201
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Zhang Q, Cui F, Fang L, Hong J, Zheng B, Zhang JZ. TNF-α impairs differentiation and function of TGF-β-induced Treg cells in autoimmune diseases through Akt and Smad3 signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 5:85-98. [PMID: 23243069 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in the TGF-β-induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell differentiation is associated with compromised immune homeostasis and plays a key role in many autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic intervention to enhance in situ iTreg differentiation has become a promising treatment modality for autoimmune diseases. Here we describe that the development of autoimmune inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is associated with selective impairment of iTreg differentiation largely due to the increased production of TNF-α. The neutralization of TNF-α markedly increases iTreg differentiation, leading to the amelioration of EAE, whereas the depletion of iTreg cells abolishes the therapeutic effect of an anti-TNF-α antibody. The inhibition of iTreg differentiation by TNF-α is mediated through a signaling cascade involving the induction of TNF receptor II (TNFR2) expression and the activation of Akt. The activated Akt in turn interacts with Smad3, resulting in the inhibition of TGF-β-induced Smad3 phosphorylation and consequently the reduction of p-Smad3 results in the decreased binding to the specific binding site of the foxp3 promoter, and finally foxp3 transcription itself. Interestingly, this regulatory pathway is iTreg cell specific as TNF-α does not activate Akt in naturally occurring regulatory T cells, therefore conferring a selective effect of TNF-α and its antagonism on iTreg cells. The study sheds new light on the critical role and underlying mechanism of TNF-α in the regulation of iTreg differentiation and provides a novel rationale for TNF-α antagonistic therapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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202
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Liu G, Yang W, Guo M, Liu X, Huang N, Li D, Jiang Z, Yang W, Zhang W, Su H, Liu Z, Liu T, Wang D, Huang S, Yao B, Man Q, Qiu L, Sun X, Sun Y, Liu B. Effective modulation of CD4(+)CD25 (+high) regulatory T and NK cells in malignant patients by combination of interferon-α and interleukin-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2357-66. [PMID: 22722448 PMCID: PMC3506201 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Overinduced CD4(+)CD25(+high) regulatory T cells (Treg) and downregulated NK cells contribute to tumor-relevant immune tolerance and interfere with tumor immunity. In this study, we aimed to design a novel strategy with cytokine combination to correct the dysregulated Treg and NK cells in malignant patients. Initially, a total of 58 healthy individuals and 561 malignant patients were analyzed for their cellular immunity by flow cytometry. The average percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+high)/lymphocyte were 1.30 ± 1.19 % ([Formula: see text] ± SD) in normal adults and 3.274 ± 4.835 % in malignant patients (p < 0.001). The ratio of CD4(+)CD25(+high) to CD4(+) was 3.58 ± 3.19 % in normal adults and 6.01 ± 5.89 % to 13.50 ± 23.60 % in different kinds of malignancies (p < 0.001). Of normal adults, 15.52 % had >3 % Treg and 12.07 % had <10 % NK cells. In contrast, the Treg (>3 %) and NK (<10 %) percentages were 40.82 and 34.94 % in malignant patients, respectively. One hundred and ten patients received the immunomodulation therapy with IFN-α and/or IL-2. The overinduced Treg in 86.3 % and the reduced NK cells in 71.17 % of the patients were successfully modulated. In comparison, other lymphocyte subpopulations in most patients were much less affected by this treatment. No other treatment-relevant complications except slight pyrexia, fatigue, headache, and myalgia were observed. In conclusion, dysregulated Treg and/or NK cells were common in malignant patients. Different from any regimens ever reported, this strategy was simple and effective without severe complications and will become a basic regimen for other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxian Liu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Wuwei Yang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Naixiang Huang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Zefei Jiang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Wenfeng Yang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Weijing Zhang
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Hang Su
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Tieqiang Liu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Qiuhong Man
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Xuedong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8 Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Bing Liu
- Cancer Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dongdajie 8, Beijing, 100071 China
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203
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Peng LS, Zhuang Y, Shi Y, Zhao YL, Wang TT, Chen N, Cheng P, Liu T, Liu XF, Zhang JY, Zuo QF, Mao XH, Guo G, Lu DS, Yu PW, Zou QM. Increased tumor-infiltrating CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes are associated with tumor progression in human gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2183-92. [PMID: 22729557 PMCID: PMC11029073 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes have been detected in tumors. However, the distribution, phenotypic features, and regulation of these cells in gastric cancer remain unknown. METHODS The levels of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, tumor-draining lymph nodes, non-tumor tissues, and tumor tissues of patients with gastric cancer were detected by flow cytometry. Foxp3 induction in CD8(+)Foxp3(-) T cells was investigated in vitro. The suppressive function of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes was analyzed by their effect on CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. The percentages of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were evaluated for the association with tumor stage. RESULTS The frequency of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in non-tumor tissues, and similar results were also observed in tumor-draining lymph nodes compared with peripheral blood. Most intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were activated effector cells (CD45RA(-)CD27(-)). TGF-β1 levels were positively correlated with the frequency of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in tumor tissues, and in vitro TGF-β1 could induce the generation of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes suppressed the proliferation and IFN-γ production of CD4(+) T cells. Finally, intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes were significantly increased with tumor progression in terms of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. CONCLUSIONS Our data have shown that increased intratumoral CD8(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes are associated with tumor stage and potentially influence CD4(+) T-cell functions, which may provide insights for developing novel immunotherapy protocols against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-sheng Peng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-fei Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-fei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-hu Mao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-shui Lu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-ming Zou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
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204
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Tanchot C, Terme M, Pere H, Tran T, Benhamouda N, Strioga M, Banissi C, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Tartour E. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells: phenotype, role, mechanism of expansion in situ and clinical significance. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:147-57. [PMID: 23104434 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In immunocompetent individuals, the immune system initially eradicates potentially tumorigenic cells as they develop, a capacity that is progressively lost when malignant cells acquire alterations that sustain immunosubversion and/or immunoevasion. One of the major mechanisms whereby cancer cells block antitumor immune responses involves a specific class of immunosuppressive T cells that-in the vast majority of cases-express the Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor. Such FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate within neoplastic lesions as a result of several distinct mechanisms, including increased infiltration, local expansion, survival advantage and in situ development from conventional CD4(+) cells. The prognostic/predictive significance of tumor infiltration by Tregs remains a matter of debate. Indeed, high levels of intratumoral Tregs have been associated with poor disease outcome in cohorts of patients affected by multiple, but not all, tumor types. This apparent discrepancy may relate to the existence of functionally distinct Treg subsets, to the fact that Tregs near-to-invariably infiltrate neoplastic lesions together with other cells from the immune system, notably CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and/or to peculiar features of some oncogenic programs that involve a prominent pro-inflammatory component. In this review, we will discuss the phenotype, function and clinical significance of various Treg subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanchot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Paris, France,
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205
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LV KUN, ZHANG YINGYING, ZHANG MENGYING, ZHONG MIN, SUO QIFENG. Galectin-9 promotes TGF-β1-dependent induction of regulatory T cells via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:205-10. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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206
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Park J, Wrzesinski SH, Stern E, Look M, Criscione J, Ragheb R, Jay SM, Demento SL, Agawu A, Limon PL, Ferrandino AF, Gonzalez D, Habermann A, Flavell RA, Fahmy TM. Combination delivery of TGF-β inhibitor and IL-2 by nanoscale liposomal polymeric gels enhances tumour immunotherapy. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:895-905. [PMID: 22797827 PMCID: PMC3601683 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment thwarts conventional immunotherapy through multiple immunologic mechanisms, such as the secretion of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which stunts local tumour immune responses. Therefore, high doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2), a conventional cytokine for metastatic melanoma, induces only limited responses. To overcome the immunoinhibitory nature of the tumour microenvironment, we developed nanoscale liposomal polymeric gels (nanolipogels; nLGs) of drug-complexed cyclodextrins and cytokine-encapsulating biodegradable polymers that can deliver small hydrophobic molecular inhibitors and water-soluble protein cytokines in a sustained fashion to the tumour microenvironment. nLGs releasing TGF-β inhibitor and IL-2 significantly delayed tumour growth, increased survival of tumour-bearing mice, and increased the activity of natural killer cells and of intratumoral-activated CD8(+) T-cell infiltration. We demonstrate that the efficacy of nLGs in tumour immunotherapy results from a crucial mechanism involving activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Park
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wrzesinski
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Eric Stern
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Michael Look
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Jason Criscione
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Ragy Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Stacey L. Demento
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Atu Agawu
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Paula Licona Limon
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Anthony F. Ferrandino
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - David Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Ann Habermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Tarek M. Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.M.F.,
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207
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Weiss JM, Bilate AM, Gobert M, Ding Y, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Parkhurst CN, Xiong H, Dolpady J, Frey AB, Ruocco MG, Yang Y, Floess S, Huehn J, Oh S, Li MO, Niec RE, Rudensky AY, Dustin ML, Littman DR, Lafaille JJ. Neuropilin 1 is expressed on thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells, but not mucosa-generated induced Foxp3+ T reg cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1723-42, S1. [PMID: 22966001 PMCID: PMC3457733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 surface expression discriminates between nT reg cells with stable expression and Nrp1 low iT reg cells showing inducible expression under inflammatory conditions. Foxp3 activity is essential for the normal function of the immune system. Two types of regulatory T (T reg) cells express Foxp3, thymus-generated natural T reg (nT reg) cells, and peripherally generated adaptive T reg (iT reg) cells. These cell types have complementary functions. Until now, it has not been possible to distinguish iT reg from nT reg cells in vivo based solely on surface markers. We report here that Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is expressed at high levels by most nT reg cells; in contrast, mucosa-generated iT reg and other noninflammatory iT reg cells express low levels of Nrp1. We found that Nrp1 expression is under the control of TGF-β. By tracing nT reg and iT reg cells, we could establish that some tumors have a very large proportion of infiltrating iT reg cells. iT reg cells obtained from highly inflammatory environments, such as the spinal cords of mice with spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the lungs of mice with chronic asthma, express Nrp1. In the same animals, iT reg cells in secondary lymphoid organs remain Nrp1low. We also determined that, in spontaneous EAE, iT reg cells help to establish a chronic phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Weiss
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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208
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Brudvik KW, Taskén K. Modulation of T cell immune functions by the prostaglandin E(2) - cAMP pathway in chronic inflammatory states. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:411-9. [PMID: 22141738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is the intracellular second messenger for a variety of immunoregulatory inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2, adenosine and histamine that signal to effector T cells from monocytes, macrophages and regulatory T cells. Protein kinase A (PKA) type I localizes to lipid rafts in effector T cells during T cell activation and directly modulates proximal signal events including phosphorylation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), which initiates a negative signal pathway that fine-tunes the T cell activation process. The PKA-Csk immunoregulatory pathway is scaffolded by the A kinase anchoring protein ezrin, the Csk binding protein phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains and the linker protein ezrin/radixin/moesin binding protein of 50 kDa. This pathway is hyperactivated in chronic infections with an inflammatory component such as HIV, other immunodeficiencies and around solid tumours as a consequence of local inflammation leading to inhibition of anti-tumour immunity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Novel cAMP Signalling Paradigms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Watten Brudvik
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership and Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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209
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Facciabene A, Motz GT, Coukos G. T-regulatory cells: key players in tumor immune escape and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2162-71. [PMID: 22549946 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-regulatory cells (Tregs) are found infiltrating tumors in a vast array of tumor types, and tumor-infiltrating Tregs are often associated with a poor clinical outcome. Tregs are potent immunosuppressive cells of the immune system that promote progression of cancer through their ability to limit antitumor immunity and promote angiogenesis. Here, we discuss the ways in which Tregs suppress the antitumor immune response and elaborate on our recent discovery that Tregs make significant direct contributions to tumor angiogenesis. Further, we highlight several current therapies aimed at eliminating Tregs in cancer patients. Given the multifaceted role of Tregs in cancer, a greater understanding of their functions will ultimately strengthen future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Facciabene
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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210
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Yuan X, Malek TR. Cellular and molecular determinants for the development of natural and induced regulatory T cells. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:773-82. [PMID: 22659217 PMCID: PMC3410644 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of immune responses to self and foreign antigens is critically dependent on suppressive CD4(+) T cells characterized by expression of Foxp3. The large majority of regulatory T (Treg) cells develop in the thymus as a stable suppressive lineage. However, under the proper physiological conditions, conventional peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes also develop into Treg cells, particularly in the gut mucosa and inflammatory tissue sites. This review will focus on our current understanding of the immunological and molecular signals controlling the development of thymic derived natural (n)Treg and peripheral converted induced (i)Treg cells. Given the importance of Foxp3 in the development of these cells, particular attention is placed on how such signals are integrated to induce and maintain the expression of this signature transcriptional regulator of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, United States
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211
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Barua A, Yellapa A, Bahr JM, Abramowicz JS, Edassery SL, Basu S, Rotmensch J, Bitterman P. Expression of death receptor 6 by ovarian tumors in laying hens, a preclinical model of spontaneous ovarian cancer. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:260-8. [PMID: 22937178 PMCID: PMC3431036 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated neoangiogenesis and suppression of antitumor immunity are hallmarks of tumor development and progression. Death receptor 6 (DR6) has been reported to be associated with suppression of antitumor immunity and tumor progression in several malignancies. However, expression of DR6 by malignant ovarian epithelial tumors at an early stage is unknown. The goals of this study were to determine whether DR6 is expressed by malignant ovarian epithelial tumors at an early stage and to examine whether DR6 expression is associated with ovarian cancer (OVCA) progression in a laying hen model of spontaneous OVCA. Expression of DR6 was examined in normal and malignant ovaries, normal ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells, or malignant epithelial cells and in serum of 3-year-old hens. The population of microvessels expressing DR6 was significantly higher in hens with early-stage OVCA than hens with normal ovaries (P < .01) and increased further in late-stage OVCA. The results of this study showed that, in addition to microvessels, tumor cells in the ovary also express DR6 with a significantly higher intensity than normal OSE cells. Similar patterns of DR6 expression were also observed by immunoblot analysis and gene expression studies. Furthermore, DR6 was also detected in the serum of hens. In conclusion, DR6 expression is associated with OVCA development and progression in laying hens. This study may be helpful to examine the feasibility of DR6 as a useful surrogate marker of OVCA, a target for antitumor immunotherapy and molecular imaging and thus provide a foundation for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Barua
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Aparna Yellapa
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Janice M Bahr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jacques S Abramowicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Seby L Edassery
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Sanjib Basu
- Department of Preventive Medicine (Biostatistics), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jacob Rotmensch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Pincas Bitterman
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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212
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SA-4-1BBL costimulation inhibits conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells into CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells by production of IFN-γ. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42459. [PMID: 22870329 PMCID: PMC3411638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors convert conventional CD4+ T cells into induced CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory (iTreg) cells that serve as an effective means of immune evasion. Therefore, the blockade of conventional CD4+ T cell conversion into iTreg cells represents an attractive target for improving the efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches. Using a novel form of 4-1BBL molecule, SA-4-1BBL, we previously demonstrated that costimulation via 4-1BB receptor renders both CD4+and CD8+ T effector (Teff) cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells and increased intratumoral Teff/Treg cell ratio that correlated with therapeutic efficacy in various preclinical tumor models. Building on these studies, we herein show for the first time, to our knowledge, that signaling through 4-1BB inhibits antigen- and TGF-β-driven conversion of naïve CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells via stimulation of IFN-γ production by CD4+FoxP3− T cells. Importantly, treatment with SA-4-1BBL blocked the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into Treg cells by EG.7 tumors. Taken together with our previous studies, these results show that 4-1BB signaling negatively modulate Treg cells by two distinct mechanisms: i) inhibiting the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells and ii) endowing Teff cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells. Given the dominant role of Treg cells in tumor immune evasion mechanisms, 4-1BB signaling represents an attractive target for favorably tipping the Teff:Treg balance toward Teff cells with important implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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213
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Maito FLDM, Souza APDD, Pereira L, Smithey M, Hinrichs D, Bouwer A, Bonorino C. Intratumoral TLR-4 Agonist Injection Is Critical for Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Rejection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/926817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment shelters a complex network of mechanisms that enables local Immunosuppression to support tumor growth. In this study we found that, B16F10 melanoma growth is inversely correlated with peritumoral infiltrate cell number and with cell numbers in draining lymph nodes. Tumor growth ensued even when a foreign antigen was expressed by B16F10 cells in the presence of naïve specific CD8+ T cells. Treatment with TLR agonists has shown to sometimes result in tumor regression, however, not always with long-lasting effects. We compared the relevance of different injection regimens of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumor growth was arrested only by intratumoral LPS injection after the tumor was already established. This result was accompanied by a dramatic change in DC activation inside the tumor. Intratumoral LPS also enhanced antigen presentation and tumor-specific CD4+ T cell production of IFN-γ. Injection of LPS before tumor challenge or codelivery of tumor cells and LPS did not have any effect on tumor progression. Our results suggest that an efficient antitumor immune response leading to tumor regression can be achieved with proper TLR4 activation inside the tumor tissue, impacting the tumor microenvironment. These findings are relevant for the design of treatment for patients with malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luiz Dal Moro Maito
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 2° Andar, 90680-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Duarte de Souza
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 2° Andar, 90680-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pereira
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 2° Andar, 90680-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Megan Smithey
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Hinrichs
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Archie Bouwer
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6690, 2° Andar, 90680-001 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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214
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Park HJ, Kusnadi A, Lee EJ, Kim WW, Cho BC, Lee IJ, Seong J, Ha SJ. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells delineated by upregulation of PD-1 and inhibitory receptors. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:76-83. [PMID: 23121978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are dominant suppressor cells which regulate conventional T (T(conv)) cells. Inside tumor microenvironment, T(reg) cells have been known to become potent in suppressing T(conv) cell responses, thereby enabling tumor cells to circumvent immune response. However, the underlying mechanism by which tumor-infiltrating T(reg) cells display enhanced suppressive function is still unresolved. To understand characteristics and function of tumor-infiltrating T(reg) cells as well as T(conv) cells in the tumor site, we analyzed their phenotypes either within tumor burden or at distant site of tumor using both heterotopic and orthotopic mouse cancer models. Compared to CD8(+) T cells at distant site of tumor, tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells dramatically upregulated programmed death 1 (PD-1) and other inhibitory receptors, thereby being more exhausted functionally. Tumor-infiltrating CD4(+) T cells also expressed higher level of PD-1 than CD4(+) T cells at distant site of tumor but very surprisingly, upregulation of PD-1 occurred in CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) as well as CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T(conv) cells. Moreover, tumor infiltrating T(reg) cells upregulated other inhibitory receptors such as T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). These results suggest that upregulation of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T(reg) cells is related with their enhanced suppressive function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein/genetics
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein/immunology
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
- Male
- Mice
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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215
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Redjimi N, Raffin C, Raimbaud I, Pignon P, Matsuzaki J, Odunsi K, Valmori D, Ayyoub M. CXCR3+ T Regulatory Cells Selectively Accumulate in Human Ovarian Carcinomas to Limit Type I Immunity. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4351-60. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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216
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da Silva Martins M, Piccirillo CA. Functional stability of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:454-62. [PMID: 22771168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant evidence demonstrates that CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T(reg)) expressing the Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) transcription factor are a distinct lineage of CD4(+) T cells that are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating immunity to various nonself-antigens under changing inflammatory settings. Stable Foxp3 expression ensures T(reg) function in a variety of inflammatory contexts. However, the model of T(reg) cells as a stable, long-lived lineage is controversial. Whereas some studies have observed long-lived T(reg) function, recent studies suggest that T(reg) cells adapt to microenvironmental changes and consequently manifest functional plasticity by reprogramming into inflammatory T cells. Here, we review the evidence addressing the functional stability or plasticity of Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells and the implications for immune homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Silva Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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217
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T cell- but not tumor cell-produced TGF-β1 promotes the development of spontaneous mammary cancer. Oncotarget 2012; 2:1339-51. [PMID: 22248703 PMCID: PMC3282091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During their development, tumors acquire multiple capabilities that enable them to proliferate, disseminate and evade immunosurveillance. A putative mechanism is through the production of the cytokine TGF-β1. We showed in our recent studies that T cell-produced TGF-β1 inhibits antitumor T cell responses to foster tumor growth raising the question of the precise function of TGF-β1 produced by tumor cells in tumor development. Here, using a transgenic model of mammary cancer, we report that deletion of TGF-β1 from tumor cells did not protect mice from tumor development. However, ablation of TGF-β1 from T cells significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth. Additionally, absence of TGF-β1 in T cells prevented tumors from advancing to higher pathological grades and further suppressed secondary tumor development in the lungs. These findings reveal T cells but not tumor cells as a critical source of TGF-β1 that promotes tumor development.
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218
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Alb M, Sie C, Adam C, Chen S, Becker JC, Schrama D. Cellular and cytokine-dependent immunosuppressive mechanisms of grm1-transgenic murine melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2239-49. [PMID: 22674057 PMCID: PMC3506202 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Grm1-transgenic mice spontaneously develop cutaneous melanoma. This model allowed us to scrutinize the generic immune responses over the course of melanoma development. To this end, lymphocytes obtained from spleens, unrelated lymph nodes and tumor-draining lymph nodes of mice with no evidence of disease, and low or high tumor burden were analyzed ex vivo and in vitro. Thereby, we could demonstrate an increase in the number of activated CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the respective organs with increasing tumor burden. However, mainly CD4+ T cells, which could constitute both T helper as well as immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, expressed activation markers upon in vitro stimulation when obtained from tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, these cells from tumor-burdened animals were also functionally hampered in their proliferative response even when subjected to strong in vitro stimulation. Further analyses revealed that the increased frequency of regulatory T cells in tumor-bearing mice is an early event present in all lymphoid organs. Additionally, expression of the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10 became more evident with increased tumor burden. Notably, TGF-β1 is strongly expressed in both the tumor and the tumor-draining lymph node, whereas IL-10 expression is more pronounced in the lymph node, suggesting a more complex regulation of IL-10. Thus, similar to the situation in melanoma patients, both cytokines as well as cellular immune escape mechanisms seem to contribute to the observed immunosuppressed state of tumor-bearing grm1-transgenic mice, suggesting that this model is suitable for preclinical testing of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/immunology
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Alb
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Sie
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Present Address: Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Suzie Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Susan Lehman Cullen Laboratory of Cancer Research in the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - David Schrama
- Division of General Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria
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219
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Jackson C, Ruzevick J, Amin AG, Lim M. Potential role for STAT3 inhibitors in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:379-89. [PMID: 22748651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that translocates to the nucleus to modulate the expression of a variety of genes associated with cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune function. Several cancers induce constitutive STAT3 activation. Most studies have reported that STAT3 inhibition has antineoplastic activity; however, emerging evidence suggests that the role of STAT3 activity in GBM may be more nuanced than initially appreciated. The authors review the roles of STAT3 in GBM and discuss potential strategies for targeting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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220
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Cancer therapy and vaccination. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:1-23. [PMID: 22658969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, both in developed and in developing nations. It may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age. Current therapeutic approaches which include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with adverse side effects arising from lack of specificity for tumors. The goal of any therapeutic strategy is to impact on the target tumor cells with limited detrimental effect to normal cell function. Immunotherapy is cancer specific and can target the disease with minimal impact on normal tissues. Cancer vaccines are capable of generating an active tumor-specific immune response and serve as an ideal treatment due to their specificity for tumor cells and long lasting immunological memory that may safeguard against recurrences. Cancer vaccines are designed to either prevent (prophylactic) or treat established cancer (therapeutic). Identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has led to increased efforts to develop vaccination strategies. Vaccines may be composed of whole cells or cell extracts, genetically modified tumor cells to express costimulatory molecules, dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with TAAs, immunization with soluble proteins or synthetic peptides, recombinant viruses or bacteria encoding tumor-associated antigens, and plasmid DNA encoding TSAs or TAAs in conjunction with appropriate immunomodulators. All of these antitumor vaccination approaches aim to induce specific immunological responses and localized to TAAs, destroying tumor cells alone and leaving the vast majority of other healthy cells of the body untouched.
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221
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Chen L, Shen Z, Wu J. Effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure on FOXP3+ infiltration in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 27:297-303. [PMID: 22092733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the prevalence and significance of FOXP3+ infiltration into (pre)malignant skin carcinomas following ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. The possible pathways that UVR impacts on FOXP3 are to be discussed. BACKGROUND FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (FOXP3+ Tregs) are correlated to cutaneous squamous tumor progression. However, there is no information describing the prevalence of FOXP3+ infiltration in cutaneous premalignant and malignant squamous carcinomas with UVR exposure. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of FOXP3+ infiltration in 14 patients with Bowen's disease, 40 squamous cell carcinoma SCC patients and 21 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The percentages of FOXP3+ vs. total peri-neoplasm infiltration cells (FOXP3+ PCT) were significantly higher in Bowen's disease and well-differentiated SCC that were exposed to UVR than these diseases not exposed to UVR (t = 3.5776, P = 0.0038; t' = 5.9214, P < 0.01, respectively). FOXP3+ PCT was also higher in less pigmented than pigmented sites in BCC (t = 3.369, P = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS This study shed some light on the effect of UVR on FOXP3+ infiltration in skin (pre)malignant carcinomas. Our data suggested that FOXP3+ infiltration was positively related to UVR exposure. The mechanisms merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Battle Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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222
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Ingersoll SB, Stoltzfus GP, Merchant MH, Ahmad S, Edwards CR, Ahmed A, Oyer JL, Finkler NJ, Holloway RW, Edwards JR. Comparison of the cytotoxic response against ovarian cancer by immune effector cells isolated and expanded from normal donors and ovarian cancer patients. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:716-23. [PMID: 22409787 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.663484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic response against ovarian cancer (OC) cells elicited by different immune effector cells in combination with the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN) α-2b. METHODS OC cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from normal donors or OC patients and IL-2 or IFN α-2b alone or in combination, in order to determine the cytotoxicity. T cells were isolated from healthy donors to determine T cell cytotoxic activity. PBMC from healthy donors and OC patients were expanded in an IL-2/IL-7/IL-12 cocktail with and without anti-CD3 antibody, and the cytotoxic activity measured. Flow cytometry was performed on primary, selected and expanded cells to determine T, B, and natural killer- (NK) cell percentages. RESULTS Healthy donor PBMC elicited a significant cytotoxic response (59%) compared with OC patient PBMC (7%). T cells enriched from normal donors elicited a significant cytotoxic response (18%) compared with controls lacking effector cells (1.4%); however, the cytotoxicity observed was significantly less compared with unselected PBMC. Expanded effector cells consisted primarily of T cells (98%) and the fold-expansion was significantly higher in the presence of anti-CD3 (19- versus 132-fold). No significant difference in the expansion (either fold-expansion or cell type) was observed between OC patients and healthy donors. Expanded cells from both healthy donors and OC patients elicited a significant cytotoxic response in the presence of IL-2 (19% and 22%) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS PBMC from OC patients do not elicit a significant cytotoxic response; however, ex vivo-expanded cells from OC patients are capable of cytotoxic killing similar to unexpanded T cells isolated from normal donors. These data provide the groundwork for further development of cellular therapy against OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Blaydes Ingersoll
- Florida Hospital Gynecologic Oncology, Florida Hospital Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida 32804, USA. susan.blaydes@fl hosp.org
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223
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Fang Y, Wu S, Liu L, Fu D, Shen X. Regulatory T cell: a protection for tumour cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:425-36. [PMID: 21895966 PMCID: PMC3822920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by immunosuppression regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance. A growing number of tumours have been found with Tregs accumulating in microenvironment and patients with high density of Tregs in tumour stroma get a worse prognosis, which suggests that Tregs may inhibit anti-tumour immunity in stroma, resulting in a poor prognosis. In this paper, we demonstrate the accumulation of Tregs in tumour stroma and the possible suppressive mechanisms. We also state the immunotherapy that has being used in animal and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- *Correspondence to: Fu DA, Ph.D., Xizhong SHEN, M.D., The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Tel.: +86-21-54230545, +86-21-64041990 Fax: +86-21-54230545, +86-21-64038038 E-mail: ,
| | | | - Ying Fang
- The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lili Liu
- The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xizhong Shen
- The Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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224
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Conroy H, Galvin KC, Higgins SC, Mills KHG. Gene silencing of TGF-β1 enhances antitumor immunity induced with a dendritic cell vaccine by reducing tumor-associated regulatory T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:425-31. [PMID: 22193988 PMCID: PMC11029020 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Active immunotherapy and cancer vaccines that promote host antitumor immune responses promise to be effective and less toxic alternatives to current cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of cancer. However, the success of tumor immunotherapeutics and vaccines is dependent on identifying approaches for circumventing the immunosuppressive effects of regulatory T (Treg) cells induced by the growing tumor and by immunotherapeutic molecules, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Here, we show that tumors secrete high concentrations of active TGF-β1, a cytokine that can convert naive T cells into Foxp3+ Treg cells. Silencing TGF-β1 mRNA using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in tumor cells inhibited active TGF-β1 production in vitro and restrained their growth in vivo. Prophylactic but not therapeutic administration of TGF-β1 siRNA reduced the growth of CT26 tumors in vivo. Furthermore, suppressing TGF-β1 expression at the site of a tumor, using siRNA before, during and after therapeutic administration of a TLR-activated antigen-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine significantly reduced the growth of B16 melanoma in mice. The protective effect of co-administering TGF-β1 siRNA with the DC vaccine was associated with suppression of CD25+ Foxp3+ and CD25+ IL-10+ T cells and enhancement of tumor infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells. Our findings suggest that transient suppression of TGF-β1 may be a promising approach for enhancing the efficacy of tumor vaccines in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- RNA Interference
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Conroy
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 4.04, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Karen C. Galvin
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 4.04, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah C. Higgins
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 4.04, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kingston H. G. Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 4.04, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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225
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Li QL, Gao SF, Wang YP, Ma J, Feng CX, Wang Y, Wang YL. In vitro-activated tumor-bearing host T cells and the effectiveness of tumor vaccine immunotherapy. Ann Saudi Med 2012; 32:162-8. [PMID: 22366830 PMCID: PMC6086645 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Vaccination during periods of lymphopenia may facilitate immune responses to weak self-antigens and enhance antitumor immunity. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tumor vaccine immunotherapy combined with immune reconstruction using tumor-bearing host immune cells in lymphopenia, and to investigate the role of tumor-bearing host T cells activated in vitro during immunotherapy. DESIGN AND SETTING Animal study conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2009 to January 2010. PATIENTS AND METHODS Lymphopenia was induced by cyclophosphamide. A reconstituted immune system with different syngeneic lymphocytes was employed, including lymphocytes from naïve rats (unsensitized group), tumor-bearing rats (tumor-bearing group), and tumor-bearing rats activated in vitro (activated group). All rats were immunized with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-modified NuTu-19 ovarian cancer (GM-CSF/NuTu-19) cells. Tumor vaccine-draining lymph nodes (TVDLNs) were harvested, and then stimulated to induce effector T cells (T(E)). T(E) were then adoptively transferred to rats bearing a 3-day pre-established abdominal tumor (NuTu-19), and the survival rate was calculated. RESULTS Compared with the unsensitized group, the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were significantly lower in the tumor-bearing group, whereas that of IL-4 were significantly higher (P<.05). The number of CD4+ T cells secreting interferon-γ and the specific cytotoxicity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes were significantly lower (P<.05). The survival was significantly higher in the activated group compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Lymphocytes from tumor-bearing rats activated in vitro can effectively reverse the immunosuppressive effects of tumor-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-ling Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shan Xi, China.
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226
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Hatam LJ, Devoti JA, Rosenthal DW, Lam F, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Bonagura VR. Immune suppression in premalignant respiratory papillomas: enriched functional CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and PD-1/PD-L1/L2 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1925-35. [PMID: 22322668 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiratory papillomas, caused by human papillomaviruses types 6 and 11 (HPV6/11), are premalignant lesions with potential for malignant conversion. The cytokine and chemokine micromilieu of papillomas is T(H)2-like with a marked absence of IFN-γ expression. To illuminate why patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) fail to effectively control their disease, we further investigated the suppressive cellular microenvironment in papillomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low/-)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(low/-)Foxp3(-) T cells within papillomas were characterized and isolated. Their suppressor function was measured by inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. Expression of PD-1, CD69, and Helios was identified on these T cells. PD-L1, PD-L2, CCL17, and CCL22 mRNA was also identified in papillomas by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Functional Tregs were markedly enriched in papillomas and strongly inhibited anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody activated PBMC proliferation. The natural Treg marker Helios was reduced on Tregs from papillomas, indicating that the majority of Tregs in papillomas are adaptive. The majority of the papilloma-derived CD4(+) T cells expressed the CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(low/-)Foxp3(-)PD1(+)CD69(+) phenotype and failed to suppress PBMC proliferation, suggesting that they are chronically activated and exhausted. The Treg-attracting chemokine CCL22 was equally expressed by all laryngeal tissues examined. However, CCL17 was robustly expressed by papillomas compared with unaffected laryngeal tissues from RRP patients and individuals without RRP. PD-L1 was elevated in papillomas compared with control laryngeal tissues. CONCLUSIONS Papilloma CD4(+) T cells are enriched with functional Tregs, and the adaptive Helios(-) Treg fraction was increased within the T(H)2-like papilloma micromilieu. CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(low/-)Foxp3(-) T-cells failed to suppress PBMC proliferation and may be exhausted. The PD-1/PDL-1 pathway may represent an additional immunosuppressive mechanism that contributes to defective HPV6/11 clearance in RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda J Hatam
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Room 1239, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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227
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Wang C, Lee JH, Kim CH. Optimal population of FoxP3+ T cells in tumors requires an antigen priming-dependent trafficking receptor switch. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30793. [PMID: 22292042 PMCID: PMC3264621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxP3+ T cells populate tumors and regulate anti-tumor immunity. The requirement for optimal population of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumors remains unclear. We investigated the migration requirement and stability of tumor-associated FoxP3+ T cells. We found that only memory, but not naïve, FoxP3+ T cells are highly enriched in tumors. Almost all of the tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells express Helios, an antigen associated either with thymus-generated FoxP3+ T cells or activated T cells in the periphery. The tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells largely lack CD62L and CCR7, two trafficking receptors required for T cell migration into secondary lymphoid tissues. Instead, the tumor infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells highly express memory/tumor-associated CCR8 and CXCR4. Antigen priming is required for induction of this trafficking receptor phenotype in FoxP3+ T cells and only antigen primed, but not antigen-inexperienced naive, FoxP3+ T cells can efficiently migrate into tumors. While the migration of FoxP3+ T cells into tumors was a readily detectable event, generation of induced FoxP3+ T cells within tumors was unexpectedly inefficient. Genetic marking of current and ex-FoxP3+ T cells revealed that tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells are highly stable and do not readily convert back to FoxP3− T cells. Taken together, our results indicate that population of tumors with thymus-generated FoxP3+ T cells requires an antigen priming-dependent trafficking receptor switch in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwu Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Cancer Center, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jee H. Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Cancer Center, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chang H. Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Cancer Center, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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228
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Biragyn A, Longo DL. Neoplastic "Black Ops": cancer's subversive tactics in overcoming host defenses. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:50-9. [PMID: 22257681 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is usually an incurable disease. Cancers have a broad repertoire of subversive tactics to defeat the immune system. They mimic self, they down-regulate MHC molecules so that T cells are blind to their presence, they interfere with antigen presentation, and they produce factors that can kill T cells or paralyze their response to antigens. Furthermore, the same powerful machinery designed to prevent harmful autoimmune responses is also acting to protect cancers. In particular, cancer is protected with the help of so-called regulatory immune cells. These unique subsets of cells, represented by almost every immune cell type, function to control responses of effector immune cells. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that cancer actively promotes cross-talk of regulatory immune cells to evade immunosurveillance. We will also discuss the role of a newly described cell type, regulatory B cells, by emphasizing their importance in suppression of antitumor immune responses. Thus, cancer not only directly suppresses immune function, but also recruits components of the immune system to become traitors and protect the tumor from immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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229
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Abstract
Regulatory T lymphocytes are essential to maintain homeostasis of the immune system, limiting the magnitude of effector responses and allowing the establishment of immunological tolerance. Two main types of regulatory T cells have been identified--natural and induced (or adaptive)-and both play significant roles in tuning down effector immune responses. Adaptive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (iTreg) cells develop outside the thymus under a variety of conditions. These include not only antigen presentation under subimmunogenic or noninflammatory conditions, but also chronic inflammation and infections. We speculate that the different origin of iTreg cells (noninflammatory versus inflammatory) results in distinct properties, including their stability. iTreg cells are also generated during homeostasis of the gut and in cancer, although some cancers also favor expansion of natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells. Here we review how iTreg cells develop and how they participate in immunological tolerance, contrasting, when possible, iTreg cells with nTreg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Bilate
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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230
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Núñez NG, Andreani V, Crespo MI, Nocera DA, Breser ML, Morón G, Dejager L, Libert C, Rivero V, Maccioni M. IFNβ produced by TLR4-activated tumor cells is involved in improving the antitumoral immune response. Cancer Res 2011; 72:592-603. [PMID: 22139376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands may be a valuable tool to promote antitumor responses by reinforcing antitumor immunity. In addition to their expression in immune cells, functional TLRs are also expressed by many cancer cells, but their significance has been controversial. In this study, we examined the action of TLR ligands on tumor pathophysiology as a result of direct tumor cell effects. B16 murine melanoma cells were stimulated in vitro with a TLR4 ligand (LPS-B16) prior to inoculation into TLR4-deficient mice (Tlr4 (lps-del)). Under such conditions, B16 cells yielded smaller tumors than nonstimulated B16 cells. The apoptosis/proliferation balance of the cells was not modified by TLR ligand treatment, nor was this effect compromised in immunocompromised nude mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that IFNβ was the critical factor produced by TLR4-activated tumor cells in mediating their in vivo outgrowth. Transcriptional analysis showed that TLR4 activation on B16 cells induced changes in the expression of type I IFN and type I IFN-related genes. Most importantly, culture supernatants from LPS-B16 cells improved the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from TLR4-deficient mice, upregulating the expression of interleukin-12 and costimulatory molecules on those cells. BMDC maturation was blunted by addition of an IFNβ-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition observed in LPS-B16 tumors was abrogated in IFNAR1-deficient mice lacking a functional type I IFN receptor for binding IFN. Together, our findings show that tumor cells can be induced through the TLR4 pathway to produce IFN and positively contribute to the antitumoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gonzalo Núñez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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231
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Teng L, Liu L, Su Y, Yuan X, Li J, Fu Q, Chen S, Wang C. Suppression of Alloimmunity in Mice by Regulatory T Cells Converted with Conditioned Media. J Surg Res 2011; 171:797-806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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232
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Chen X, Oppenheim JJ. Contrasting effects of TNF and anti-TNF on the activation of effector T cells and regulatory T cells in autoimmunity. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3611-8. [PMID: 21513711 PMCID: PMC3164898 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-TNF treatment is effective in a majority of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, this treatment can unexpectedly trigger the onset or exacerbate multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent progress in cellular immunology research provides a new framework to analyze the possible mechanism underlying these puzzling contradictory effects. The delicate balance of protective CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and pathogenic CD4(+)FoxP3(-) effector T cells (Teffs) is crucial for the outcome of anti-TNF treatment of autoimmune disease. There is convincing evidence that TNF, in addition to stimulating Teffs, is able to activate and expand Tregs through TNFR2, which is preferentially expressed by Tregs. Therefore, the contrasting effects of TNF on Tregs and Teffs are likely to determine the therapeutic effect of anti-TNF treatment. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the general effect of TNF on the activation of T cells, and the impact of TNF on the function of Teffs and Tregs. Understanding the differential effects of TNF on Teffs and Tregs is fundamentally required for the design of more effective and safer anti-TNF or anti-TNF receptor(s) therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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233
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Wainwright DA, Sengupta S, Han Y, Lesniak MS. Thymus-derived rather than tumor-induced regulatory T cells predominate in brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1308-23. [PMID: 21908444 PMCID: PMC3223094 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with an average survival time of 15 months. Previously, we and others demonstrated that CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate human GBM as well as mouse models that recapitulate malignant brain tumors. However, whether brain tumor-resident Tregs are thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) or induced Tregs (iTregs), by the conversion of conventional CD4(+) T cells, has not been established. To investigate this question, we utilized the i.c. implanted GL261 cell-based orthotopic mouse model, the RasB8 transgenic astrocytoma mouse model, and a human GBM tissue microarray. We demonstrate that Tregs in brain tumors are predominantly thymus derived, since thymectomy, prior to i.c. GL261 cell implantation, significantly decreased the level of Tregs in mice with brain tumors. Accordingly, most Tregs in human GBM and mouse brain tumors expressed the nTreg transcription factor, Helios. Interestingly, a significant effect of the brain tumor microenvironment on Treg lineage programming was observed, based on higher levels of brain tumor-resident Tregs expressing glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD103 and lower levels of Tregs expressing CD62L and CD45RB compared with peripheral Tregs. Furthermore, there was a higher level of nTregs in brain tumors that expressed the proliferative marker Ki67 compared with iTregs and conventional CD4(+) T cells. Our study demonstrates that future Treg-depleting therapies should aim to selectively target systemic rather than intratumoral nTregs in brain tumor-specific immunotherapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/mortality
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Thymectomy
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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234
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Kaluza KM, Thompson JM, Kottke TJ, Flynn Gilmer HC, Knutson DL, Vile RG. Adoptive T cell therapy promotes the emergence of genomically altered tumor escape variants. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:844-54. [PMID: 21935923 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has been proven effective against melanoma in mice and humans. However, because most responses are incomplete or transient, cures remain rare. To maximize the efficacy of this therapy, it will be essential to gain a better understanding of the processes which result in tumor relapse. We studied these processes using B16ova murine melanoma and adoptive transfer of OT-I T cells. Transfer of T cells as a single therapy provided a significant survival benefit for mice with established subcutaneous tumors. However, tumors which initially regressed often recurred. By analyzing tumors which emerged in the presence of a potent OT-I response, we identified a novel tumor escape mechanism in which tumor cells evaded T cell pressure by undergoing major genomic changes involving loss of the gene encoding the target tumor antigen. Furthermore, we show that these in vivo processes can be recapitulated in vitro using T cell/tumor cell co-cultures. A single round of in vitro co-culture led to significant loss of the ova gene and a tumor cell population with rapidly induced and diverse karyotypic changes. Although these current studies focus on the model OVA antigen, the finding that T cells can directly promote genomic instability has important implications for the development of adoptive T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Kaluza
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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235
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Scutellaria extract and wogonin inhibit tumor-mediated induction of T(reg) cells via inhibition of TGF-β1 activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 61:701-11. [PMID: 22057676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have implicated tumor-induced T(reg) cell activity in the sub-optimal response to therapeutic vaccines. Development of neo-adjuvant strategies targeting T(reg) cells is therefore imperative. Scutellaria extracts or constituent flavonoids have shown encouraging efficacy against various tumors, including gliomas, in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. We report here, for the first time, that Scutellaria ocmulgee leaf extract (SocL) and flavonoid wogonin could inhibit TGF-β1-induced T(reg) activity in malignant gliomas. F344 rats, subcutaneously transplanted with F98 gliomas, were treated with SocL. There was a significant inhibition of intra-tumoral TGF-β1 and T(reg) cell frequency as well as peripheral blood TGF-β1 levels in SocL-treated animals compared to the controls. SocL extract and wogonin also inhibited glioma-induced, TGF-β1-mediated T(reg) activity in vitro. SocL extract and wogonin also inhibited the secretion of IL-10 in T(reg) culture; whereas the level of IL-2 was either unchanged or marginally enhanced. We also observed an inhibition of Smad-3, GSK-3β and ERK1/2 signaling by SocL and wogonin in T(reg) cells, while phosphorylation of P38 MAPK was considerably enhanced, indicating that SocL or wogonin could inhibit the T cells' response to TGF-β1 via modulation of both Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. Overall, this study suggests that Scutellaria can potentially reverse tumor-mediated immune suppression via inhibition of TGF-β1 secretion as well as via inhibition of T cells' response to TGF-β1. This may provide an opportunity for developing a novel adjuvant therapeutic strategy for malignant gliomas, combining Scutellaria with immunotherapy and chemo/radio-therapeutic regimen, which could potentially improve the disease outcome.
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236
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Li H, Zhao H, Yu J, Su Y, Cao S, An X, Ren X. Increased prevalence of regulatory T cells in the lung cancer microenvironment: a role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1587-96. [PMID: 21681373 PMCID: PMC11028680 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor microenvironment was one of the mechanisms by which cancer cells escaped host defense. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) contributes to the generation of natural Tregs in thymus. Therefore, the purpose of this report was to investigate the role of TSLP in the increasing prevalence of Tregs in lung cancer microenvironment. The expression ratio of TSLP protein in tumor tissues was significantly increased compared with that in benign lesion and non-cancer lung tissue. The prevalence of Tregs in tumor microenvironment was correlated with the expression of TSLP in lung cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from lung cancer patients and left unstimulated (imDCs) or exposed to hTSLP (TSLP-DCs) or LPS (LPS-DCs). TSLP-DCs expressed intermediate levels of CD83 and high levels of CD86, CD11C, and HLA-DR, which showed a characteristic of less mature DCs. TSLP-DCs secreted low levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and high levels of TGF-β and MDC. The percentage of Tregs in CD4+CD25- T cells cocultured with TSLP-DCs group was statistically higher than that of LPS-DCs and imDCs. Transwell assays showed that TSLP-DCs exhibited increased ability to attract the migration of CD4+CD25- Tregs, when compared with imDCs. These results indicated that TSLP proteins were expressed in lung tumor tissue and correlated with the prevalence of Tregs. TSLP-DCs could induce CD4+CD25- T cells to differentiate into CD4+CD25+foxp3+ T cells and the migration of CD4+CD25+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Su
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shui Cao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei An
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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237
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A mathematical model of tumor-immune interactions. J Theor Biol 2011; 294:56-73. [PMID: 22051568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model of the interactions between a growing tumor and the immune system is presented. The equations and parameters of the model are based on experimental and clinical results from published studies. The model includes the primary cell populations involved in effector T-cell mediated tumor killing: regulatory T cells, helper T cells, and dendritic cells. A key feature is the inclusion of multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression through the main cytokines and growth factors mediating the interactions between the cell populations. Decreased access of effector cells to the tumor interior with increasing tumor size is accounted for. The model is applied to tumors with different growth rates and antigenicities to gauge the relative importance of various immunosuppressive mechanisms. The most important factors leading to tumor escape are TGF-β-induced immunosuppression, conversion of helper T cells into regulatory T cells, and the limitation of immune cell access to the full tumor at large tumor sizes. The results suggest that for a given tumor growth rate, there is an optimal antigenicity maximizing the response of the immune system. Further increases in antigenicity result in increased immunosuppression, and therefore a decrease in tumor killing rate. This result may have implications for immunotherapies which modulate the effective antigenicity. Simulation of dendritic cell therapy with the model suggests that for some tumors, there is an optimal dose of transfused dendritic cells.
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238
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Zhang Q, Chen L, Helfand BT, Jang TL, Sharma V, Kozlowski J, Kuzel TM, Zhu LJ, Yang XJ, Javonovic B, Guo Y, Lonning S, Harper J, Teicher BA, Brendler C, Yu N, Catalona WJ, Lee C. TGF-β regulates DNA methyltransferase expression in prostate cancer, correlates with aggressive capabilities, and predicts disease recurrence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25168. [PMID: 21980391 PMCID: PMC3184137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) is one of the major factors mediating the methylation of cancer related genes such as TGF-β receptors (TβRs). This in turn may result in a loss of sensitivity to physiologic levels of TGF-β in aggressive prostate cancer (CaP). The specific mechanisms of DNMT's role in CaP remain undetermined. In this study, we describe the mechanism of TGF-β-mediated DNMT in CaP and its association with clinical outcomes following radical prostatectomy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used human CaP cell lines with varying degrees of invasive capability to describe how TGF-β mediates the expression of DNMT in CaP, and its effects on methylation status of TGF-β receptors and the invasive capability of CaP in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we determined the association between DNMT expression and clinical outcome after radical prostatectomy. We found that more aggressive CaP cells had significantly higher TGF-β levels, increased expression of DNMT, but reduced TβRs when compared to benign prostate cells and less aggressive prostate cancer cells. Blockade of TGF-β signaling or ERK activation (p-ERK) was associated with a dramatic decrease in the expression of DNMT, which results in a coincident increase in the expression of TβRs. Blockade of either TGF-β signaling or DNMT dramatically decreased the invasive capabilities of CaP. Inhibition of TGF-β in an TRAMP-C2 CaP model in C57BL/6 mice using 1D11 was associated with downregulation of DNMTs and p-ERK and impairment in tumor growth. Finally, independent of Gleason grade, increased DNMT1 expression was associated with biochemical recurrence following surgical treatment for prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that CaP derived TGF-β may induce the expression of DNMTs in CaP which is associated with methylation of its receptors and the aggressive potential of CaP. In addition, DNMTs is an independent predictor for disease recurrence after prostatectomy, and may have clinical implications for CaP prognostication and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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239
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Zhao Y, Adams YF, Croft M. Preferential replication of vaccinia virus in the ovaries is independent of immune regulation through IL-10 and TGF-β. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:387-96. [PMID: 21958373 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) exhibits a strong tropism for ovarian tissue and can cause ovary pathology and sterility. Why VACV preferentially accumulates in this organ is not known. Here we show that multiple immune cell populations infiltrated the ovaries following VACV infection, including virus-specific CD8 T cells making both IFN-γ and TNF. This was also accompanied by the induction of interleukin (IL)-10 and TGF-β, suggesting that VACV may exploit the ovarian environment for immune evasion via induction of these suppressive cytokines. To test this we used several strategies, including neutralizing these cytokines, and exogenous targeting of the T-cell response, to determine if this inhibited virus replication in the ovaries. We found that the VACV-specific CD8 T-cell immunity and the clearance of virus were not enhanced in the ovaries of infected mice in which IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) was blocked with antagonist antibody. VACV replication was also only moderately affected in the ovaries of infected IL-10 knockout mice. Similarly, blockade of TGF-β with antagonist antibody demonstrated no effect on CD8 T-cell immunity or VACV replication. Lastly, an agonist antibody targeting the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member OX40 (TNFRSF4) enhanced the number of VACV-specific CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ in lymphoid tissue, but had no effect on CD8 T-cell infiltration of the ovaries or on the viral load. Collectively, the results indicate that preferential replication of VACV in the ovaries may not be dependent on immune suppressive mechanisms in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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240
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and maintaining a state of tolerance to the body's own tissues and the trillions of commensal microorganisms and food antigens that confront it every day. A fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in orchestrating immunological tolerance has been appreciated, but emerging studies have highlighted the nature of the innate receptors and the signaling pathways that program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Furthermore, several studies have emphasized the major role played by cellular interactions and the microenvironment in programming tolerogenic DCs. Here, we review these studies and suggest that the innate control of tolerogenic responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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241
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Raghavan S, Quiding-Järbrink M. Regulatory T cells in gastrointestinal tumors. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:489-501. [PMID: 21780896 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have the ability to suppress the activity of most other lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells through cell-cell contact-dependent mechanisms, which have not yet been fully defined. Tregs are a key component of a functional immune system and Treg deficiency is associated with severe autoimmunity and allergies. However, Tregs specific for tumor-associated antigens are present in cancer patients and Tregs accumulate in many types of solid tumors, where they probably act to promote tumor escape from cytotoxic immune responses. Indeed, some studies even show a negative correlation between Treg infiltration and survival of the patient. Several studies indicate an active recruitment of Tregs to the tumor site and the mechanisms of Treg accumulation are starting to be better understood as a result of more detailed analysis of their adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression. In addition, in gastrointestinal tumors there is an increase in tumor-associated Tregs, but intriguingly, Treg infiltration into colorectal adenocarcinomas is associated with improved prognosis. In this article, we will review the proposed mechanisms of immune suppression by tumor-associated Tregs, how the tumor microenvironment favors immune evasion and Treg induction, the tumor-homing mechanisms of Tregs and how Tregs affect progression of gastric and colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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242
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The Role of PPARgamma in the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Lung Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:790568. [PMID: 18769553 PMCID: PMC2526169 DOI: 10.1155/2008/790568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and high levels of the proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been observed in many tumor types. Both reduced (PPARγ) expression and elevated COX-2 within the tumor are associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients, and recent work has indicated that these signaling pathways may be interrelated. Synthetic (PPARγ) agonists such as the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs can decrease COX-2 levels, inhibit growth of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro, and block tumor progression in xenograft models. TZDs alter the expression of COX-2 and consequent production of the protumorigenic inflammatory molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through both (PPARγ) dependent and independent mechanisms. Certain TZDs also reduce expression of PGE2 receptors or upregulate the PGE2 catabolic enzyme 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. As several COX-2 enzymatic products have antitumor properties and specific COX-2 inhibition has been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac events, directly reducing the effects or concentration of PGE2 may provide a more safe and effective strategy for lung cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects may be helpful for designing anticancer therapies. This article summarizes recent research on the relationship between (PPARγ), TZDs, and the COX-2/PGE2 pathways in lung cancer.
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243
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A Role for PPARgamma in the Regulation of Cytokines in Immune Cells and Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:961753. [PMID: 18566687 PMCID: PMC2430015 DOI: 10.1155/2008/961753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ and its ligands appear to serve diverse biological functions. In addition to the well-studied effects of PPARγ on metabolism and cellular differentiation, abundant evidence suggests that PPARγ is an important regulator of the immune system and cancers. Since cytokines are not only key modulators of inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory functions but they also can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth and progression, this review summarizes the role for PPARγ in the regulation of cytokine production and cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways in immune cells and cancer.
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244
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T cell surveillance of oncogene-induced prostate cancer is impeded by T cell-derived TGF-β1 cytokine. Immunity 2011; 35:123-34. [PMID: 21757379 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance induction in T cells takes place in most tumors and is thought to account for tumor evasion from immune eradication. Production of the cytokine TGF-β is implicated in immunosuppression, but the cellular mechanism by which TGF-β induces T cell dysfunction remains unclear. With a transgenic model of prostate cancer, we showed that tumor development was not suppressed by the adaptive immune system, which was associated with heightened TGF-β signaling in T cells from the tumor-draining lymph nodes. Blockade of TGF-β signaling in T cells enhanced tumor antigen-specific T cell responses and inhibited tumor development. Surprisingly, T cell- but not Treg cell-specific ablation of TGF-β1 was sufficient to augment T cell cytotoxic activity and blocked tumor growth and metastases. These findings reveal that T cell production of TGF-β1 is an essential requirement for tumors to evade immunosurveillance independent of TGF-β produced by tumors.
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245
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Zeelenberg IS, van Maren WWC, Boissonnas A, Van Hout-Kuijer MA, Den Brok MHMGM, Wagenaars JAL, van der Schaaf A, Jansen EJR, Amigorena S, Théry C, Figdor CG, Adema GJ. Antigen localization controls T cell-mediated tumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1281-8. [PMID: 21705625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective antitumor immunotherapy requires the identification of suitable target Ags. Interestingly, many of the tumor Ags used in clinical trials are present in preparations of secreted tumor vesicles (exosomes). In this study, we compared T cell responses elicited by murine MCA101 fibrosarcoma tumors expressing a model Ag at different localizations within the tumor cell in association with secreted vesicles (exosomes), as a nonsecreted cell-associated protein, or as secreted soluble protein. Remarkably, we demonstrated that only the tumor-secreting vesicle-bound Ag elicited a strong Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell response, CD4(+) T cell help, Ag-specific Abs, and a decrease in the percentage of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in the tumor. Moreover, in a therapeutic tumor model of cryoablation, only in tumors secreting vesicle-bound Ag could Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells still be detected up to 16 d after therapy. We concluded that the localization of an Ag within the tumor codetermines whether a robust immunostimulatory response is elicited. In vivo, vesicle-bound Ag clearly skews toward a more immunogenic phenotype, whereas soluble or cell-associated Ag expression cannot prevent or even delay outgrowth and results in tumor tolerance. This may explain why particular immunotherapies based on these vesicle-bound tumor Ags are potentially successful. Therefore, we conclude that this study may have significant implications in the discovery of new tumor Ags suitable for immunotherapy and that their location should be taken into account to ensure a strong antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Zeelenberg
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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246
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Lu X, Liu J, Li H, Li W, Wang X, Ma J, Tong Q, Wu K, Wang G. Conversion of intratumoral regulatory T cells by human gastric cancer cells is dependent on transforming growth factor-β1. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:571-7. [PMID: 21695703 DOI: 10.1002/jso.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Regulatory T cells (Treg) inhibits immune responses mediated by T cells. This study aimed to investigate whether Treg are accumulated in human gastric cancer tissue and the mechanism of Treg induction by gastric cancer cells. METHODS Tissue infiltrated leukocytes from gastric adenocarcinomas were subjected to flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Percentage, phenotype, function, and clinical relevance of Treg were analyzed. TGF-β1 production by cancer cells was determined by Western blot and in vitro co-culture experiments were performed to mimic gastric cancer microenvironment. RESULTS The percentages of CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells in gastric cancer tissues were significantly higher than those from adjacent non-tumor gastric tissues (P < 0.05). The results of classical Treg phenotype and proliferation assay supported that the elevated CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells represents a suppressive Treg population. High proportion of Treg is correlated to advance TNM stage and reduced survival. Primary gastric cancer cells produced abundance of TGF-β1 which was responsible for conversion of Treg. CONCLUSION The proportion of functional Treg is elevated in human gastric cancer and related to poor prognosis. Gastric cancer cells directly convert CD4(+) naive T cells to Treg by TGF-β1, suggesting a possible mechanism through which tumor cells evade the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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247
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Nolting J, Brossart P. Pulling the trigger on the tumor's bodyguards: what puts Tregs out of action? Immunotherapy 2011; 3:693-5. [PMID: 21668301 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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248
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Alexander CM, Tygrett LT, Boyden AW, Wolniak KL, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ. T regulatory cells participate in the control of germinal centre reactions. Immunology 2011; 133:452-68. [PMID: 21635248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centre (GC) reactions are central features of T-cell-driven B-cell responses, and the site where antibody-producing cells and memory B cells are generated. Within GCs, a range of complex cellular and molecular events occur which are critical for the generation of high affinity antibodies. These processes require exquisite regulation not only to ensure the production of desired antibodies, but to minimize unwanted autoreactive or low affinity antibodies. To assess whether T regulatory (Treg) cells participate in the control of GC responses, immunized mice were treated with an anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) to disrupt Treg-cell activity. In anti-GITR-treated mice, the GC B-cell pool was significantly larger compared with control-treated animals, with switched GC B cells composing an abnormally high proportion of the response. Dysregulated GCs were also observed regardless of strain, T helper type 1 or 2 polarizing antigens, and were also seen after anti-CD25 mAb treatment. Within the spleens of immunized mice, CXCR5(+) and CCR7(-) Treg cells were documented by flow cytometry and Foxp3(+) cells were found within GCs using immunohistology. Final studies demonstrated administration of either anti-transforming growth factor-β or anti-interleukin-10 receptor blocking mAb to likewise result in dysregulated GCs, suggesting that generation of inducible Treg cells is important in controlling the GC response. Taken together, these findings indicate that Treg cells contribute to the overall size and quality of the humoral response by controlling homeostasis within GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Maria Alexander
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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249
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Liu Z, Falo LD, You Z. Knockdown of HMGB1 in tumor cells attenuates their ability to induce regulatory T cells and uncovers naturally acquired CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:118-25. [PMID: 21642542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in tumor cells is involved in many aspects of tumor progression, its role in tumor immune suppression remains elusive. Host cell-derived IL-10 suppressed a naturally acquired CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor response. The suppressive activity of tumor-associated Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) was IL-10 dependent. Neutralizing HMGB1 impaired tumor cell-promoted IL-10 production by Treg. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of HMGB1 (HMGB1 KD) in tumor cells did not affect tumor cell growth but uncovered naturally acquired long-lasting tumor-specific IFN-γ- or TNF-α-producing CD8 T cell responses and attenuated their ability to induce Treg, leading to naturally acquired CD8 T cell- or IFN-γ-dependent tumor rejection. The data suggest that tumor cell-derived HMGB1 may suppress naturally acquired CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor immunity via enhancing Treg to produce IL-10, which is necessary for Treg-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Díez-Torre A, Silván U, Moreno P, Gumucio J, Aréchaga J. Peritubular myoid cell-derived factors and its potential role in the progression of testicular germ cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e252-64; discussion e264-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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