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Lara-Diaz VJ, Castilla-Cortazar I, Martín-Estal I, García-Magariño M, Aguirre GA, Puche JE, de la Garza RG, Morales LA, Muñoz U. IGF-1 modulates gene expression of proteins involved in inflammation, cytoskeleton, and liver architecture. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:245-258. [PMID: 28124277 PMCID: PMC5399066 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Even though the liver synthesizes most of circulating IGF-1, it lacks its receptor under physiological conditions. However, according to previous studies, a damaged liver expresses the receptor. For this reason, herein, we examine hepatic histology and expression of genes encoding proteins of the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and cell-cell molecules and inflammation-related proteins. A partial IGF-1 deficiency murine model was used to investigate IGF-1's effects on liver by comparing wild-type controls, heterozygous igf1+/-, and heterozygous mice treated with IGF-1 for 10 days. Histology, microarray for mRNA gene expression, RT-qPCR, and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Microarray analyses revealed significant underexpression of igf1 in heterozygous mice compared to control mice, restoring normal liver expression after treatment, which then normalized its circulating levels. IGF-1 receptor mRNA was overexpressed in Hz mice liver, while treated mice displayed a similar expression to that of the controls. Heterozygous mice showed overexpression of several genes encoding proteins related to inflammatory and acute-phase proteins and underexpression or overexpression of genes which coded for extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell junction components. Histology revealed an altered hepatic architecture. In addition, liver oxidative damage was found increased in the heterozygous group. The mere IGF-1 partial deficiency is associated with relevant alterations of the hepatic architecture and expression of genes involved in cytoskeleton, hepatocyte polarity, cell junctions, and extracellular matrix proteins. Moreover, it induces hepatic expression of the IGF-1 receptor and elevated acute-phase and inflammation mediators, which all resulted in liver oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Lara-Diaz
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - I Castilla-Cortazar
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. .,Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Martín-Estal
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - M García-Magariño
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - G A Aguirre
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - J E Puche
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - R G de la Garza
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - L A Morales
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte. Col. Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - U Muñoz
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
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202
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Delaney K, Kasprzycka P, Ciemerych MA, Zimowska M. The role of TGF-β1 during skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:706-715. [PMID: 28035727 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The injury of adult skeletal muscle initiates series of well-coordinated events that lead to the efficient repair of the damaged tissue. Any disturbances during muscle myolysis or reconstruction may result in the unsuccessful regeneration, characterised by strong inflammatory response and formation of connective tissue, that is, fibrosis. The switch between proper regeneration of skeletal muscle and development of fibrosis is controlled by various factors. Amongst them are those belonging to the transforming growth factor β family. One of the TGF-β family members is TGF-β1, a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of muscle repair via satellite cells activation, connective tissue formation, as well as regulation of the immune response intensity. Here, we present the role of TGF-β1 in myogenic differentiation and muscle repair. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling these processes can contribute to the better understanding of skeletal muscle atrophy and diseases which consequence is fibrosis disrupting muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Delaney
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Kasprzycka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Anna Ciemerych
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zimowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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203
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Okazaki M, Fushida S, Harada S, Tsukada T, Kinoshita J, Oyama K, Miyashita T, Ninomiya I, Ohta T. Establishing a xenograft mouse model of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer with organ invasion and fibrosis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:23. [PMID: 28056854 PMCID: PMC5217597 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical prognosis of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination is poor because of its chemoresistance and rich fibrosis. While several gastric cancer cell lines have been used to establish models of peritoneal dissemination by intraperitoneal injection, most peritoneal tumors that form adopt a medullary pattern in microscopic appearance. This histological finding for the model differs from that in the clinical situation. This study was performed to demonstrate the contribution of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) to fibrotic tumor formation and to establish a new xenograft model with high potential for peritoneal dissemination with organ invasion and extensive fibrosis. Methods We established four types of xenograft model: i) intraperitoneal injection of MKN45-P cells alone (control group), ii) injection of MKN45-P cells co-cultured with HPMCs (co-cultured group), iii) scratching the parietal peritoneum (parietal group), and iv) scratching the visceral peritoneum (visceral group) with a cotton swab before injection of co-cultured cells. Fibrosis, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and organ invasion by tumor cells were all assessed by immunohistochemical examination. Results All mice developed abdominal swelling with peritoneal tumors and bloody ascites. Tumors of the control and co-cultured groups were not invasive or fibrotic. Contrastingly, tumors of the scratch groups exhibited rich stromal fibrosis and possessed increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. In particular, the visceral group showed edematous and spreading tumors invading the intestinal wall. Conclusion We established a model of peritoneal dissemination with organ invasion and stromal fibrosis. Formation of peritoneal dissemination required a favorable environment for cell adhesion, invasion, and growth. This model may be useful for analyzing the pathogenesis and treatment of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2991-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
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204
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Properties and Immune Function of Cardiac Fibroblasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:35-70. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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205
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Mattos RT, Medeiros NI, Menezes CA, Fares RCG, Franco EP, Dutra WO, Rios-Santos F, Correa-Oliveira R, Gomes JAS. Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Childhood Obesity Is Associated with Decreased IL-10 Expression by Monocyte Subsets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168610. [PMID: 27977792 PMCID: PMC5158089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is related to the development of comorbidities and poor prognosis in obesity. Monocytes are main sources of cytokines and play a pivotal role in inflammation. We evaluated monocyte frequency, phenotype and cytokine profile of monocyte subsets, to determine their association with the pathogenesis of childhood obesity. Children with obesity were evaluated for biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Monocyte subsets were characterized by flow cytometry, considering cytokine production and activation/recognition molecules. Correlation analysis between clinical parameters and immunological data delineated the monocytes contribution for low-grade inflammation. We observed a higher frequency of non-classical monocytes in the childhood obesity group (CO) than normal-weight group (NW). All subsets displayed higher TLR4 expression in CO, but their recognition and antigen presentation functions seem to be diminished due to lower expression of CD40, CD80/86 and HLA-DR. All subsets showed a lower expression of IL-10 in CO and correlation analyses showed changes in IL-10 expression profile. The lower expression of IL-10 may be decisive for the maintenance of the low-grade inflammation status in CO, especially for alterations in non-classical monocytes profile. These cells may contribute to supporting inflammation and loss of regulation in the immune response of children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. Mattos
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nayara I. Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Carlos A. Menezes
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
- Serviço de Medicina Preventiva da Unimed, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Rafaelle C. G. Fares
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Eliza P. Franco
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Walderez O. Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Topicais—INCT-DT
| | - Fabrício Rios-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grasso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Topicais—INCT-DT
| | - Juliana A. S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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206
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Aldag C, Nogueira Teixeira D, Leventhal PS. Skin rejuvenation using cosmetic products containing growth factors, cytokines, and matrikines: a review of the literature. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016; 9:411-419. [PMID: 27877059 PMCID: PMC5108505 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin aging is primarily due to alterations in the dermal extracellular matrix, especially a decrease in collagen I content, fragmentation of collagen fibrils, and accumulation of amorphous elastin material, also known as elastosis. Growth factors and cytokines are included in several cosmetic products intended for skin rejuvenation because of their ability to promote collagen synthesis. Matrikines and matrikine-like peptides offer the advantage of growth factor-like activities but better skin penetration due to their much smaller molecular size. In this review, we summarize the commercially available products containing growth factors, cytokines, and matrikines for which there is evidence that they promote skin rejuvenation.
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207
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Andrianifahanana M, Hernandez DM, Yin X, Kang JH, Jung MY, Wang Y, Yi ES, Roden AC, Limper AH, Leof EB. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways. FASEB J 2016; 30:3733-3744. [PMID: 27480571 PMCID: PMC5067255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β plays a central role in the pathogenesis of fibroproliferative disorders. Defining the exact underlying molecular basis is therefore critical for the development of viable therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that expression of the facilitative glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is induced by TGF-β in fibroblast lines and primary cells and is required for the profibrotic effects of TGF-β. In addition, enhanced GLUT1 expression is observed in fibrotic areas of lungs of both patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and mice that are subjected to a fibrosis-inducing bleomycin treatment. By using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that up-regulation of GLUT1 occurs via the canonical Smad2/3 pathway and requires autocrine activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases, platelet-derived and epidermal growth factor receptors. Engagement of the common downstream effector PI3K subsequently triggers activation of the MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, which cooperate in regulating GLUT1 expression. Of note, inhibition of GLUT1 activity and/or expression is shown to impair TGF-β-driven fibrogenic processes, including cell proliferation and production of profibrotic mediators. These findings provide new perspectives on the interrelation of metabolism and profibrotic TGF-β signaling and present opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention.-Andrianifahanana, M., Hernandez, D. M., Yin, X., Kang, J.-H., Jung, M.-Y., Wang, Y., Yi, E. S., Roden, A. C., Limper, A. H., Leof, E. B. Profibrotic up-regulation of glucose transporter 1 by TGF-β involves activation of MEK and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahefatiana Andrianifahanana
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danielle M Hernandez
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xueqian Yin
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeong-Han Kang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Youli Wang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anja C Roden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward B Leof
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;
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208
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Chang HM, Cheng JC, Liu Y, Klausen C, Xu C, Leung PCK. Activin A-induced increase in LOX activity in human granulosa–lutein cells is mediated by CTGF. Reproduction 2016; 152:293-301. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is the key enzyme involved in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin that is essential for the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM). LOX-mediated ECM remodeling plays a critical role in follicle development, oocyte maturation and corpus luteum formation. To date, the regulation of LOX in human ovary has never been elucidated. Activin A and its functional receptors are highly expressed in ovarian follicles from an early developmental stage. They locally regulate follicle progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of activin A on the expression of LOX and its extracellular enzyme activity in primary and immortalized human granulosa–lutein cells obtained from patients undergoing anin vitrofertilization procedure. We demonstrated that activin A significantly upregulated the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and LOX via an activin/TGF-β type I receptor mediated-signaling pathway. Using a target depletion small interfering RNA knockdown approach, we further confirmed that the upregulation of CTGF expression resulted in an activin-A-induced increases in LOX expression and activity. These findings may provide insight into the mechanisms by which intrafollicular growth factors regulate the expression of LOX for ECM formation and tissue remodeling in the human ovary.
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209
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Goetsch KP, Niesler CU. The extracellular matrix regulates the effect of decorin and transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) on myoblast migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:351-357. [PMID: 27644884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscular injuries that destroy the basal lamina result in poor functional recovery of skeletal muscle. This is due, in part, to the deposition of structural fibrotic proteins such as fibronectin and collagen by fibroblasts and other cells. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes fibrosis, whereas the proteoglycan decorin is known to act as an anti-fibrotic agent, in part via the binding and neutralization of TGF-β. We have previously established that decorin can alter the migratory response of skeletal muscle myoblasts to the extracellular matrix (ECM) factor collagen, but not fibronectin. We have also shown that TGF-β reduces myoblast migration. In the current study we demonstrate that decorin can dramatically alter the inhibitory role of TGF-β on human myoblast migration and go on to shown that the extracellular matrix can significantly modify this effect. Decorin and TGF-β2 in combination were observed to significantly increase the rate of human myoblast migration, despite the inhibitory effect of TGF-β2 on its own. Furthermore, in the presence of fibronectin, TGF-β2 and decorin no longer acted synergistically to promote migration; while in the presence of collagen I, TGF-β2 failed to inhibit migration. These studies show, for the first time, that decorin can alter the bioactivity of TGF-β2 on human myoblast migration and emphasize the crucial regulatory role of the extracellular matrix in determining the response of skeletal muscle myoblasts to migratory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Goetsch
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C U Niesler
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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210
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Di S, Ziyou Y, Liu NF. Pathological Changes of Lymphedematous Skin: Increased Mast Cells, Related Proteases, and Activated Transforming Growth Factor-β1. Lymphat Res Biol 2016; 14:162-71. [PMID: 27599355 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2016.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Di
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lymphology Centre, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ziyou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lymphology Centre, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Lymphology Centre, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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211
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The role of biophysical properties of provisional matrix proteins in wound repair. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:124-140. [PMID: 27534610 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex, dynamic process required for maintaining homeostasis in an organism. Along with being controlled biochemically, wound healing is also controlled through the transduction of biophysical stimuli through cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review provides an overview of the ECM's role in the wound healing process and subsequently expands on the variety of roles biophysical phenomenon play.
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212
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Demyanenko IA, Popova EN, Zakharova VV, Ilyinskaya OP, Vasilieva TV, Romashchenko VP, Fedorov AV, Manskikh VN, Skulachev MV, Zinovkin RA, Pletjushkina OY, Skulachev VP, Chernyak BV. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 improves impaired dermal wound healing in old mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:475-85. [PMID: 26187706 PMCID: PMC4543037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The process of skin wound healing is delayed or impaired in aging animals. To investigate the possible role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in cutaneous wound healing of aged mice, we have applied the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1. The SkQ1 treatment resulted in accelerated resolution of the inflammatory phase, formation of granulation tissue, vascularization and epithelization of the wounds. The wounds of SkQ1-treated mice contained increased amount of myofibroblasts which produce extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors mediating granulation tissue formation. This effect resembled SkQ1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblast, observed earlier in vitro. The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ)produced by SkQ1-treated fibroblasts was found to stimulated motility of endothelial cells in vitro, an effect which may underlie pro-angiogenic action of SkQ1 in the wounds. In vitro experiments showed that SkQ1 prevented decomposition of VE-cadherin containing contacts and following increase in permeability of endothelial cells monolayer, induced by pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF. Prevention of excessive reaction of endothelium to the pro-inflammatory cytokine(s) might account for anti-inflammatory effect of SkQ1. Our findings point to an important role of mtROS in pathogenesis of age-related chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Demyanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vlada V Zakharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P Ilyinskaya
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Valeria P Romashchenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily N Manskikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Zinovkin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Pletjushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Skulachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Mitoengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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213
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Zhou WP, Zhu YF, Zhang B, Qiu WY, Yao YF. The role of ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3-15. [PMID: 27176595 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a common ophthalmic disease affecting humans only. Extensive epidemiological data have demonstrated a causative effect of chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation on pterygia. Progress has been made in determining the origin of pterygia, their nasal predilection and wing‑shaped appearance, and the roles of UV radiation in the initiation and the development of pterygia. In the present review, the current understanding of the involvement of UV radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia is summarized. This involvement includes the alteration of limbal stem cells and fibroblasts that contribute to the initiation of pterygia and the induction of various pro‑inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases that promote the progression of pterygia. Further elucidation of the roles of UV radiation in the pathogenesis of pterygia may help to encourage individuals at risk of developing pterygia to take preventive measures and aid researchers in the development of novel targeted therapeutic agents to treat pterygia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ya Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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214
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Brady D, Lavelle LP, McEvoy SH, Murphy DJ, Gallagher A, Gibney B, Butler MW, Shortt F, McMullan M, Fabre A, Lynch DA, Abbara S, Donnelly SC, Dodd JD. Assessing fibrosis in pulmonary sarcoidosis: late-enhanced MRI compared to anatomic HRCT imaging. QJM 2016; 109:257-64. [PMID: 26537956 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Brady
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L P Lavelle
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S H McEvoy
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D J Murphy
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Gallagher
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - B Gibney
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M W Butler
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Shortt
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's Private Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M McMullan
- Department of Radiology, St Vincent's Private Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Fabre
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D A Lynch
- Department of Radiology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - S Abbara
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S C Donnelly
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J D Dodd
- From the Department of Radiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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215
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Li J, Cen B, Chen S, He Y. MicroRNA-29b inhibits TGF-β1-induced fibrosis via regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway in primary human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4229-37. [PMID: 27035110 PMCID: PMC4838148 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has a key role in the regulation of fibrosis and organ dysfunction. During the pathogenesis and progression of vital organ fibrosis, the microRNA (miR)-29 family is irregularly downregulated and exogenous supplementation of miR-29b has a strong anti-fibrotic capacity. However, whether TGF-β1 is able to provoke endometrial fibrosis, and the role of miR-29 in endometrial fibrosis remain unclear. In the present study, RT-qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot analysis, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, cell proliferation assay and flow cytometric analysis were employed. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of collagen, type 1, alpha 1 (COL1A1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and phosphorylated (p)-Smad2/3 were increased, whereas miR-29b and maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) were decreased in primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) in response to TGF-β1 stimulation, in a time and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-29b markedly reduced the expression levels of COL1A1 and α-SMA, and decreased the expression and nuclear accumulation of p-Smad2/3. In addition, ectopic overexpression of miR-29b increased the expression levels of MEG3, inhibited myofibroblast-like cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. These findings indicated that miR-29b may have a significant anti-fibrotic role, and may attenuate TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in ESCs. Therefore, exogenous miR-29b may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of endometrial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical Universtiy, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Bohong Cen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Siping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Yuanli He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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216
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Li J, Dai Y, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Zhang S. Endometriotic mesenchymal stem cells significantly promote fibrogenesis in ovarian endometrioma through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by paracrine production of TGF-β1 and Wnt1. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1224-35. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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217
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Zhang Y, Stefanovic B. LARP6 Meets Collagen mRNA: Specific Regulation of Type I Collagen Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:419. [PMID: 27011170 PMCID: PMC4813270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen is the most abundant structural protein in all vertebrates, but its constitutive rate of synthesis is low due to long half-life of the protein (60-70 days). However, several hundred fold increased production of type I collagen is often seen in reparative or reactive fibrosis. The mechanism which is responsible for this dramatic upregulation is complex, including multiple levels of regulation. However, posttranscriptional regulation evidently plays a predominant role. Posttranscriptional regulation comprises processing, transport, stabilization and translation of mRNAs and is executed by RNA binding proteins. There are about 800 RNA binding proteins, but only one, La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (LARP6), is specifically involved in type I collagen regulation. In the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) of mRNAs encoding for type I and type III collagens there is an evolutionally conserved stem-loop (SL) structure; this structure is not found in any other mRNA, including any other collagen mRNA. LARP6 binds to the 5'SL in sequence specific manner to regulate stability of collagen mRNAs and their translatability. Here, we will review current understanding of how is LARP6 involved in posttranscriptional regulation of collagen mRNAs. We will also discuss how other proteins recruited by LARP6, including nonmuscle myosin, vimentin, serine threonine kinase receptor associated protein (STRAP), 25 kD FK506 binding protein (FKBP25) and RNA helicase A (RHA), contribute to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Branko Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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218
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Sustained PI3K Activation exacerbates BLM-induced Lung Fibrosis via activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23034. [PMID: 26971883 PMCID: PMC4789787 DOI: 10.1038/srep23034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening disease with limited treatment options. Additionally, the lack of a complete understanding of underlying immunological mechanisms underscores the importance of discovering novel options for therapeutic intervention. Since the PI3K/PTEN pathway in myeloid cells influences their effector functions, we wanted to elucidate how sustained PI3K activity induced by cell-type specific genetic deficiency of its antagonist PTEN modulates IPF, in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BIPF). We found that myeloid PTEN deficient mice (PTENMyKO), after induction of BIPF, exhibit increased TGF-β1 activation, mRNA expression of pro-collagens and lysyl oxidase as well as augmented collagen deposition compared to wild-type littermates, leading to enhanced morbidity and decreased survival. Analysis of alveolar lavage and lung cell composition revealed that PTENMyKO mice exhibit reduced numbers of macrophages and T-cells in response to bleomycin, indicating an impaired recruitment function. Interestingly, we found dysregulated macrophage polarization as well as elevated expression and release of the pro-fibrotic cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in PTENMyKO mice during BIPF. This might point to an uncontrolled wound healing response in which the inflammatory as well as tissue repair mechanisms proceed in parallel, thereby preventing resolution and at the same time promoting extensive fibrosis.
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219
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The role and mechanisms of action of SIRT6 in the suppression of postoperative epidural scar formation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1337-44. [PMID: 26987016 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the role which sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) plays in lumbar spinal epidural fibrosis (EF) and scar formation in vitro and in vivo, SIRT6 and transforming growth factor β (TGF‑β) protein levels in the lumbar disc of patients were detected using western blotting in patients who had undergone a laminectomy. The results demonstrated that SIRT6 expression was significantly reduced in the lumbar discs of patients in whom an epidural scar had formed, but the expression pattern of TGF-β2 was much higher. Subsequently, a pcDNA‑SIRT6 expression vector was constructed and transfected into the primary fibroblasts isolated from the epidural scars. Flow cytometric and MTT analyses indicated that overexpression of SIRT6 suppressed the proliferation of the fibroblasts, and TGF‑β2 and interleukin-1α expression, as well as collagen type I (Col I) production. The results of bioinformatics and molecular biological analyses demonstarted that TGF‑β2 was a target of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and SIRT6 overexpression suppressed the levels of TGF-β2 through promoting the expression of miR-21. Finally, by injecting the pcDNA-SIRT6 vector, it was possible to observe that SIRT6 suppressed EF and epidural scar formation in vivo. In conclusion, we noted that SIRT6 suppressed EF and epidural scar formation in vitro and in vivo. It was also noted that SIRT6 overexpression suppressed TGF-β2 levels by promoting the expression of miR-21.
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220
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Li J, Zhao TT, Zhang P, Xu CJ, Rong ZX, Yan ZY, Fang CY. Autophagy mediates oral submucous fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1859-1864. [PMID: 27168817 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic insidious disease of the oral mucosa, well-recognized as a premalignant condition and commonly found in Southern China. It is primarily caused by the habit of areca nut or gutkha chewing. OSF is believed to be a homeostatic disorder of the extracellular matrix and fibroblast proliferation. The present study demonstrated a novel link between autophagy and OSF. Tissue samples from human OSF showed an overexpression of the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 using immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. With regard to the crucial role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in OSF disease, western blot analysis demonstrated that TGF-β signaling was shown to contribute to the activation of autophagy in fibroblasts in vitro; however, a cell apoptosis and MTS assay demonstrated that the suppression of autophagy ameliorated the fibrosis induced by active TGF-β receptor type I signaling, as well as promoted fibroblast apoptosis and suppressed proliferation. Therefore, the present results suggest that autophagy serves a crucial function in OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Oral Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Oral Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Xiang Rong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Yan
- Oral Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yun Fang
- Oral Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
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221
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Fang F, Huang RL, Zheng Y, Liu M, Huo R. Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the proliferative and profibrotic phenotype of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and keloid fibroblasts through paracrine signaling. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:95-105. [PMID: 27211019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scars and keloids, characterized by over-proliferation of fibroblasts and aberrant formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are considered fibrotic diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote scar-free wound healing and inhibit fibrotic tissue formation, making them a potentially effective therapeutic treatment for hypertrophic scars and keloids. OBJECTIVE To investigate the paracrine effects of bone marrow derived MSCs (BMSCs) on the biological behavior of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) and keloid fibroblasts (KFs). METHODS Proliferative and profibrotic phenotype changes of the fibroblasts were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, in-cell western blot, and real-time PCR. RESULTS BMSC-conditioned medium inhibited HSF and KF proliferation and migration, but did not induce apoptosis. Interestingly, normal skin fibroblast-conditioned medium exhibited no inhibitory effects on HSF or KF proliferation and migration. Furthermore, BMSC-conditioned medium significantly decreased expression of profibrotic genes, including connective tissue growth factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, transforming growth factor-β1, and transforming growth factor-β2, in HSFs and KFs at both transcriptional and translational levels. In contrast, the expression of antifibrotic genes, such as transforming growth factor-β3 and decorin, was substantially enhanced under the same culture conditions. Finally, we observed that BMSC-conditioned medium suppressed the ECM synthesis in HSFs and KFs, as indicated by decreased expression of collagen I and fibronectin and low levels of hydroxyproline in cell culture supernatant. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that BMSCs attenuate the proliferative and profibrotic phenotype associated with HSFs and KFs and inhibit ECM synthesis through a paracrine signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Fang
- Department of Aesthetic, Plastic, and Burn Surgery, Shangdong Provincial Hospital, Shangdong University, No. 324 Jing 5 wei 7 Road, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Plastic Surgery, People's Hospital of Jimo, No. 4 Jianmin Road, Jimo 266200, China
| | - Ru-Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yongchao Zheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, People's Hospital of Jimo, No. 4 Jianmin Road, Jimo 266200, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, People's Hospital of Jimo, No. 4 Jianmin Road, Jimo 266200, China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Aesthetic, Plastic, and Burn Surgery, Shangdong Provincial Hospital, Shangdong University, No. 324 Jing 5 wei 7 Road, Jinan 250021, China.
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222
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Ha DM, Carpenter LC, Koutakis P, Swanson SA, Zhu Z, Hanna M, DeSpiegelaere HK, Pipinos II, Casale GP. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells predicts fibrosis in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral artery disease. J Transl Med 2016; 14:39. [PMID: 26847457 PMCID: PMC4743093 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lower leg ischemia, myopathy, and limb dysfunction are distinguishing features of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The myopathy of PAD is characterized by myofiber degeneration in association with extracellular matrix expansion, and increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1; a pro-fibrotic cytokine). In this study, we evaluated cellular expression of TGF-β1 in gastrocnemius of control (CTRL) and PAD patients and its relationship to deposited collagen, fibroblast accumulation and limb hemodynamics. Methods Gastrocnemius biopsies were collected from PAD patients with claudication (PAD-II; N = 25) and tissue loss (PAD-IV; N = 20) and from CTRL patients (N = 20). TGF-β1 in slide-mounted specimens was labeled with fluorescent antibodies and analyzed by quantitative wide-field, fluorescence microscopy. We evaluated co-localization of TGF-β1 with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) (high molecular weight caldesmon), fibroblasts (TE-7 antigen), macrophages (CD163), T cells (CD3) and endothelial cells (CD31). Collagen was stained with Masson Trichrome and collagen density was determined by quantitative bright-field microscopy with multi-spectral imaging. Results Collagen density increased from CTRL to PAD-II to PAD-IV specimens (all differences p < 0.05) and was prominent around microvessels. TGF-β1 expression increased with advancing disease (all differences p < 0.05), correlated with collagen density across all specimens (r = 0.864; p < 0.001), associated with fibroblast accumulation, and was observed exclusively in SMC. TGF-β1 expression inversely correlated with ankle-brachial index across PAD patients (r = −0.698; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings support a progressive fibrosis in the gastrocnemius of PAD patients that is caused by elevated TGF-β1 production in the SMC of microvessels in response to tissue hypoxia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0790-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy M Ha
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Lauren C Carpenter
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Panagiotis Koutakis
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Stanley A Swanson
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Mina Hanna
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Holly K DeSpiegelaere
- Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Iraklis I Pipinos
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,Department of Surgery and VA Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA. .,983280 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7690, USA.
| | - George P Casale
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. .,987690 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-7690, USA.
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223
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Schanaider A, Cotta-Pereira R, Silva PC, Macedo-Ramos H, Silva JD, Teixeira PAC, Pannain VLN, Rocco PRM, Baetas-da-Cruz W. Exogenous pulmonary surfactant prevents the development of intra-abdominal adhesions in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:632-43. [PMID: 26828859 PMCID: PMC5114718 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-abdominal adhesions are major post-operative complications for which no effective means of prevention is available. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of exogenous pulmonary surfactant administration in the prevention of post-operative abdominal adhesions. Rats were randomly assigned to undergo laparotomy (L) or gastroenterostomy (GE) and then treated with surfactant (groups L-S and GE-S, respectively). Intra-abdominal adhesions, collagen fibre content, metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, expression of growth factors (TGF-β, KGF and VEGF), type III procollagen (PCIII) and pro-caspase 3, as well as isolectin B4 and ED1-positive cells expressing MMP-9, were evaluated. Groups treated with surfactant (GE-S and L-S) exhibited fewer adhesions. A significant reduction in collagen fibre content was observed in GE-S compared to GE animals (P < 0.001). In situ and gelatin zymography analysis showed higher MMP-9 expression and activity in the GE-S group compared to the GE group (P < 0.05). ED1-positive cell counts were significantly higher in the GE-S group (P < 0.001) than in the GE group. Virtually all cells positive for ED1 were MMP-9+. Double-labelling of MMP-9 with IB4 showed no significant differences between GE-S and GE groups. TGF-β, KGF, PCIII and pro-caspase-3 mRNA expression decreased significantly in GE-S compared to GE animals (P < 0.05). Surfactant administration also reduced apoptosis in the GE-S group. These findings suggest that surfactant reduces the intra-abdominal adhesions triggered by laparotomy and gastrointestinal anastomosis, thus preventing fibrosis formation at the peritoneal surfaces. This preclinical study suggests an innovative treatment strategy for intra-abdominal adhesions with surfactant and to endorse its putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Schanaider
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cotta-Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Silva
- Centre for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo Macedo-Ramos
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Johnatas D Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Teixeira
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera L N Pannain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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224
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Bekhouche M, Leduc C, Dupont L, Janssen L, Delolme F, Vadon-Le Goff S, Smargiasso N, Baiwir D, Mazzucchelli G, Zanella-Cleon I, Dubail J, De Pauw E, Nusgens B, Hulmes DJS, Moali C, Colige A. Determination of the substrate repertoire of ADAMTS2, 3, and 14 significantly broadens their functions and identifies extracellular matrix organization and TGF-β signaling as primary targets. FASEB J 2016; 30:1741-56. [PMID: 26740262 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type I motif (ADAMTS)2, 3, and 14 are collectively named procollagen N-proteinases (pNPs) because of their specific ability to cleave the aminopropeptide of fibrillar procollagens. Several reports also indicate that they could be involved in other biological processes, such as blood coagulation, development, and male fertility, but the potential substrates associated with these activities remain unknown. Using the recently described N-terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrate approach, we analyzed the secretomes of human fibroblasts and identified 8, 17, and 22 candidate substrates for ADAMTS2, 3, and 14, respectively. Among these newly identified substrates, many are components of the extracellular matrix and/or proteins related to cell signaling such as latent TGF-β binding protein 1, TGF-β RIII, and dickkopf-related protein 3. Candidate substrates for the 3 ADAMTS have been biochemically validated in different contexts, and the implication of ADAMTS2 in the control of TGF-β activity has been further demonstrated in human fibroblasts. Finally, the cleavage site specificity was assessed showing a clear and unique preference for nonpolar or slightly hydrophobic amino acids. This work shows that the activities of the pNPs extend far beyond the classically reported processing of the aminopropeptide of fibrillar collagens and that they should now be considered as multilevel regulators of matrix deposition and remodeling.-Bekhouche, M., Leduc, C., Dupont, L., Janssen, L., Delolme, F., Vadon-Le Goff, S., Smargiasso, N., Baiwir, D., Mazzucchelli, G., Zanella-Cleon, I., Dubail, J., De Pauw, E., Nusgens, B., Hulmes, D. J. S., Moali, C., Colige, A. Determination of the substrate repertoire of ADAMTS2, 3, and 14 significantly broadens their functions and identifies extracellular matrix organization and TGF-β signaling as primary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Bekhouche
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laura Dupont
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Janssen
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Delolme
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Lyon Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France; and Protein Science Facility, Institute for the Biology and Chemistry of Proteins, Unité Mixte de Service 3444, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Lyon Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France; and
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA Proteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- GIGA Proteomic Facility, GIGA-Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA Proteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Zanella-Cleon
- Protein Science Facility, Institute for the Biology and Chemistry of Proteins, Unité Mixte de Service 3444, Lyon, France
| | - Johanne Dubail
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA Proteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Betty Nusgens
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David J S Hulmes
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Lyon Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France; and
| | - Catherine Moali
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Lyon Unité Mixte de Recherche 5305, Lyon, France; and
| | - Alain Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;
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225
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Aldag C, Nogueira Teixeira D, Leventhal PS. Skin rejuvenation using cosmetic products containing growth factors, cytokines, and matrikines: a review of the literature. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016. [PMID: 27877059 DOI: 10.2147/ccid] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin aging is primarily due to alterations in the dermal extracellular matrix, especially a decrease in collagen I content, fragmentation of collagen fibrils, and accumulation of amorphous elastin material, also known as elastosis. Growth factors and cytokines are included in several cosmetic products intended for skin rejuvenation because of their ability to promote collagen synthesis. Matrikines and matrikine-like peptides offer the advantage of growth factor-like activities but better skin penetration due to their much smaller molecular size. In this review, we summarize the commercially available products containing growth factors, cytokines, and matrikines for which there is evidence that they promote skin rejuvenation.
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226
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Fibroblast biology in pterygia. Exp Eye Res 2016; 142:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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227
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Mechanisms Underlying Testicular Damage and Dysfunction in Mice With Partial IGF-1 Deficiency and the Effectiveness of IGF-1 Replacement Therapy. Urology 2015; 86:1241.e1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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228
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Fierro-Fernández M, Busnadiego Ó, Sandoval P, Espinosa-Díez C, Blanco-Ruiz E, Rodríguez M, Pian H, Ramos R, López-Cabrera M, García-Bermejo ML, Lamas S. miR-9-5p suppresses pro-fibrogenic transformation of fibroblasts and prevents organ fibrosis by targeting NOX4 and TGFBR2. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1358-77. [PMID: 26315535 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled extracellular matrix (ECM) production by fibroblasts in response to injury contributes to fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulates the production of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4)-dependent ROS, promoting lung fibrosis (LF). Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to contribute to LF. To identify miRNAs involved in redox regulation relevant for IPF, we performed arrays in human lung fibroblasts exposed to ROS. miR-9-5p was selected as the best candidate and we demonstrate its inhibitory effect on TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2) and NOX4 expression. Increased expression of miR-9-5p abrogates TGF-β1-dependent myofibroblast phenotypic transformation. In the mouse model of bleomycin-induced LF, miR-9-5p dramatically reduces fibrogenesis and inhibition of miR-9-5p and prevents its anti-fibrotic effect both in vitro and in vivo. In lung specimens from patients with IPF, high levels of miR-9-5p are found. In omentum-derived mesothelial cells (MCs) from patients subjected to peritoneal dialysis (PD), miR-9-5p also inhibits mesothelial to myofibroblast transformation. We propose that TGF-β1 induces miR-9-5p expression as a self-limiting homeostatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fierro-Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Busnadiego
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sandoval
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espinosa-Díez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Blanco-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario "Ramón y Cajal", IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Pian
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario "Ramón y Cajal", IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ramos
- Genomic Facility, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bulut G, Kurdoglu Z, Dönmez YB, Kurdoglu M, Erten R. Effects of jnk inhibitor on inflammation and fibrosis in the ovary tissue of a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8774-8785. [PMID: 26464620 PMCID: PMC4583852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor (SP600125) on fibrosis and inflammation in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHOD 50 Wistar-albino rats were divided into five groups (n=10 each): control group, sham group, PCOS group, SP600125+ PCOS group and SP600125 group. In the estradiol valerate (EV)-treated group in which PCOS was injected with a single 4 mg/kg i.p. of EV in 0.2 ml sesame oil and the rats were sacrificed on day 60. The estradiol valerate (EV)-treated + SP600125-treated group was injected with a single 4 mg/kg i.p. of EV in 0.2 ml sesame oil. As of day 60, the treatment group was additionally given 15 mg/kg i.p. of SP600125 once daily for 4 consecutive days and the rats were sacrificed on day 65. Histopathological findings (ovarian morphology, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular congestion and hyperemia) and collagen type IV immunoexpression were assessed. RESULTS The SP600125+ PCOS group showed a significant level of improvement in ovarian follicle morphology, edema, inflammatory infiltrate, vascular congestion and hyperemia as compared with the PCOS group. Furthermore, collagen type IV immunoexpression showed a significant reduction in staining intensity on the theca cell layer and ovary stroma as compared to the PCOS group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the therapeutic effect of SP600125 in the prevention of PCOS in an experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Bulut
- Department of Pathology, Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of MedicineVan, Turkey
| | - Zehra Kurdoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara Education and Research HospitalAnkara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Bozdemir Dönmez
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Namık Kemal UniversityTekirdag-Turkey
| | - Mertihan Kurdoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi UniversityAnkara, Turkey
| | - Remzi Erten
- Department of Pathology, Yuzuncu Yil University Faculty of MedicineVan, Turkey
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Organ L, Bacci B, Koumoundouros E, Barcham G, Milne M, Kimpton W, Samuel C, Snibson K. Structural and functional correlations in a large animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:81. [PMID: 26227819 PMCID: PMC4521476 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe and progressive respiratory disease with poor prognosis. Despite the positive outcomes from recent clinical trials, there is still no cure for this disease. Pre-clinical animal models are currently largely limited to small animals which have a number of shortcomings. We have previously shown that fibrosis is induced in isolated sheep lung segments 14 days after bleomycin treatment. This study aimed to determine whether bleomycin-induced fibrosis and associated functional changes persisted over a seven-week period. Methods Two separate lung segments in nine sheep received two challenges two weeks apart of either, 3U bleomycin (BLM), or saline (control). Lung function in these segments was assessed by a wedged-bronchoscope procedure after bleomycin treatment. Lung tissue, and an ex vivo CT analysis were used to assess for the persistence of inflammation, fibrosis and collagen content in this model. Results Fibrotic changes persisted up to seven weeks in bleomycin-treated isolated lung segments (Pathology scores: bleomycin12.27 ± 0.07 vs. saline 4.90 ± 1.18, n = 9, p = 0.0003). Localization of bleomycin-induced injury and increased tissue density was confirmed by CT analysis (mean densitometric CT value: bleomycin −698 ± 2.95 Hounsfield units vs. saline −898 ± 2.5 Hounsfield units, p = 0.02). Masson’s trichrome staining revealed increased connective tissue in bleomycin segments, compared to controls (% blue staining/total field area: 8.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 %, n = 9, p < 0.0001). bleomycin-treated segments were significantly less compliant from baseline at 7 weeks post treatment compared to control-treated segments (2.05 ± 0.88 vs. 4.97 ± 0.79 mL/cmH20, n = 9, p = 0.002). There was also a direct negative correlation between pathology scores and segmental compliance. Conclusions We show that there is a correlation between fibrosis and correspondingly poor lung function which persist for up to seven weeks after bleomycin treatment in this large animal model of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Organ
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Barbara Bacci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - Emmanuel Koumoundouros
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Garry Barcham
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Marjorie Milne
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - Wayne Kimpton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Chrishan Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ken Snibson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Yue H, Hu K, Liu W, Jiang J, Chen Y, Wang R. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in radiation-induced lung injury in alveolar epithelial cells of Bama minipigs. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1437-1444. [PMID: 26622503 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication associated with thoracic radiotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single 15-Gy dose of right-thoracic lung irradiation on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other proteins in the alveolar epithelial type II (AE2) cells of Bama minipigs. All minipigs received either right-thoracic irradiation or sham irradiation under anesthesia, and were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12 or 24 weeks after irradiation. Collagen deposition was measured using Massons trichrome staining. Surfactant protein A (SP-A), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), MMP2, MMP9, vimentin and E-cadherin protein expression levels were evaluated using western blot analysis, and the MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase activities were tested using gelatin zymography. SP-A and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) co-localization was visualized using double immunofluorescence staining. At each time-point following irradiation, a significant increase in TGFβ1, α-SMA, MMP2, MMP9 and vimentin protein expression levels and MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase activity were observed in the irradiated lungs compared with the sham-irradiated controls. By contrast, SP-A and E-cadherin protein expression levels decreased in a time-dependent manner post-irradiation. SP-A and α-SMA co-localization was observed in irradiated alveolar epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that E-cadherin, SP-A, MMP2 and MMP9 may function as sensitive predictors of RILI. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs in the irradiated lungs of Bama minipigs, and MMP2 and MMP9 may contribute to EMT in AE2 cells by regulating TGFβ1. Therefore, EMT may serve a crucial function in the development of RILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yue
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Province Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, P.R. China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Cichon MA, Radisky DC. Extracellular matrix as a contextual determinant of transforming growth factor-β signaling in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and in cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:588-94. [PMID: 25482625 PMCID: PMC4594483 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.972788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both structural support and contextual information to cells within tissues and organs. The combination of biochemical and biomechanical signals from the ECM modulates responses to extracellular signals toward differentiation, proliferation, or apoptosis; alterations in the ECM are necessary for development and remodeling processes, but aberrations in the composition and organization of ECM are associated with disease pathology and can predispose to development of cancer. The primary cell surface sensors of the ECM are the integrins, which provide the physical connection between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and also convey biochemical information about the composition of the ECM. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an extracellular signaling molecule that is a powerful controller of a variety of cellular functions, and that has been found to induce very different outcomes according to cell type and cellular context. It is becoming clear that ECM-mediated signaling through integrins is reciprocally influenced by TGF-β: integrin expression, activation, and responses are affected by cellular exposure to TGF-β, and TGF-β activation and cellular responses are in turn controlled by signaling from the ECM through integrins. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a physiological process that is activated by TGF-β in normal development and in cancer, is also affected by the composition and structure of the ECM. Here, we will outline how signaling from the ECM controls the contextual response to TGF-β, and how this response is selectively modulated during disease, with an emphasis on recent findings, current challenges, and future opportunities.
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233
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Hu LH, Ji JT, Li ZS. Potential application of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in chronic pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2049-57. [PMID: 26149296 PMCID: PMC4568909 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disease typified by end-stage fibrosis. This disease can also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. The associated diagnosis, pain and other complications further add to the burden of disease management. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in identifying miRNAs and their physiological functions, including mRNA repression and protein expression control. Given the extensive effort made on miRNA research, a close correlation has been discovered between certain types of miRNAs and disease progression, particularly for tissue fibrosis. Designing miRNA-related tools for disease diagnosis and therapeutic treatments presents a novel and potential research frontier. In the current review, we discuss various miRNAs closely interacting with CP, as well as the possible development of targeted miRNA therapies in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Tao Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Barker HE, Paget JTE, Khan AA, Harrington KJ. The tumour microenvironment after radiotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and recurrence. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:409-25. [PMID: 26105538 PMCID: PMC4896389 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1351] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays a central part in curing cancer. For decades, most research on improving treatment outcomes has focused on modulating radiation-induced biological effects on cancer cells. Recently, we have better understood that components within the tumour microenvironment have pivotal roles in determining treatment outcomes. In this Review, we describe vascular, stromal and immunological changes that are induced in the tumour microenvironment by irradiation and discuss how these changes may promote radioresistance and tumour recurrence. We also highlight how this knowledge is guiding the development of new treatment paradigms in which biologically targeted agents will be combined with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E. Barker
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - James T. E. Paget
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aadil A. Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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van Thiel BS, van der Pluijm I, te Riet L, Essers J, Danser AHJ. The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:3-14. [PMID: 25987425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of many types of cardiovascular diseases including cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, aneurysms, stroke, coronary artery disease and vascular injury. Besides the classical regulatory effects on blood pressure and sodium homoeostasis, the RAS is involved in the regulation of contractility and remodelling of the vessel wall. Numerous studies have shown beneficial effect of inhibition of this system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, dysregulation and overexpression of the RAS, through different molecular mechanisms, also induces, the initiation of vascular damage. The key effector peptide of the RAS, angiotensin II (Ang II) promotes cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, processes known to contribute to remodelling of the vasculature. In this review, we focus on the components that are under the influence of the RAS and contribute to the development and progression of vascular disease; extracellular matrix defects, atherosclerosis and ageing. Furthermore, the beneficial therapeutic effects of inhibition of the RAS on the vasculature are discussed, as well as the need for additive effects on top of RAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi S van Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk te Riet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Park SA, Kim MJ, Park SY, Kim JS, Lee SJ, Woo HA, Kim DK, Nam JS, Sheen YY. EW-7197 inhibits hepatic, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis by blocking TGF-β/Smad and ROS signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2023-39. [PMID: 25487606 PMCID: PMC11113926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an inherent response to chronic damage upon immense apoptosis or necrosis. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling plays a key role in the fibrotic response to chronic liver injury. To develop anti-fibrotic therapeutics, we synthesized a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5), EW-7197, and evaluated its therapeutic potential in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse, bile duct ligation (BDL) rat, bleomycin (BLM) mouse, and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse models. Western blot, immunofluorescence, siRNA, and ChIP analysis were carried out to characterize EW-7197 as a TGF-β/Smad signaling inhibitor in LX-2, Hepa1c1c7, NRK52E, and MRC5 cells. In vivo anti-fibrotic activities of EW-7197 were examined by microarray, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and a survival study in the animal models. EW-7197 decreased the expression of collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, 4-hydroxy-2, 3-nonenal, and integrins in the livers of CCl4 mice and BDL rats, in the lungs of BLM mice, and in the kidneys of UUO mice. Furthermore, EW-7197 extended the lifespan of CCl4 mice, BDL rats, and BLM mice. EW-7197 blocked the TGF-β1-stimulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), collagen, and α-SMA in LX-2 cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from mice. Moreover, EW-7197 attenuated TGF-β- and ROS-induced HSCs activation to myofibroblasts as well as extracellular matrix accumulation. The mechanism of EW-7197 appeared to be blockade of both TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling to exert an anti-fibrotic activity. This study shows that EW-7197 has a strong potential as an anti-fibrosis therapeutic agent via inhibition of TGF-β-/Smad2/3 and ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Seon-Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Dae-Kee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- Laboratory of Tumor Suppressor, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840 South Korea
| | - Yhun Yhong Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750 South Korea
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237
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Refaat B, Ashshi AM, El-Shemi AG, Azhar E. Activins and Follistatin in Chronic Hepatitis C and Its Treatment with Pegylated-Interferon-α Based Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:287640. [PMID: 25969625 PMCID: PMC4417604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/287640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegylated-interferon-α based therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is considered suboptimal as not all patients respond to the treatment and it is associated with several side effects that could lead to dose reduction and/or termination of therapy. The currently used markers to monitor the response to treatment are based on viral kinetics and their performance in the prediction of treatment outcome is moderate and does not combine accuracy and their values have several limitations. Hence, the development of new sensitive and specific predictor markers could provide a useful tool for the clinicians and healthcare providers, especially in the new era of interferon-free therapy, for the classification of patients according to their response to the standard therapy and only subscribing the novel directly acting antiviral drugs to those who are anticipated not to respond to the conventional therapy and/or have absolute contraindications for its use. The importance of activins and follistatin in the regulation of immune system, liver biology, and pathology has recently emerged. This review appraises the up-to-date knowledge regarding the role of activins and follistatin in liver biology and immune system and their role in the pathophysiology of CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-'Abdiyah Campus, P. O. Box 7607, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ashshi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-'Abdiyah Campus, P. O. Box 7607, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-'Abdiyah Campus, P. O. Box 7607, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 6515, Egypt
| | - Esam Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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238
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Karimizadeh E, Gharibdoost F, Motamed N, Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. c-Abl silencing reduced the inhibitory effects of TGF-β1 on apoptosis in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:169-76. [PMID: 25876876 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the apoptosis of myofibroblasts is a crucial event in the normal wound healing. Delay in myofibroblasts apoptosis results in fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important cytokine to induce fibroblasts differentiation into myofibroblasts. Cellular Abelson (c-Abl) is known as a TGF-β1-modulating molecule in fibrosis. The role of c-Abl, TGF-β1, and their interaction in SSc myofibroblasts apoptosis has not yet been fully explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether TGF-β1 and inhibition of c-Abl influence Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and apoptosis in SSc and healthy dermal fibroblasts. We also would like to know whether there is interaction between TGF-β1 and c-Abl in connection with fibroblasts apoptosis or not. Bax to Bcl-2 ratio was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Apoptosis was detected using annexin V and nuclear staining with Hoechst dye. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of c-Abl increased SSc and healthy dermal fibroblasts susceptibility to apoptosis through increasing in Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA and protein ratios, whereas TGF-β1 promoted healthy fibroblasts resistance to apoptosis via decreasing Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA and protein ratios. In addition, c-Abl silencing reduced the effects of TGF-β1 on Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA and protein ratios. These results suggested that TGF-β1 and c-Abl individually may prevent the deletion of myofibroblasts from wounds and result in fibrosis. Results also proposed that silencing of c-Abl may promote myofibroblasts elimination from wound lesions through reduction in the TGF-β1 inhibitory effects on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 141556455, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
We previously reported the promising effects of dioscin against liver injury, but its effect on liver fibrosis remains unknown. The present work investigated the activities of dioscin against liver fibrosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Dioscin effectively inhibited the cell viabilities of HSC-T6, LX-2 and primary rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but not hepatocytes. Furthermore, dioscin markedly increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression and significantly reduced a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), collagen α1 (I) (COL1A1) and collagen α1 (III) (COL3A1) levels in vitro. Notably, dioscin inhibited HSCs activation and induced apoptosis in activated HSCs. In vivo, dioscin significantly improved body weight and hydroxylproline, laminin, α-SMA, TGF-β1, COL1A1 and COL3A1 levels, which were confirmed by histopathological assays. Dioscin facilitated matrix degradation, and exhibited hepatoprotective effects through the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation, in addition to exerting anti-fibrotic effects through the modulation of the TGF-β1/Smad, Wnt/β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitochondrial signaling pathways, which triggered the senescence of activated HSCs. In conclusion, dioscin exhibited potent effects against liver fibrosis through the modulation of multiple targets and signaling pathways and should be developed as a novel candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis in the future.
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240
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Zhang YJ, Ma N, Su F, Liu H, Mei J. Increased TRPM6 expression in atrial fibrillation patients contribute to atrial fibrosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:486-90. [PMID: 25796343 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient receptor potential (TRP) family plays important roles in cardiovascular system. We investigated the relationship between transient receptor potential channel subfamily M6 (TRPM6) and atrial fibrosis in rheumatic heart disease patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS The right atrial tissue samples were obtained from 64 patients with rheumatic heart diseases who underwent heart valve replacement surgery, and composed of 34 sinus rhythm (SR) patients and 30 AF patients. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was used to observe cross-sectional area (CSA) of myocardial cell. Masson staining and measurement of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β 1), and collagen type I/III (Collagen I/III) were performed to determine atrial fibrosis. The mRNA and protein levels of TRPM6 were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Marked increases were observed in CSA of myocardial cell and myocardial collagen volume fraction in AF group compared with the SR group (all P<0.05). The mRNA levels of myocardial fibrosis markers (CTGF, TGF-beta 1, Collagen I/III) in AF group increased significantly compared to the SR group (all P<0.05). TRPM6 mRNA and protein levels in AF group were elevated markedly in comparison with SR group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These findings revealed that increased TRPM6 mRNA and protein levels may contribute to atrial fibrosis, and suggested that TRPM6 might be involved in AF development by promoting fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ju Mei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China.
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241
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Sun L, Jin H, Sun L, Chen S, Huang Y, Liu J, Li Z, Zhao M, Sun Y, Tang C, Zhao B, Du J. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates myocardial collagen remodeling in association with inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Med 2015; 20:503-15. [PMID: 25222913 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to explore the role and possible mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the regulation of myocardial collagen remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We treated nine-week-old male SHRs and age- and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) with NaHS (90 μmol/kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 9 wks. At 18 wks, plasma H2S, tail arterial pressure, morphology of the heart, myocardial ultrastructure and collagen volume fraction (CVF), myocardial expressions of collagen I and III protein and procollagen I and III mRNA, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β type I receptor (TβR-I), type II receptor (TβR-II), p-Smad2 and 3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)-1 proteins were determined. TGF-β1-stimulated cultured cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were used to further study the mechanisms. The results showed that compared with WKYs, SHRs showed a reduced plasma H2S, elevated tail artery pressure and increased myocardial collagen, TGF-β1, TβR-II, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 expressions. However, NaHS markedly decreased tail artery pressure and inhibited myocardial collagen, TGF-β1, TβR-II, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 protein expressions, but H2S had no effect on the expressions of MMP-13 and TIMP-1. Hydralazine reduced blood pressure but had no effect on myocardial collagen, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 expressions and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. H2S prevented activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and abnormal collagen synthesis in CFs. In conclusion, the results suggested that H2S could prevent myocardial collagen remodeling in SHR. The mechanism might be associated with inhibition of collagen synthesis via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lujing Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siyao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoshu Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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242
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Abstract
Halofuginone is an analog of febrifugine-an alkaloid originally isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga. During recent years, halofuginone has attracted much attention because of its wide range of beneficial biological activities, which encompass malaria, cancer, and fibrosis-related and autoimmune diseases. At present two modes of halofuginone actions have been described: (1) Inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation downstream of the TGFβ signaling pathway results in inhibition of fibroblasts-to-myofibroblasts transition and fibrosis. (2) Inhibition of prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS) activity in the blood stage of malaria and inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation thereby inhibiting inflammation and the autoimmune reaction by activation of the amino acid starvation and integrated stress responses. This review deals with the history and origin of this natural product, its synthesis, its known modes of action, and it's various biological activities in pre-clinical animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pines
- The Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Itai Spector
- The Volcani Center, Institute of Animal Science, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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243
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Tan W, Tan Q, Wang T, Cheng Z. TGF-β1-Induced Pulmonary Fibroblasts Proliferation and Differentiation Are Inhibited by Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. CYTOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.80.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, ZhongNan Hospital of WuHan University
| | - Qiuyue Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, ZhongNan Hospital of WuHan University
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, ZhongNan Hospital of WuHan University
| | - Zhenshun Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, ZhongNan Hospital of WuHan University
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244
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Gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition: Implications in renal fibrosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:11-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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245
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Karimizadeh E, Motamed N, Mahmoudi M, Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Jamshidi A, Faridani H, Gharibdoost F. Attenuation of fibrosis with selective inhibition of c-Abl by siRNA in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 307:135-42. [PMID: 25527259 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular abelson (c-Abl), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is an important molecule in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. There have been reports of beneficial effects of pharmacological tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate, on fibrosis. However, these inhibitors affect multiple tyrosine kinases including c-Abl, c-kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. The effects of selective inhibition of c-Abl using small interfering RNA (siRNA) on dermal fibrosis have not yet been explored. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether specific inhibition of c-Abl by siRNA can influence the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced fibrotic responses. Dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients and healthy controls were transfected with c-Abl siRNA. The expression levels of collagen type I, fibronectin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured at both the mRNA and protein levels in the absence or presence of TGF-β1 pro-fibrotic cytokine. In healthy dermal fibroblasts, the expression of collagen type 1, fibronectin, α-SMA, and CTGF mRNAs and proteins that were upregulated after stimulation with TGF-β1 was markedly decreased by c-Abl siRNA. Silencing of c-Abl via siRNA efficiently reduced the basal synthesis of collagen type I, fibronectin, α-SMA, and CTGF mRNAs and proteins in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts, but it had no effect on the baseline expression of these genes and proteins in healthy dermal fibroblasts. In conclusion, specific c-Abl gene silencing using siRNA effectively reduced fibrosis-related gene expression. Inhibition of c-Abl by siRNA may be a potential therapeutic approach for fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimizadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 141556455, Tehran, Iran
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246
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Min F, Gao F, Li Q, Liu Z. Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells modified by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2387-96. [PMID: 25435005 PMCID: PMC4337478 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs) in the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2; ACE2-uMSCs) on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in mice. A total of 100 male C57BL/6 mice were divided at random into five groups (n=20) as follows: Control group, BLM group, ACE2 group, uMSC group and ACE2-uMSC group. At 7, 14 and 28 days post-treatment, the following parameters were evaluated in lung tissue: Oxidation indexes [malondialedehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG)]; fibrosis factors [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β]; inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10]; ACE2 gene expression; hydroxyproline and collagen type 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) concentration; as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs; 2 and 9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1–4 expression. ACE2-uMSC injection following bleomycin pretreatment significantly alleviated lung injury in mice. In addition, treatment with ACE2-uMSCs demonstrated a stronger therapeutic effect than ACE2- or uMSC treatment alone, indicated by decreased expression of MDA, GSSG, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, collagen type 1 mRNA, MMPs and TIMPs as well as hydroxyproline concentration, and upregulation of SOD, GSH and ACE2 and IL-10. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that ACE2 and uMSCs had a synergistic therapeutic effect on bleomycin-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Min
- Department of Obstetrics, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiangong Hospital, Shanghai 200083, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Sustained induction of collagen synthesis by TGF-β requires regulated intramembrane proteolysis of CREB3L1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108528. [PMID: 25310401 PMCID: PMC4195586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB3L1 (cAMP response element binding protein 3-like 1), a transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor and activated through Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (RIP), is essential for collagen production by osteoblasts during bone development. Here, we show that TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), a cytokine known to stimulate production of collagen during wound healing and fibrotic diseases, induces proteolytic activation of CREB3L1 in human A549 cells. This activation results from inhibition of expression of TM4SF20 (transmembrane 4 L6 family member 20), which normally inhibits RIP of CREB3L1. Cleavage of CREB3L1 releases its NH2-terminal domain from membranes, allowing it to enter the nucleus where it binds to Smad4 to activate transcription of genes encoding proteins required for assembly of collagen-containing extracellular matrix. Our findings raise the possibility that inhibition of RIP of CREB3L1 could prevent excess deposition of collagen in certain fibrotic diseases.
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248
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Zhou Q, Guan W, Qiao H, Cheng Y, Li Z, Zhai X, Zhou Y. GATA binding protein 2 mediates leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in hepatic stellate cells and contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2367-77. [PMID: 25305367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a crucial step in the development of liver fibrosis. Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts a key role in the inhibition of HSC activation. Leptin reduces PPARγ expression in HSCs and plays a unique role in promoting liver fibrosis. The present studies aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying leptin regulation of PPARγ1 (a major subtype of PPARγ) in HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Results revealed a leptin response region in mouse PPARγ1 promoter and indicated that the region included a GATA binding protein binding site around position -2323. GATA binding protein-2 (GATA-2) could bind to the site and inhibit PPARγ1 promoter activity in HSCs. Leptin induced GATA-2 expression in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. GATA-2 mediated leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression by its binding site in PPARγ1 promoter in HSCs and GATA-2 promoted HSC activation. Leptin upregulated GATA-2 expression through β-catenin and sonic hedgehog pathways in HSCs. Leptin-induced increase in GATA-2 was accompanied by the decrease in PPARγ expression in HSCs and by the increase in the activated HSC number and liver fibrosis in vivo. Our data might suggest a possible new explanation for the promotion effect of leptin on liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haowen Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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249
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Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Zhang Y, Reddy RC. Nitrated fatty acids reverse pulmonary fibrosis by dedifferentiating myofibroblasts and promoting collagen uptake by alveolar macrophages. FASEB J 2014; 28:5299-310. [PMID: 25252739 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-256263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal disease, thought to be largely transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) driven, for which there is no effective therapy. We assessed the potential benefits in IPF of nitrated fatty acids (NFAs), which are unique endogenous agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor that exhibits wound-healing and antifibrotic properties potentially useful for IPF therapy. We found that pulmonary PPARγ is down-regulated in patients with IPF. In vitro, knockdown or knockout of PPARγ expression in isolated human and mouse lung fibroblasts induced a profibrotic phenotype, whereas treating human fibroblasts with NFAs up-regulated PPARγ and blocked TGFβ signaling and actions. NFAs also converted TGFβ to inactive monomers in cell-free solution, suggesting an additional mechanism through which they may inhibit TGFβ. In vivo, treating mice bearing experimental pulmonary fibrosis with NFAs reduced disease severity. Also, NFAs up-regulated the collagen-targeting factor milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8), stimulated collagen uptake and degradation by alveolar macrophages, and promoted myofibroblast dedifferentiation. Moreover, treating mice with established pulmonary fibrosis using NFAs reversed their existing myofibroblast differentiation and collagen deposition. These findings raise the prospect of treating IPF with NFAs to halt and perhaps even reverse the progress of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and
| | - Raju C Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ricucci D, Loghin S, Lin LM, Spångberg LSW, Tay FR. Is hard tissue formation in the dental pulp after the death of the primary odontoblasts a regenerative or a reparative process? J Dent 2014; 42:1156-70. [PMID: 25008021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conceptually, two types of tertiary dentine may be produced in response to caries and environmental irritations: "reactionary dentine" that is secreted by existing primary odontoblasts and "reparative dentine", formed after the death of the odontoblasts by proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into odontoblast-like cells. Because histologic evidence for tubular dentine generated by newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells is lacking in human teeth, the present study examined pulpal cellular changes associated with caries/restorations, in the presence or absence of pulpal exposures. METHODS Ninety-six extracted human teeth were histologically processed and serial sectioned for light microscopy: 65 contained untreated enamel/dentine caries; 20 were heavily restored and 11 had carious exposures managed by direct pulp-capping. RESULTS Sparsely distributed, irregularly arranged dentinal tubules were identified from the tertiary dentine formed in teeth with unexposed medium/deep caries and in restored teeth; those tubules were continuous with the tubules of secondary dentine; in some cases, tubules were absent. The palisade odontoblast layer was reduced to a single layer of flattened cells. In direct pulp-capping of pulp exposures, the defects were repaired by the deposition of an amorphous dystrophic calcified tissue that resembled pulp stones more than dentine, sometimes entrapping pulpal remnants. This atubular hard tissue was lined by fibroblasts and collagen fibrils. CONCLUSIONS Histological evidence from the present study indicates that reparative dentinogenesis cannot be considered as a regenerative process since the so-formed hard tissue lacks tubular features characteristic of genuine dentine. Rather, this process represents a repair response that produces calcified scar tissues by pulpal fibroblasts. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Formation of hard tissue in the dental pulp after the death of the primary odontoblasts has often been regarded by clinicians as regeneration of dentine. If the objective of the clinical procedures involved is to induce healing, reduce dentine hypersensitivity, or minimise future bacteria exposure, such procedures may be regarded as clinical success. However, current clinical treatment procedures are not adept at regenerating physiological dentne because the tissues formed in the dental pulp are more likely the result of repair responses via the formation of calcified scar tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis M Lin
- Department of Endodontics, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Larz S W Spångberg
- Division of Endodontology, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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