account the negative effect of prenatal exposure to ETS, more efforts need to be taken to eliminate child ETS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytut Medycyny Pracy, Łódź.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D. [Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and psychomotor development of children]. Med Pr 2009; 60:15-20. [PMID: 19603692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Poland, prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke is observed in about 30 percent of children and postnatal in over 50 percent of children. This exposure has serious health consequences, including the negative effect on child neurodevelopment. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child psychomotor development. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 63 children with well assessed prenatal ETS exposure (a threefold analysis of cotinine level in saliva of pregnant women). To assess ETS exposure in infants within one year after birth a questionnaire-based interview was conducted with mothers. The Bayley Scale for Infant and Toddler Development (BESID-III) was used for the evaluation of child neurodevelopment. RESULTS Multivariate analysis (including gender, birth order of the child and parental educational status) indicated the statistically significant association between prenatal exposure to ETS and cognitive child development (b = -4.0; p = 0.04). ETS exposure has also a negative impact on motor (b = -2.7; p = 0.2) and language (b = -3.4; p = 0.08) abilities of the child although the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Maternal smoking was found to be related to a decrease in child neurodevelopment, however, it was impossible to separate the prenatal from postnatal exposure. A lot of effort should be made to eliminate ETS exposure of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Lódź, Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Brzeźnicki S, Ligocka D. [Exposure of smoking pregnant women to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]. Med Pr 2009; 60:103-108. [PMID: 19606741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds that are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of organic matter. The most common sources of PAHs are cigarette smoke, coal-fired utilities, steel plants, coke-oven plants, graphite electrode manufacturing plant, Söderberg aluminum electrolysis plant, vehicle exhaust, wood-burning ovens and fireplaces, and charcoal-grilled and smoked food. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of smoking pregnant women to PAHs. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population consisted of 189 pregnant women from the Lódź voivodeship (province). Smoking status was assessed based on saliva cotinine level analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The cutoff point 10 ng/ml was adopted for saliva cotinine level. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) concentration in urine sample was chosen as the biomarker of exposure to PAHs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The mean concentration of 1-HP in urine of nonsmoking woman was 0.60 microg/g creatinine, whereas in smoking one 1.35 microg/g creatinine. Among the women with saliva cotinine level higher than 10 ng/ml, the mean concentration of 1-HP in urine was over twofold higher than that in women with cotinine level lower than 10 ng/ml after adjustment for the day of urine ample collection (ratio of geometric mean 2.3; 95% CI 1.7-3.0). The study confirmed a higher risk of exposure to PAHs in the group of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy as compared to nonsmoking women. It should be stressed that cigarette smoking is not the only source of exposure to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Lódź, Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D. [Prenatal and postnatal child exposure to environmental tobacco smoke]. Przegl Lek 2009; 66:554-557. [PMID: 20301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prenatal and postnatal child exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The study population consisted of 83 women from Lodz, Poland among which detail questionnaire was conducted three times during pregnancy period. From all women included into the study the saliva sample was collected to verify smoking status in pregnancy. One year after delivery the second questionnaire was performed and urine sample from all children was collected. The cotinine level in saliva and urine was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS ESI+). About 22% of the children were expose to ETS during prenatal and 46% in postnatal period. Cotinine level in children's urine statistically differentiated children from smoking mothers (Geometric Mean (GM) 11.4 ng/ml; 95% CI 7.1-18.3) and exposed homes (GM 7.3 ng/ml; 95% CI 3.6-15.0) compared with non-exposed homes (GM 1.3 ng/ml; 95% CI 0.9-1.7) (p < 0.001). Children should be more protected from ETS exposure in prenatal and postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytut Medycyny Pracy Łodź.
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Abstract
In Poland there are only Regional Bioethical Committees. Unlike most EU countries Poland has no coordinating centre on bioethics for human research. However, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has established a Bioethics Appeals Committee.The functioning of the Bioethical Committees in Poland is regulated in detail by the Regulation of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of 1999. All regulations comply with important guidelines such as: the Helsinki Declaration, The Rules of Good Clinical Practice, EU Directives and legal regulations binding in Poland, mainly the Act of the Medical Doctor Profession and the Dentist Profession, as well as the Act of Pharmaceutical Law.In the framework of the Human Biomonitoring Programme, the application for bioethical evaluation will be submitted to the Bioethical Committee at the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz.The data protection legislation in Poland according to the Act of the Protection of Personal Data of 29th of August 1997 with latest amendments fulfils EU regulations. The Act also contains detailed provisions regarding the duties of the Inspector General for Data Protection. The paper presents data on the activities of the Bureau of the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection in 2005, 2006 and 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy St. 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Ligocka D, Broszkiewicz M. [Effectiveness of antismoking counseling for postpartum women]. Przegl Lek 2008; 65:631-633. [PMID: 19189566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antismoking counseling for postpartum women. The study was conducted between 2004-2006 in Lodz district. The study population consisted of 199 women and among them 100 were included into the intervention group and 99 to control one. Antismoking intervention and control activities were conducted among the women who quit smoking during pregnancy and maintained smoking abstinence after delivery. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the socio-demographic characteristic between intervention and control group. The women who received antismoking advice relapsed into the smoking less frequently than the women from the control group (26% vs. 56%; OR = 0.25; 95% CI 0.15-0.51). The antismoking counseling for postpartum women is the effective tool to help them to maintain smoking abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytut Medycyny Pracy w Łodzi.
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Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D. [Dermal exposure to pesticides among women working in Polish greenhouses using cotton patches]. Med Pr 2008; 59:197-202. [PMID: 18846990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The work in greenhouses might involve indirect exposure to pesticides, resulting from the contact with previously pesticide-treated flowers and vegetables. The objective of the study was to assess the exposure to selected pesticides of workers tending and harvesting greenhouse cultivations after the restricted-entry intervals expired using cotton patches. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pesticide exposure was assessed among women (n=19) tending and harvesting vegetables in one of the vegetable production greenhouse in Poland. The exposure assessment methods were used to estimate workers' exposure to selected pesticides (hexythiazoks, azoksystrobin, imazalil) after the restricted-entry intervals expired. Cotton gloves and patches on chest and arms were used during the whole workshift in the greenhouse. RESULTS All the three kinds of pesticides were found on cotton patches and gloves. The concentration of the examined active ingredients was higher on gloves than on patches. Their concentration on patches and gloves between sprayings was proportional to the concentration of active ingredients used during sprayings. CONCLUSION Dermal exposure of women to pesticides during work in a greenhouse takes place even when employees are not directly engaged in the process of spraying. Therefore, it is nececarry to ensure that this occupational group is provided with the efficient personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera, Łódź Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej.
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Polańska K, Hanke W, Sobala W, Ligocka D, Lowe J. [Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy and postpartum period]. Przegl Lek 2006; 63:907-10. [PMID: 17288181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Among available methods to estimate the exposure to tobacco smoke, cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine is considered the most accurate marker. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy and postpartum period. The cohort study was conducted in 2004 and 2006 in public maternity units in Lodz, Poland. The study population consisted of women between 32-36 weeks of pregnancy who have quit smoking within 2 months before pregnancy or no later than three months prior to participation in the study. Women were interviewed twice: during pregnancy and three months after delivery. Self-reported non-smoking status was verified using saliva cotinine level. Cotinine level in saliva sample was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. We included into the analysis 62 women who, based on self-reported smoking status and saliva cotinine level were classified as non-smokers. There were no statistically significant differences in mean saliva cotinine level measured in pregnancy and postpartum period. Pregnant women who smoked more cigarettes per day before quitting smoking had significantly higher cotinine level comparing to women who smoked < or = 10 cigarettes per day (p = 0.03). Saliva cotinine level was significantly higher among women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home compared to non-exposed (p = 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Polańska
- Zakład Epidemiologii Srodowiskowej, Instytut Medycyny Pracy w Lodzi.
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Haufroid V, Ligocka D, Wallemacq P, Lison D, Horsmans Y. Comparison of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) activity and hepatic and lymphocyte mRNA expression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Toxicol Lett 2005; 155:171-7. [PMID: 15585372 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 09/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is believed to play a role in the development of fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. However, information about CYP2E1 activity in chronic hepatitis C patients is fragmentary and the relationship between CYP2E1 activity and mRNA expression is unknown in this disease. The purpose of this study was (a) to characterise CYP2E1 activity in those patients and (b) to analyse its relationship with CYP2E1 mRNA expression in the liver and in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), previously proposed as a surrogate to assess changes in CYP2E1 activity. Fourteen chronic hepatitis C patients were submitted to a routine transcutaneous liver biopsy. CYP2E1 activity was assessed by using chlorzoxazone (CZX) pharmacokinetic parameters and hepatic and PBLs CYP2E1 mRNA expression was measured by real-time RT-PCR. The mean oral clearance of CZX (CLT: 21.5+/-10.1L/h) was within the normal range and the chlorzoxazone metabolic ratio (CMR) at t = 2 h was closely related to other CZX pharmacokinetic parameters. None of the pharmacokinetic parameters did significantly correlate with CYP2E1 mRNA, neither in the liver nor in PBLs. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between CYP2E1 mRNA levels in paired liver and PBL samples. Our data indicate that early stages of chronic hepatitis C are not associated with CYP2E1 induction. In this disease, the determination of the CMR at t = 2 h represents a reliable index to assess CYP2E1 activity. The measurement of CYP2E1 expression, at the mRNA level, in PBLs or in liver is not useful for that purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Haufroid
- Industrial and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30/54, B-1200, St. Luc Hospital, Brussels B-1200, Belgium.
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Haufroid V, Ligocka D, Buysschaert M, Horsmans Y, Lison D. Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes: evaluation in hepatitis C and diabetes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59:29-33. [PMID: 12743671 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-003-0566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2002] [Accepted: 01/16/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is expressed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), and previous reports have suggested the possibility of using this readily available tissue as a reporter of CYP2E1 status. To further explore the relevance of this approach we assessed CYP2E1 expression in PBLs in two contrasting conditions, chronic hepatitis C and insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD), illustrating an organ and a systemic disease, respectively. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from extracted PBLs (hepatitis C patients + IDD) and by percutaneous needle biopsy (hepatitis C patients only). Gene expression for CYP2E1 was determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Histological changes in liver tissue were assessed according to Ludwig's criteria. RESULTS In patients with chronic hepatitis C a clear relationship was found between CYP2E1 expression in the liver and the progression of hepatic disease (both lobular inflammation and fibrosis indices), and observed variations were consistent with the preferential distribution of CYP2E1 in the lobular zone. No effect of the liver disease was, however, found at the PBL level. A statistically significant increase in mean CYP2E1 expression level was observed in the lymphocytes from poorly controlled IDD subjects compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data indicate that the measurement of CYP2E1 expression in PBLs is not useful in liver diseases. However, in a systemic condition (IDD) this measurement can be proposed for monitoring the CYP2E1 induction in a relatively noninvasive manner. This tool should therefore be further validated in clinical field or experimental studies for CYP2E1 phenotyping purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Haufroid
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30/54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The involvement of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in the metabolism of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied with three experimental approaches: in the rat, in vitro in human microsomes, and in human volunteers. NMP was administered dermally (40 mg/kg) to OFA rats to examine the influence of CYP2E1 inhibition (5 mg/kg diethyldithiocarbamate, DETC, 30 min before) and CYP2E1 induction (after 4 days of fasting). The main NMP metabolite 5-hydroxy- N-methylpyrrolidone (5HNMP) in the urine fractions collected during the following 48 h was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CYP2E1 inhibition led to a statistically significant retardation of 5HNMP excretion in urinary fractions collected during the first 12 h. In the group of fasted rats, a two-fold increase of CYP2E1 activity was observed in comparison with the control group. During the first 6 h after dermal administration of NMP to fasted rats, about 33% of the dose was excreted in urine versus 22% in controls. In vitro, NMP (15 mM) was incubated (up to120 min) with human liver microsomes and the formation of 5HNMP followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with V(max) of 1.1 nmol/min per mg protein and K(m) of 2.4 mM. The formation of 5HNMP was inhibited by 35% in the presence of a monoclonal antibody against CYP2E1, but not by CYP1A2 antibody. In a dermal application experiment, 12 humans volunteers were exposed by means of a dermal patch to 300 mg NMP; five urine fractions were collected during the 48 h following the onset of application in order to measure the major metabolites 5HNMP and 2-hydroxymethylsuccinimide (2HMSI). Before NMP application, a blood sample was collected for the quantification of CYP2E1 mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The mean dermal absorption of NMP was 67.9%. The highest amount of 5HNMP was excreted in urine in the fraction collected between 6-12 h (12.6% of dose), while 2HMSI peaked in fractions 12-24 h and 36-48 h (3.3 and 3.2% of dose, respectively). A significant relationship was found between CYP2E1 mRNA content in PBLs and the amount of both the metabolites excreted in urine within 24 h ( r(2)=0.54, P<0.01). It is concluded that CYP2E1 is involved in the first steps of NMP metabolism in the rat and, to a lesser extent, in humans. Since large variations in CYP2E1 activity exist in the human population (at least 5-fold range), it seems justified to take into account the activity of this enzyme in an individual for an accurate interpretation of biological monitoring of exposure to NMP when relying on 5HNMP and/or 2HMSI determination in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Ligocka
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30-54, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Haufroid V, Jakubowski M, Janasik B, Ligocka D, Buchet JP, Bergamaschi E, Manini P, Mutti A, Ghittori S, Arand M, Hangen N, Oesch F, Hirvonen A, Lison D. Interest of genotyping and phenotyping of drug-metabolizing enzymes for the interpretation of biological monitoring of exposure to styrene. Pharmacogenetics 2002; 12:691-702. [PMID: 12464798 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200212000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of occupational and/or environmental toxicology, the measurement of specific metabolites in urine may serve to assess exposure to the parent compounds (biological monitoring of exposure). Styrene is one of the chemicals for which biological monitoring programs have been validated and implemented in environmental and occupational medicine. However, inter-individual differences in the urinary excretion exist both for the main end-products (mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid) and for its specific mercapturic acids (phenylhydroxyethylmercapturic acids, PHEMA). This limits to a certain extent the use of these metabolites for an accurate assessment of styrene exposure. In a group of 26 volunteers selected with relevant genotypes, and exposed to styrene vapours (50 mg/m3, 8 h) in an inhalation chamber, we evaluated whether genotyping or phenotyping relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) may help to explain the observed inter-individual variability in the urinary metabolite excretion. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were used for genotyping and as reporter cells for the phenotyping of CYP2E1 and EPHX1. The GSTM1 genotype was clearly the most significant parameter explaining the variance in urinary PHEMA excretion (6-fold lower in GSTM1 null subjects; P < 0.0001) so that systematic GSTM1 genotyping should be recommended routinely for a correct interpretation of PHEMA urinary levels. Variant alleles CYP2E1*6 (7632T>A) and His113EPHX1 were associated with a significant reduction of, respectively, the expression (P = 0.047) and activity (P = 0.022) of the enzyme in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In combination with GSTM1 genotyping, the phenotyping approach also contributed to improve the interpretation of urinary results, as illustrated by the combined effect of CYP2E1 expression and GSTM1 allelic status that explained 77% of the variance in PHEMA excretion and allows the recommendation of mercapturates as specific and reliable biomarkers of exposure to styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Haufroid
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Ligocka D, Lison D, Haufroid V. Quantitative determination of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone in urine for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778:223-30. [PMID: 12376129 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to validate a sensitive method for quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone (5-HNMP) in urine. This compound has been recommended as a marker for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) exposure. Different solvents and alternative methods of extraction including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) on Chem Elut and solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB columns were tested. The most efficient extraction of 5-HNMP in urine was LLE with Chem Elut columns and dichloromethane as a solvent (consistently 22% of recovery). The urinary extracts were derivatized by bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with tetradeutered 5-HNMP as an internal standard. The detection limit of this method is 0.017 mg/l urine with an intraassay precision of 1.6-2.6%. The proposed method of extraction is simple and reproducible. Four different m/z signal ratios of TMS-5-HNMP and tetralabelled TMS-5-HNMP have been validated and could be indifferently used in case of unexpected impurities from urine matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ligocka
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The organ and tissue distribution, excretion and metabolism of [3H]1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene ([3H]durene) in male Wistar albino rats were investigated following a single i.p. administration (40 mg/kg) and within 9 days after five daily repeated administrations. Urine proved to be the main route of tritium excretion. Within the first 24 h after a single administration 69% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and only 9% in the feces. The highest level of tritium binding was found in the fat tissue, liver, kidneys and adrenal glands. The accumulation of tritium in the plasma proceeded with a kinetic constant of 0.49 h(-1), whereas the half-life of radioactivity decay amounted to about 6.3 h. In erythrocytes, the tritium level was found to be about three times lower than in blood plasma. The total amount eliminated during the 9 days following repeated administration was about 94% of the five doses given. The highest level of tritium was found in fat tissue and adrenal glands, followed by the liver, kidneys, sciatic nerve and muscle. A gradual decline in tritium levels was observed during the following 4 days in most tissues to reach about 2% of the dose given. The main urinary metabolites resulting from the administration of durene were 2,4,5-trimethylbenzyl alcohol (about 22%), 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-benzdialdehyde (about 19%), 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (about 19%) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzoic acid (about 16%). The oxygen-containing metabolites accounted for almost 80%, whereas sulphur-containing metabolites accounted for approximately 10% of the products of biotransformation. In conclusion, most of the durene administered has a relatively rapid turnover rate, with minor levels retained in the tissues for longer time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ligocka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
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Ligocka D, Sapota A, Jakubowski M. The disposition and metabolism of 1,3,5-[U-14C]trioxane in male Wistar albino rats. Arch Toxicol 1998; 72:303-8. [PMID: 9630017 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate 1,3,5-[U-14C]trioxane (TOX) distribution, excretion and metabolism. The experiments were performed on male Wistar albino rats after a single administration of TOX at doses of 40 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. The exhaled air proved to be the main route of 14C elimination, mainly as 14CO2. During the first 12 h following the administration of 40 mg/kg of TOX the exhalation of 14CO2 was monophasic, with a half-life of 3.5 h. After the administration of 400 mg/kg, TOX was eliminated mainly as 14CO2 with the exhaled air (77%) and unchanged TOX (8%). About 3% of 14C was excreted in the urine as unchanged 1,3,5-trioxane. With regards to TOX elimination from blood plasma for the lower dose, a biphasic process was observed, with half-lives of 4.5 and 72 h. The amount of 14C bound by the erythrocytes was minute compared with the amount in blood plasma. When the higher dose of TOX was administered the efficiency of 14C binding to the erythrocytes was found to be 10 times higher than the respective value for blood plasma. Among the examined tissues the highest concentration of TOX-derived radioactivity was detected in the liver while the lowest was in fat tissue and brain. A subsequent decay of radioactivity occurred in the tissues. The results of the present study indicate that TOX belongs to the group of compounds, which are rapidly eliminated from the organism; hence TOX should not be expected to accumulate within the tissues. The data obtained confirm the assumed pattern of metabolic transformation, according to which 1,3,5-trioxane undergoes enzymatic transformation to formaldehyde, with carbon dioxide and water being the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ligocka
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Sapota A, Ligocka D. The disposition and metabolism of 2-ethyltoluene and 3-ethyltoluene in rats. Toxicol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)94928-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ligocka D, Sapota A. The dynamics of distribution and excretion of trimethylbenzene in rats. Toxicol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)94828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sapota A, Ligocka D, Jakubowski M. Mobilization off lead by propolis and DMSA therapy in rats. Toxicol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sapota A, Ligocka D. The disposition and metabolism of 4-ethyltoluene in rats. Toxicol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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