201
|
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O. Pericytes: multitasking cells in the regeneration of injured, diseased, and aged skeletal muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:245. [PMID: 25278877 PMCID: PMC4166895 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells that envelop and make intimate connections with adjacent capillary endothelial cells. Recent studies show that they may have a profound impact in skeletal muscle regeneration, innervation, vessel formation, fibrosis, fat accumulation, and ectopic bone formation throughout life. In this review, we summarize and evaluate recent advances in our understanding of pericytes' influence on adult skeletal muscle pathophysiology. We also discuss how further elucidating their biology may offer new approaches to the treatment of conditions characterized by muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maria L Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Stuelsatz P, Shearer A, Li Y, Muir LA, Ieronimakis N, Shen QW, Kirillova I, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Extraocular muscle satellite cells are high performance myo-engines retaining efficient regenerative capacity in dystrophin deficiency. Dev Biol 2014; 397:31-44. [PMID: 25236433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are highly specialized skeletal muscles that originate from the head mesoderm and control eye movements. EOMs are uniquely spared in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and animal models of dystrophin deficiency. Specific traits of myogenic progenitors may be determinants of this preferential sparing, but very little is known about the myogenic cells in this muscle group. While satellite cells (SCs) have long been recognized as the main source of myogenic cells in adult muscle, most of the knowledge about these cells comes from the prototypic limb muscles. In this study, we show that EOMs, regardless of their distinctive Pax3-negative lineage origin, harbor SCs that share a common signature (Pax7(+), Ki67(-), Nestin-GFP(+), Myf5(nLacZ+), MyoD-positive lineage origin) with their limb and diaphragm somite-derived counterparts, but are remarkably endowed with a high proliferative potential as revealed in cell culture assays. Specifically, we demonstrate that in adult as well as in aging mice, EOM SCs possess a superior expansion capacity, contributing significantly more proliferating, differentiating and renewal progeny than their limb and diaphragm counterparts. These robust growth and renewal properties are maintained by EOM SCs isolated from dystrophin-null (mdx) mice, while SCs from muscles affected by dystrophin deficiency (i.e., limb and diaphragm) expand poorly in vitro. EOM SCs also retain higher performance in cell transplantation assays in which donor cells were engrafted into host mdx limb muscle. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive picture of EOM myogenic progenitors, showing that while these cells share common hallmarks with the prototypic SCs in somite-derived muscles, they distinctively feature robust growth and renewal capacities that warrant the title of high performance myo-engines and promote consideration of their properties for developing new approaches in cell-based therapy to combat skeletal muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Stuelsatz
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Shearer
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsey A Muir
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qingwu W Shen
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Irina Kirillova
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Pellegrini M, Bulzomi P, Galluzzo P, Lecis M, Leone S, Pallottini V, Marino M. Naringenin modulates skeletal muscle differentiation via estrogen receptor α and β signal pathway regulation. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:425. [PMID: 25156241 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several experiments sustain healthful benefits of the flavanone naringenin (Nar) against chronic diseases including its protective effects against estrogen-related cancers. These experiments encourage Nar use in replacing estrogen treatment in post-menopausal women avoiding the serious side effects ascribed to this hormone. However, at the present, scarce data are available on the impact of Nar on E2-regulated cell functions. This study was aimed at determining the impact of Nar on the estrogen receptor (ERα and β)-dependent signals important for 17β-estradiol (E2) effect in muscle cells (rat L6 myoblasts, mouse C2C12 myoblasts, and mouse skeletal muscle satellite cells). Dietary relevant concentration of Nar delays the appearance of skeletal muscle differentiation markers (i.e., GLUT4 translocation, myogenin, and both fetal and slow MHC isoforms) and impairs E2 effects specifically hampering ERα ability to activate AKT. Intriguingly, Nar effects are specific for E2-initiating signals because IGF-I-induced AKT activation, and myoblast differentiation markers were not affected by Nar treatment. Only 7 days after Nar stimulation, early myoblast differentiation markers (i.e., myogenin, and fetal MHC) start to be accumulated in myoblasts. On the other hand, Nar stimulation activates, via ERβ, the phosphorylation of p38/MAPK involved in reducing the reactive oxygen species formation in skeletal muscle cells. As a whole, data reported here strongly sustain that although Nar action mechanisms include the impairment of ERα signals which drive muscle cells to differentiation, the effects triggered by Nar in the presence of ERβ could balance this negative effect avoiding the toxic effects produced by oxidative stress .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Sciences, Biomedical and Technology Science Section, University Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Vahidi Ferdousi L, Rocheteau P, Chayot R, Montagne B, Chaker Z, Flamant P, Tajbakhsh S, Ricchetti M. More efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks in skeletal muscle stem cells compared to their committed progeny. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:492-507. [PMID: 25262445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of genome integrity in adult stem cells results in accelerated tissue aging and is possibly cancerogenic. Adult stem cells in different tissues appear to react robustly to DNA damage. We report that adult skeletal stem (satellite) cells do not primarily respond to radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) via differentiation and exhibit less apoptosis compared to other myogenic cells. Satellite cells repair these DNA lesions more efficiently than their committed progeny. Importantly, non-proliferating satellite cells and post-mitotic nuclei in the fiber exhibit dramatically distinct repair efficiencies. Altogether, reduction of the repair capacity appears to be more a function of differentiation than of the proliferation status of the muscle cell. Notably, satellite cells retain a high efficiency of DSB repair also when isolated from the natural niche. Finally, we show that repair of DSB substrates is not only very efficient but, surprisingly, also very accurate in satellite cells and that accurate repair depends on the key non-homologous end-joining factor DNA-PKcs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Vahidi Ferdousi
- Institut Pasteur, Yeast Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Genomes and Genetics, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3525, Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University of Paris 06, IFD-ED 515, Place Jussieu, Paris, 72252, France
| | - Pierre Rocheteau
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development, Dept. of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA 2578, Paris, France
| | - Romain Chayot
- Institut Pasteur, Yeast Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Genomes and Genetics, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3525, Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Montagne
- Institut Pasteur, Yeast Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Genomes and Genetics, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3525, Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Paris, France
| | - Zayna Chaker
- Institut Pasteur, Yeast Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Genomes and Genetics, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3525, Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Flamant
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development, Dept. of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA 2578, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development, Dept. of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS URA 2578, Paris, France
| | - Miria Ricchetti
- Institut Pasteur, Yeast Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Genomes and Genetics, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3525, Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Wu SL, Li GZ, Chou CY, Tsai MS, Chen YP, Li CJ, Liou GG, Chang WW, Chen SL, Wang SH. Double homeobox gene, Duxbl, promotes myoblast proliferation and abolishes myoblast differentiation by blocking MyoD transactivation. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:551-66. [PMID: 25130140 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that regulate embryonic development programs including organogenesis, axis formation and limb development. Previously, we identified and cloned a mouse double homeobox gene, Duxbl, whose homeodomain exhibits the highest identity (67 %) to human DUX4, a candidate gene of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Duxbl proteins have been shown to be expressed in elongated myocytes and myotubes of trunk and limb muscles during embryogenesis. In this study, we found that Duxbl maintained low expression levels in various adult muscles. Duxbl proteins were induced to express in activated satellite cells and colocalized with MyoG, a myogenic differentiating marker. Furthermore, Duxbl proteins were not detected in quiescent satellite cells but detected in regenerated myocytes and colocalized with MyoD and MyoG following cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. Ectopic Duxbl overexpressions in C2C12 myoblast cells promoted cell proliferation through mainly enhancing cyclin D1 and hyper-phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein but reducing p21 expression. However, Duxbl overexpression in C2C12 cells inhibited myogenic differentiation by decreasing MyoD downstream gene expressions, including M-cadherin, MyoG, p21 and cyclin D3 but not MyoD itself. Duxbl overexpressions also promoted cell proliferation but blocked MyoD-induced myogenic conversion in multipotent mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells. In addition, results of a luciferase reporter assay suggest that Duxbl negatively regulated MyoG promoter activity through the proximal two E boxes. In conclusion, these results indicate that Duxbl may play a crucial role in myogenesis and postnatal muscle regeneration by activating and proliferating satellite and myoblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shey-Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Armstrong L, Al-Aama J, Stojkovic M, Lako M. Concise Review: The Epigenetic Contribution to Stem Cell Ageing: Can We Rejuvenate Our Older Cells? Stem Cells 2014; 32:2291-8. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Armstrong
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life; Central Parkway Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| | - Jumana Al-Aama
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Miodrag Stojkovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, The International Centre for Life; Central Parkway Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Mertens JP, Sugg KB, Lee JD, Larkin LM. Engineering muscle constructs for the creation of functional engineered musculoskeletal tissue. Regen Med 2014; 9:89-100. [PMID: 24351009 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a disabling condition in which current clinical procedures are suboptimal. The field of tissue engineering has many promising strategies for the creation of functional skeletal muscle in vitro. However, there are still two key limitations that prevent it from becoming a solution for treating VML. First, engineered muscle tissue must be biocompatible to facilitate muscle tissue regrowth without generating an immune response. Second, engineered muscle constructs must be scaled up to facilitate replacement of clinically relevant volumes of tissue (centimeters in diameter). There are currently no tissue engineering strategies to produce tissue constructs that are both biocompatible and large enough to facilitate clinical repair. However, recent advances in tissue engineering using synthetic scaffolds, native scaffolds, or scaffold-free approaches may lead to a solution for repair of VML injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Mertens
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Zhang Y, Cong X, Wang A, Jiang H. Identification of the STAC3 gene as a skeletal muscle-specifically expressed gene and a novel regulator of satellite cell differentiation in cattle1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3284-90. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0306
| | - X. Cong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0306
| | - A. Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0306
| | - H. Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0306
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Kamli MR, Kim J, Pokharel S, Jan AT, Lee EJ, Choi I. Expressional studies of the aldehyde oxidase (AOX1) gene during myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1291-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
210
|
Abstract
Muscle regeneration recapitulates many aspects of embryonic myogenesis and is an important homeostatic process of the adult skeletal muscle, which, after development, retains the capacity to regenerate in response to appropriate stimuli, activating the muscle compartment of stem cells, namely, satellite cells, as well as other precursor cells. Moreover, significant evidence suggests that while stem cells represent an important determinant for tissue regeneration, a “qualified” environment is necessary to guarantee and achieve functional results. It is therefore plausible that the loss of control over these cell fate decisions could lead to a pathological transdifferentiation, leading to pathologic defects in the regenerative process. This review provides an overview about the general aspects of muscle development and discusses the cellular and molecular aspects that characterize the five interrelated and time-dependent phases of muscle regeneration, namely, degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling, and maturation/functional repair.
Collapse
|
211
|
Abstract
AbstractSensory ganglia comprise functional units built up by neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). In animal species there was proven the presence of neuronoglial progenitor cells in adult samples. Such neural crest-derived progenitors were found in immunohistochemistry (IHC). These findings were not previously documented in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was thus aimed to assess in TEM if cells of the human adult trigeminal ganglion indeed have ultrastructural features to qualify for a progenitor, or quiescent phenotype. Trigeminal ganglia were obtained from fifteen adult donor cadavers. In TEM, cells with heterochromatic nuclei, a pancytoplasmic content of free ribosomes, few perinuclear mitochondria, poor developed endoplasmic reticulum, lack of Golgi complexes and membrane trafficking specializations, were found included in the neuronal envelopes built-up by SGCs. The ultrastructural pattern was strongly suggestive for these cells being quiescent progenitors. However, further experiments should correlate the morphologic and immune phenotypes of such cells.
Collapse
|
212
|
Iwasaki M, Urata S, Cho Y, Ngo N, de la Torre JC. Cell entry of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is restricted in myotubes. Virology 2014; 458-459:22-32. [PMID: 24928036 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mice persistently infected since birth with the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis viurs, viral antigen and RNA are readily detected in most organs and cell types but remarkably absent in skeletal muscle. Here we report that mouse C2C12 myoblasts that are readily infected by LCMV, become highly refractory to LCMV infection upon their differentiation into myotubes. Myotube's resistance to LCMV was not due to an intracellular restriction of virus replication but rather an impaired cell entry mediated by the LCMV surface glycoprotein. Our findings provide an explanation for the observation that in LCMV carrier mice myotubes, which are constantly exposed to blood-containing virus, remain free of viral antigen and RNA despite myotubes express high levels of the LCMV receptor alpha dystroglycan and do not pose an intracellular blockade to LCMV multiplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuzo Urata
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshitake Cho
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Jimenez AG, Cooper-Mullin C, Anthony NB, Williams JB. Cellular metabolic rates in cultured primary dermal fibroblasts and myoblast cells from fast-growing and control Coturnix quail. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 171:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
214
|
Abstract
Establishing sufficient skeletal muscle mass is essential for lifelong metabolic health. The intrauterine environment is a major determinant of the muscle mass that is present during the life course of an individual, because muscle fiber number is set at the time of birth. Thus, a compromised intrauterine environment from maternal nutrient restriction or placental insufficiency that restricts muscle fiber number can have permanent effects on the amount of muscle an individual will live with. Reduced muscle mass due to fewer muscle fibers persists even after compensatory or 'catch-up' postnatal growth occurs. Furthermore, muscle hypertrophy can only partially compensate for this limitation in fiber number. Compelling associations link low birth weight and decreased muscle mass to future insulin resistance, which can drive the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and the risk of cardiovascular events later in life. There are gaps in knowledge about the origins of reduced muscle growth at the cellular level and how these patterns are set during fetal development. By understanding the nutrient and endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth and development, we can direct research efforts toward improving muscle growth early in life to prevent the development of chronic metabolic diseases later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 East 23 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone: 303-724-0106, Fax: 303-724-0898
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Lewis FC, Henning BJ, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Ellison GM, Nadal-Ginard B. Porcine skeletal muscle-derived multipotent PW1pos/Pax7neg interstitial cells: isolation, characterization, and long-term culture. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:702-12. [PMID: 24744394 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective strategies for the regeneration of solid tissue requires an understanding of the biology underlying the tissue's endogenous repair mechanisms. PW1/Peg3(pos)/Pax7(neg) skeletal muscle-derived interstitial progenitor cells (PICs) were first identified recently in the interstitium of murine skeletal muscle and shown to contribute to muscle fiber regeneration in vivo. PICs, therefore, represent a novel candidate resident progenitor cell for muscle regeneration. To explore the potential of these cells for clinical translation, we must ascertain the presence of PICs in larger mammalian species and identify criteria to successfully isolate and expand this population. In this study, we report the isolation, characterization, and maintenance of multipotent PICs from juvenile porcine skeletal muscle. We show that porcine PICs can be reproducibly isolated from skeletal muscle, express stem/progenitor cell markers, and have a stable phenotype and karyotype through multiple passages. Furthermore, porcine PICs are clonogenic and multipotent, giving rise to skeletal myoblast/myotubes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. In addition, PICs can be induced to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells. These results demonstrate, in an animal model with size and physiology extrapolatable to the human, that porcine skeletal muscle-derived PW1(pos)/Pax7(neg) PICs are a source of stem/progenitor cells. These findings open new avenues for a variety of solid tissue engineering and regeneration using a single multipotent stem cell type isolated from an easily accessible source, such as skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Lewis
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Beverley J Henning
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Georgina M Ellison
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool JM University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Myology Group, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 787 INSERM, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Verdijk LB, Snijders T, Drost M, Delhaas T, Kadi F, van Loon LJC. Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle; from birth to old age. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:545-7. [PMID: 24122288 PMCID: PMC4039250 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in satellite cell content play a key role in regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. Yet, there is little information on changes in satellite cell content from birth to old age in humans. The present study defines muscle fiber type-specific satellite cell content in human skeletal muscle tissue over the entire lifespan. Muscle biopsies were collected in 165 subjects, from different muscles of children undergoing surgery (<18 years; n = 13) and from the vastus lateralis muscle of young adult (18–49 years; n = 50), older (50–69 years; n = 53), and senescent subjects (70–86 years; n = 49). In a subgroup of 51 aged subjects (71 ± 6 years), additional biopsies were collected after 12 weeks of supervised resistance-type exercise training. Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess skeletal muscle fiber type-specific composition, size, and satellite cell content. From birth to adulthood, muscle fiber size increased tremendously with no major changes in muscle fiber satellite cell content, and no differences between type I and II muscle fibers. In contrast to type I muscle fibers, type II muscle fiber size was substantially smaller with increasing age in adults (r = −0.56; P < 0.001). This was accompanied by an age-related reduction in type II muscle fiber satellite cell content (r = −0.57; P < 0.001). Twelve weeks of resistance-type exercise training significantly increased type II muscle fiber size and satellite cell content. We conclude that type II muscle fiber atrophy with aging is accompanied by a specific decline in type II muscle fiber satellite cell content. Resistance-type exercise training represents an effective strategy to increase satellite cell content and reverse type II muscle fiber atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lex B. Verdijk
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Drost
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- />Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- />Division of Sport Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- />Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Rossi G, Messina G. Comparative myogenesis in teleosts and mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3081-99. [PMID: 24664432 PMCID: PMC4111864 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis has been and is currently under extensive study in both mammals and teleosts, with the latter providing a good model for skeletal myogenesis because of their flexible and conserved genome. Parallel investigations of muscle studies using both these models have strongly accelerated the advances in the field. However, when transferring the knowledge from one model to the other, it is important to take into account both their similarities and differences. The main difficulties in comparing mammals and teleosts arise from their different temporal development. Conserved aspects can be seen for muscle developmental origin and segmentation, and for the presence of multiple myogenic waves. Among the divergences, many fish have an indeterminate growth capacity throughout their entire life span, which is absent in mammals, thus implying different post-natal growth mechanisms. This review covers the current state of the art on myogenesis, with a focus on the most conserved and divergent aspects between mammals and teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Fayzullina S, Martin LJ. Skeletal muscle DNA damage precedes spinal motor neuron DNA damage in a mouse model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). PLoS One 2014; 9:e93329. [PMID: 24667816 PMCID: PMC3965546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary childhood disease that causes paralysis by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles and spinal motor neurons. SMA is associated with reduced levels of full-length Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, due to mutations in the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 gene. The mechanisms by which lack of SMN causes SMA pathology are not known, making it very difficult to develop effective therapies. We investigated whether DNA damage is a perinatal pathological event in SMA, and whether DNA damage and cell death first occur in skeletal muscle or spinal cord of SMA mice. We used a mouse model of severe SMA to ascertain the extent of cell death and DNA damage throughout the body of prenatal and newborn mice. SMA mice at birth (postnatal day 0) exhibited internucleosomal fragmentation in genomic DNA from hindlimb skeletal muscle, but not in genomic DNA from spinal cord. SMA mice at postnatal day 5, compared with littermate controls, exhibited increased apoptotic cell death profiles in skeletal muscle, by hematoxylin and eosin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and electron microscopy. SMA mice had no increased cell death, no loss of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT)-positive motor neurons, and no overt pathology in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. At embryonic days 13 and 15.5, SMA mice did not exhibit statistically significant increases in cell death profiles in spinal cord or skeletal muscle. Motor neuron numbers in the ventral horn, as identified by ChAT immunoreactivity, were comparable in SMA mice and control littermates at embryonic day 15.5 and postnatal day 5. These observations demonstrate that in SMA, disease in skeletal muscle emerges before pathology in spinal cord, including loss of motor neurons. Overall, this work identifies DNA damage and cell death in skeletal muscle as therapeutic targets for SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Fayzullina
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, and the Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lee J. Martin
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, and the Pathobiology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Lamon S, Wallace MA, Russell AP. The STARS signaling pathway: a key regulator of skeletal muscle function. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1659-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
220
|
Kakade D, Islam N, Maeda N, Adegoke OAJ. Differential effects of PDCD4 depletion on protein synthesis in myoblast and myotubes. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:2. [PMID: 24405715 PMCID: PMC3893489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced muscle mass is a hallmark of metabolic diseases like diabetes and cancer. The mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin complex 1/S6 kinase 1 (mTORC1/S6K1) pathway is critical to the regulation of muscle protein synthesis and mass but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. RESULTS Using L6 myotubes, we characterized the regulation of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a recently described substrate of S6K1. The abundance, but not Ser67 phosphorylation, of PDCD4 was sensitive to amino acid and serum deprivation: values in starved cells were 4.5X of control (P < 0.001). Refeeding had opposite effects. Growth factors, compared to amino acids, appeared more critical in regulating PDCD4 abundance. Furthermore, inhibition of mTORC1 or the proteasome prevented the refeeding-associated decrease in PDCD4 abundance. Amino acid and serum deprivation significantly increased PDCD4 binding to eIF4A (P < 0.05); this was reversed during refeeding. PDCD4 depletion by RNA interference had no significant effect on phenylalanine incorporation into myotube mixed proteins in control cells but further suppressed (30%) this measure in nutrient-deprived cells (P < 0.0005). This was not observed in myoblasts. In starved myotubes, PDCD4 depletion further reduced the association of eIF4G with eIF4E. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that in myotubes, PDCD4 abundance is sensitive to nutritional manipulation in an mTORC1 and proteasome depended manner. Furthermore, the role of PDCD4 in regulating protein synthesis appears dependent on the developmental state of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olasunkanmi A J Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology & Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Smith BK, Mathur S, Ye F, Martin AD, Truelson SA, Vandenborne K, Davenport PW. Intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion training and myogenic remodeling of rodent parasternal intercostal fibers. JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2014; 51:841-854. [PMID: 25509059 PMCID: PMC4269303 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.12.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that diaphragm muscle plasticity occurs with mechanical overloads, yet less is known about synergistic parasternal intercostal muscle fiber remodeling. We conducted overload training with intrinsic transient tracheal occlusion (ITTO) exercises in conscious animals. We hypothesized that ITTO would yield significant fiber hypertrophy and myogenic activation that would parallel diaphragm fiber remodeling. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a tracheal cuff and were randomly assigned to receive daily 10 min sessions of conscious ITTO or observation (sham) over 2 wk. After training, fiber morphology, myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform composition, cross-sectional area, proportion of Pax7-positive nuclei, and presence of embryonic MHC (eMHC) were quantified. Type IIx/b fibers were 20% larger after ITTO training than with sham training (ITTO: 4,431 +/– 676 μm2, sham: 3,689 +/– 400 μm2, p < 0.05), and type I fibers were more prevalent after ITTO (p < 0.01). Expression of Pax7 was increased in ITTO parasternals and diaphragm (p < 0.05). In contrast, the proportion of eMHC-positive fibers was increased only in ITTO parasternals (1.2% [3.4%–0.6%], sham: 0% [0.6%–0%], p < 0.05). Although diaphragm and parasternal type II fibers hypertrophy to a similar degree, myogenic remodeling appears to differ between the two muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Smith
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A. Daniel Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul W. Davenport
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Lau AM, Tseng YH, Schulz TJ. Adipogenic fate commitment of muscle-derived progenitor cells: isolation, culture, and differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1213:229-43. [PMID: 25173387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1453-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle harbors several types of cells, among which a population of progenitors committed to the adipogenic lineage has only recently been identified. Potential sources of white and brown adipocytes, the latter representing a potential target to treat obesity, are of considerable interest to the field. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) provides an elegant strategy for prospective isolation of closely defined cell populations. Here we describe a flow cytometric method to isolate muscle-resident adipogenic progenitor cells with a default potential to undergo white adipogenesis. We further describe an approach to induce commitment to a lineage of brown-like adipocytes upon exposure to bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lau
- Research Group Adipocyte Development, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of the cell-fate regulator Myod, studies in skeletal myogenesis have inspired the search for cell-fate regulators of similar potential in other tissues and organs. It was perplexing that a similar transcription factor for other tissues was not found; however, it was later discovered that combinations of molecular regulators can divert somatic cell fates to other cell types. With the new era of reprogramming to induce pluripotent cells, the myogenesis paradigm can now be viewed under a different light. Here, we provide a short historical perspective and focus on how the regulation of skeletal myogenesis occurs distinctly in different scenarios and anatomical locations. In addition, some interesting features of this tissue underscore the importance of reconsidering the simple-minded view that a single stem cell population emerges after gastrulation to assure tissuegenesis. Notably, a self-renewing long-term Pax7+ myogenic stem cell population emerges during development only after a first wave of terminal differentiation occurs to establish a tissue anlagen in the mouse. How the future stem cell population is selected in this unusual scenario will be discussed. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from epigenetic and genome-wide studies in myogenic cells. Although key transcription factors such as Pax3, Pax7, and Myod regulate only a small subset of genes, in some cases their genomic distribution and binding are considerably more promiscuous. This apparent nonspecificity can be reconciled in part by the permissivity of the cell for myogenic commitment, and also by new roles for some of these regulators as pioneer transcription factors acting on chromatin state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Stem Cells and Development, CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Fry CS, Lee JD, Jackson JR, Kirby TJ, Stasko SA, Liu H, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Regulation of the muscle fiber microenvironment by activated satellite cells during hypertrophy. FASEB J 2013; 28:1654-65. [PMID: 24376025 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in the current study was to determine the necessity of satellite cells for long-term muscle growth and maintenance. We utilized a transgenic Pax7-DTA mouse model, allowing for the conditional depletion of > 90% of satellite cells with tamoxifen treatment. Synergist ablation surgery, where removal of synergist muscles places functional overload on the plantaris, was used to stimulate robust hypertrophy. Following 8 wk of overload, satellite cell-depleted muscle demonstrated an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibroblast expansion that resulted in reduced specific force of the plantaris. Although the early growth response was normal, an attenuation of hypertrophy measured by both muscle wet weight and fiber cross-sectional area occurred in satellite cell-depleted muscle. Isolated primary myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) negatively regulated fibroblast ECM mRNA expression in vitro, suggesting a novel role for activated satellite cells/MPCs in muscle adaptation. These results provide evidence that satellite cells regulate the muscle environment during growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Fry
- 1900 S. Limestone, CTW 105, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Koch AJ, Holaska JM. Emerin in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:95-106. [PMID: 24365856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is caused by mutations in the genes encoding emerin, lamins A and C and FHL1. Additional EDMD-like syndromes are caused by mutations in nesprins and LUMA. This review will specifically focus on emerin function and the current thinking for how loss or mutations in emerin cause EDMD. Emerin is a well-conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein of the inner nuclear membrane. Emerin has been shown to have diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, nuclear structure and chromatin architecture. This review will focus on the relationships between these functions and the EDMD disease phenotype. Additionally it will highlight open questions concerning emerin's roles in cell and nuclear biology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Koch
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - James M Holaska
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Developmental, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Corona BT, Ward CL, Baker HB, Walters TJ, Christ GJ. Implantation of in vitro tissue engineered muscle repair constructs and bladder acellular matrices partially restore in vivo skeletal muscle function in a rat model of volumetric muscle loss injury. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:705-15. [PMID: 24066899 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frank loss of a large volume of skeletal muscle (i.e., volumetric muscle loss [VML]) can lead to functional debilitation and presents a significant problem to civilian and military medicine. Current clinical treatment for VML involves the use of free muscle flaps and physical rehabilitation; however, neither are effective in promoting regeneration of skeletal muscle to replace the tissue that was lost. Toward this end, skeletal muscle tissue engineering therapies have recently shown great promise in offering an unprecedented treatment option for VML. In the current study, we further extend our recent progress (Machingal et al., 2011, Tissue Eng; Corona et al., 2012, Tissue Eng) in the development of tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) constructs (i.e., muscle-derived cells [MDCs] seeded on a bladder acellular matrix (BAM) preconditioned with uniaxial mechanical strain) for the treatment of VML. TEMR constructs were implanted into a VML defect in a tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of Lewis rats and observed up to 12 weeks postinjury. The salient findings of the study were (1) TEMR constructs exhibited a highly variable capacity to restore in vivo function of injured TA muscles, wherein TEMR-positive responders (n=6) promoted an ≈61% improvement, but negative responders (n=7) resulted in no improvement compared to nonrepaired controls, (2) TEMR-positive and -negative responders exhibited differential immune responses that may underlie these variant responses, (3) BAM scaffolds (n=7) without cells promoted an ≈26% functional improvement compared to uninjured muscles, (4) TEMR-positive responders promoted muscle fiber regeneration within the initial defect area, while BAM scaffolds did so only sparingly. These findings indicate that TEMR constructs can improve the in vivo functional capacity of the injured musculature at least, in part, by promoting generation of functional skeletal muscle fibers. In short, the degree of functional recovery observed following TEMR implantation (BAM+MDCs) was 2.3×-fold greater than that observed following implantation of BAM alone. As such, this finding further underscores the potential benefits of including a cellular component in the tissue engineering strategy for VML injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Corona
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center , Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Hoppeler H, Baum O, Lurman G, Mueller M. Molecular mechanisms of muscle plasticity with exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1383-412. [PMID: 23733647 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle phenotype is subject to considerable malleability depending on use. Low-intensity endurance type exercise leads to qualitative changes of muscle tissue characterized mainly by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In low-intensity exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation of a multitude of genes with Ca(2+) signaling and the energy status of the muscle cells sensed through AMPK being major input determinants. Several parallel signaling pathways converge on the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α, perceived as being the coordinator of much of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. High-load training is dominated by a translational upregulation controlled by mTOR mainly influenced by an insulin/growth factor-dependent signaling cascade as well as mechanical and nutritional cues. Exercise-induced muscle growth is further supported by DNA recruitment through activation and incorporation of satellite cells. Crucial nodes of strength and endurance exercise signaling networks are shared making these training modes interdependent. Robustness of exercise-related signaling is the consequence of signaling being multiple parallel with feed-back and feed-forward control over single and multiple signaling levels. We currently have a good descriptive understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling muscle phenotypic plasticity. We lack understanding of the precise interactions among partners of signaling networks and accordingly models to predict signaling outcome of entire networks. A major current challenge is to verify and apply available knowledge gained in model systems to predict human phenotypic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Qi Y, Zuo Y, Yeh ETH, Cheng J. An essential role of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific Protease 2 in myostatin expression and myogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3288-93. [PMID: 24344126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.518282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific protease 2 (SENP2) has broad de-SUMOylation activities in vitro, which is essential for embryonic heart development. Here, we show that myostatin, a key factor in skeletal muscle development, is markedly reduced in Senp2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and embryos. SENP2 regulates the transcription of myostatin mainly through de-SUMOylation of MEF2A. Silencing SENP2 can reduce myostatin expression and, therefore, promote myogenesis of skeletal muscle. These results reveal the important role of SENP2 in the regulation of myostatin expression and myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Qi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Pagel CN, Wasgewatte Wijesinghe DK, Taghavi Esfandouni N, Mackie EJ. Osteopontin, inflammation and myogenesis: influencing regeneration, fibrosis and size of skeletal muscle. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 8:95-103. [PMID: 24318932 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is a multifunctional matricellular protein that is expressed by many cell types. Through cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions the molecule elicits a number of responses from a broad range of target cells via its interaction with integrins and the hyaluronan receptor CD44. In many tissues osteopontin has been found to be involved in important physiological and pathological processes, including tissue repair, inflammation and fibrosis. Post-natal skeletal muscle is a highly differentiated and specialised tissue that retains a remarkable capacity for regeneration following injury. Regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the co-ordinated activity of inflammatory cells that infiltrate injured muscle and are responsible for initiating muscle fibre degeneration and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, and muscle precursor cells that regenerate the injured muscle fibres. This review focuses on the current evidence that osteopontin plays multiple roles in skeletal muscle, with particular emphasis on its role in regeneration and fibrosis following injury, and in determining the severity of myopathic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Allouh MZ, Aldirawi MH. Effects of sustanon on the distribution of satellite cells and the morphology of skeletal muscle fibers during maturation. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 15:215-23. [PMID: 24199455 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2012.215.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustanon is one of the most commonly used anabolic androgenic drugs to increase skeletal muscle mass and strength. This drug is a blend of four esterized testosterone derivatives: Testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate and testosterone decanoate. Little is known about the effects of this drug on skeletal muscle at the cellular level. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Sustanon on the morphology of skeletal muscle fibers and the distribution of myogenic stem cells known as Satellite Cells (SCs) during postnatal growth. We hypothesized that Sustanon-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is associated with an increase in the number of SCs. Robust immunocytochemical techniques and morphometric analyses were used to calculate the numbers of SCs and myonuclei within the pectoralis muscle of chickens. Also, DNA concentration and Pax7 protein levels were measured to confirm immunocytochemical findings. Sustanon significantly increased pectoralis mass and fiber size. All SC indices and the number of myonuclei increased significantly by Sustanon administration. In addition, greater DNA concentration and Pax7 protein expression were found in Sustanon-treated birds. This study indicates that Sustanon can induce avian skeletal muscle hypertrophy and that this is correlated with increased numbers of SCs and myonuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Z Allouh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Sicari BM, Dearth CL, Badylak SF. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches to Enhance the Functional Response to Skeletal Muscle Injury. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:51-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Sicari
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher L. Dearth
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Saini A, Mastana S, Myers F, Lewis MP. 'From death, lead me to immortality' - mantra of ageing skeletal muscle. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:256-67. [PMID: 24294106 PMCID: PMC3731816 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314040004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a post-mitotic tissue maintained by repair and regeneration through a population of stem cell-like satellite cells. Following muscle injury, satellite cell proliferation is mediated by local signals ensuring sufficient progeny for tissue repair. Age–related changes in satellite cells as well as to the local and systemic environment potentially impact on the capacity of satellite cells to generate sufficient progeny in an ageing organism resulting in diminished regeneration. ‘Rejuvenation’ of satellite cell progeny and regenerative capacity by environmental stimuli effectors suggest that a subset of age-dependent satellite cell changes may be reversible. Epigenetic regulation of satellite stem cells that include DNA methylation and histone modifications which regulate gene expression are potential mechanisms for such reversible changes and have been shown to control organismal longevity. The area of health and ageing that is likely to benefit soonest from advances in the biology of adult stem cells is the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications regulate satellite stem cell function and will require an increased understanding of stem-cell biology, the environment of the aged tissue and the interaction between the two.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarjit Saini
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Adams GR, Bamman MM. Characterization and regulation of mechanical loading-induced compensatory muscle hypertrophy. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2829-70. [PMID: 23720267 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian systems, skeletal muscle exists in a dynamic state that monitors and regulates the physiological investment in muscle size to meet the current level of functional demand. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge concerning development of the compensatory hypertrophy that occurs in response to a sustained increase in the mechanical loading of skeletal muscle. Topics covered include: defining and measuring compensatory hypertrophy, experimental models, loading stimulus parameters, acute responses to increased loading, hyperplasia, myofiber-type adaptations, the involvement of satellite cells, mRNA translational control, mechanotransduction, and endocrinology. The authors conclude with their impressions of current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Numb-deficient satellite cells have regeneration and proliferation defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18549-54. [PMID: 24170859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311628110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein Numb has been implicated in the switch between cell proliferation and differentiation made by satellite cells during muscle repair. Using two genetic approaches to ablate Numb, we determined that, in its absence, muscle regeneration in response to injury was impaired. Single myofiber cultures demonstrated a lack of satellite cell proliferation in the absence of Numb, and the proliferation defect was confirmed in satellite cell cultures. Quantitative RT-PCR from Numb-deficient satellite cells demonstrated highly up-regulated expression of p21 and Myostatin, both inhibitors of myoblast proliferation. Transfection with Myostatin-specific siRNA rescued the proliferation defect of Numb-deficient satellite cells. Furthermore, overexpression of Numb in satellite cells inhibited Myostatin expression. These data indicate a unique function for Numb during the initial activation and proliferation of satellite cells in response to muscle injury.
Collapse
|
235
|
Agley CC, Rowlerson AM, Velloso CP, Lazarus NR, Harridge SDR. Human skeletal muscle fibroblasts, but not myogenic cells, readily undergo adipogenic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5610-25. [PMID: 24101731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.132563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterised the adherent cell types isolated from human skeletal muscle by enzymatic digestion, and demonstrated that even at 72 hours after isolation these cultures consisted predominantly of myogenic cells (CD56(+), desmin(+)) and fibroblasts (TE-7(+), collagen VI(+), PDGFRα(+), vimentin(+), fibronectin(+)). To evaluate the behaviour of the cell types obtained, we optimised a double immuno-magnetic cell-sorting method for the separation of myogenic cells from fibroblasts. This procedure gave purities of >96% for myogenic (CD56(+), desmin(+)) cells. The CD56(-) fraction obtained from the first sort was highly enriched in TE-7(+) fibroblasts. Using quantitative analysis of immunofluorescent staining for lipid content, lineage markers and transcription factors, we tested if the purified cell populations could differentiate into adipocytes in response to treatment with either fatty acids or adipocyte-inducing medium. Both treatments caused the fibroblasts to differentiate into adipocytes, as shown by loss of intracellular TE-7, upregulation of the adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPα, and adoption of a lipid-laden adipocyte morphology. By contrast, myogenic cells did not undergo adipogenesis and showed differential regulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα in response to these adipogenic treatments. Our results show that human skeletal muscle fibroblasts are at least bipotent progenitors that can remain as extracellular-matrix-producing cells or differentiate into adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chibeza C Agley
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Shepherd's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Owens J, Moreira K, Bain G. Characterization of primary human skeletal muscle cells from multiple commercial sources. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:695-705. [PMID: 23860742 PMCID: PMC3824271 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant unmet need for safe, anabolic muscle therapies to treat diseases and conditions associated with severe muscle weakness and frailty. The identification of such therapies requires appropriate cell-based screening assays to select compounds for further development using animal models. Primary human skeletal muscle cells have recently become available from a number of commercial vendors. Such cells may be valuable for studying the mechanisms that direct muscle differentiation, and for identifying and characterizing novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of age- and injury-induced muscle disorders. However, only limited characterization of these cells has been reported to date. Therefore, we have examined four primary human muscle cell preparations from three different vendors for their capacity to differentiate into multinucleated myotubes. Two of the preparations demonstrated robust myotube formation and expressed characteristic markers of muscle differentiation. Furthermore, these myotubes could be induced to undergo morphological atrophy- and hypertrophy-like responses, and atrophy could be blocked with an inhibitor of myostatin signaling, a pathway that is known to negatively regulate muscle mass. Finally, the myotubes were efficiently infected with recombinant adenovirus, providing a tool for genetic modification. Taken together, our results indicate that primary human muscle cells can be a useful system for studying muscle differentiation, and may also provide tools for studying new therapeutic molecules for the treatment of muscle disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Owens
- Tissue Repair Research Unit, Pfizer, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Pardo C, Müller S, Bérard J, Kreuzer M, Bee G. Importance of average litter weight and individual birth weight for early postnatal performance and myofiber characteristics of progeny. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
238
|
Coletti D, Teodori L, Lin Z, Beranudin JF, Adamo S. Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared. Regen Med Res 2013; 1:4. [PMID: 25984323 PMCID: PMC4375925 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissues characterized by a high turnover or following acute injury, regeneration replaces damaged cells and is involved in adaptation to external cues, leading to homeostasis of many tissues during adult life. An understanding of the mechanics underlying tissue regeneration is highly relevant to regenerative medicine-based interventions. In order to investigate the existence a leitmotif of tissue regeneration, we compared the cellular aspects of regeneration of skin, nerve and skeletal muscle, three organs characterized by different types of anatomical and functional organization. Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that migrates from the edge of the wound on the underlying dermis to rebuild lost tissue. Peripheral neurons are elongated cells whose neurites are organized in bundles, within an endoneurium of connective tissue; they either die upon injury or undergo remodeling and axon regrowth. Skeletal muscle is characterized by elongated syncytial cells, i.e. muscle fibers, that can temporarily survive in broken pieces; satellite cells residing along the fibers form new fibers, which ultimately fuse with the old ones as well as with each other to restore the previous organization. Satellite cell asymmetrical division grants a reservoir of undifferentiated cells, while other stem cell populations of muscle and non-muscle origin participate in muscle renewal. Following damage, all the tissues analyzed here go through three phases: inflammation, regeneration and maturation. Another common feature is the occurrence of cellular de-differentiation and/or differentiation events, including gene transcription, which are typical of embryonic development. Nonetheless, various strategies are used by different tissues to replace their lost parts. The epidermis regenerates ex novo, whereas neurons restore their missing parts; muscle fibers use a mixed strategy, based on the regrowth of missing parts through reconstruction by means of newborn fibers. The choice of either strategy is influenced by the anatomical, physical and chemical features of the cells as well as by the extracellular matrix typical of a given tissue, which points to the existence of differential, evolutionary-based mechanisms for specific tissue regeneration. The shared, ordered sequence of steps that characterize the regeneration processes examined suggests it may be possible to model this extremely important phenomenon to reproduce multicellular organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Coletti
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UR4 Ageing, Stress, Inflammation, 75005 Paris, France ; Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Histology & Medical Embryology, 00161 Rome, Italy ; Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Kragujevac, Italy
| | - Laura Teodori
- ENEA-Frascati, UTAPRAD-DIM, Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory, 00044 Rome, Italy
| | - Zhenlin Lin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UR4 Ageing, Stress, Inflammation, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sergio Adamo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Histology & Medical Embryology, 00161 Rome, Italy ; Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Kragujevac, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Demmerle J, Koch AJ, Holaska JM. Emerin and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) cooperatively regulate expression and nuclear positions of MyoD, Myf5, and Pax7 genes during myogenesis. Chromosome Res 2013; 21:765-79. [PMID: 24062260 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spatial organization of chromatin is critical in establishing cell-type dependent gene expression programs. The inner nuclear membrane protein emerin has been implicated in regulating global chromatin architecture. We show emerin associates with genomic loci of muscle differentiation promoting factors in murine myogenic progenitors, including Myf5 and MyoD. Prior to their transcriptional activation Myf5 and MyoD loci localized to the nuclear lamina in proliferating progenitors and moved to the nucleoplasm upon transcriptional activation during differentiation. The Pax7 locus, which is transcribed in proliferating progenitors, localized to the nucleoplasm and Pax7 moved to the nuclear lamina upon repression during differentiation. Localization of Myf5, MyoD, and Pax7 to the nuclear lamina and proper temporal expression of these genes required emerin and HDAC3. Interestingly, activation of HDAC3 catalytic activity rescued both Myf5 localization to the nuclear lamina and its expression. Collectively, these data support a model whereby emerin facilitates repressive chromatin formation at the nuclear lamina by activating the catalytic activity of HDAC3 to regulate the coordinated spatiotemporal expression of myogenic differentiation genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Demmerle
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC6088, Rm A607, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Andersen DC, Laborda J, Baladron V, Kassem M, Sheikh SP, Jensen CH. Dual role of delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1) in skeletal muscle development and adult muscle regeneration. Development 2013; 140:3743-53. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.095810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle development and regeneration is tightly orchestrated by a specific set of myogenic transcription factors. However, factors that regulate these essential myogenic inducers remain poorly described. Here, we show that delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), an imprinted gene best known for its ability to inhibit adipogenesis, is a crucial regulator of the myogenic program in skeletal muscle. Dlk1-/- mice were developmentally retarded in their muscle mass and function owing to inhibition of the myogenic program during embryogenesis. Surprisingly however, Dlk1 depletion improves in vitro and in vivo adult skeletal muscle regeneration by substantial enhancement of the myogenic program and muscle function, possibly by means of an increased number of available myogenic precursor cells. By contrast, Dlk1 fails to alter the adipogenic commitment of muscle-derived progenitors in vitro, as well as intramuscular fat deposition during in vivo regeneration. Collectively, our results suggest a novel and surprising dual biological function of DLK1 as an enhancer of muscle development, but as an inhibitor of adult muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 3rd, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Insitute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida de Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Victoriano Baladron
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida de Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 3rd, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Insitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 3rd, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Wnt signaling in skeletal muscle dynamics: myogenesis, neuromuscular synapse and fibrosis. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:574-89. [PMID: 24014138 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated by Wnt ligands are related to a wide range of critical cell functions, such as cell division, migration, and synaptogenesis. Here, we summarize compelling evidence on the role of Wnt signaling on several features of skeletal muscle physiology. We briefly review the role of Wnt pathways on the formation of muscle fibers during prenatal and postnatal myogenesis, highlighting its role on the activation of stem cells of the adult muscles. We also discuss how Wnt signaling regulates the precise formation of neuromuscular synapses, by modulating the differentiation of presynaptic and postsynaptic components, particularly regarding the clustering of acetylcholine receptors on the muscle membrane. In addition, based on previous evidence showing that Wnt pathways are linked to several diseases, such as Alzheimer's and cancer, we address recent studies indicating that Wnt signaling plays a key role in skeletal muscle fibrosis, a disease characterized by an increase in the extracellular matrix components leading to failure in muscle regeneration, tissue disorganization and loss of muscle activity. In this context, we also discuss the possible cross-talk between the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with two other critical profibrotic pathways, transforming growth factor β and connective tissue growth factor, which are potent stimulators of the accumulation of connective tissue, an effect characteristic of the fibrotic condition. As it has emerged in other pathological conditions, we suggests that muscle fibrosis may be a consequence of alterations of Wnt signaling activity.
Collapse
|
242
|
Wang G, Lu Q. A Nitrate Ester of Sedative Alkyl Alcohol Improves Muscle Function and Structure in a Murine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3862-70. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400310r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guqi Wang
- McColl-Lockwood
Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, United
States
| | - Qilong Lu
- McColl-Lockwood
Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Abstract
Emerin, a conserved LEM-domain protein, is among the few nuclear membrane proteins for which extensive basic knowledge—biochemistry, partners, functions, localizations, posttranslational regulation, roles in development and links to human disease—is available. This review summarizes emerin and its emerging roles in nuclear “lamina” structure, chromatin tethering, gene regulation, mitosis, nuclear assembly, development, signaling and mechano-transduction. We also highlight many open questions, exploration of which will be critical to understand how this intriguing nuclear membrane protein and its “family” influence the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Berk
- Department of Cell Biology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Unguez GA. Electric fish: new insights into conserved processes of adult tissue regeneration. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2478-86. [PMID: 23761473 PMCID: PMC3680508 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biology is replete with examples of regeneration, the process that allows animals to replace or repair cells, tissues and organs. As on land, vertebrates in aquatic environments experience the occurrence of injury with varying frequency and to different degrees. Studies demonstrate that ray-finned fishes possess a very high capacity to regenerate different tissues and organs when they are adults. Among fishes that exhibit robust regenerative capacities are the neotropical electric fishes of South America (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes). Specifically, adult gymnotiform electric fishes can regenerate injured brain and spinal cord tissues and restore amputated body parts repeatedly. We have begun to identify some aspects of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tail regeneration in the weakly electric fish Sternopygus macrurus (long-tailed knifefish) with a focus on regeneration of skeletal muscle and the muscle-derived electric organ. Application of in vivo microinjection techniques and generation of myogenic stem cell markers are beginning to overcome some of the challenges owing to the limitations of working with non-genetic animal models with extensive regenerative capacity. This review highlights some aspects of tail regeneration in S. macrurus and discusses the advantages of using gymnotiform electric fishes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that produce new cells during regeneration in adult vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graciela A Unguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Ryan AS, Li G, Blumenthal JB, Ortmeyer HK. Aerobic exercise + weight loss decreases skeletal muscle myostatin expression and improves insulin sensitivity in older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1350-6. [PMID: 23687104 PMCID: PMC3742694 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether aerobic exercise training + weight loss (AEX + WL) would affect the expression of myostatin and its relationship with insulin sensitivity in a longitudinal, clinical intervention study. DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-three obese sedentary postmenopausal women and men (n = 17 and 16, age: 61 ± 1 years, body mass index: 31 ± 1 kg/m(2) , VO2 max: 21.9 ± 1.0 mL/kg/min, X ± Standard error of the mean (SEM)) completed 6 months of 3 days/week AEX + WL. During an 80 mU m(-2) min(-1) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, we measured glucose utilization (M), myostatin, myogenin, and MyoD gene expression by real-time RT-PCR in vastus lateralis muscle at baseline and 2 h. RESULTS Body weight (-8%) and fat mass (-17%) decreased after AEX + WL (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass (FFM) and mid-thigh muscle area by computed tomography did not change but muscle attenuation increased (P < 0.05). VO2 max increased 14% (P < 0.001). AEX + WL increased M by 18% (P < 0.01). Myostatin gene expression decreased 19% after AEX + WL (P < 0.05). Basal mRNA myostatin levels were negatively associated with M before the intervention (r = -0.43, P < 0.05). Insulin infusion increased myoD and myogenin expression before and after AEX + WL (both P < 0.001) but basal levels did not change. The insulin effect on myostatin expression was associated with the change in M after AEX + WL (r = 0.56, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Exercise and weight loss results in a downregulation of myostatin mRNA and an improvement in insulin sensitivity in obese older men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Ryan
- Baltimore VAMC, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Duchesne E, Bouchard P, Roussel MP, Côté CH. Mast cells can regulate skeletal muscle cell proliferation by multiple mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 2013; 48:403-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Duchesne
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Patrice Bouchard
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Roussel
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Claude H. Côté
- CHUQ Research Center and Faculty of Medicine; Laval University; 2705 Boulevard Laurier, RC-9800 Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Cermak NM, Snijders T, McKay BR, Parise G, Verdijk LB, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ, Van Loon LJC. Eccentric exercise increases satellite cell content in type II muscle fibers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:230-7. [PMID: 22968308 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318272cf47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Satellite cells (SCs) are of key importance in skeletal muscle tissue growth, repair, and regeneration. A single bout of high-force eccentric exercise has been demonstrated to increase mixed muscle SC content after 1-7 d of postexercise recovery. However, little is known about fiber type-specific changes in SC content and their activation status within 24 h of postexercise recovery. METHODS Nine recreationally active young men (23 ± 1 yr) performed 300 eccentric actions of the knee extensors on an isokinetic dynamometer. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected preexercise and 24 h postexercise. Muscle fiber type-specific SC content and the number of activated SCs were determined by immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS There was no difference between Type I and Type II muscle fiber SC content before exercise. SC content significantly increased 24 h postexercise in Type II muscle fibers (from 0.085 ± 0.012 to 0.133 ± 0.016 SCs per fiber, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas there was no change in Type I fibers. In accordance, activation status increased from preexercise to 24 h postexercise as demonstrated by the increase in the number of DLK1+ SCs in Type II muscle fibers (from 0.027 ± 0.008 to 0.070 ± 0.017 SCs per muscle fiber P < 0.05). Although no significant changes were observed in the number of Ki-67+ SCs, we did observe an increase in the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive SCs after 24 h of postexercise recovery. CONCLUSION A single bout of high-force eccentric exercise increases muscle fiber SC content and activation status in Type II but not Type I muscle fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Cermak
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Aas V, Bakke SS, Feng YZ, Kase ET, Jensen J, Bajpeyi S, Thoresen GH, Rustan AC. Are cultured human myotubes far from home? Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:671-82. [PMID: 23749200 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells can be isolated from skeletal muscle biopsies, activated to proliferating myoblasts and differentiated into multinuclear myotubes in culture. These cell cultures represent a model system for intact human skeletal muscle and can be modulated ex vivo. The advantages of this system are that the most relevant genetic background is available for the investigation of human disease (as opposed to rodent cell cultures), the extracellular environment can be precisely controlled and the cells are not immortalized, thereby offering the possibility of studying innate characteristics of the donor. Limitations in differentiation status (fiber type) of the cells and energy metabolism can be improved by proper treatment, such as electrical pulse stimulation to mimic exercise. This review focuses on the way that human myotubes can be employed as a tool for studying metabolism in skeletal muscles, with special attention to changes in muscle energy metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Aas
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Hamilton DF, McLeish JA, Gaston P, Simpson AHRW. Muscle 'regenerative potential' determinesphysical recovery following total knee replacement. Bone Joint Res 2013; 2:70-8. [PMID: 23673375 PMCID: PMC3638306 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.24.2000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lower limb muscle power is thought to influence outcome following
total knee replacement (TKR). Post-operative deficits in muscle
strength are commonly reported, although not explained. We hypothesised
that post-operative recovery of lower limb muscle power would be
influenced by the number of satellite cells in the quadriceps muscle at
time of surgery. Methods Biopsies were obtained from 29 patients undergoing TKR. Power
output was assessed pre-operatively and at six and 26 weeks post-operatively
with a Leg Extensor Power Rig and data were scaled for body weight.
Satellite cell content was assessed in two separate analyses, the
first cohort (n = 18) using immunohistochemistry and the second
(n = 11) by a new quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR)
protocol for Pax-7 (generic satellite cell marker) and Neural Cell
Adhesion Molecule (NCAM; marker of activated cells). Results A significant improvement in power output was observed post-operatively
with a mean improvement of 19.7 W (95% confidence interval (CI)
14.43 to 30.07; p < 0.001) in the first cohort and 27.5 W (95%
CI 13.2 to 41.9; p = 0.002) in the second. A strong correlation
was noted between satellite cell number (immunohistochemistry) and improvement
in patient power output (r = 0.64, p = 0.008). Strong correlation
was also observed between the expression of Pax-7 and power output
(r = 0.79, p = 0.004), and the expression of NCAM and power output
(r = 0.84, p = 0.001). The generic marker explained 58% of the variation
in power output, and the marker of activated cells 67%. Conclusions Muscle satellite cell content may determine improvement in lower
limb power generation (and thus function) following TKR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Hamilton
- University of Edinburgh, Departmentof Orthopaedics, Chancellor's Building, LittleFrance Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Betancor MB, Caballero MJ, Benítez-Santana T, Saleh R, Roo J, Atalah E, Izquierdo M. Oxidative status and histological changes in sea bass larvae muscle in response to high dietary content of docosahexaenoic acid DHA. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:453-465. [PMID: 23167568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we observed dystrophic alterations in muscle of 48-day-old sea bass fed imbalanced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E diets. To understand the whole pathological process associated with oxidative stress, a histological study was performed by feeding 14-day-old sea bass larvae with microdiets containing different ratios of DHA/vitamin E (1/150, 5/150 and 5/300) for a period of 21 days. Larvae fed diet 1/150 showed no lesions in contrast to larvae fed diets 5/150 and 5/300 where the highest incidence of muscle lesions and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was observed. Semithin sections revealed focal lesions consisting of degenerated fibres with hypercontracted myofilaments and extensive sarcoplasm vacuolization affecting both red and white muscle. Ultrathin sections of degenerating muscle fibres showed diffuse dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, disorganized myofilaments and autophagic vacuoles containing myelin figures and dense bodies. Additionally, some macrophages were observed among injured fibres as numerous satellite cells. Results from the study agree with those obtained from previous work, proving the pathological potential of free radicals in sea bass larvae musculature. Moreover, high vitamin E inclusion could not completely protect cell membranes from free radicals action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Betancor
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|