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Lim JH, Sisco P, Mudalige TK, Sánchez-Pomales G, Howard PC, Linder SW. Detection and characterization of SiO2 and TiO2 nanostructures in dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3144-52. [PMID: 25738207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are beginning to enter our daily lives through various consumer products as the result of technology commercialization. The development of methodologies to detect the presence of nanomaterials in consumer products is an essential element in understanding our exposure. In this study, we have developed methods for the separation and characterization of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures in dietary supplements marketed in products specifically targeted for women. A total of 12 commercial products claiming the inclusion of SiO2 and TiO2, but not making any claims regarding the particle size, were randomly selected for purchase through various retailers. To isolate nanostructures from these products, a simple methodology that combines acid digestion and centrifugation was utilized. Once isolated, the chemical composition, size, morphology, and crystal structure were characterized using mass spectroscopy, light scattering, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques. SiO2 and TiO2 nanostructures were detected in 11 of 12 products using these methods. Many of the isolated nanoscale materials showed a high degree of aggregation; however, identified individual structures had at least one dimension below 100 nm. These robust methods can be used for routine monitoring of commercial products for nanoscale oxides of silica and titanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Lim
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Patrick Sisco
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Thilak K Mudalige
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Germarie Sánchez-Pomales
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Paul C Howard
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Sean W Linder
- †Office of Regulatory Affairs, Arkansas Regional Laboratory, and ‡National Center for Toxicological Research, Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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202
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Wolterbeek A, Oosterwijk T, Schneider S, Landsiedel R, de Groot D, van Ee R, Wouters M, van de Sandt H. Oral two-generation reproduction toxicity study with NM-200 synthetic amorphous silica in Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 56:147-54. [PMID: 25817409 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) like NM-200 is used in a wide variety of technological applications and consumer products. Although SAS has been widely investigated the available reproductive toxicity studies are old and do not cover all requirements of current OECD Guidelines. As part of a CEFIC-LRI project, NM-200 was tested in a two-generation reproduction toxicity study according to OECD guideline 416. Male and female rats were treated by oral gavage with NM-200 at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000mg/kg bw/day for two generations. Body weight and food consumption were measured throughout the study. Reproductive and developmental parameters were measured and at sacrifice (reproductive) organs and tissues were sampled for histopathological analysis. Oral administration of NM-200 up to 1000mg/kg bw/day had no adverse effects on the reproductive performance of rats or on the growth and development of the offspring into adulthood for two consecutive generations. The NOAEL was 1000mg/kg body weight per day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Renz van Ee
- TNO, P.O. Box 6235, 5600 HE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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203
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Hinkley GK, Carpinone P, Munson JW, Powers KW, Roberts SM. Oral absorption of PEG-coated versus uncoated gold nanospheres: does agglomeration matter? Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:9. [PMID: 25884802 PMCID: PMC4396175 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Particle size is thought to be a critical factor affecting the bioavailability of nanoparticles following oral exposure. Nearly all studies of nanoparticle bioavailability focus on characterization of the primary particle size of the material as supplied or as dosed, and not on agglomeration behavior within the gastrointestinal tract, which is presumably most relevant for absorption. Methods In the study reported here, snapshots of agglomeration behavior of gold nanospheres were evaluated in vivo throughout the gastrointestinal tract using transmission electron microscopy. Agglomeration state within the gastrointestinal tract was then used to help explain differences in gastrointestinal particle absorption, as indicated by tissue levels of gold detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mice were dosed (10 mg/kg) with either 23 nm PEG-coated or uncoated gold nanospheres. Results Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that PEG-coated gold nanoparticles can be observed as primary, un-agglomerated particles throughout the gastrointestinal tract and feces of dosed animals. In contrast, uncoated gold nanoparticles were observed to form agglomerates of several hundred nanometers in all tissues and feces. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows significantly higher levels of gold in tissues from animals dosed with PEG-coated versus uncoated 23 nm gold nanoparticles. Retention of particles after a single oral gavage was also very high, with all tissues of animals dosed with PEG-coated particles having detectable levels of gold at 30 days following exposure. Conclusions Qualitative observation of these particles in vivo shows that dispersed PEG-coated particles are able to reach the absorptive tissues of the intestine while agglomerated uncoated particles are sequestered in the lumen of these tissues. However, the large differences observed for in vivo agglomeration behavior were not reflected in oral absorption, as indicated by gold tissue levels. Additional factors, such as surface chemistry, may have played a more important role than in vivo particle size and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia K Hinkley
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Paul Carpinone
- Major Analytical and Particle Analysis Instrumentation Center, University of Florida, Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - John W Munson
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Kevin W Powers
- Particle Engineering Research Center, University of Florida, Box 116135, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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204
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Tarantini A, Huet S, Jarry G, Lanceleur R, Poul M, Tavares A, Vital N, Louro H, João Silva M, Fessard V. Genotoxicity of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles in rats following short-term exposure. Part 1: oral route. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:218-227. [PMID: 25504566 DOI: 10.1002/em.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) in its nanosized form is now used in food applications although the potential risks for human health have not been evaluated. In this study, genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage of two pyrogenic (NM-202 and 203) and two precipitated (NM-200 and -201) nanosized SAS were investigated in vivo in rats following oral exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg b.w./day for three days by gavage. DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage were investigated in seven tissues (blood, bone marrow from femur, liver, spleen, kidney, duodenum, and colon) with the alkaline and the (Fpg)-modified comet assays, respectively. Concomitantly, chromosomal damage was investigated in bone marrow and in colon with the micronucleus assay. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation marker, was measured in plasma. When required, a histopathological examination was also conducted. The results showed neither obvious DNA strand breaks nor oxidative damage with the comet assay, irrespective of the dose and the organ investigated. Similarly, no increases in chromosome damage in bone marrow or lipid peroxidation in plasma were detected. However, although the response was not dose-dependent, a weak increase in the percentage of micronucleated cells was observed in the colon of rats treated with the two pyrogenic SAS at the lowest dose (5 mg/kg b.w./day). Additional data are required to confirm this result, considering in particular, the role of agglomeration/aggregation of SAS NMs in their uptake by intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Tarantini
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, CS 40608, 35306, Fougères, Cedex, France
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205
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Zane A, McCracken C, Knight DA, Young T, Lutton AD, Olesik JW, Waldman WJ, Dutta PK. Uptake of bright fluorophore core-silica shell nanoparticles by biological systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1547-67. [PMID: 25759579 PMCID: PMC4345991 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s76208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are used in a variety of consumer applications. Silica nanoparticles in particular are common, including as a component of foods. There are concerns that ingested nano-silica particles can cross the intestinal epithelium, enter the circulation, and accumulate in tissues and organs. Thus, tracking these particles is of interest, and fluorescence spectroscopic methods are well-suited for this purpose. However, nanosilica is not fluorescent. In this article, we focus on core-silica shell nanoparticles, using fluorescent Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine 800, or CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots as the core. These stable fluorophore/silica nanoparticles had surface characteristics similar to those of commercial silica particles. Thus, they were used as model particles to examine internalization by cultured cells, including an epithelial cell line relevant to the gastrointestinal tract. Finally, these particles were administered to mice by gavage, and their presence in various organs, including stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon, kidney, lung, brain, and spleen, was examined. By combining confocal fluorescence microscopy with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the presence of nanoparticles, rather than their dissolved form, was established in liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Zane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Knight
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tanya Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony D Lutton
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John W Olesik
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W James Waldman
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Prabir K Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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206
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Barahona F, Geiss O, Urbán P, Ojea-Jimenez I, Gilliland D, Barrero-Moreno J. Simultaneous Determination of Size and Quantification of Silica Nanoparticles by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled to ICPMS Using Silica Nanoparticles Standards. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3039-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barahona
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
| | - Otmar Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
| | - Patricia Urbán
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
| | - Isaac Ojea-Jimenez
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
| | - Josefa Barrero-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre,
Institute for Health and Consumer
Protection, Via E. Fermi
2749, 21027 Ispra, Varese Italy
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207
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Case Study – Characterization of Nanomaterials in Food Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-099948-7.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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208
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Dudkiewicz A, Wagner S, Lehner A, Chaudhry Q, Pietravalle S, Tiede K, Boxall ABA, Allmaier G, Tiede D, Grombe R, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Mølhave K. A uniform measurement expression for cross method comparison of nanoparticle aggregate size distributions. Analyst 2015; 140:5257-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Measurement methods produce incomparable results when applied to aggregated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dudkiewicz
- The Food and Environment Research Agency
- York Y041 1LZ
- UK
- The University of York
- York
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Angela Lehner
- Reasearch group Bio- and Polymer Analysis
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | | | - Karen Tiede
- The Food and Environment Research Agency
- York Y041 1LZ
- UK
| | | | - Guenter Allmaier
- Reasearch group Bio- and Polymer Analysis
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dirk Tiede
- Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS
- University of Salzburg
- A-5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - Ringo Grombe
- Joint Research Centre
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
- Geel 2440
- Belgium
| | | | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Deptartment of Micro and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
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209
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210
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Smolkova B, El Yamani N, Collins AR, Gutleb AC, Dusinska M. Nanoparticles in food. Epigenetic changes induced by nanomaterials and possible impact on health. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 77:64-73. [PMID: 25554528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed epigenetic mechanisms, which developmentally regulate gene expression via modifications to DNA, histone proteins, and chromatin, have been hypothesized to play a key role in many human diseases. Recently it was shown that engineered nanoparticles (NPs), that already have a wide range of applications in various fields including food production, could dramatically affect epigenetic processes, while their ability to induce diseases remains poorly understood. Besides the obvious benefits of the new technologies, it is critical to assess their health effects before proceeding with industrial production. In this article, after surveying the applications of NPs in food technology, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic pathological effects of NPs, and discuss their possible health impact with the aim of avoiding potential health risks posed by the use of nanomaterials in foods and food-packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry (MILK), NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
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211
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Kim KM, Kim HM, Lee WJ, Lee CW, Kim TI, Lee JK, Jeong J, Paek SM, Oh JM. Surface treatment of silica nanoparticles for stable and charge-controlled colloidal silica. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 2:29-40. [PMID: 25565824 PMCID: PMC4279762 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempt was made to control the surface charge of colloidal silica nanoparticles with 20 nm and 100 nm diameters. Untreated silica nanoparticles were determined to be highly negatively charged and have stable hydrodynamic sizes in a wide pH range. To change the surface to a positively charged form, various coating agents, such as amine containing molecules, multivalent metal cation, or amino acids, were used to treat the colloidal silica nanoparticles. Molecules with chelating amine sites were determined to have high affinity with the silica surface to make agglomerations or gel-like networks. Amino acid coatings resulted in relatively stable silica colloids with a modified surface charge. Three amino acid moiety coatings (L-serine, L-histidine, and L-arginine) exhibited surface charge modifying efficacy of L-histidine > L-arginine > L-serine and hydrodynamic size preservation efficacy of L-serine > L-arginine > L-histidine. The time dependent change in L-arginine coated colloidal silica was investigated by measuring the pattern of the backscattered light in a Turbiscan™. The results indicated that both the 20 nm and 100 nm L-arginine coated silica samples were fairly stable in terms of colloidal homogeneity, showing only slight coalescence and sedimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Battelle-Korea Laboratory, International Center for Converging Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-il Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungchungbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Chungchungbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Paek
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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212
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Imai S, Yoshioka Y, Morishita Y, Yoshida T, Uji M, Nagano K, Mukai Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Higashisaka K, Tsutsumi Y. Size and surface modification of amorphous silica particles determine their effects on the activity of human CYP3A4 in vitro. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:651. [PMID: 25520598 PMCID: PMC4266520 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of their useful chemical and physical properties, nanomaterials are widely used around the world - for example, as additives in food and medicines - and such uses are expected to become more prevalent in the future. Therefore, collecting information about the effects of nanomaterials on metabolic enzymes is important. Here, we examined the effects of amorphous silica particles with various sizes and surface modifications on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity by means of two different in vitro assays. Silica nanoparticles with diameters of 30 and 70 nm (nSP30 and nSP70, respectively) tended to inhibit CYP3A4 activity in human liver microsomes (HLMs), but the inhibitory activity of both types of nanoparticles was decreased by carboxyl modification. In contrast, amine-modified nSP70 activated CYP3A4 activity. In HepG2 cells, nSP30 inhibited CYP3A4 activity more strongly than the larger silica particles did. Taken together, these results suggest that the size and surface characteristics of the silica particles determined their effects on CYP3A4 activity and that it may be possible to develop silica particles that do not have undesirable effects on metabolic enzymes by altering their size and surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Imai
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Morishita
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tokuyuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miyuki Uji
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Innovative Antibody Engineering and Design, Center for Drug Innovation and Screening, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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213
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Rossi M, Cubadda F, Dini L, Terranova M, Aureli F, Sorbo A, Passeri D. Scientific basis of nanotechnology, implications for the food sector and future trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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214
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Bouwmeester H, Brandhoff P, Marvin HJ, Weigel S, Peters RJ. State of the safety assessment and current use of nanomaterials in food and food production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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215
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Tarantini A, Lanceleur R, Mourot A, Lavault MT, Casterou G, Jarry G, Hogeveen K, Fessard V. Toxicity, genotoxicity and proinflammatory effects of amorphous nanosilica in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:398-407. [PMID: 25448807 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica (SiO2) in its nanosized form is now used in food applications although the potential risks for human health need to be evaluated in further detail. In the current study, the uptake of 15 and 55nm colloidal SiO2 NPs in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The ability of these NPs to induce cytotoxicity (XTT viability test), genotoxicity (γH2Ax and micronucleus assay), apoptosis (caspase 3), oxidative stress (oxidation of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe) and proinflammatory effects (interleukin IL-8 secretion) was evaluated. Quartz DQ12 was used as particle control. XTT and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays revealed size- and concentration-dependent effects on cell death and chromosome damage following exposure to SiO2 nanoparticles, concomitantly with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), SiO2-15nm particles being the most potent. In the same way, an increased IL-8 secretion was only observed with SiO2-15nm at the highest tested dose (32μg/ml). TEM images showed that both NPs were localized within the cytoplasm but did not enter the nucleus. SiO2-15nm, and to a lower extent SiO2-55nm, exerted toxic effects in Caco-2 cells. The observed genotoxic effects of these NPs are likely to be mediated through oxidative stress rather than a direct interaction with the DNA. Altogether, our results indicate that exposure to SiO2 NPs may induce potential adverse effects on the intestinal epithelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Tarantini
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Rachelle Lanceleur
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Annick Mourot
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Lavault
- PF Mric TEM, BIOSIT Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Gérald Casterou
- Equipe "Ingénierie Chimique et Molécule pour le Vivant", Institut des Sciences chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, Bat 10A, Bureau 210, Campus Beaulieu, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Gérard Jarry
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Bâtiment BioAgroPolis, 10B rue C, Bourgelat, BP 40608, 35306 Fougères, France.
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216
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Silica nanoparticles induced metabolic stress through EGR1, CCND, and E2F1 genes in human mesenchymal stem cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1181-92. [PMID: 25374141 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The SiO2 synthesized in bulk form, adopting the conventional methods for application in food industry applications, may also contain nano-sized particles. On account of the unique physico-chemical properties, the SiO2 particulates, such as size and shape, cause metabolic toxicity in cells. Poor understanding of the molecular level nanotoxicity resulting from high-volume synthetic SiO2 exposures in humans is a serious issue, since these particles may also contribute to metabolic stress-mediated chronic diseases. In the present study, we examined the structural characteristics of these nano-sized silica particles adopting SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and assessed the alterations in the cell cycle induced by these silica particles in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adopting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay, morphological changes in the cells adopting fluorescent microscopy, cell cycle analysis adopting flow cytometry, and the expression of genes linked to cell cycle (i.e., proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), early growth response protein (EGR1), E2F transcription factor (E2F1), cyclin D1, cyclin C, and cyclin D3) adopting qPCR. The SEM and DLS studies indicated that the commercial grade SiO2-NPs were in the nano-scale range. Alterations in the cytoplasmic organization, nuclear morphology, cell cycle progression, and expression of genes linked to cell cycle-dependent metabolic stress through EGR1, CCND, and E2F1 genes were the primary indicators of metabolic stress. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that synthetic SiO2 acutely affects hMSC through cell cycle-dependent oxidative stress gene network. The toxicity mechanisms (both acute and chronic) of food grade silica should be investigated in greater depth with special reference to food safety.
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217
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Bloch MS, Paunescu D, Stoessel PR, Mora CA, Stark WJ, Grass RN. Labeling milk along its production chain with DNA encapsulated in silica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10615-10620. [PMID: 25295707 DOI: 10.1021/jf503413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The capability of tracing a food product along its production chain is important to ensure food safety and product authenticity. For this purpose and as an application example, recently developed Silica Particles with Encapsulated DNA (SPED) were added to milk at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ppb (μg per kg milk). Thereby the milk, as well as the milk-derived products yoghurt and cheese, could be uniquely labeled with a DNA tag. Procedures for the extraction of the DNA tags from the food matrixes were elaborated and allowed identification and quantification of previously marked products by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with detection limits below 1 ppb of added particles. The applicability of synthetic as well as naturally occurring DNA sequences was shown. The usage of approved food additives as DNA carrier (silica = E551) and the low cost of the technology (<0.1 USD per ton of milk labeled with 10 ppb of SPED) display the technical applicability of this food labeling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S Bloch
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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218
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Yoshida T, Yoshioka Y, Takahashi H, Misato K, Mori T, Hirai T, Nagano K, Abe Y, Mukai Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Nabeshi H, Yoshikawa T, Higashisaka K, Tsutsumi Y. Intestinal absorption and biological effects of orally administered amorphous silica particles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:532. [PMID: 25288919 PMCID: PMC4184165 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although amorphous silica nanoparticles are widely used in the production of food products (e.g., as anticaking agents), there is little information available about their absorption and biological effects after oral exposure. Here, we examined the in vitro intestinal absorption and in vivo biological effects in mice of orally administered amorphous silica particles with diameters of 70, 300, and 1,000 nm (nSP70, mSP300, and mSP1000, respectively) and of nSP70 that had been surface-modified with carboxyl or amine groups (nSP70-C and nSP70-N, respectively). Analysis of intestinal absorption by means of the everted gut sac method combined with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer showed that the intestinal absorption of nSP70-C was significantly greater than that of nSP70. The absorption of nSP70-N tended to be greater than that of nSP70; however, the results were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that silica nanoparticles can be absorbed through the intestine and that particle diameter and surface properties are major determinants of the degree of absorption. We also examined the biological effects of the silica particles after 28-day oral exposure in mice. Hematological, histopathological, and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences between control mice and mice treated with the silica particles, suggesting that the silica nanoparticles evaluated in this study are safe for use in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuyuki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Misato
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahide Mori
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 E. 60th Street N, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nabeshi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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219
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Lefebvre DE, Venema K, Gombau L, Valerio LG, Raju J, Bondy GS, Bouwmeester H, Singh RP, Clippinger AJ, Collnot EM, Mehta R, Stone V. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:523-42. [PMID: 25119418 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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220
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van Kesteren PCE, Cubadda F, Bouwmeester H, van Eijkeren JCH, Dekkers S, de Jong WH, Oomen AG. Novel insights into the risk assessment of the nanomaterial synthetic amorphous silica, additive E551, in food. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:442-52. [PMID: 25033893 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.940408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents novel insights in the risk assessment of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) in food. SAS is a nanostructured material consisting of aggregates and agglomerates of primary particles in the nanorange (<100 nm). Depending on the production process, SAS exists in four main forms, and each form comprises various types with different physicochemical characteristics. SAS is widely used in foods as additive E551. The novel insights from other studies relate to low gastrointestinal absorption of SAS that decreases with increasing dose, and the potential for accumulation in tissues with daily consumption. To accommodate these insights, we focused our risk assessment on internal exposure in the target organ (liver). Based on blood and tissue concentrations in time of two different SAS types that were orally and intravenously administered, a kinetic model is developed to estimate the silicon concentration in liver in (1) humans for average-to-worst-case dietary exposure at steady state and (2) rats and mice in key toxicity studies. The estimated liver concentration in humans is at a similar level as the measured or estimated liver concentrations in animal studies in which adverse effects were found. Hence, this assessment suggests that SAS in food may pose a health risk. Yet, for this risk assessment, we had to make assumptions and deal with several sources of uncertainty that make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Recommendations to fill in the remaining data gaps are discussed. More insight in the health risk of SAS in food is warranted considering the wide applications and these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C E van Kesteren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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221
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Peters RJB, van Bemmel G, Herrera-Rivera Z, Helsper HPFG, Marvin HJP, Weigel S, Tromp PC, Oomen AG, Rietveld AG, Bouwmeester H. Characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food products: analytical methods to define nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6285-93. [PMID: 24933406 DOI: 10.1021/jf5011885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common food additive used to enhance the white color, brightness, and sometimes flavor of a variety of food products. In this study 7 food grade TiO2 materials (E171), 24 food products, and 3 personal care products were investigated for their TiO2 content and the number-based size distribution of TiO2 particles present in these products. Three principally different methods have been used to determine the number-based size distribution of TiO2 particles: electron microscopy, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation combined with inductively coupled mass spectrometry, and single-particle inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The results show that all E171 materials have similar size distributions with primary particle sizes in the range of 60-300 nm. Depending on the analytical method used, 10-15% of the particles in these materials had sizes below 100 nm. In 24 of the 27 foods and personal care products detectable amounts of titanium were found ranging from 0.02 to 9.0 mg TiO2/g product. The number-based size distributions for TiO2 particles in the food and personal care products showed that 5-10% of the particles in these products had sizes below 100 nm, comparable to that found in the E171 materials. Comparable size distributions were found using the three principally different analytical methods. Although the applied methods are considered state of the art, they showed practical size limits for TiO2 particles in the range of 20-50 nm, which may introduce a significant bias in the size distribution because particles <20 nm are excluded. This shows the inability of current state of the art methods to support the European Union recommendation for the definition of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J B Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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222
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Effects of silica and titanium oxide particles on a human neural stem cell line: morphology, mitochondrial activity, and gene expression of differentiation markers. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11742-59. [PMID: 24992594 PMCID: PMC4139811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several in vivo studies suggest that nanoparticles (smaller than 100 nm) have the ability to reach the brain tissue. Moreover, some nanoparticles can penetrate into the brains of murine fetuses through the placenta by intravenous administration to pregnant mice. However, it is not clear whether the penetrated nanoparticles affect neurogenesis or brain function. To evaluate its effects on neural stem cells, we assayed a human neural stem cell (hNSCs) line exposed in vitro to three types of silica particles (30 nm, 70 nm, and <44 μm) and two types of titanium oxide particles (80 nm and < 44 μm). Our results show that hNSCs aggregated and exhibited abnormal morphology when exposed to the particles at concentrations ≥ 0.1 mg/mL for 7 days. Moreover, all the particles affected the gene expression of Nestin (stem cell marker) and neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NF-H, neuron marker) at 0.1 mg/mL. In contrast, only 30-nm silica particles at 1.0 mg/mL significantly reduced mitochondrial activity. Notably, 30-nm silica particles exhibited acute membrane permeability at concentrations ≥62.5 μg/mL in 24 h. Although these concentrations are higher than the expected concentrations of nanoparticles in the brain from in vivo experiments in a short period, these thresholds may indicate the potential toxicity of accumulated particles for long-term usage or continuous exposure.
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223
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Alger H, Momcilovic D, Carlander D, Duncan TV. Methods to Evaluate Uptake of Engineered Nanomaterials by the Alimentary Tract. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:705-729. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Alger
- The Pew Charitable Trusts; Food Additives Project; 901 E Street NW Washington DC 20004 USA
- American Heart Assoc.; Office of Science Operations; 7272 Greenville Ave Dallas TX 75231 USA
| | - Dragan Momcilovic
- Center for Veterinary Medicine; United States Food and Drug Administration; 7519 Standish Place Rockville MD 20855 USA
| | - David Carlander
- Nanotechnology Industries Assoc.; 101 Ave. Louise; 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Timothy V. Duncan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; United States Food and Drug Administration; 6502 South Archer Road Bedford Park IL 60516-1957 USA
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224
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Fashina A, Antunes E, Nyokong T. Photophysical behavior of Zn aminophenoxy substituted phthalocyanine conjugates with carboxylic acid-coated silica nanoparticles: Effect of point of substitution. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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225
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Martirosyan A, Schneider YJ. Engineered nanomaterials in food: implications for food safety and consumer health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5720-50. [PMID: 24879486 PMCID: PMC4078545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110605720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From the current state-of-the-art, it is clear that nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector aiming at providing better quality and conservation. In the meantime, a growing number of studies indicate that the exposure to certain engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has a potential to lead to health complications and that there is a need for further investigations in order to unravel the biological outcomes of nanofood consumption. In the current review, we summarize the existing data on the (potential) use of ENMs in the food industry, information on the toxicity profiles of the commonly applied ENMs, such as metal (oxide) nanoparticles (NPs), address the potential food safety implications and health hazards connected with the consumption of nanofood. A number of health complications connected with the human exposure to ENMs are discussed, demonstrating that there is a real basis for the arisen concern not only connected with the gut health, but also with the potency to lead to systemic toxicity. The toxicological nature of hazard, exposure levels and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food are on the earliest stage of investigation and this review also highlights the major gaps that need further research and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Martirosyan
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
| | - Yves-Jacques Schneider
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences (ISV) & UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B1348, Belgium.
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226
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The potential of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation hyphenated to multiple detectors for the quantification and size estimation of silica nanoparticles in a food matrix. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3919-27. [PMID: 24817355 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work represents a first systematic approach to the size-based elemental quantification and size estimation of metal(loid) oxide nanoparticles such as silica (SiO2) in a real food matrix using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled online with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and offline with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Coffee creamer was selected as the model sample since it is known to contain silica as well as metal oxides such as titania at the milligramme per kilogramme levels. Optimisation of sample preparation conditions such as matrix-to-solvent ratio, defatting with organic solvents and sonication time that may affect nanoparticle size and size distribution in suspensions was investigated. Special attention was paid to the selection of conditions that minimise particle transformation during sample preparation and analysis. The coffee creamer matrix components were found to stabilise food grade SiO2 particles in comparison with water suspensions whilst no significant effect of defatting using hexane was found. The use of sample preparation procedures that mimic food cooking in real life was also investigated regarding their effect on particle size and particle size distribution of silica nanoparticles in the investigated food matrix; no significant effect of the water temperature ranging from ambient temperature to 60 °C was observed. Field-flow fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (FFF-ICP-MS) analysis of extracts of both unspiked coffee creamer and coffee creamer spiked with food grade silicon dioxide, using different approaches for size estimation, enabled determination of SiO2 size-based speciation. Element-specific detection by ICP-MS and post-FFF calibration with elemental calibration standards was used to determine the elemental composition of size fractions separated online by FFF. Quantitative data on mass balance is provided for the size-based speciation of the investigated inorganic nano-objects in the complex matrix. The combination of FFF with offline fractionation by filtration and with detection by ICP-MS and TEM/EDAX has been proven essential to provide reliable information of nanoparticle size in the complex food matrix.
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227
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Oomen AG, Bos PMJ, Fernandes TF, Hund-Rinke K, Boraschi D, Byrne HJ, Aschberger K, Gottardo S, von der Kammer F, Kühnel D, Hristozov D, Marcomini A, Migliore L, Scott-Fordsmand J, Wick P, Landsiedel R. Concern-driven integrated approaches to nanomaterial testing and assessment--report of the NanoSafety Cluster Working Group 10. Nanotoxicology 2014; 8:334-48. [PMID: 23641967 PMCID: PMC4002633 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.802387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bringing together topic-related European Union (EU)-funded projects, the so-called "NanoSafety Cluster" aims at identifying key areas for further research on risk assessment procedures for nanomaterials (NM). The outcome of NanoSafety Cluster Working Group 10, this commentary presents a vision for concern-driven integrated approaches for the (eco-)toxicological testing and assessment (IATA) of NM. Such approaches should start out by determining concerns, i.e., specific information needs for a given NM based on realistic exposure scenarios. Recognised concerns can be addressed in a set of tiers using standardised protocols for NM preparation and testing. Tier 1 includes determining physico-chemical properties, non-testing (e.g., structure-activity relationships) and evaluating existing data. In tier 2, a limited set of in vitro and in vivo tests are performed that can either indicate that the risk of the specific concern is sufficiently known or indicate the need for further testing, including details for such testing. Ecotoxicological testing begins with representative test organisms followed by complex test systems. After each tier, it is evaluated whether the information gained permits assessing the safety of the NM so that further testing can be waived. By effectively exploiting all available information, IATA allow accelerating the risk assessment process and reducing testing costs and animal use (in line with the 3Rs principle implemented in EU Directive 2010/63/EU). Combining material properties, exposure, biokinetics and hazard data, information gained with IATA can be used to recognise groups of NM based upon similar modes of action. Grouping of substances in return should form integral part of the IATA themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes G. Oomen
- IVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. J. Bos
- IVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Hugh J. Byrne
- Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karin Aschberger
- Joint Research Centre – Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | - Stefania Gottardo
- Joint Research Centre – Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Dana Kühnel
- Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Lucia Migliore
- Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Peter Wick
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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228
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Hinkley GK, Carpinone PL, Munson JW, Powers KW, Roberts SM. Differential interferences with clinical chemistry assays by gold nanorods, and gold and silica nanospheres. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:116-25. [PMID: 24620736 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.894151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are known to cause interference with several standard toxicological assays. As part of an in vivo study of PEG-coated gold nanorods in mice, nanorods were added to reference serum, and results for standard clinical chemistry parameters were compared with serum analyzed without nanorods. PEG-coated gold nanorods produced several concentration-dependent interferences. Comparisons were then made with PEG-coated gold and silica nanospheres. Interferences were observed for both materials that differed from gold nanorods. Removal of the particles from serum by centrifugation prior to analysis resolved most, but not all of the interferences. Additional clinical chemistry analyzers were used to further investigate trends in assay interference. We conclude that PEG-coated gold and silica nanoparticles can interfere with standard clinical chemistry tests in ways that vary depending upon material, shape, and specific assay methodology employed. Assay interferences by nanomaterials cannot always be predicted, underscoring the need to verify that nanomaterials under study do not interfere with methods used to evaluate potential biological effects.
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229
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2013 IFT International Food Nanoscience Conference: Proceedings. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:190-228. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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230
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van der Zande M, Vandebriel RJ, Groot MJ, Kramer E, Herrera Rivera ZE, Rasmussen K, Ossenkoppele JS, Tromp P, Gremmer ER, Peters RJB, Hendriksen PJ, Marvin HJP, Hoogenboom RLAP, Peijnenburg AACM, Bouwmeester H. Sub-chronic toxicity study in rats orally exposed to nanostructured silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:8. [PMID: 24507464 PMCID: PMC3922429 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic Amorphous Silica (SAS) is commonly used in food and drugs. Recently, a consumer intake of silica from food was estimated at 9.4 mg/kg bw/day, of which 1.8 mg/kg bw/day was estimated to be in the nano-size range. Food products containing SAS have been shown to contain silica in the nanometer size range (i.e. 5 – 200 nm) up to 43% of the total silica content. Concerns have been raised about the possible adverse effects of chronic exposure to nanostructured silica. Methods Rats were orally exposed to 100, 1000 or 2500 mg/kg bw/day of SAS, or to 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day of NM-202 (a representative nanostructured silica for OECD testing) for 28 days, or to the highest dose of SAS or NM-202 for 84 days. Results SAS and NM-202 were extensively characterized as pristine materials, but also in the feed matrix and gut content of the animals, and after in vitro digestion. The latter indicated that the intestinal content of the mid/high-dose groups had stronger gel-like properties than the low-dose groups, implying low gelation and high bioaccessibility of silica in the human intestine at realistic consumer exposure levels. Exposure to SAS or NM-202 did not result in clearly elevated tissue silica levels after 28-days of exposure. However, after 84-days of exposure to SAS, but not to NM-202, silica accumulated in the spleen. Biochemical and immunological markers in blood and isolated cells did not indicate toxicity, but histopathological analysis, showed an increased incidence of liver fibrosis after 84-days of exposure, which only reached significance in the NM-202 treated animals. This observation was accompanied by a moderate, but significant increase in the expression of fibrosis-related genes in liver samples. Conclusions Although only few adverse effects were observed, additional studies are warranted to further evaluate the biological relevance of observed fibrosis in liver and possible accumulation of silica in the spleen in the NM-202 and SAS exposed animals respectively. In these studies, dose-effect relations should be studied at lower dosages, more representative of the current exposure of consumers, since only the highest dosages were used for the present 84-day exposure study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike van der Zande
- RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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231
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Peters RJB, Rivera ZH, van Bemmel G, Marvin HJP, Weigel S, Bouwmeester H. Development and validation of single particle ICP-MS for sizing and quantitative determination of nano-silver in chicken meat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3875-85. [PMID: 24390462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanomaterials is leading to innovative developments in industry, agriculture, consumer products, and food and related sectors. However, due to the special properties of these materials there are concerns about their safety, especially because of our limited knowledge of human health effects and the fact that constantly new nanomaterials and applications thereof are being produced. The development of analytical techniques is a key element to understand the benefits as well as the risks of the application of such materials. In this study, a method is developed and validated for sizing and quantifying nano-silver in chicken meat using single particle inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples are processed using an enzymatic digestion followed by dilution of the digest and instrumental analysis of the diluted digest using single particle ICP-MS. Validation of the method in the concentration of 5-25 mg/kg 60-nm silver nanoparticles showed good performance with respect to trueness (98-99% for size, 91-101% for concentration), repeatability (<2% for size, <11% for concentration), and reproducibility (<6% for size, <16% for concentration). The response of the method is linear, and a detection limit as low as 0.1 mg/kg can be obtained. Additional experiments showed that the method is robust and that digests are stable for 3 weeks at 4 °C. Once diluted for single particle ICP-MS analysis, the stability is limited. Finally, it was shown that nano-silver in chicken meat is not stable. Silver nanoparticles dissolved and were transformed into silver sulfide. While this has implications for the form in which nano-silver will be present in real-life meat samples, the developed method will be able to determine the presence and quantity of nanoparticle silver in such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J B Peters
- RIKILT, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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232
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Hoop M, Paunescu D, Stoessel PR, Eichenseher F, Stark WJ, Grass RN. PCR quantification of SiO2 particle uptake in cells in the ppb and ppm range via silica encapsulated DNA barcodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10707-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of silica nanoparticles loaded with a DNA barcode can be detected at a 10 fg per cell level utilizing qPCR analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Hoop
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Paunescu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Fritz Eichenseher
- Institute of Food
- Nutrition and Health
- ETH Zurich
- 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert N. Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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233
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Yang YX, Song ZM, Cheng B, Xiang K, Chen XX, Liu JH, Cao A, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang H. Evaluation of the toxicity of food additive silica nanoparticles on gastrointestinal cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:424-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Yang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Zheng-Mei Song
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Kun Xiang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Jia-Hui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yuanfang Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
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234
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Wang H, Du LJ, Song ZM, Chen XX. Progress in the characterization and safety evaluation of engineered inorganic nanomaterials in food. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:2007-25. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has stepped into the food industry, from the farm to the table at home, in order to improve the taste and nutritional value, extend the shelf-life and monitor the food quality. In fact, as consumers we have already been in contact, via oral exposure, with a number of food products containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) more often than most people think. However, the fate of ENMs after entering the GI tract of the human body is not yet clearly understood. Hence, the related safety issue is raised, and attracts much attention and wide debate from the public, even including protest demonstrations against nanotechnology in food. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date information about the characterization and safety evaluation of common inorganic ENMs (with a focus on silver, titanium dioxide, silica and zinc oxide nanoparticles) in food. Based on the literature, a whole scenario of the safety issue of these ENMs in food and an outlook on the future studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Li-Jing Du
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zheng-Mei Song
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Institute of Nanochemistry & Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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235
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McCracken C, Zane A, Knight DA, Dutta PK, Waldman WJ. Minimal intestinal epithelial cell toxicity in response to short- and long-term food-relevant inorganic nanoparticle exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1514-25. [PMID: 24028186 DOI: 10.1021/tx400231u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of commercial nanoparticles of titania, silica, and zinc oxides is being investigated in this in vitro study. Particles of these compositions are found in many food items, and thus this study is directed toward particle behavior in simulated digestion media and their interaction with intestinal epithelial cell line C2BBe1, a clone of Caco-2 cells, originally isolated from a human colon cancer. Even though the primary particle size of all three particles was below 50 nm, the particles appeared as aggregates in culture media with a negatively charged surface. In the presence of pepsin (pH 2), the charge on the titania became positive, and silica was almost neutral and aggregated extensively, whereas ZnO dissolved. For silica and titania, treatment with simulated intestinal digestive solution led to a strongly negatively charged surface and particle sizes approaching values similar to those in media. On the basis of infrared spectroscopy, we concluded that the surface of silica and titania was covered with bile salts/proteins after this treatment. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the C2BBe1 cells internalized all three particles. Toxicity assays included investigation of necrosis, apoptosis, membrane damage, and mitochondrial activity. Titania and SiO₂ particles suspended in media at loading levels of 10 μg/cm² exhibited no toxicity. With ZnO at the same loading level, mild toxicity was observed based only on the LDH assay and decrease of mitochondrial activity and not necrosis or apoptosis. Titania particles exposed to the simulated digestion media exhibited mild toxicity based on decrease of mitochondrial activity, likely due to transport of toxic bile salts via adsorption on the particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie McCracken
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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236
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Fissan H, Horn HG, Stahlmecke B, Wang J. From nanoobject release of (Bio)nanomaterials to exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/bnm-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn increasing variety of different nanostructured materials including bionanomaterials are used. During synthesis, but also during use of nanostructured materials along their life-cycle, nanostructured materials and engineered nano-objects (ENO) – may be released into the environment. They will follow different exposure pathways and create an exposure concentration at the point of different biological systems, especially human beings. The inhalation pathway is of greatest importance with regard to health issues. The exposure concentration together with the breathing conditions integrated over time leads to the dose of the deposited material, which is of greatest interest for different effect studies. We discuss in this paper the kind of nanostructured material released from bionanomaterials into the environment. A large part of existing exposure studies in the literature is critically considered. A strategy is proposed to investigate in a more effective way the ENO-release from nanostructured materials as the first step of the exposure pathway. The release – exposure relationship as well as exposure – dose relationship for the case of inhalation is described leading to the possibility of tracing and ideally a complete balancing from ENO-release to dose. In the end the still needed activities for ENO-control methods in the environment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- 1Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e. V., 47229 Duisburg, Germany
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237
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Loft S. Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:96-118. [PMID: 23346980 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-optimal assays of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine by antibodies and/or unrealistically high levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (suggesting experimental problems due to spurious oxidation of DNA) reported more induction of DNA damage after exposure to particles than did the publications based on optimal methods. The majority of studies have used single intracavitary administration or inhalation with dose rates exceeding the pulmonary overload threshold, resulting in cytotoxicity and inflammation. It is unclear whether this is relevant for the much lower human exposure levels. Still, there was linear dose-response relationship for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in lung tissue without obvious signs of a threshold. The dose-response function was also dependent on chemical composition and other characteristics of the administered particles, whereas dependence on species and strain could not be equivocally determined. Roles of cytotoxicity or inflammation for oxidatively induced DNA damage could not be documented or refuted. Studies on exposure to particles in the gastrointestinal tract showed consistently increased levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in the liver. Collectively, there is evidence from animal experimental models that both pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract exposure to particles are associated with elevated levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in the lung and internal organs. However, there is a paucity of studies on pulmonary exposure to low doses of particles that are relevant for hazard/risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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238
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Contado C, Ravani L, Passarella M. Size characterization by Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation of silica particles used as food additives. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 788:183-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gerloff K, Pereira DI, Faria N, Boots AW, Kolling J, Förster I, Albrecht C, Powell JJ, Schins RP. Influence of simulated gastrointestinal conditions on particle-induced cytotoxicity and interleukin-8 regulation in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology 2013; 7:353-66. [PMID: 22394261 PMCID: PMC3499597 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.662249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel aspects of engineered nanoparticles offer many advantages for optimising food products and packaging. However, their potential hazards in the gastrointestinal tract require further investigation. We evaluated the toxic and inflammatory potential of two types of particles that might become increasingly relevant to the food industry, namely SiO₂ and ZnO. The materials were characterised for their morphology, oxidant generation and hydrodynamic behaviour. Cytotoxicity and interleukin-8 mRNA and protein expression were evaluated in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Particle pretreatment under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions resulted in reduced acellular ROS formation but did not influence cytotoxicity (WST-1 assay) or IL-8 expression. However, the differentiation status of the cells markedly determined the cytotoxic potency of the particles. Further research is needed to determine the in vivo relevance of our current observations regarding the role of particle aggregation and the stage of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in determining the hazards of ingested particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gerloff
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dora I.A. Pereira
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Kolling
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Molecular Immunology, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonathan J. Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roel P.F. Schins
- Particle Research, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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240
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Chen XX, Cheng B, Yang YX, Cao A, Liu JH, Du LJ, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wang H. Characterization and preliminary toxicity assay of nano-titanium dioxide additive in sugar-coated chewing gum. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1765-1774. [PMID: 23065899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology shows great potential for producing food with higher quality and better taste through including new additives, improving nutrient delivery, and using better packaging. However, lack of investigations on safety issues of nanofood has resulted in public fears. How to characterize engineered nanomaterials in food and assess the toxicity and health impact of nanofood remains a big challenge. Herein, a facile and highly reliable separation method of TiO2 particles from food products (focusing on sugar-coated chewing gum) is reported, and the first comprehensive characterization study on food nanoparticles by multiple qualitative and quantitative methods is provided. The detailed information on nanoparticles in gum includes chemical composition, morphology, size distribution, crystalline phase, particle and mass concentration, surface charge, and aggregation state. Surprisingly, the results show that the number of food products containing nano-TiO2 (<200 nm) is much larger than known, and consumers have already often been exposed to engineered nanoparticles in daily life. Over 93% of TiO2 in gum is nano-TiO2 , and it is unexpectedly easy to come out and be swallowed by a person who chews gum. Preliminary cytotoxicity assays show that the gum nano-TiO2 particles are relatively safe for gastrointestinal cells within 24 h even at a concentration of 200 μg mL(-1) . This comprehensive study demonstrates accurate physicochemical property, exposure, and cytotoxicity information on engineered nanoparticles in food, which is a prerequisite for the successful safety assessment of nanofood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Chen
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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241
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Lozano O, Mejia J, Piret JP, Saout C, Dogné JM, Toussaint O, Lucas S. How does the deposited dose of oxide nanomaterials evolve in anin vitroassay? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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242
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Hubbs AF, Sargent LM, Porter DW, Sager TM, Chen BT, Frazer DG, Castranova V, Sriram K, Nurkiewicz TR, Reynolds SH, Battelli LA, Schwegler-Berry D, McKinney W, Fluharty KL, Mercer RR. Nanotechnology: toxicologic pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:395-409. [PMID: 23389777 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology involves technology, science, and engineering in dimensions less than 100 nm. A virtually infinite number of potential nanoscale products can be produced from many different molecules and their combinations. The exponentially increasing number of nanoscale products will solve critical needs in engineering, science, and medicine. However, the virtually infinite number of potential nanotechnology products is a challenge for toxicologic pathologists. Because of their size, nanoparticulates can have therapeutic and toxic effects distinct from micron-sized particulates of the same composition. In the nanoscale, distinct intercellular and intracellular translocation pathways may provide a different distribution than that obtained by micron-sized particulates. Nanoparticulates interact with subcellular structures including microtubules, actin filaments, centrosomes, and chromatin; interactions that may be facilitated in the nanoscale. Features that distinguish nanoparticulates from fine particulates include increased surface area per unit mass and quantum effects. In addition, some nanotechnology products, including the fullerenes, have a novel and reactive surface. Augmented microscopic procedures including enhanced dark-field imaging, immunofluorescence, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy are useful when evaluating nanoparticulate toxicologic pathology. Thus, the pathology assessment is facilitated by understanding the unique features at the nanoscale and the tools that can assist in evaluating nanotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Hubbs
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Bleeker EA, de Jong WH, Geertsma RE, Groenewold M, Heugens EH, Koers-Jacquemijns M, van de Meent D, Popma JR, Rietveld AG, Wijnhoven SW, Cassee FR, Oomen AG. Considerations on the EU definition of a nanomaterial: Science to support policy making. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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244
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Linsinger TPJ, Chaudhry Q, Dehalu V, Delahaut P, Dudkiewicz A, Grombe R, von der Kammer F, Larsen EH, Legros S, Loeschner K, Peters R, Ramsch R, Roebben G, Tiede K, Weigel S. Validation of methods for the detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in food. Food Chem 2012; 138:1959-66. [PMID: 23411331 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of nanomaterials on the environment and on human health has already triggered legislation requiring labelling of products containing nanoparticles. However, so far, no validated analytical methods for the implementation of this legislation exist. This paper outlines a generic approach for the validation of methods for detection and quantification of nanoparticles in food samples. It proposes validation of identity, selectivity, precision, working range, limit of detection and robustness, bearing in mind that each "result" must include information about the chemical identity, particle size and mass or particle number concentration. This has an impact on testing for selectivity and trueness, which also must take these aspects into consideration. Selectivity must not only be tested against matrix constituents and other nanoparticles, but it shall also be tested whether the methods apply equally well to particles of different suppliers. In trueness testing, information whether the particle size distribution has changed during analysis is required. Results are largely expected to follow normal distributions due to the expected high number of particles. An approach of estimating measurement uncertainties from the validation data is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P J Linsinger
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium.
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Pandey A, Chandra S, Chauhan LKS, Narayan G, Chowdhuri DK. Cellular internalization and stress response of ingested amorphous silica nanoparticles in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2256-66. [PMID: 23046978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSNPs) are used for various applications including food industry. However, limited in vivo studies are available on absorption/internalization of ingested aSNPs in the midgut cells of an organism. The study aims to examine cellular uptake of aSNPs (<30nm) in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R(+)) owing to similarities between the midgut tissue of this organism and human and subsequently cellular stress response generated by these nanoparticles. METHODS Third instar larvae of D. melanogaster were exposed orally to 1-100μg/mL of aSNPs for 12-36h and oxidative stress (OS), heat shock genes (hsgs), membrane destabilization (Acridine orange/Ethidium Bromide staining), cellular internalization (TEM) and apoptosis endpoints. RESULTS A significant increase was observed in OS endpoints in the midgut cells of exposed Drosophila in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Significantly increased expression of hsp70 and hsp22 along with caspases activation, membrane destabilization and mitochondrial membrane potential loss was also observed. TEM analysis showed aSNPs-uptake in the midgut cells of exposed Drosophila via endocytic vesicles and by direct membrane penetration. CONCLUSION aSNPs after their internalization in the midgut cells of exposed Drosophila larvae show membrane destabilization along with increased cellular stress and cell death. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Ingested aSNPs show adverse effects on the cells of GI tract of the exposed organism thus their industrial use as a food-additive may raise concern to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Effects of SiC nanoparticles orally administered in a rat model: Biodistribution, toxicity and elemental composition changes in feces and organs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:232-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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247
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Varela JA, Bexiga MG, Åberg C, Simpson JC, Dawson KA. Quantifying size-dependent interactions between fluorescently labeled polystyrene nanoparticles and mammalian cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:39. [PMID: 23006133 PMCID: PMC3492040 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in a wide variety of fields such as technology, medicine and industry. Due to the novelty of these applications and to ensure their success, a precise characterization of the interactions between NPs and cells is essential. Findings The current study explores the uptake of polystyrene NPs by 1321N1 human astrocytoma and A549 human lung carcinoma cell lines. In this work we show for the first time a comparison of the uptake rates of fluorescently labeled carboxylated polystyrene (PS) NPs of different sizes (20, 40 and 100 nm) in two different cell types, keeping the number of NPs per unit volume constant for all sizes. We propose a reliable methodology to control the dose of fluorescently labeled NPs, by counting individual NPs using automated particle detection from 3D confocal microscopy images. The possibility of detecting individual NPs also allowed us to calculate the size of each nanoparticle and compare the fluorescence of single NPs across different sizes, thereby providing a robust platform for normalization of NP internalization experiments as measured by flow cytometry. Conclusions Our findings show that 40 nm NPs are internalized faster than 20 nm or 100 nm particles in both cell lines studied, suggesting that there is a privileged size gap in which the internalization of NPs is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Varela
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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248
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De Temmerman PJ, Van Doren E, Verleysen E, Van der Stede Y, Francisco MAD, Mast J. Quantitative characterization of agglomerates and aggregates of pyrogenic and precipitated amorphous silica nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:24. [PMID: 22709926 PMCID: PMC3462150 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of a nanomaterial (NM) with a biological system depends not only on the size of its primary particles but also on the size, shape and surface topology of its aggregates and agglomerates. A method based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to visualize the NM and on image analysis, to measure detected features quantitatively, was assessed for its capacity to characterize the aggregates and agglomerates of precipitated and pyrogenic synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (SAS), or silica, NM. RESULTS Bright field (BF) TEM combined with systematic random imaging and semi-automatic image analysis allows measuring the properties of SAS NM quantitatively. Automation allows measuring multiple and arithmetically complex parameters simultaneously on high numbers of detected particles. This reduces operator-induced bias and assures a statistically relevant number of measurements, avoiding the tedious repetitive task of manual measurements. Access to multiple parameters further allows selecting the optimal parameter in function of a specific purpose.Using principle component analysis (PCA), twenty-three measured parameters were classified into three classes containing measures for size, shape and surface topology of the NM. CONCLUSION The presented method allows a detailed quantitative characterization of NM, like dispersions of precipitated and pyrogenic SAS based on the number-based distributions of their mean diameter, sphericity and shape factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Electron Microscopy-unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Elke Van Doren
- Electron Microscopy-unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Eveline Verleysen
- Electron Microscopy-unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- Unit for Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVD-ERA), Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Michel Abi Daoud Francisco
- Electron Microscopy-unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Electron Microscopy-unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenbergstraat 99, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
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249
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Michel K, Scheel J, Karsten S, Stelter N, Wind T. Risk assessment of amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles in a glass cleaner formulation. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:974-88. [PMID: 22548260 PMCID: PMC3741016 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.689881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since nanomaterials are a heterogeneous group of substances used in various applications, risk assessment needs to be done on a case-by-case basis. Here the authors assess the risk (hazard and exposure) of a glass cleaner with synthetic amorphous silicon dioxide (SAS) nanoparticles during production and consumer use (spray application). As the colloidal material used is similar to previously investigated SAS, the hazard profile was considered to be comparable. Overall, SAS has a low toxicity. Worker exposure was analysed to be well controlled. The particle size distribution indicated that the aerosol droplets were in a size range not expected to reach the alveoli. Predictive modelling was used to approximate external exposure concentrations. Consumer and environmental exposure were estimated conservatively and were not of concern. It was concluded based on the available weight-of-evidence that the production and application of the glass cleaner is safe for humans and the environment under intended use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Michel
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Corporate Scientific Services - Toxicology , Düsseldorf , Germany.
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Uboldi C, Giudetti G, Broggi F, Gilliland D, Ponti J, Rossi F. Amorphous silica nanoparticles do not induce cytotoxicity, cell transformation or genotoxicity in Balb/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 745:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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