201
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Kirchner FR, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Tissue-resident memory Th17 cells maintain stable fungal commensalism in the oral mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:455-467. [PMID: 32719409 PMCID: PMC7946631 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Keeping a stable equilibrium between the host and commensal microbes to which we are constantly exposed, poses a major challenge for the immune system. The host mechanisms that regulate homeostasis of the microbiota to prevent infection and inflammatory disorders are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells act as central players in this process. Using a murine model of C. albicans commensalism we show that IL-17 producing CD69+CD103+CD4+ memory T cells persist in the colonized tissue long-term and independently of circulatory supplies. Consistent with the requirement of Th17 cells for limiting fungal growth, IL-17-producing TRM cells in the mucosa were sufficient to maintain prolonged colonization, while circulatory T cells were dispensable. Although TRM cells were first proposed to protect from pathogens causing recurrent acute infections, our results support a central function of TRM cells in the maintenance of commensalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Kirchner
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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202
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Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1335-1360. [PMID: 33777334 PMCID: PMC7960681 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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203
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You HS, Lee SH, Lee YJ, Sung HJ, Kang HG, Hyun SH. Microbial analyses of blood spot surfaces collected from a laboratory and the bathroom of a female single-person household under different environmental conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6147037. [PMID: 33620469 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people spend most of their time indoors, thereby exposing themselves to indoor environmental microbial communities that might interact with the human microbiota. These potential interactions have only been considered for personal identification; however, accumulating evidence indicates that these microbial interactions are potentially implicated with the identification of human interactions and location-specific factors including time and seasonal variations in the microbial community. To augment the potential of metagenomics-based forensic tools, we compared the composition of microbial communities in blood spot surfaces from healthy adults placed in different environments, such as in the bathroom of a female single-person household and on a laboratory, which were sampled across seasons and time points. The laboratory samples showed more changes in the bacterial community over time owing to the higher number of individuals using the laboratory, whereas the microbial communities in the bathroom samples remained relatively stable over time. Moreover, the two locations could be distinguished according to their specific bacterial community compositions. Variations were also observed related to changes in temperature and humidity, allowing for prediction of season-based microbial community. These findings offer a new perspective regarding the use of microbial community analysis in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sang You
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggido 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggido 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Hyun
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, 77 Gyeryong-ro, 771 Beon-gil, Jung-gu, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
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204
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The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Human Respiratory Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6670798. [PMID: 33681368 PMCID: PMC7907751 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a worldwide pandemic with millions of infected patients. Alteration in humans' microbiota was also reported in COVID-19 patients. The alteration in human microbiota may contribute to bacterial or viral infections and affect the immune system. Moreover, human's microbiota can be altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these microbiota changes can indicate the progression of COVID-19. While current studies focus on the gut microbiota, it seems necessary to pay attention to the lung microbiota in COVID-19. This study is aimed at reviewing respiratory microbiota dysbiosis among COVID-19 patients to encourage further studies on the field for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory microbiota interaction.
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205
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Fromentin M, Ricard JD, Roux D. Respiratory microbiome in mechanically ventilated patients: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47:292-306. [PMID: 33559707 PMCID: PMC7871139 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory microbiome has been less explored than the gut microbiome. Despite the speculated importance of dysbiosis of the microbiome in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), only few studies have been performed in invasively ventilated ICU patients. And only the results of small cohorts have been published. An overlap exists between bacterial populations observed in the lower respiratory tract and the oropharyngeal tract. The bacterial microbiota is characterized by relatively abundant bacteria difficult to cultivate by standard methods. Under mechanical ventilation, a dysbiosis occurs with a drop overtime in diversity. During VAP development, lung dysbiosis is characterized by a shift towards a dominant bacterial pathogen (mostly Proteobacteria) whereas enrichment of gut-associated bacteria mainly Enterobacteriaceae is the specific feature discriminating ARDS patients. However, the role of this dysbiosis in VAP and ARDS pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. A more in-depth analysis of the interplay between bacteria, virus and fungi and a better understanding of the host-microbiome interaction could provide a more comprehensive view of the role of the microbiome in VAP and ARDS pathogenesis. Priority should be given to validate a consensual and robust methodology for respiratory microbiome research and to conduct longitudinal studies. A deeper understanding of microbial interplay should be a valuable guide for care of ARDS and VAP preventive/therapeutic strategies. We present a review on the current knowledge and expose perspectives and potential clinical applications of respiratory microbiome research in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Fromentin
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.,UMR1137 IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Damien Ricard
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700, Colombes, France.,UMR1137 IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roux
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, DMU ESPRIT, AP-HP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700, Colombes, France. .,UMR1137 IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
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206
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Understanding Human Microbiota Offers Novel and Promising Therapeutic Options against Candida Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020183. [PMID: 33572162 PMCID: PMC7915436 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens particularly of Candida species are one of the major causes of hospital acquired infections in immunocompromised patients. The limited arsenal of antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections with concomitant evolution of multidrug resistant strains further complicates the management of these infections. Therefore, deployment of novel strategies to surmount the Candida infections requires immediate attention. The human body is a dynamic ecosystem having microbiota usually involving symbionts that benefit from the host, but in turn may act as commensal organisms or affect positively (mutualism) or negatively (pathogenic) the physiology and nourishment of the host. The composition of human microbiota has garnered a lot of recent attention, and despite the common occurrence of Candida spp. within the microbiota, there is still an incomplete picture of relationships between Candida spp. and other microorganism, as well as how such associations are governed. These relationships could be important to have a more holistic understanding of the human microbiota and its connection to Candida infections. Understanding the mechanisms behind commensalism and pathogenesis is vital for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies for these Candida infections. The concept of host-microbiota crosstalk plays critical roles in human health and microbiota dysbiosis and is responsible for various pathologies. Through this review, we attempted to analyze the types of human microbiota and provide an update on the current understanding in the context of health and Candida infections. The information in this article will help as a resource for development of targeted microbial therapies such as pre-/pro-biotics and microbiota transplant that has gained advantage in recent times over antibiotics and established as novel therapeutic strategy.
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207
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Tejesvi MV, Tapiainen T, Vänni P, Uhari M, Suokas M, Lantto U, Koivunen P, Renko M. Tonsil Mycobiome in PFAPA (Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Adenitis) Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:616814. [PMID: 33585283 PMCID: PMC7873641 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.616814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis syndrome (PFAPA) is the most common periodic fever syndrome in children with unknown etiology, effectively treated with tonsillectomy. Earlier we have shown that tonsil microbiome is different in patients with PFAPA as compared to that in controls. Recently, fungal microbiome, mycobiome, has been linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. We now investigated the role of mycobiome of tonsils in PFAPA. Random forest classification, a machine learning approach, was used for the analysis of mycobiome data. We examined tonsils from 30 children with PFAPA and 22 control children undergoing tonsillectomy for non-infectious reasons. We identified 103 amplicon sequence variants, mainly from two fungal phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The mean relative abundance of Candida albicans in the tonsil mycobiome was 11% (95% CI: 19 to 27%) in cases and 3.4 % (95% CI: -0.8% to 8%) in controls, p =0.104. Mycobiome data showed no statistical difference in differentiating between PFAPA cases and controls compared to a random chance classifier (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.47, SD = 0.05, p = 0.809). In conclusion, in this controlled study, tonsillar mycobiome in children with PFAPA syndrome did not differ from that of the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore V Tejesvi
- Ecology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Genobiomics LLC, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Vänni
- Genobiomics LLC, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Uhari
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marko Suokas
- Ecology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Lantto
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Koivunen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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208
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Irinyi L, Hu Y, Hoang MTV, Pasic L, Halliday C, Jayawardena M, Basu I, McKinney W, Morris AJ, Rathjen J, Stone E, Chen S, Sorrell TC, Schwessinger B, Meyer W. Long-read sequencing based clinical metagenomics for the detection and confirmation of Pneumocystis jirovecii directly from clinical specimens: A paradigm shift in mycological diagnostics. Med Mycol 2021; 58:650-660. [PMID: 31758176 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing technologies has enabled the characterization of the genetic content of entire communities of organisms, including those in clinical specimens, without prior culturing. The MinION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies offers real-time, direct sequencing of long DNA fragments directly from clinical samples. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of unbiased, genome-wide, long-read, shotgun sequencing using MinION to identify Pneumocystis jirovecii directly from respiratory tract specimens and to characterize the associated mycobiome. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening fungal disease caused by P. jirovecii. Currently, the diagnosis of PCP relies on direct microscopic or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination of respiratory tract specimens, as P. jirovecii cannot be cultured readily in vitro. P. jirovecii DNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and induced sputum (IS) samples from three patients with confirmed PCP. Other fungi present in the associated mycobiome included known human pathogens (Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pichia) as well as commensal species (Candida, Malassezia, Bipolaris). We have established optimized sample preparation conditions for the generation of high-quality data, curated databases, and data analysis tools, which are key to the application of long-read MinION sequencing leading to a fundamental new approach in fungal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Irinyi
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Yiheng Hu
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Minh Thuy Vi Hoang
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Lana Pasic
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Catriona Halliday
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Menuk Jayawardena
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Indira Basu
- Microbiology Department, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wendy McKinney
- Microbiology Department, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arthur J Morris
- Microbiology Department, LabPLUS, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eric Stone
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,ANU-CSIRO Centre for Genomics, Metabolomics and Bioinformatics, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sharon Chen
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW Australia.,Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), Westmead, NSW, Australia
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209
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Elmaghrawy K, Hussey S, Moran GP. The Oral Microbiome in Pediatric IBD: A Source of Pathobionts or Biomarkers? Front Pediatr 2021; 8:620254. [PMID: 33553076 PMCID: PMC7859511 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.620254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is continuous with the gastrointestinal tract and in children, oral health may be closely linked with the overall health of the GI tract. In the case of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), oral manifestations are an important clinical indicator of intestinal disease. Recent studies of the microbiome in IBD suggest that translocation of oral microbes to the gut may be a common feature of the microbial dysbiosis which is a signature of both CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). Murine studies suggest that translocation of oral bacteria and yeasts to the lower GI tract may trigger inflammation in susceptible hosts, providing a mechanistic link to the development of IBD. Conversely, some studies have shown that dysbiosis of the oral microbiome may occur, possibly as a result of inflammatory responses and could represent a useful source of biomarkers of GI health. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the oral microbiome in IBD and presents current hypotheses on the potential role of this community in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elmaghrawy
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Hussey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gary P. Moran
- School of Dental Science, Trinity College Dublin and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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210
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Guo L, Dou X, Zou R, Guo X, Liu X, Tang H. The mycobiome in murine intestine is more perturbed by food arsenic exposure than in excreted feces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141871. [PMID: 32891997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a global pollutant that can accumulate in rice and has been confirmed to disturb the gut microbiome. By contrast, the influence on the gut mycobiome is seldom concerned because fungi comprise a numerically small proportion of the whole gut microcommunity. To expand the detection of the mycobiome in different gut sections of mammals and investigate the influence of food arsenic on the gut mycobiome in the digestive tract, we treated mice with feeds containing different compositions of arsenic species (7.3% sodium arsenate, 72.7% sodium arsenite, 1.0% sodium monomethylarsonate, and 19.0% sodium dimethylarsinate) in rice at a total arsenic dose of 30 mg/kg. After 60 days of exposure, the feces of four different sites, the ileum, cecum, colon, and excreted feces, were collected and analyzed by internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing. Among the samples, the major fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota; the top 10 fungal genera were Aspergillus, Verticillium, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Ophiocordyceps, Trametes, Mucor, and Nigrospora. In control mice, along the murine digestive tract, the mycobial richness and composition were significantly changed; Aspergillus and Penicillium possessed the higher ability to be stabilized in the murine gut, and larger proportions of positive correlations were observed among the major fungi. After arsenic exposure, the fungal composition was more disturbed in the intestinal tract than in feces. Along the digestive tract, arsenic can trigger larger mycobial variations, and the sensitivities of major fungi to arsenic were changed. Thus, the murine intestinal spatial mycobiota are more perturbed than excreted fecal mycobiota after food arsenic exposure. Feces are insufficient to be selected as a representative of the gut mycobiota in arsenic exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xinghao Dou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Rong Zou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xuming Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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211
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212
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Lu JJ, Lo HJ, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Lin CC, Chen YZ, Tsai MH, Wang SH. The Use of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry to Analyze Commensal Oral Yeasts in Nursing Home Residents. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010142. [PMID: 33435490 PMCID: PMC7828027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and accurate method to identify microorganisms in clinical laboratories. This study isolates yeast-like microorganisms in the oral washes that are collected from non-bedridden nursing home residents, using CHROMagar Candida plates, and identifies them using Bruker MALDI-TOF MS. The ribosomal DNA sequences of the isolates are then examined. Three hundred and twenty yeast isolates are isolated from the oral washes. Candida species form the majority (78.1%), followed by Trichosporon/Cutaneotrichosporon species (8.8%). Bruker MALDI-TOF MS gives a high-level confidence, with a log(score) value of ≥1.8, and identifies 96.9% of the isolates. There are six inconclusive results (1.9%), and those sequences are verified as rare clinical species, including Candida ethanolica, Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii, Exophiala dermatitidis, and Fereydounia khargensis. Almost all of the isolates have a regular color on the CHROMagar Candida plates. If the colonies are grouped by color on the plates, a specific dominant yeast species is present in each color group, except for purple or orange isolates. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS is verified as a fast, accurate and practical method to analyze oral yeasts in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (J.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.C.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Lo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-Z.C.)
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (J.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.C.)
| | - Mei-Jun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (J.-J.L.); (C.-H.L.); (M.-J.C.)
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin County 638, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chao Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-Z.C.)
| | - Yin-Zhi Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-Z.C.)
| | - Ming-Horng Tsai
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin County 638, Taiwan;
| | - Shao-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-2717225; Fax: +886-5-2717831
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213
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Jiang L, Stärkel P, Fan JG, Fouts DE, Bacher P, Schnabl B. The gut mycobiome: a novel player in chronic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1-11. [PMID: 33151407 PMCID: PMC7819863 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) is a complex and diverse ecosystem. It plays an important role in human health, but is involved in several intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Most research to date has focused on the role of bacteria, while studies focusing on fungi (also referred to as "mycobiome" or "fungome") are still in its infancy. In this review, we focus on the existing literature available about the gut mycobiome with an emphasis on compositional mycobiome changes associated with liver diseases, the impact on pathogenesis of disease, and its potential use as therapeutic targets. We also provide insights into current methodologies of studying mycobiome, and we highlight the interkingdom interactions in the context of disease and how they affect health of the host. Herein, by focusing on the gut mycobiome, this review provides novel insights and directions for liver research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany ,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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214
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Malik A, Fatma T, Shamsi W, Khan HA, Gul A, Jamal A, Bhatti MF. Molecular Characterization of Medically Important Fungi: Current Research and Future Prospects. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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215
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Pang L, Zhou Y, Lin H, Tao Y. Oral Mycobiome Differences in Various Spatial Niches With and Without Severe Early Childhood Caries. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:748656. [PMID: 34869106 PMCID: PMC8634708 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.748656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a microbe-mediated disease with tooth hard tissue destruction. However, the role of the fungal community in various ecological niches of deciduous dental caries has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to analyze the differences of mycobiome in diverse spatial niches with and without S-ECC. Method: A total of 48 samples were obtained from 8 S-ECC children (SE group) and 8 caries-free children (CF group) aged 4-5 years. Unstimulated saliva (S), healthy supragingival plaque (FMIX), mixed plaque from decayed teeth (SMIX) and carious lesion (DMIX) samples were collected. The ITS2 region of the fungi was amplified and sequenced using the Ion S5™XL platform. Results: A total of 281 species were identified. Candida albicans showed relatively higher abundance in S-ECC children, while Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana were more enriched in CF group. In this study, the relative abundance of C. albicans in CF.FMIX (0.4%), SE.FMIX (12.5%), SE.SMIX (24.0%), and SE.DMIX (37.2%) increased successively. Significant differences of fungal species richness and diversity were observed between SE.FMIX-SE.SMIX, SE.FMIX-SE.DMIX (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The diversity of fungal communities in S-ECC children showed significant differences in various spatial niches of primary teeth. The richness of C. albicans was closely related to the caries states and depth, suggesting that it may play a crucial role in caries pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangyue Pang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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216
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Dong K, Wu K, Zheng T, Yue J, Wang W, Luo R, You L, He X, Li J, Hong Z, Zuo H, Pei X. Comparative Study of Oral Bacteria and Fungi Microbiota in Tibetan and Chinese Han Living at Different Altitude. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 254:129-139. [PMID: 34193764 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.254.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the impact of altitude and ethnicity on human oral microbiota is currently limited. To obtain the baseline of normal salivary microbiota, we analyzed the bacteria and fungi composition in Tibetan (HY group) and Han population (CD group) living at different altitudes by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology combined with PICRUSt and FUNGuild analyses. There were significant differences in oral microbiota composition between the two groups at phylum and genus levels. At the phylum level, the HY group had higher relative abundances of Firmicutes and Ascomycota, whereas the Bacteroidetes and Basidiomycota in the CD group were richer. These changes at the phylum level reflected different dominant genus compositions. Compared with the Han population, Candida, Fusarium, Zopfiella, Streptococcus, Veillonella and Rothia in Tibetan were higher. Surprisingly, the Zopfiella was found almost exclusively in the Tibetan. The PICRUSt and FUNGuild analysis also indicated that the function of the bacterial and fungal communities was altered between the two groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that there are significant differences in oral microbial structure and metabolic characteristics and trophic modes among Tibetan and Han population living at different altitudes. We first established the oral microbiota framework and represented a critical step for determining the diversity of oral microbiota in the Tibetan and Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Tianli Zheng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Ji Yue
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Weipeng Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Ruocheng Luo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Lan You
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Jingjing Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Zehui Hong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Haojiang Zuo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Xiaofang Pei
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
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217
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Candida albicans as an Essential "Keystone" Component within Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm Models? Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010059. [PMID: 33379333 PMCID: PMC7823588 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Existing standardized biofilm assays focus on simple mono-species or bacterial-only models. Incorporating Candida albicans into complex biofilm models can offer a more appropriate and relevant polymicrobial biofilm for the development of oral health products. Aims: This study aimed to assess the importance of interkingdom interactions in polymicrobial oral biofilm systems with or without C. albicans, and test how these models respond to oral therapeutic challenges in vitro. Materials and Methods: Polymicrobial biofilms (two models containing 5 and 10 bacterial species, respectively) were created in parallel in the presence and absence of C. albicans and challenged using clinically relevant antimicrobials. The metabolic profiles and biomasses of these complex biofilms were estimated using resazurin dye and crystal violet stain, respectively. Quantitative PCR was utilized to assess compositional changes in microbial load. Additional assays, for measurements of pH and lactate, were included to monitor fluctuations in virulence "biomarkers." Results: An increased level of metabolic activity and biomass in the presence of C. albicans was observed. Bacterial load was increased by more than a factor of 10 in the presence of C. albicans. Assays showed inclusion of C. albicans impacted the biofilm virulence profiles. C. albicans did not affect the biofilms' responses to the short-term incubations with different treatments. Conclusions: The interkingdom biofilms described herein are structurally robust and exhibit all the hallmarks of a reproducible model. To our knowledge, these data are the first to test the hypothesis that yeasts may act as potential "keystone" components of oral biofilms.
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218
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Keystone salivary mycobiome in postpartum period in health and disease conditions. J Mycol Med 2020; 31:101101. [PMID: 33321299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite of known pathogenic potential of human mycobiome in initiation and progression of oral disorders, it is poorly characterized and understudied due to its small number in oral cavity. In the present study, salivary mycobiome of three postpartum females along with one healthy non-pregnant female was investigated by targeting ITS region. A total of 55 genera and 92 species were detected with predominant genera: Candida (12.2%) followed by Saccharomyces (9.27%), Phialosimplex (9.19%), Termitomyces (6.96%), Penicillium (6.85%), Aspergillus (6.56%), Olpidium (5.15%), Cochliobolus (4.78%), Malassezia (4.61%), Neurospora (4.3%), and Cristinia (3.04%) in all samples. Diversity increase was observed in postpartum group as compared to non-pregnant female. Stachybotrys, Geotrichum, Talaromyces, Leucosporidium, Acremonium, Wallemia, Eupenicillium, Septoria, Zymoseptoria, Coniosporium, Phialophora, and Mycosphaerella were genera detected only in postpartum group. Postpartum female with gingivitis and dental caries showed greater abundance of genus Saccharomyces, Phialosimplex, Candida, Olpidium, Cochliobolus, Malaseezia, Hyphodontia, Debaryomyces, Mrakia, and Nakaseomyces as compared to those postpartum females with good oral health. Among postpartum group female with oral health issues as well as who had preterm low weight birth (PLWB), showed reduced richness, evenness with elevated levels of Saccharomyces, Candida, Hyphodontia and Malassezia compared to the female having full term birth (FTB). These findings showed that, pregnancy with or without oral health issues is associated with oral microbial diversity change and there might be an association of changing fungal diversity with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) like pre-term birth (PTB) and low weight birth (LWB).
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219
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van Tilburg Bernardes E, Gutierrez MW, Arrieta MC. The Fungal Microbiome and Asthma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:583418. [PMID: 33324573 PMCID: PMC7726317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a group of inflammatory conditions that compromises the airways of a continuously increasing number of people around the globe. Its complex etiology comprises both genetic and environmental aspects, with the intestinal and lung microbiomes emerging as newly implicated factors that can drive and aggravate asthma. Longitudinal infant cohort studies combined with mechanistic studies in animal models have identified microbial signatures causally associated with subsequent asthma risk. The recent inclusion of fungi in human microbiome surveys has revealed that microbiome signatures associated with asthma risk are not limited to bacteria, and that fungi are also implicated in asthma development in susceptible individuals. In this review, we examine the unique properties of human-associated and environmental fungi, which confer them the ability to influence immune development and allergic responses. The important contribution of fungi to asthma development and exacerbations prompts for their inclusion in current and future asthma studies in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Tilburg Bernardes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mackenzie W Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Arrieta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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220
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Weyrich LS. The evolutionary history of the human oral microbiota and its implications for modern health. Periodontol 2000 2020; 85:90-100. [PMID: 33226710 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biological and cultural factors influence the microbial communities (microbiota) that inhabit the human mouth, including diet, environment, hygiene, physiology, health status, genetics, and lifestyle. As oral microbiota can underpin oral and systemic diseases, tracing the evolutionary history of oral microbiota and the factors that shape its origins will unlock information to mitigate disease today. Despite this, the origins of many oral microbes remain unknown, and the key factors in the past that shaped our oral microbiota are only now emerging. High throughput DNA sequencing of oral microbiota using ancient DNA and comparative anthropological methodologies has been employed to investigate oral microbiota origins, revealing a complex, rich history. Here, I review the current literature on the factors that shaped and guided oral microbiota evolution, both in Europe and globally. In Europe, oral microbiota evolution was shaped by interactions with Neandertals, the adaptation of farming, widespread integration of industrialization, and postindustrial lifestyles that emerged after World War II. Globally, evidence for a multitude of different oral microbiota histories is emerging, likely supporting dissimilarities in modern oral health across discrete human populations. I highlight how these evolutionary changes are linked to the development of modern oral diseases and discuss the remaining factors that need to be addressed to improve this embryonic field of research. I argue that understanding the evolutionary history of our oral microbiota is necessary to identify new treatment and prevention options to improve oral and systemic health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Weyrich
- Department of Anthropology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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221
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Kumar PS, Dabdoub SM, Ganesan SM. Probing periodontal microbial dark matter using metataxonomics and metagenomics. Periodontol 2000 2020; 85:12-27. [PMID: 33226714 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our view of the periodontal microbial community has been shaped by a century or more of cultivation-based and microscopic investigations. While these studies firmly established the infection-mediated etiology of periodontal diseases, it was apparent from the very early days that periodontal microbiology suffered from what Staley and Konopka described as the "great plate count anomaly", in that these culturable bacteria were only a minor part of what was visible under the microscope. For nearly a century, much effort has been devoted to finding the right tools to investigate this uncultivated majority, also known as "microbial dark matter". The discovery that DNA was an effective tool to "see" microbial dark matter was a significant breakthrough in environmental microbiology, and oral microbiologists were among the earliest to capitalize on these advances. By identifying the order in which nucleotides are arranged in a stretch of DNA (DNA sequencing) and creating a repository of these sequences, sequence databases were created. Computational tools that used probability-driven analysis of these sequences enabled the discovery of new and unsuspected species and ascribed novel functions to these species. This review will trace the development of DNA sequencing as a quantitative, open-ended, comprehensive approach to characterize microbial communities in their native environments, and explore how this technology has shifted traditional dogmas on how the oral microbiome promotes health and its role in disease causation and perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sukirth M Ganesan
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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222
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Abstract
The microbial communities that inhabit the gingival crevice are responsible for the pathological processes that affect the periodontium. The changes in composition and function of subgingival bacteria as disease develops have been extensively studied. Subgingival communities, however, also contain fungi, Archaea, and viruses, which could contribute to the dysbiotic processes associated with periodontal diseases. High-throughput DNA sequencing has facilitated a better understanding of the mycobiome, archaeome, and virome. However, the number of studies available on the nonbacterial components of the subgingival microbiome remains limited in comparison with publications focusing on bacteria. Difficulties in characterizing fungal, archaeal, and viral populations arise from the small portion of the total metagenome mass they occupy and lack of comprehensive reference genome databases. In addition, specialized approaches potentially introducing bias are required to enrich for viral particles, while harsh methods of cell lysis are needed to recover nuclei acids from certain fungi. While the characterization of the subgingival diversity of fungi, Archaea and viruses is incomplete, emerging evidence suggests that they could contribute in different ways to subgingival dysbiosis. Certain fungi, such as Candida albicans are suggested to facilitate colonization of bacterial pathogens. Methanogenic Archaea are associated with periodontitis severity and are thought to partner synergistically with bacterial fermenters, while viruses may affect immune responses or shape microbial communities in ways incompletely understood. This review describes the manner in which omics approaches have improved our understanding of the diversity of fungi, Archaea, and viruses within subgingival communities. Further characterization of these understudied components of the subgingival microbiome is required, together with mechanistic studies to unravel their ecological role and potential contributions to dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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223
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James SA, Phillips S, Telatin A, Baker D, Ansorge R, Clarke P, Hall LJ, Carding SR. Preterm Infants Harbour a Rapidly Changing Mycobiota That Includes Candida Pathobionts. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E273. [PMID: 33182444 PMCID: PMC7712117 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and the mycobiome are a fundamental part of the human microbiome that contributes to human health and development. Despite this, relatively little is known about the mycobiome of the preterm infant gut. Here, we have characterised faecal fungal communities present in 11 premature infants born with differing degrees of prematurity and mapped how the mycobiome develops during early infancy. Using an ITS1 sequencing-based approach, the preterm infant gut mycobiome was found to be often dominated by a single species, typically a yeast. Candida was the most abundant genus, with the pathobionts C.albicans and C.parapsilosis highly prevalent and persistent in these infants. Gestational maturity at birth affected the distribution and abundance of these Candida, with hospital-associated C.parapsilosis more prevalent and abundant in infants born at less than 31 weeks. Fungal diversity was lowest at 6 months, but increased with age and change of diet, with food-associated Saccharomycescerevisiae most abundant in infants post weaning. This study provides a first insight into the fungal communities present within the preterm infant gut, identifying distinctive features including the prominence of pathobiont species, and the influence age and environmental factors play in shaping the development of the mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. James
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Andrea Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - David Baker
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Rebecca Ansorge
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Paul Clarke
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Ziel—Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (S.A.J.); (S.P.); (A.T.); (D.B.); (R.A.)
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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224
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Oba PM, Holscher HD, Mathai RA, Kim J, Swanson KS. Diet Influences the Oral Microbiota of Infants during the First Six Months of Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113400. [PMID: 33167488 PMCID: PMC7694519 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral microorganisms contribute to oral health and disease, but few have studied how infant feeding methods affect their establishment. Methods: Infant (n = 12) feeding records and tongue and cheek swabs were collected within 48 h of birth, and after 2, 4, and 6 mo. DNA was extracted from samples, bacterial and fungal amplicons were generated and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and sequences were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) to evaluate differences over time and among breast-fed, formula-fed, mixed-fed, and solid food-fed infants. Results: Considering all time points, breast milk- and mixed-fed infants had lower oral species richness than solid food-fed infants (p = 0.006). Regardless of feeding mode, species richness was lower at birth than at other time points (p = 0.006). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unique fraction metric (UniFrac) distances indicated that bacterial communities were impacted by feeding method (p < 0.005). Considering all time points, breast-fed infants had higher Streptococcus, while formula-fed infants had higher Actinomyces and Prevotella. Regardless of feeding mode, Propionibacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, and Haemophilus increased with age, while Cloacibacterium and Dechloromonas decreased with age. Oral fungi were detected in infants but were not impacted by diet. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the establishment of oral bacteria depends on dietary composition and age. More research is necessary to determine whether this affects risk of oral caries and other health outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Hannah D. Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rose Ann Mathai
- Department of Nutrition, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, USA;
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Nutrition, East Carolina State University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(217)-333-4189
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225
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The Domestic Environment and the Lung Mycobiome. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111717. [PMID: 33147738 PMCID: PMC7693370 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between the mycobiome of the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) and the fungi in the domestic environment. Samples studied consisted of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) from 45 patients who underwent bronchoscopy for different diagnostic purposes, and dust and air from the houses (ENV) of 20 of them (44.4%). Additionally, five bronchoscopes (BS) were also analyzed and negative controls were included for every procedure. All samples were processed for DNA extraction and cultures, which were performed in Sabouraud Dextrose and Potato Dextrose Agar. The fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) was sequenced by the Solexa/Illumina system and sequences were analyzed by QIIME 1.8.0 and compared with the UNITE Database for identification. The similarity between the two fungal communities (BAL and ENV) for a specific patient was assessed via the percentage of coincidence in the detection of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and about 75% of co-occurrence was detected between the mycobiome of the LRT and the houses. Cultures confirmed the presence of the core mycobiome species. However, the low rate of isolation from BAL suggests that most of its mycobiome corresponds to non-culturable cells. This likely depends on the patient’s immune system activity and inflammatory status.
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226
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Al-Sakati H, Kowollik S, Gabris S, Balasiu A, Ommerborn M, Pfeffer K, Henrich B, Raab WHM. The benefit of culture-independent methods to detect bacteria and fungi in re-infected root filled teeth: a pilot study. Int Endod J 2020; 54:74-84. [PMID: 32894604 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify dominant microorganisms in root filled teeth with apical periodontitis by Pan-PCRs in comparison with a culture-dependent approach, focusing on fungal species profiling. METHODOLOGY The root filling material (gutta-percha) removed from 42 teeth with periapical radiolucencies undergoing root canal retreatments was analysed by molecular genetics techniques. Real-Time Pan-PCRs were conducted for the diagnosis of predominant bacteria (targeting 16S rDNA) and fungi (targeting ITS1-2 region). Identification of microorganisms was performed by Sanger sequencing of the PCR products and BLAST analysis. Additionally, subgingival plaque samples were collected and cultured to review the composition of the microbial flora. The McNemar test and the repeated measures anova were used for statistical analyses (significance level was set at P < 0.05). RESULTS Overall, 42/42 plaque samples had bacterial growth, whereas 32/42 gutta-percha samples had bacterial growth with a dominance of Streptococcus spp. (12/42) and Enterococcus faecalis (9/42). The mean number of bacterial taxa per gutta-percha sample was 1.6 cultivatable taxa, significantly lower than in the plaque sample that had six taxa/sample (P < 0.001). Fungus-specific cultures were negative for gutta-percha samples, and only one plaque sample had growth of a fungus. In total, 36/42 plaque samples were positive in bacterial Pan-PCRs. In bacterial Pan-PCRs of 31/42 gutta-percha samples, dominant microorganisms were identified including Streptococcus spp. (5/42) and E. faecalis (4/42). Moreover, in 7/42 gutta-percha samples, DNA of bacteria which are difficult-to-cultivate in microbiology routine culture (Acinetobacter,Pyramidobacter,Bacteroidetes,Synergistes,Atopobium and Pseudoramibacter) was found. DNA of Candida spp. was detected in 5/42 root canals by fungal Pan-PCR (1/5) and genus-specific Candida-PCR (5/5). CONCLUSIONS Pan-PCR assays remain appropriate as a broad-range approach for the detection of a dominant pathogen in gutta-percha samples which have less diverse microbial composition. The molecular genetic Pan-PCR approach has the advantage of detecting microorganisms that are as-yet-uncultivable or difficult-to-cultivate and should be therefore complement conventional microbiological diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al-Sakati
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Kowollik
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - S Gabris
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - A Balasiu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - M Ommerborn
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - B Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - W H-M Raab
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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227
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Attempted Isolation of Cryptococcus Species and Incidental Isolation of Exophiala dermatitidis from Human Oral Cavities. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:1051-1055. [PMID: 32949296 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies suggest that Cryptococcus may inhabit the normal human mouth. We attempted to isolate Cryptococcus from 21 adult non-acutely ill patients and 40 volunteer medical and non-medical staff in Southeastern Wisconsin, USA. An upper lip sulcus culture and an oral rinse specimen were inoculated separately onto Staib (birdseed) agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated in gas impermeable zip lock bags at 35 °C. No cryptococci were grown from any of the 122 samples from the 61 subjects. Both specimens from a woman with no risk factors for fungal disease yielded a black yeast at 4 days on Staib agar. This isolate was shown to be Exophiala dermatitidis by colony and microscopic morphology, analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and sequencing through the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA gene. This appears to be a novel isolation of E. dermatitidis from the oral cavity of a generally healthy human.
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228
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Gerós-Mesquita Â, Carvalho-Pereira J, Franco-Duarte R, Alves A, Gerós H, Pais C, Sampaio P. Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1820292. [PMID: 33062200 PMCID: PMC7534343 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1820292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 181 healthy individuals, including 29 couples, were analysed regarding oral yeast colonization using a culture-based approach. Results showed that 39% of the individuals were yeast carriers, 89% being colonized with Candida albicans, 5% with C. guilliermondi, 3% with C. lusitaniae and 3% with C. parapsilosis. Sixty-two percent of the couples had at least one member colonized. Colonization and CFU counts were higher in the couples´ group. Eighty percent of the volunteers were colonized with C. albicans strains with only one CAI genotype, while two but similar CAI genotypes inhabited the oral cavity of the remaining 20% individuals. The same CAI genotypes were found in 66.6% of the couples when both were colonized. Our results indicate that the intimacy among couples increases the probability of heavy cross-colonization, which is potentiated when one member of the couple is a smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Gerós-Mesquita
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho-Pereira
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Hernâni Gerós
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- CITAB (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences) / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering) /Department of Biological Engineering / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Pais
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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229
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Diaz PI, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Critically Appraising the Significance of the Oral Mycobiome. J Dent Res 2020; 100:133-140. [PMID: 32924741 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520956975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand the oral microbiome have focused on its fungal component. Since fungi occupy a low proportion of the oral microbiome biomass, mycobiome studies rely on sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicons. ITS-based studies usually detect hundreds of fungi in oral samples. Here, we review the oral mycobiome, critically appraising the significance of such large fungal diversity. When harsh lysis methods are used to extract DNA, 2 oral mycobiome community types (mycotypes) are evident, each dominated by only 1 genus, either Candida or Malassezia. The rest of the diversity in ITS surveys represents low-abundance fungi possibly acquired from the environment and ingested food. So far, Candida is the only genus demonstrated to reach a significant biomass in the oral cavity and clearly shown to be associated with a distinct oral ecology. Candida thrives in the presence of lower oral pH and is enriched in caries, with mechanistic studies in animal models suggesting it participates in the disease process by synergistically interacting with acidogenic bacteria. Candida serves as the main etiological agent of oral mucosal candidiasis, in which a Candida-bacteriome partnership plays a key role. The function of other potential oral colonizers, such as lipid-dependent Malassezia, is still unclear, with further studies needed to establish whether Malassezia are metabolically active oral commensals. Low-abundance oral mycobiome members acquired from the environment may be viable in the oral cavity, and although they may not play a significant role in microbiome communities, they could serve as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. We suggest that further work is needed to ascertain the significance of oral mycobiome members beyond Candida. ITS-based surveys should be complemented with other methods to determine the in situ biomass and metabolic state of fungi thought to play a role in the oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,UB Microbiome Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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230
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Recognition of Candida albicans and Role of Innate Type 17 Immunity in Oral Candidiasis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091340. [PMID: 32887412 PMCID: PMC7563233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus considered to be a common member of the human microflora. Similar to some other opportunistic microbes, C. albicans can invade and benefit from its host when the immune status of that host is weakened. Most often this happens to immunocompromised individuals, leading to the infection of oral and vaginal mucosae or the systemic spread of the pathogen throughout the entire body. Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) occurs in up to 90 percent of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), making it the most frequent opportunistic infection for this group. Upon first signs of fungal invasion, a range of host signaling activates in order to eliminate the threat. Epithelial and myeloid type cells detect C. albicans mainly through receptor tyrosine kinases and pattern-recognition receptors. This review provides an overview of downstream signaling resulting in an adequate immune response through the activation of various transcription factors. The study discusses recent advances in research of the interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing innate cells, including natural T helper 17 (nTh17) cells, γδ T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) that are involved in response to oral C. albicans infections.
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231
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Pavia CS, Plummer MM. Clinical implications of nicotine as an antimicrobial agent and immune modulator. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110404. [PMID: 32603888 PMCID: PMC7320263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is perhaps the most important and potent, pharmacologically active substance in tobacco products. This commentary examines the possible effects that nicotine has on microbial viability and also on the host's immune system as it responds to the indigenous microflora (the microbiome) due to nicotine-induced changes to the indigenous microbial environment and any associated antigenic stimulation / immunization that may occur. To our knowledge, the analysis of such profound microbiologic changes attributable to a tobacco-related product, such as nicotine, has not been fully explored in the context of its consequences on the viability of the microbiome/microbiota and on some of the host's basic physiologic processes, such as the immune response, and its possible association on the induction and persistence of certain immunologically related diseases. Future studies should be aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in such interactions, especially in the context of manipulating them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Maria M Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
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232
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Wan SX, Tian J, Liu Y, Dhall A, Koo H, Hwang G. Cross-Kingdom Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Cariogenic Biofilm Initiation. J Dent Res 2020; 100:74-81. [PMID: 32853527 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520950286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various Streptococcus spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. Streptococcus gordonii (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to C. albicans hyphae via direct cell-to-cell interaction, while the cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans (mutans group) interacts with the fungal cells via extracellular glucans. However, the biophysical properties of these cross-kingdom interactions at the single-cell level during the early stage of biofilm formation remain understudied. Here, we examined the binding forces between S. mutans (or S. gordonii) and C. albicans in the presence and absence of in situ glucans on the fungal surface using single-cell atomic force microscopy and their influence on biofilm initiation and subsequent development under cariogenic conditions. The data show that S. gordonii binding force to the C. albicans surface is significantly higher than that ofS. mutans to the fungal surface (~2-fold). However, S. mutans binding forces are dramatically enhanced when the C. albicans cell surface is locally coated with extracellular glucans (~6-fold vs. uncoated C. albicans), which vastly exceeds the forces between S. gordonii andC. albicans. The enhanced binding affinity of S. mutans to glucan-coated C. albicans resulted in a larger structure during early biofilm initiation compared to S. gordonii-C. albicans biofilms. Ultimately, this resulted in S. mutans dominance composition in the 3-species biofilm model under cariogenic conditions. This study provides a novel biophysical aspect of Candida-streptococcal interaction whereby extracellular glucans may selectively favor S. mutans binding interactions with C. albicans during cariogenic biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Wan
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Tian
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Dhall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Hwang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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233
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Kabwe MH, Vikram S, Mulaudzi K, Jansson JK, Makhalanyane TP. The gut mycobiota of rural and urban individuals is shaped by geography. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:257. [PMID: 32807105 PMCID: PMC7430031 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the structure and drivers of gut microbiota remains a major ecological endeavour. Recent studies have shown that several factors including diet, lifestyle and geography may substantially shape the human gut microbiota. However, most of these studies have focused on the more abundant bacterial component and comparatively less is known regarding fungi in the human gut. This knowledge deficit is especially true for rural and urban African populations. Therefore, we assessed the structure and drivers of rural and urban gut mycobiota. RESULTS Our participants (n = 100) were balanced by geography and sex. The mycobiota of these geographically separated cohorts was characterized using amplicon analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene. We further assessed biomarker species specific to rural and urban cohorts. In addition to phyla which have been shown to be ubiquitous constituents of gut microbiota, Pichia were key constituents of the mycobiota. We found that geographic location was a major driver of gut mycobiota. Other factors such as smoking where also determined gut mycobiota albeit to a lower extent, as explained by the small proportion of total variation. Linear discriminant and the linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed several distinct urban and rural biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Together, our analysis reveals distinct community structure in urban and rural South African individuals. Geography was shown to be a key driver of rural and urban gut mycobiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubanga Hellen Kabwe
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Surendra Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Khodani Mulaudzi
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, Washington, 99352, USA
| | - Thulani P Makhalanyane
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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234
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Sodré CS, Rodrigues PMG, Vieira MS, Marques Paes da Silva A, Gonçalves LS, Ribeiro MG, de Carvalho Ferreira D. Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients - a systematic review. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1807179. [PMID: 32944157 PMCID: PMC7482892 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. METHODS A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. RESULTS 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). CONCLUSIONS Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Stofella Sodré
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Matheus Guerra Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves Ribeiro
- Medical Genetics Service, Martagão Gesteira Pediatric Institute (IPPMG- UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis de Carvalho Ferreira
- Laboratory of Oral and Systemic Infections, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University- UNESA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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235
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Kornitzer D, Roy U. Pathways of heme utilization in fungi. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118817. [PMID: 32777371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron acquisition is challenging in most environments. As an alternative to elemental iron, organisms can take up iron-protoporphyrin IX, or heme. Heme can be found in decaying organic matter and is particularly prevalent in animal hosts. Fungi have evolved at least three distinct endocytosis-mediated heme uptake systems, which have been studied in detail in the organisms Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here we summarize the known molecular details of these three uptake systems that enable parasitic and saprophytic fungi to take advantage of external heme as either cellular iron or heme sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kornitzer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Udita Roy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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236
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Ruszkowski J, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Witkowski JM, Dębska-Ślizień A. Mycobiota of the human gastrointestinal tract. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi (Mycota) that colonize the human digestive tract are collectively referred to as gastrointestinal
mycobiota. The most common method of fungi identification is based on the culture
of a clinical sample with subsequent classic phenotypic identification detailed by biochemical
and/or molecular (e.g. sequencing of ITS regions of rDNA) tests in some cases. Additionally,
the culture-independent identification is gaining popularity, especially in scientific research.
The composition of the human mycobiota significantly differs across the digestive tract. In the oral cavity of healthy people, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Auerobasidium</i>, and <i>Aspergillus</i> are
most often identified fungi genera; however, in recent studies the presence of Malassezia spp.
has been also emphasized. In the case of the lower gastrointestinal tract, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Saccharomyces</i>,
<i>Penicillium</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Cryptococcus</i>, <i>Malassezia</i>, <i>Cladosporium</i>, <i>Galactomyces</i>, <i>Debaryomyces</i>, and
<i>Trichosporon</i> genera are most often reported. This paper summarizes the factors that are associated with the composition of mycobiota in both children (age, type of delivery, breastfeeding) and adults (age, gender, diet, saliva flow rate and composition). Changes in the composition
of mycobiota also occur in pathological conditions, including both gastrointestinal diseases
(Crohn’s disease, oral lichen planus) and metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity). Additionally,
this paper summarizes the already known, putative interactions between fungi and bacteria
colonizing the human digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ruszkowski
- Katedra i Zakład Fizjopatologii, Wydział Lekarski, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny
| | | | - Jacek M. Witkowski
- Katedra i Zakład Fizjopatologii, Wydział Lekarski, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Katedra i Klinika Nefrologii, Transplantologii i Chorób Wewnętrznych, Wydział Lekarski, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny
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237
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Genome-wide piggyBac transposon-based mutagenesis and quantitative insertion-site analysis in haploid Candida species. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:2705-2727. [PMID: 32681154 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species are life threatening with high mortality, posing a severe public health threat. New technologies for rapid, genome-wide identification of virulence genes and therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Our recent engineering of a piggyBac (PB) transposon-mediated mutagenesis system in haploid Candida albicans provides a powerful discovery tool, which we anticipate should be adaptable to other haploid Candida species. In this protocol, we use haploid C. albicans as an example to present an improved version of the mutagenesis system and provide a detailed description of the protocol for constructing high-quality mutant libraries. We also describe a method for quantitative PB insertion site sequencing, PBISeq. The PBISeq library preparation procedure exploits tagmentation to quickly and efficiently construct sequencing libraries. Finally, we present a pipeline to analyze PB insertion sites in a de novo assembled genome of our engineered haploid C. albicans strain. The entire protocol takes ~7 d from transposition induction to having a final library ready for sequencing. This protocol is highly efficient and less labor intensive than alternative approaches and significantly accelerates genetic studies of Candida.
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Emmons AL, Mundorff AZ, Keenan SW, Davoren J, Andronowski J, Carter DO, DeBruyn JM. Characterizing the postmortem human bone microbiome from surface-decomposed remains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218636. [PMID: 32639969 PMCID: PMC7343130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of bone is an important mechanism of postmortem skeletal degradation. However, the types and distributions of bone and tooth colonizing microbes are not well characterized. It is unknown if microbial communities vary in abundance or composition between bone element types, which could help explain differences in human DNA preservation. The goals of the present study were to (1) identify the types of microbes capable of colonizing different human bone types and (2) relate microbial abundances, diversity, and community composition to bone type and human DNA preservation. DNA extracts from 165 bone and tooth samples from three skeletonized individuals were assessed for bacterial loading and microbial community composition and structure. Random forest models were applied to predict operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with human DNA concentration. Dominant bacterial bone colonizers were from the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Eukaryotic bone colonizers were from Ascomycota, Apicomplexa, Annelida, Basidiomycota, and Ciliophora. Bacterial loading was not a significant predictor of human DNA concentration in two out of three individuals. Random forest models were minimally successful in identifying microbes related to human DNA concentration, which were complicated by high variability in community structure between individuals and body regions. This work expands on our understanding of the types of microbes capable of colonizing the postmortem human skeleton and potentially contributing to human skeletal DNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Emmons
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amy Z. Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarah W. Keenan
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Davoren
- Bode Cellmark Forensics, Lorton, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Janna Andronowski
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David O. Carter
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. DeBruyn
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Utumi PH, Fracaro L, Fragoso FYI, Miyasaki DM, Dos Santos PJ, Boldrini-Leite LM, Brofman PRS, Villanova JA, Senegaglia AC. Cytotoxicity of fluconazole on canine dental pulp-derived stem cells. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:361-368. [PMID: 32714789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In order to use fluconazole as an antifungal in cell cultures, we evaluated its possible cytotoxic effects and its influence on the proliferation and viability of canine dental pulp-derived stem cells (cDPSCs). Methods Samples from permanent canine teeth were placed in a sterile tube with IMDM, penicillin-streptomycin, sodium heparin, and different concentrations of fluconazole. Dental pulp was digested (collagenase type II) and expanded in vitro. After 12 days of culture, enzymatic dissociation of the cDPSCs was performed to quantify, differentiate, and characterize the cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated based on cell viability in response to fluconazole treatment using the 7-AAD dye. Results Characterization of the cDPSCs revealed that fluconazole had no influence on the immunophenotypic characteristics and differentiation of these cells. Cell proliferation assay revealed that fluconazole did not significantly interfere with the replication capacity of the cDPSCs. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed a loss of cell viability as the fluconazole concentration increased. Although there was an increase in cell mortality, the number of dead cells remained low. Though the higher concentration of fluconazole (240 μg/mL) resulted in a higher number of non-viable cells, it remained safe for use. Conclusion To prevent fungal contamination that causes a loss of samples during expansion of cDPSCs and to maintain minimal cell toxicity, we suggest adding 120 μg/mL of fluconazole to the teeth collection medium and cDPSCs culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Utumi
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letícia Fracaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe Yukio Ishikawa Fragoso
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Dayane Mayumi Miyasaki
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula Joly Dos Santos
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Maria Boldrini-Leite
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Ademar Villanova
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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241
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Oktay EA, Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA, Tort H, Karaoglanoglu S. Impact of various finishing and polishing techniques and composite materials on Candida albicans biofilm formation. Med Mycol 2020; 58:698-702. [PMID: 31535132 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are commonly associated with severe oral infections. In dentistry, prosthetic and restorative materials are potential structures for the adhesion of C. albicans facilitating the formation of Candida biofilm and infection. Three composite resins (Charisma Classic, Sonic Fill, Estelite ∑ Quick) and two finishing-polishing systems (Biscover LV, Dental Finishing Disc) were evaluated for Candida biofilm formation. A Candida biofilm assay showed that both the resin and the finishing/polishing procedures affect Candida biofilm formation. Specifically, Candida biofilm formation was significantly lower in Sonic Fill resin than both Charisma Classic and Estelite ∑ Quick (P = .021). The type of finishing and polishing procedure also significantly affected the Candida biofilm formation to composite material (P < .001). Candida biofilm formation was more advanced after Biscover LV procedure than Dental Finishing Disc procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Aybala Oktay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyda Ersahan
- Istanbul Medipol University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fidan Alakus Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tort
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Karaoglanoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Suresh Unniachan A, Krishnavilasom Jayakumari N, Sethuraman S. Association between Candida species and periodontal disease: A systematic review. Curr Med Mycol 2020; 6:63-68. [PMID: 33628985 PMCID: PMC7888513 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.2.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases result in the inflammation of the supporting structures of the teeth, thereby leading to attachment loss and bone loss. One of the main etiological factors responsible for this condition is the presence of subgingival biofilms, comprising microorganisms, namely bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Candida species is one of the fungi reported to be found in periodontal disease which is suggestive of the presence of an association between these variables. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the association of Candida species with periodontal disease and determine the prevalence of these species in the patients affected with this disease. The articles related to the subject of interest were searched in several databases, including the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. The search process was accomplished using three keywords, namely ‘‘Candida species’’, ‘‘Chronic periodontitis’’, and ‘‘Gingivitis’’. All the identified studies were comprehensively evaluated for the association of Candida species with periodontal disease. This systematic review included 23 articles, which assessed the prevalence of Candida species in periodontal diseases. The results of 21 studies were indicative of a positive association between Candida species and periodontal diseases. Accordingly, it was concluded that there is a strong association between the presence of Candida species and periodontal diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Suresh Unniachan
- Department of Periodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Shruthi Sethuraman
- Department of Periodontics, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, India
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243
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Shay E, Sangwan N, Padmanabhan R, Lundy S, Burkey B, Eng C. Bacteriome and mycobiome and bacteriome-mycobiome interactions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2375-2386. [PMID: 32637029 PMCID: PMC7321695 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is not fully understood. While risk factors such as positive human papilloma virus (HPV) status, smoking and tobacco use have been identified, they do not account for all cases of the disease. We aimed to characterize the bacteriome, mycobiome and mycobiome-bacteriome interactions of oral wash in HNSCC patients and to determine if they are distinct from those of the oral wash of matched non-HNSCC patients. Oral wash samples were collected from 46 individuals with HNSCC and 46 controls for microbiome analyses. We identified three fungal phyla and eleven bacterial phyla of which Ascomycota (fungi, 72%) and Firmicutes (bacteria, 39%) were the most dominant, respectively. A number of organisms were identified as being differentially abundant between oral wash samples from patients with HNSCC and oral wash samples from those without HNSCC. Of note, strains of Candida albicans and Rothia mucilaginosa were differentially abundant and Schizophyllum commune was depleted in those with HNSCC compared to oral wash from those without HNSCC. Our results suggest that the oral cavity of HNSCC patients harbors unique differences in the mycobiome, bacteriome, and microbiome interactions when compared to those of control patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Shay
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Roshan Padmanabhan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott Lundy
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Burkey
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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244
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Septiana S, Bachtiar BM, Yuliana ND, Wijaya CH. Cajuputs candy impairs Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans mixed biofilm formation in vitro. F1000Res 2020; 8:1923. [PMID: 32528653 PMCID: PMC7269370 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20700.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cajuputs candy (CC), an Indonesian functional food, utilizes
the bioactivity of Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil (MCEO) to
maintain oral cavity health. Synergistic interaction between Candida
albicans and Streptococcus mutans is a crucial
step in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Our recent study revealed
several alternative MCEOs as the main flavors in CC. The capacity of CC to
interfere with the fungus-bacterium relationship remains unknown. This study
aimed to evaluate CC efficacy to impair biofilm formation by these dual
cariogenic microbes. Methods: The inhibition capacity of CC against mixed-biofilm
comprising C. albicans and S. mutans was
assessed by quantitative (crystal violet assay, tetrazolium salt [MTT] assay,
colony forming unit/mL counting, biofilm-related gene expression) and
qualitative analysis (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Result: Both biofilm-biomass and viable cells were significantly
reduced in the presence of CC. Scanning electron microscopy imaging confirmed
this inhibition capacity, demonstrating morphology alteration of C.
albicans, along with reduced microcolonies of S.
mutans in the biofilm mass. This finding was related to the
transcription level of selected biofilm-associated genes, expressed either by
C. albicans or S. mutans. Based on qPCR
results, CC could interfere with the transition of C. albicans
yeast form to the hyphal form, while it suppressed insoluble glucan
production by S. mutans. G2 derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed
the greatest inhibition activity on the relationship between these cross-kingdom
oral microorganisms (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In general, all CC formulas showed biofilm inhibition
capacity. Candy derived from Mojokerto MCEO showed the greatest capacity to
maintain the yeast form of C. albicans and to inhibit
extracellular polysaccharide production by S. mutans.
Therefore, the development of dual-species biofilms can be impaired effectively
by the CC tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siska Septiana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
- Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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245
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Potential Respiratory Deposition and Species Composition of Airborne Culturable, Viable, and Non-Viable Fungi during Occupancy in a Pig Farm. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal species composition and site of deposition within the airways affects whether diseases develop and where they may arise. The aim of this study is to obtain knowledge regarding the potential deposition of airborne culturable, viable, and non-viable fungi in the airways of pig farm workers, and how this composition changes over multiple sampling days. Airborne fungi were sampled using impactors and subsequently analyzed using amplicon sequencing and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) fingerprinting. The geometric mean aerodynamic diameter (Dg) of airborne particles with culturable airborne fungi were not affected by sampling days and ranged in size between 3.7 and 4.6 µm. Amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene operon, in combination with DNA interchelating agents, revealed a large presence of non-viable fungi, but several pathogenic and toxic fungal species were detected in the viable portion. The diversity was found to be significantly associated with the sampling day but did not change significantly over multiple sampling rounds during the same day. The non-viable fraction contained genera typically associated with the pig gastrointestinal tract, such as Kazachstania and Vishniacozyma. In conclusion, the Dg of culturable fungi was between 3.7 and 4.6 µm, and the Dg of the viable and total fungi was 1.5 and 2.1 µm, respectively. The species composition changed over the multiple sampling days.
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246
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Role of CpALS4790 and CpALS0660 in Candida parapsilosis Virulence: Evidence from a Murine Model of Vaginal Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020086. [PMID: 32545584 PMCID: PMC7345767 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida parapsilosis genome encodes for five agglutinin-like sequence (Als) cell-wall glycoproteins involved in adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces. The work presented here is aimed at analyzing the role of the two still uncharacterized ALS genes in C. parapsilosis, CpALS4790 and CpALS0660, by the generation and characterization of CpALS4790 and CpALS066 single mutant strains. Phenotypic characterization showed that both mutant strains behaved as the parental wild type strain regarding growth rate in liquid/solid media supplemented with cell-wall perturbing agents, and in the ability to produce pseudohyphae. Interestingly, the ability of the CpALS0660 null mutant to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells (HBECs) was not altered when compared with the wild-type strain, whereas deletion of CpALS4790 led to a significant loss of the adhesion capability. RT-qPCR analysis performed on the mutant strains in co-incubation with HBECs did not highlight significant changes in the expression levels of others ALS genes. In vivo experiments in a murine model of vaginal candidiasis indicated a significant reduction in CFUs recovered from BALB/C mice infected with each mutant strain in comparison to those infected with the wild type strain, confirming the involvement of CpAls4790 and CpAls5600 proteins in C. parapsilosis vaginal candidiasis in mice.
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247
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Abstract
The human oral cavity is one of the first environments where microbes have been discovered and studied since the dawn of microbiology. Nevertheless, approximately 200 types of bacteria from the oral microbiota have remained uncultured in the laboratory. Some are associated with a healthy oral microbial community, while others are linked to oral diseases, from dental caries to gum disease. Single-cell genomics has enabled inferences on the physiology, virulence, and evolution of such uncultured microorganisms and has further enabled isolation and cultivation of several novel oral bacteria, including the discovery of novel interspecies interactions. This review summarizes some of the more recent advances in this field, which is rapidly moving toward physiologic characterization of single cells and ultimately cultivation of the yet uncultured. A combination of traditional microbiological approaches with genomic-based physiologic predictions and isolation strategies may lead to the oral microbiome being the first complex microbial community to have all its members cultivable in the laboratory. Studying the biology of the individual microbes when in association with other members of the community, in controlled laboratory conditions and in vivo, should lead to a better understanding of oral dysbiosis and its prevention and reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balachandran
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - K L Cross
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Podar
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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248
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Oral Candida Mannan Concentrations Correlate with Symptoms/Signs of Ill Health and the Immune Status. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:629-637. [PMID: 32462380 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship has been proposed between increases in oral Candida concentrations and host immunity. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between oral Candida mannan concentrations and symptoms/signs of ill health and the immune status and also to examine whether health/the immune status may be evaluated based on oral Candida mannan concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS The health conditions of 25 healthy individuals and 10 cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy were assessed using a questionnaire and oral rinse solutions collected on consecutive days. Candida mannan concentrations in oral rinse solutions were measured using a commercial sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS The use of dentures was identified as a significant independent factor increasing Candida mannan concentrations. In a stratified analysis based on the use of dentures, significantly increased Candida mannan concentrations were detected in healthy volunteers with chills and in cancer patients with slight/moderate fever (37.5-38.4 °C) (multivariate analysis, p < 0.01) who were non-denture users. These symptoms/signs may be associated with (pre-)infection, during which the immune system is activated and needs to function well. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that oral Candida mannan concentrations are a predictive marker for health/the immune status.
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249
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Spatz M, Richard ML. Overview of the Potential Role of Malassezia in Gut Health and Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:201. [PMID: 32528901 PMCID: PMC7265801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is the most prevalent fungus identified in the human skin microbiota; originally described at the end of the nineteenth century, this genus is composed of at least 14 species. The role of Malassezia on the skin remains controversial because this genus has been associated with both healthy skin and pathologies (dermatitis, eczema, etc.). However, with the recent development of next-generation sequencing methods, allowing the description of the fungal diversity of various microbiota, Malassezia has also been identified as a resident fungus of diverse niches such as the gut or breast milk. A potential role for Malassezia in gut inflammation and cancer has also been suggested by recent studies. The aim of this review is to describe the findings on Malassezia in these unusual niches, to investigate what is known of the adaptation of Malassezia to the gut environment and to speculate on the role of this yeast in the host physiology specifically related to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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250
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Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Dvořák A, Folwarski M, Daca A, Przewłócka K, Makarewicz W. Fungal Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Its Role in Colorectal, Oral, and Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1326. [PMID: 32455985 PMCID: PMC7281455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between bacterial as well as viral gut microbiota imbalance and carcinogenesis has been intensively analysed in many studies; nevertheless, the role of fungal gut microbiota (mycobiota) in colorectal, oral, and pancreatic cancer development is relatively new and undiscovered field due to low abundance of intestinal fungi as well as lack of well-characterized reference genomes. Several specific fungi amounts are increased in colorectal cancer patients; moreover, it was observed that the disease stage is strongly related to the fungal microbiota profile; thus, it may be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker for adenomas. Candida albicans, which is the major microbe contributing to oral cancer development, may promote carcinogenesis via several mechanisms, mainly triggering inflammation. Early detection of pancreatic cancer provides the opportunity to improve survival rate, therefore, there is a need to conduct further studies regarding the role of fungal microbiota as a potential prognostic tool to diagnose this cancer at early stage. Additionally, growing attention towards the characterization of mycobiota may contribute to improve the efficiency of therapeutic methods used to alter the composition and activity of gut microbiota. The administration of Saccharomyces boulardii in oncology, mainly in immunocompromised and/or critically ill patients, is still controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleš Dvořák
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty General Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Przewłócka
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Makarewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
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