201
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Figlia G, Gerber D, Suter U. Myelination and mTOR. Glia 2017; 66:693-707. [PMID: 29210103 PMCID: PMC5836902 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating cells surround axons to accelerate the propagation of action potentials, to support axonal health, and to refine neural circuits. Myelination is metabolically demanding and, consistent with this notion, mTORC1—a signaling hub coordinating cell metabolism—has been implicated as a key signal for myelination. Here, we will discuss metabolic aspects of myelination, illustrate the main metabolic processes regulated by mTORC1, and review advances on the role of mTORC1 in myelination of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Recent progress has revealed a complex role of mTORC1 in myelinating cells that includes, besides positive regulation of myelin growth, additional critical functions in the stages preceding active myelination. Based on the available evidence, we will also highlight potential nonoverlapping roles between mTORC1 and its known main upstream pathways PI3K‐Akt, Mek‐Erk1/2, and AMPK in myelinating cells. Finally, we will discuss signals that are already known or hypothesized to be responsible for the regulation of mTORC1 activity in myelinating cells. Myelination is metabolically demanding. The metabolic regulator mTORC1 controls differentiation of myelinating cells and promotes myelin
growth. mTORC1‐independent targets of the PI3K‐Akt and Mek‐Erk1/2 pathways may also be significant in myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Figlia
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerber
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH 8093, Switzerland
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202
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Yamazaki R, Baba H, Yamaguchi Y. Unconventional Myosin ID is Involved in Remyelination After Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:195-204. [PMID: 28986688 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, which is a multilamellar structure that sheathes the axon, is essential for normal neuronal function. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs), which wrap their plasma membrane around axons. The dynamic membrane trafficking system, which relies on motor proteins, is required for myelin formation and maintenance. Previously, we reported that myosin ID (Myo1d) is distributed in rat CNS myelin and is especially enriched in the outer and inner cytoplasm-containing loops. Further, small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment highlighted the involvement of Myo1d in the formation and maintenance of myelin in cultured OLs. Myo1d is one of the unconventional myosins, which may contribute to membrane dynamics, either in the wrapping process or transport of myelin membrane proteins during myelination. However, the function of Myo1d in myelin formation in vivo remains unclear. In the current study, to clarify the function of Myo1d in vivo, we surgically injected siRNA in the corpus callosum of a cuprizone-treated demyelination mouse model via stereotaxy. Knockdown of Myo1d expression in vivo decreased the intensities of myelin basic protein and myelin proteolipid protein immunofluorescence staining. However, neural/glial antigen 2-positive signals and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC/CC1)-positive cell numbers were unchanged by siRNA treatment. Furthermore, Myo1d knockdown treatment increased pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes during remyelination. In contrast, anti-inflammatory microglia were decreased. The percentage of caspase 3-positive cells in total CC1-positive OLs were also increased by Myo1d knockdown. These results indicated that Myo1d plays an important role during the regeneration process after demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroko Baba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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203
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Wang HF, Liu XK, Li R, Zhang P, Chu Z, Wang CL, Liu HR, Qi J, Lv GY, Wang GY, Liu B, Li Y, Wang YY. Effect of glial cells on remyelination after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1724-1732. [PMID: 29171439 PMCID: PMC5696855 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination plays a key role in functional recovery of axons after spinal cord injury. Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. When spinal cord injury occurs, many glial cells at the lesion site are immediately activated, and different cells differentially affect inflammatory reactions after injury. In this review, we aim to discuss the core role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and crosstalk with the rest of glia and their subcategories in the remyelination process. Activated astrocytes influence proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, while activated microglia alter remyelination by regulating the inflammatory reaction after spinal cord injury. Understanding the interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and the rest of glia is necessary when designing a therapeutic plan of remyelination after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ze Chu
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hua-rui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guo-yue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-yi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuan-yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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204
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Krishnan ML, Van Steenwinckel J, Schang AL, Yan J, Arnadottir J, Le Charpentier T, Csaba Z, Dournaud P, Cipriani S, Auvynet C, Titomanlio L, Pansiot J, Ball G, Boardman JP, Walley AJ, Saxena A, Mirza G, Fleiss B, Edwards AD, Petretto E, Gressens P. Integrative genomics of microglia implicates DLG4 (PSD95) in the white matter development of preterm infants. Nat Commun 2017; 8:428. [PMID: 28874660 PMCID: PMC5585205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth places infants in an adverse environment that leads to abnormal brain development and cerebral injury through a poorly understood mechanism known to involve neuroinflammation. In this study, we integrate human and mouse molecular and neuroimaging data to investigate the role of microglia in preterm white matter damage. Using a mouse model where encephalopathy of prematurity is induced by systemic interleukin-1β administration, we undertake gene network analysis of the microglial transcriptomic response to injury, extend this by analysis of protein-protein interactions, transcription factors and human brain gene expression, and translate findings to living infants using imaging genomics. We show that DLG4 (PSD95) protein is synthesised by microglia in immature mouse and human, developmentally regulated, and modulated by inflammation; DLG4 is a hub protein in the microglial inflammatory response; and genetic variation in DLG4 is associated with structural differences in the preterm infant brain. DLG4 is thus apparently involved in brain development and impacts inter-individual susceptibility to injury after preterm birth.Inflammation mediated by microglia plays a key role in brain injury associated with preterm birth, but little is known about the microglial response in preterm infants. Here, the authors integrate molecular and imaging data from animal models and preterm infants, and find that microglial expression of DLG4 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Krishnan
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Juliette Van Steenwinckel
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Schang
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jun Yan
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Johanna Arnadottir
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Tifenn Le Charpentier
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Sara Cipriani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Constance Auvynet
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, UMRS-1135, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Gareth Ball
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Walley
- Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Core Facility, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ghazala Mirza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France.
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205
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Tao C, Hu X, Li H, You C. White Matter Injury after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:422. [PMID: 28890692 PMCID: PMC5575148 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10%–30% of all types of stroke. Bleeding within the brain parenchyma causes gray matter (GM) destruction as well as proximal or distal white matter (WM) injury (WMI) due to complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Because WM has a distinct cellular architecture, blood supply pattern and corresponding function, and its response to stroke may vary from that of GM, a better understanding of the characteristics of WMI following ICH is essential and may shed new light on treatment options. Current evidence using histological, radiological and chemical biomarkers clearly confirms the spatio-temporal distribution of WMI post- ICH. Although certain types of pathological damage such as inflammatory, oxidative and neuro-excitotoxic injury to WM have been identified, the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this review article, we briefly describe the constitution and physiological function of brain WM, summarize evidence regarding WMI, and focus on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyuan Tao
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Chao You
- Stroke Clinical Research Unit, Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
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206
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Francis SP, Cunningham LL. Non-autonomous Cellular Responses to Ototoxic Drug-Induced Stress and Death. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:252. [PMID: 28878625 PMCID: PMC5572385 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first major recognition of drug-induced hearing loss can be traced back more than seven decades to the development of streptomycin as an antimicrobial agent. Since then at least 130 therapeutic drugs have been recognized as having ototoxic side-effects. Two important classes of ototoxic drugs are the aminoglycoside antibiotics and the platinum-based antineoplastic agents. These drugs save the lives of millions of people worldwide, but they also cause irreparable hearing loss. In the inner ear, sensory hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are important cellular targets of these drugs, and most mechanistic studies have focused on the cell-autonomous responses of these cell types in response to ototoxic stress. Despite several decades of studies on ototoxicity, important unanswered questions remain, including the cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine whether HCs and SGNs will live or die when confronted with ototoxic challenge. Emerging evidence indicates that other cell types in the inner ear can act as mediators of survival or death of sensory cells and SGNs. For example, glia-like supporting cells (SCs) can promote survival of both HCs and SGNs. Alternatively, SCs can act to promote HC death and inhibit neural fiber expansion. Similarly, tissue resident macrophages activate either pro-survival or pro-death signaling that can influence HC survival after exposure to ototoxic agents. Together these data indicate that autonomous responses that occur within a stressed HC or SGN are not the only (and possibly not the primary) determinants of whether the stressed cell ultimately lives or dies. Instead non-cell-autonomous responses are emerging as significant determinants of HC and SGN survival vs. death in the face of ototoxic stress. The goal of this review is to summarize the current evidence on non-cell-autonomous responses to ototoxic stress and to discuss ways in which this knowledge may advance the development of therapies to reduce hearing loss caused by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon P Francis
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa L Cunningham
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, United States
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207
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Aranmolate A, Tse N, Colognato H. Myelination is delayed during postnatal brain development in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 28806929 PMCID: PMC5556620 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the loss of the dystrophin component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) compromises plasma membrane integrity in skeletal muscle, resulting in extensive muscle degeneration. In addition, many DMD patients exhibit brain deficits in which the cellular etiology remains poorly understood. We recently found that dystroglycan, a receptor component of the DGC that binds intracellularly to dystrophin, regulates the development of oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cells of the brain. RESULTS We investigated whether dystrophin contributes to oligodendroglial function and brain myelination. We found that oligodendrocytes express up to three dystrophin isoforms, in conjunction with classic DGC components, which are developmentally regulated during differentiation and in response to extracellular matrix engagement. We found that mdx mice, a model of DMD lacking expression of the largest dystrophin isoform, have delayed myelination and inappropriate oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation in the cerebral cortex. When we prevented the expression of all oligodendroglial dystrophin isoforms in cultured oligodendrocytes using RNA interference, we found that later stages of oligodendrocyte maturation were significantly delayed, similar to mdx phenotypes in the developing brain. CONCLUSIONS We find that dystrophin is expressed in oligodendrocytes and influences developmental myelination, which provides new insight into potential cellular contributors to brain dysfunction associated with DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Aranmolate
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Nathaniel Tse
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Holly Colognato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
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208
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Kabba JA, Xu Y, Christian H, Ruan W, Chenai K, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Saavedra JM, Pang T. Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:53-71. [PMID: 28534246 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, of myeloid origin, play fundamental roles in the control of immune responses and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. These cells, just like peripheral macrophages, may be activated into M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes by appropriate stimuli. Microglia do not respond in isolation, but form part of complex networks of cells influencing each other. This review addresses the complex interaction of microglia with each cell type in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. We also highlight the participation of microglia in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain, and their roles in the development and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alimamy Kabba
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Handson Christian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kitchen Chenai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
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209
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Zhao D, Mokhtari R, Pedrosa E, Birnbaum R, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of microglia in a mouse model of Rett syndrome: differential expression of genes associated with microglia/macrophage activation and cellular stress. Mol Autism 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28367307 PMCID: PMC5372344 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe, neurodevelopmental disorder primarily affecting girls, characterized by progressive loss of cognitive, social, and motor skills after a relatively brief period of typical development. It is usually due to de novo loss of function mutations in the X-linked gene, MeCP2, which codes for the gene expression and chromatin regulator, methyl-CpG binding protein 2. Although the behavioral phenotype appears to be primarily due to neuronal Mecp2 deficiency in mice, other cell types, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, also appear to contribute to some aspects of the RTT phenotype. In addition, microglia may also play a role. However, the effect of Mecp2 deficiency in microglia on RTT pathogenesis is controversial. METHODS In the current study, we applied whole transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq to gain insight into molecular pathways in microglia that might be dysregulated during the transition, in female mice heterozygous for an Mecp2-null allele (Mecp2+/-; Het), from the pre-phenotypic (5 weeks) to the phenotypic phases (24 weeks). RESULTS We found a significant overlap in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with genes involved in regulating the extracellular matrix, and those that are activated or inhibited when macrophages and microglia are stimulated towards the M1 and M2 activation states. However, the M1- and M2-associated genes were different in the 5- and 24-week samples. In addition, a substantial decrease in the expression of nine members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family was found in the 5-week samples, but not at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that microglia from pre-phenotypic and phenotypic female mice are activated in a manner different from controls and that pre-phenotypic female mice may have alterations in their capacity to response to heat stress and other stressors that function through the HSP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
| | - Ryan Mokhtari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
| | - Rayna Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
| | - Herbert M Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY USA
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210
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Lapato AS, Szu JI, Hasselmann JPC, Khalaj AJ, Binder DK, Tiwari-Woodruff SK. Chronic demyelination-induced seizures. Neuroscience 2017; 346:409-422. [PMID: 28153692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are three to six times more likely to develop epilepsy compared to the rest of the population. Seizures are more common in patients with early onset or progressive forms of the disease and prognosticate rapid progression to disability and death. Gray matter atrophy, hippocampal lesions, interneuron loss, and elevated juxtacortical lesion burden have been identified in MS patients with seizures; however, translational studies aimed at elucidating the pathophysiological processes underlying MS epileptogenesis are limited. Here, we report that cuprizone-mediated chronically demyelinated (9-12weeks) mice exhibit marked changes to dorsal hippocampal electroencephalography (EEG) and evidence of overt seizure activity. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses within the hippocampal CA1 region revealed extensive demyelination, loss of parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons, widespread gliosis, and changes in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression. Our results suggest that chronically demyelinated mice are a valuable model with which we may begin to understand the mechanisms underlying demyelination-induced seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Lapato
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jenny I Szu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan P C Hasselmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anna J Khalaj
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Seema K Tiwari-Woodruff
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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211
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Mehta P, Piao X. Adhesion G-protein coupled receptors and extracellular matrix proteins: Roles in myelination and glial cell development. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:275-284. [PMID: 27859941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a large family of transmembrane proteins that play important roles in many processes during development, primarily through cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. In the nervous system, they have been linked to the complex process of myelination, both in the central and peripheral nervous system. GPR126 is essential in Schwann cell-mediated myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), while GPR56 is involved in oligodendrocyte development central nervous system (CNS) myelination. VLGR1 is another aGPCR that is associated with the expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which has inhibitory effects on the process of nerve repair. The ECM is composed of a vast array of structural proteins, three of which interact specifically with aGPCRs: collagen III/GPR56, collagen IV/GPR126, and laminin-211/GPR126. As druggable targets, aGPCRs are valuable in their ability to unlock treatment for a wide variety of currently debilitating myelin disorders. Developmental Dynamics 246:275-284, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Mehta
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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212
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Luo C, Jian C, Liao Y, Huang Q, Wu Y, Liu X, Zou D, Wu Y. The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1661-1667. [PMID: 28721047 PMCID: PMC5499932 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s140634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the CNS; they play an important role in the processes of demyelination and remyelination in MS. Microglia can function as antigen-presenting cells and phagocytes. In the past, microglia were considered to be the same cell type as macrophages, and researchers have different opinions about the role of microglia in MS. This review focuses on the original classification of microglia and their role in the pathogenesis of MS. Moreover, we present a hypothetical model for the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of MS based on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Chongdong Jian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Yuejuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Xixia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
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