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Sadeghi S, Mohammadimasoudi M, Mehrzad H, Goudarzi A. Hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection using surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensor with corrodible silver thin film. Talanta 2024; 279:126593. [PMID: 39053358 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI)-based biosensor is demonstrated for the detection of both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose. The H2O2 to be detected acts as an oxidant and etch the silver film. This process gradually effects on resonance condition and consequently the reflected light intensity at a fixed angle. The etching rate of the silver film shows a clear relation with the H2O2 concentration. Therefore, monitoring the reflected light intensity progressively changing over a few minutes, enables accurate detection of H2O2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μM (within physiological range of 0.25-50 μM), with a remarkable limit of detection (LOD) as low as 40 nM. In this regard, the behavior of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) dip in response to the reduction of the silver film thickness is predicted by Winspall simulation software. These simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to determine glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 mM, encompassing the physiological range of 3-8 mM. This is achieved by observing the generated H2O2 through the enzymatic oxidation reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase (Gox). The sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, with a detection limit as low as 175 μM for glucose concentration. Furthermore, accurate measurement of glucose concentration in an actual human serum sample is achievable with the proposed sensor, using the standard addition method. The suggested glucose sensor shows promising prospects for use in routine glucose testing, employing a label-free, real-time, and multiplex detection approach.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadeghi
- Nano-bio-photonics Lab, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadimasoudi
- Nano-bio-photonics Lab, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Mehrzad
- Nano-bio-photonics Lab, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Goudarzi
- Nano-bio-photonics Lab, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Villoslada P, Solana E, Alba-Arbalat S, Martinez-Heras E, Vivo F, Lopez-Soley E, Calvi A, Camos-Carreras A, Dotti-Boada M, Bailac RA, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Blanco Y, Llufriu S, Sanchez Dalmau BF. Retinal Damage and Visual Network Reconfiguration Defines Visual Function Recovery in Optic Neuritis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200288. [PMID: 39213469 PMCID: PMC11368233 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recovery of vision after acute optic neuritis (AON) is critical to improving the quality of life of people with demyelinating diseases. The objective of the study was to prospectively assess the changes in visual acuity, retinal layer thickness, and cortical visual network in patients with AON to identify the predictors of permanent visual disability. METHODS We studied a prospective cohort of 88 consecutive patients with AON with 6-month follow-up using high and low-contrast (2.5%) visual acuity, color vision, retinal thickness from optical coherence tomography, latencies and amplitudes of multifocal visual evoked potentials, mean deviation of visual fields, and diffusion-based structural (n = 53) and functional (n = 19) brain MRI to analyze the cortical visual network. The primary outcome was 2.5% low-contrast vision, and data were analyzed with mixed-effects and multivariate regression models. RESULTS We found that after 6 months, low-contrast vision and quality of vision remained moderately impaired. The thickness of the ganglion cell layer at baseline was a predictor of low-contrast vision 6 months later (ß = 0.49 [CI 0.11-0.88], p = 0.012). The structural cortical visual network at baseline predicted low-contrast vision, the best predictors being the betweenness of the right parahippocampal cortex (ß = -036 [CI -0.66 to 0.06], p = 0.021), the node strength of the right V3 (ß = 1.72 [CI 0.29-3.15], p = 0.02), and the clustering coefficient of the left intraparietal sulcus (ß = 57.8 [CI 12.3-103.4], p = 0.015). The functional cortical visual network at baseline also predicted low-contrast vision, the best predictors being the betweenness of the left ventral occipital cortex (ß = 8.6 [CI: 4.03-13.3], p = 0.009), the node strength of the right intraparietal sulcus (ß = -2.79 [CI: -5.1-0.4], p = 0.03), and the clustering coefficient of the left superior parietal lobule (ß = 501.5 [CI 50.8-952.2], p = 0.03). DISCUSSION The assessment of the visual pathway at baseline predicts permanent vision disability after AON, indicating that damage is produced early after disease onset and that it can be used for defining vision impairment and guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salut Alba-Arbalat
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Martinez-Heras
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Vivo
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Lopez-Soley
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Calvi
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Camos-Carreras
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Dotti-Boada
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Alcubierre Bailac
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena H Martinez-Lapiscina
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Blanco
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo F Sanchez Dalmau
- From the Department of Neurology (P.V.), Hospital Hospital del Mar-Pomepu Fabra University, Barcelona; Neurology Service and Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (E.S., S.A.-A., E.M.-H., F.V., E.L.-S., A.C., E.H.M.-L., Y.B., S.L.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona; and Ophthalmology Service (S.A.-A., A.C.-C., M.D.-B., R.A.B., S.L., B.F.S.D.), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou A, Ren H, Fu L, Ren C, Zhou J, Guan H, Ren X, Zhang W. Anti-Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic Antibody Type 2-Associated Autoimmune Cerebellar Degeneration in Children: A Different Phenotype From Adults. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 160:26-29. [PMID: 39178650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 2 (PCA-2) is associated with various neurological conditions in adults. However, related studies have not been conducted in children. The present study aimed to characterize the clinical features and outcomes of PCA-2-related autoimmune cerebellar degeneration in pediatric patients. METHODS A total of 357 pediatric patients with acute or subacute cerebellar ataxia were recruited for the study from June 2015 to September 2022. Of these, PCA-2 was identified in four patients. Information on the clinical manifestations, patient response to treatment, and outcomes was collected and analyzed. RESULTS The patient cohort in the present study included two boys and two girls, with the age of onset from six to 12 years. Axial ataxia was the most remarkable symptom observed in the entire patient cohort (four of four), followed by dysmetria in 75% (three of four), dysarthria in 50% (two of four), and nystagmus in 25% (one of four) of patients. Cognitive impairment was present in one patient. Peripheral neuropathy, which is an extracerebellar symptom, was found in two patients. One patient was diagnosed with a pelvic neuroblastoma before the onset of ataxia. The presence of oligoclonal bands was confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebellar atrophy was observed. Immunotherapy, including glucocorticoids and/or intravenous immunoglobulin, was administered to all four patients immediately following diagnosis, and mycophenolate mofetil was administered to three patients. Three patients responded to immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In children, PCA2-associated autoimmune cerebellar degeneration is rare, and they show comparatively fewer symptoms than adults. Timely and appropriate immunotherapy is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Libing Fu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotun Ren
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.
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204
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Huang J, Zhang X, Jin R, Xu T, Jin Z, Shen M, Lv F, Chen J, Liu J. Wavelet-based selection-and-recalibration network for Parkinson's disease screening in OCT images. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 256:108368. [PMID: 39154408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative brain diseases worldwide. Therefore, accurate PD screening is crucial for early clinical intervention and treatment. Recent clinical research indicates that changes in pathology, such as the texture and thickness of the retinal layers, can serve as biomarkers for clinical PD diagnosis based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. However, the pathological manifestations of PD in the retinal layers are subtle compared to the more salient lesions associated with retinal diseases. METHODS Inspired by textural edge feature extraction in frequency domain learning, we aim to explore a potential approach to enhance the distinction between the feature distributions in retinal layers of PD cases and healthy controls. In this paper, we introduce a simple yet novel wavelet-based selection and recalibration module to effectively enhance the feature representations of the deep neural network by aggregating the unique clinical properties, such as the retinal layers in each frequency band. We combine this module with the residual block to form a deep network named Wavelet-based Selection and Recalibration Network (WaveSRNet) for automatic PD screening. RESULTS The extensive experiments on a clinical PD-OCT dataset and two publicly available datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Visualization analysis and ablation studies are conducted to enhance the explainability of WaveSRNet in the decision-making process. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the potential role of the retina as an assessment tool for PD. Visual analysis shows that PD-related elements include not only certain retinal layers but also the location of the fovea in OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Huang
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Center for High Performance Computing and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Richu Jin
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Oujiang Laboratory; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zi Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lv
- The Oujiang Laboratory; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiangfan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Oujiang Laboratory; The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Singapore Eye Research Institute, 169856, Singapore.
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205
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Koivu M, Sihvonen AJ, Eerola-Rautio J, Pauls KAM, Resendiz-Nieves J, Vartiainen N, Kivisaari R, Scheperjans F, Pekkonen E. Clinical and Brain Morphometry Predictors of Deep Brain Stimulation Outcome in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:1186-1194. [PMID: 38662300 PMCID: PMC11408547 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) is known to improve motor function in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and to enable a reduction of anti-parkinsonian medication. While the levodopa challenge test and disease duration are considered good predictors of STN-DBS outcome, other clinical and neuroanatomical predictors are less established. This study aimed to evaluate, in addition to clinical predictors, the effect of patients' individual brain topography on DBS outcome. The medical records of 35 PD patients were used to analyze DBS outcomes measured with the following scales: Part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) off medication at baseline, and at 6-months during medication off and stimulation on, use of anti-parkinsonian medication (LED), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS-Quest). Furthermore, preoperative brain MRI images were utilized to analyze the brain morphology in relation to STN-DBS outcome. With STN-DBS, a 44% reduction in the UPDRS-III score and a 43% decrease in the LED were observed (p<0.001). Dyskinesia and non-motor symptoms decreased significantly [median reductions of 78,6% (IQR 45,5%) and 18,4% (IQR 32,2%) respectively, p=0.001 - 0.047]. Along with the levodopa challenge test, patients' age correlated with the observed DBS outcome measured as UPDRS-III improvement (ρ= -0.466 - -0.521, p<0.005). Patients with greater LED decline had lower grey matter volumes in left superior medial frontal gyrus, in supplementary motor area and cingulum bilaterally. Additionally, patients with greater UPDRS-III score improvement had lower grey matter volume in similar grey matter areas. These findings remained significant when adjusted for sex, age, baseline LED and UPDRS scores respectively and for total intracranial volume (p=0.0041- 0.001). However, only the LED decrease finding remained significant when the analyses were further controlled for stimulation amplitude. It appears that along with the clinical predictors of STN-DBS outcome, individual patient topographic differences may influence DBS outcome. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT06095245, registration date October 23, 2023, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Koivu
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Eerola-Rautio
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Amande M Pauls
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nuutti Vartiainen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Kivisaari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip Scheperjans
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Pekkonen
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neurology), University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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Abellaneda-Pérez K, Potash RM, Pascual-Leone A, Sacchet MD. Neuromodulation and meditation: A review and synthesis toward promoting well-being and understanding consciousness and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 166:105862. [PMID: 39186992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The neuroscience of meditation is providing insight into meditation's beneficial effects on well-being and informing understanding of consciousness. However, further research is needed to explicate mechanisms linking brain activity and meditation. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) presents a promising approach for causally investigating neural mechanisms of meditation. Prior NIBS-meditation research has predominantly targeted frontal and parietal cortices suggesting that it might be possible to boost the behavioral and neural effects of meditation with NIBS. Moreover, NIBS has revealed distinct neural signatures in long-term meditators. Nonetheless, methodological variations in NIBS-meditation research contributes to challenges for definitive interpretation of previous results. Future NIBS studies should further investigate core substrates of meditation, including specific brain networks and oscillations, and causal neural mechanisms of advanced meditation. Overall, NIBS-meditation research holds promise for enhancing meditation-based interventions in support of well-being and resilience in both non-clinical and clinical populations, and for uncovering the brain-mind mechanisms of meditation and consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Abellaneda-Pérez
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ruby M Potash
- Meditation Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Meditation Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Postuma R, Vorasoot N, St Louis EK, Pelletier A, Lim MM, Elliott J, Gagnon JF, Gan-Or Z, Forsberg LK, Fields JA, Ross OA, Singer W, Huddleston DE, Bliwise DL, Avidan AY, Howell M, Schenck CH, McLeland J, Davis AA, Criswell SR, Videnovic A, During EH, Miglis MG, Boeve BF, Ju YES, McKeon A. IGLON5 Frequency in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Multicenter Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200311. [PMID: 39270144 PMCID: PMC11404316 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) has been strongly linked to neurodegenerative synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. However, there have been increasing reports of RBD as a presenting feature of serious and treatable autoimmune syndromes, particularly IGLON5. This study's objective was to investigate the frequency of autoantibodies in a large cohort of participants with iRBD. METHODS Participants were enrolled in the North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy cohort with polysomnography-confirmed iRBD, free of parkinsonism and dementia. Plasma samples were systematically screened for the autoantibodies IGLON5, DPPX, LGI1, and CASPR2 using plasma IgG cell-based assay. Positive or equivocal results were confirmed by repeat testing, plus tissue-based indirect immunofluorescence assay for IGLON5. RESULTS Of 339 samples analyzed, 3 participants (0.9%) had confirmed positive IGLON5 autoantibodies in the cell-based assay, which were confirmed by the tissue-based assay. An additional participant was positive for CASPR2 with low titer by cell-based assay only (of lower clinical certainty). These cases exhibited a variety of symptoms including dream enactment, cognitive decline, autonomic dysfunction, and motor symptoms. In 1 IGLON5 case and the CASPR2 case, evolution was suggestive of typical synucleinopathy, suggesting the possibility that findings were incidental. However, 2 participants with IGLON5 died before diagnosis was clinically suspected, with a final clinical picture highly suggestive of autoimmune disease. DISCUSSION Our finding that nearly 1% of a large iRBD cohort may have a serious but potentially treatable autoantibody syndrome has important clinical implications. In particular, it raises the question of whether autoantibody testing for IGLON-5-IgG should be widely implemented for participants with iRBD, considering the difficulty in diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, their response to treatment, and the potential for rapid disease progression. However, any routine testing protocol will also have to consider costs and potential adverse effects of false-positive findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT03623672.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Postuma
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Nisa Vorasoot
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Erik K St Louis
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Amélie Pelletier
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Miranda M Lim
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jean-Francois Gagnon
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Julie A Fields
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Owen A Ross
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Wolfgang Singer
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Daniel E Huddleston
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Donald L Bliwise
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Alon Y Avidan
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Michael Howell
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Carlos H Schenck
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jennifer McLeland
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Albert A Davis
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Susan R Criswell
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Emmanuel H During
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Mitchell G Miglis
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Yo-El S Ju
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Andrew McKeon
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.P.), Montréal, McGill University; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (R.P., A.P., J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (R.P., A.P., Z.G.-O.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Neurology and Medicine (N.V., L.K.F., J.A.F., O.A.R., W.S., B.F.B., A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Neurology (N.V., E.K.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Department of Neurology (M.M.L., J.E.), Oregon Health & Science University; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.); Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.); Neurology; National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research; Research Service (M.M.L., J.E.), VA Portland Health Care System, OR; Département of Psychology (J.-F.G.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Department of Human Genetics (Z.G.-O.), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Neurology (A.Y.A.), Sleep Disorders Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H., C.H.S.), and Departments of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, and University of Minnesota Medical School; Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center (M.H.), Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Washington University School of Medicine (J.M., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Saint Louis, MO; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.R.C.), Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Redwood City, CA; Neurology and Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; and Neurology (E.H.D.), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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208
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Saeed R. Reversibility of Acquired Hepatocerebral Degeneration After Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101454. [PMID: 39021873 PMCID: PMC11251205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rohama Saeed
- Department of Radiology, Shifa International Hospital, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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209
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Guo J, Wang J, Zhang K, Yang Z, Li B, Pan Y, Yu H, Yu S, Abbas Raza SH, Kuraz Abebea B, Zan L. Molecular cloning of TPM3 gene in qinchuan cattle and its effect on myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2345238. [PMID: 38775564 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2345238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Tropomyosin 3 (TPM3) plays a significant role as a regulatory protein in muscle contraction, affecting the growth and development of skeletal muscles. Despite its importance, limited research has been conducted to investigate the influence of TPM3 on bovine skeletal muscle development. Therefore, this study revealed the role of TPM3 in bovine myoblast growth and development. This research involved conducting a thorough examination of the Qinchuan cattle TPM3 gene using bioinformatics tools to examine its sequence and structural characteristics. Furthermore, TPM3 expression was evaluated in various bovine tissues and cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the coding region of TPM3 spans 855 bp, with the 161st base being the T base, encoding a protein with 284 amino acids and 19 phosphorylation sites. This protein demonstrated high conservation across species while displaying a predominant α-helix secondary structure despite being an unstable acidic protein. Notably, a noticeable increase in TPM3 expression was observed in the longissimus dorsi muscle and myocardium of calves and adult cattle. Expression patterns varied during different stages of myoblast differentiation. Functional studies that involved interference with TPM3 in Qinchuan cattle myoblasts revealed a very significantly decrease in S-phase cell numbers and EdU-positive staining (P < 0.01), and disrupted myotube morphology. Moreover, interference with TPM3 resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) or highly significantly (P < 0.01) decreased mRNA and protein levels of key proliferation and differentiation markers, indicating its role in the modulation of myoblast behavior. These findings suggest that TPM3 plays an essential role in bovine skeletal muscle growth by influencing myoblast proliferation and differentiation. This study provides a foundation for further exploration into the mechanisms underlying TPM3-mediated regulation of bovine muscle development and provides valuable insights that could guide future research directions as well as potential applications for livestock breeding and addressing muscle-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bingzhi Li
- Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling, China
| | - Yueting Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hengwei Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shengchen Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Nation-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Belete Kuraz Abebea
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, China
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Yangling, China
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210
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Dong W, Liu S, Li S, Wang Z. Cell reprogramming therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2444-2455. [PMID: 38526281 PMCID: PMC11090434 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is typically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Many studies have been performed based on the supplementation of lost dopaminergic neurons to treat Parkinson's disease. The initial strategy for cell replacement therapy used human fetal ventral midbrain and human embryonic stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease, which could substantially alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. However, ethical issues and tumor formation were limitations of its clinical application. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be acquired without sacrificing human embryos, which eliminates the huge ethical barriers of human stem cell therapy. Another widely considered neuronal regeneration strategy is to directly reprogram fibroblasts and astrocytes into neurons, without the need for intermediate proliferation states, thus avoiding issues of immune rejection and tumor formation. Both induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming of lineage cells have shown promising results in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, there are also ethical concerns and the risk of tumor formation that need to be addressed. This review highlights the current application status of cell reprogramming in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, focusing on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in cell replacement therapy, including preclinical animal models and progress in clinical research. The review also discusses the advancements in direct reprogramming of lineage cells in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as well as the controversy surrounding in vivo reprogramming. These findings suggest that cell reprogramming may hold great promise as a potential strategy for treating Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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211
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Patzwaldt K, Castaneda-Vega S. Ambroxol, the cough expectorant with neuroprotective effects. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2345-2346. [PMID: 38526267 PMCID: PMC11090448 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Patzwaldt
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Salvador Castaneda-Vega
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, University Clinic Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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212
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Leung R, Munro K, Cairns A. An Evaluation of an Australian Pediatric Neuromuscular Transition Model. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 160:60-69. [PMID: 39191086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After receiving a diagnosis of a neuromuscular condition, patients have to make their way through a convoluted network of community and state resources as health care shifts from being family and child centered to adult focused. This study examined the barriers to successful transition from patient and clinician perspectives. METHODS Adolescents with a primary diagnosis of a neuromuscular condition who were aged 16 years and over in Queensland, Australia, and who had started the transition process were eligible. Surveys were collected over six months and statistics used to characterize survey responses. RESULTS There was a high degree of anxiety reported about the transition, with almost 50% of patients and families surveyed reporting concerns about moving across to the adult hospital system. The main barriers to effective transition identified by clinicians were limited time (84%), clinic space (58%), and a lack of an identified transition coordinator (79%). CONCLUSIONS This study has provided a checklist to assist patients with neuromuscular disorders in transitioning from pediatric to adult care. A new model has been developed to enable a slow, personalized transition that is led by a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Leung
- Department of Neurology and Metabolics, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Munro
- Department of Neurology and Metabolics, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anita Cairns
- Department of Neurology and Metabolics, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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213
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Kim JA, Schimpf S, Yano ST, Nordli D, Phitsanuwong C. Categorizing Monogenic Epilepsies by Genetic Mechanisms May Predict Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 160:11-17. [PMID: 39173306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for epilepsy. In recent years, studies have shown favorable efficacy of KD in epilepsy from genetic disorders. In this study, we propose an approach to KD in monogenic epilepsy: we evaluate the utility of categorizing genetic variants based on rational associations with the known mechanisms of KD. METHODS Patients with monogenic epilepsy treated with KD were reviewed. The genetic etiologies were categorized into five groups: (1) conditions causing cellular energy impairment, (2) GABA-pathies, (3) mToR-pathies, (4) ion channelopathies, and (5) no known mechanisms associated with KD mechanisms. Treatment response was defined as a median reduction in seizure frequency of greater than 50%. RESULTS Of 35 patients, 24 (69%) were responders at three months. Based on categories, Group 1 had the highest response rate with seven of seven (100%), followed by Group 2, six of seven (86%), and Group 3, two of three (67%). Patients in Groups 4 and 5 had poorer responses with three of seven (43%) and four of 11 (36%) response rates, respectively (P < 0.01). Median percentage of seizure reduction showed Group 1 with the highest reduction of 97.5%, Group 2 at 94%, and Groups 3, 4, and 5 at 62.5%, 30%, and 40%, respectively (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION Our findings show a favorable response to KD in patients with monogenic epilepsy (69% at three months) with the highest response in patients with conditions involving cellular energy impairment and GABA-pathies. The KD, therefore, should be considered early in patients with monogenic epilepsy, especially those involving genes associated with cellular energy impairment or GABA-pathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-A Kim
- Section of Child Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie Schimpf
- Section of Child Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Ketogenic Diet Program, The University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sho T Yano
- Section of Child Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Douglas Nordli
- Section of Child Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chalongchai Phitsanuwong
- Section of Child Neurology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Ketogenic Diet Program, The University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois.
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214
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Castellanos-Molina A, Bretheau F, Boisvert A, Bélanger D, Lacroix S. Constitutive DAMPs in CNS injury: From preclinical insights to clinical perspectives. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:583-595. [PMID: 39222725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules released in tissues upon cellular damage and necrosis, acting to initiate sterile inflammation. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs) have the particularity to be present within the intracellular compartments of healthy cells, where they exert diverse functions such as regulation of gene expression and cellular homeostasis. However, after injury to the central nervous system (CNS), cDAMPs are rapidly released by stressed, damaged or dying neuronal, glial and endothelial cells, and can trigger inflammation without undergoing structural modifications. Several cDAMPs have been described in the injured CNS, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-33, nucleotides (e.g. ATP), and high-mobility group box protein 1. Once in the extracellular milieu, these molecules are recognized by the remaining surviving cells through specific DAMP-sensing receptors, thereby inducing a cascade of molecular events leading to the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as cell adhesion molecules. The ensuing immune response is necessary to eliminate cellular debris caused by the injury, allowing for damage containment. However, seeing as some molecules associated with the inflammatory response are toxic to surviving resident CNS cells, secondary damage occurs, aggravating injury and exacerbating neurological and behavioral deficits. Thus, a better understanding of these cDAMPs, as well as their receptors and downstream signaling pathways, could lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets for treating CNS injuries such as SCI, TBI, and stroke. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on cDAMPs, their specific functions, and the therapeutic potential of interfering with cDAMPs or their signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Castellanos-Molina
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Floriane Bretheau
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ana Boisvert
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Dominic Bélanger
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axe Neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de médecine moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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215
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Miyoshi K, Akamatsu Y, Fujimoto K, Kojima D, Chida K, Kashimura H, Sato M, Itabashi R, Ogasawara K. Endovascular treatment for secondary basilar occlusion caused by spontaneous thrombus migration from the vertebral artery: Two case reports. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:5248-5252. [PMID: 39280741 PMCID: PMC11399790 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombus migration is a well-known clinical condition that occurs before mechanical thrombectomy and after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with anterior circulation strokes. Although thrombus migration from the vertebral artery (VA) can result in life-threatening basilar artery (BA) occlusion, its occurrence in the posterior circulation has rarely been discussed. Two patients with secondary BA occlusion caused by spontaneous thrombus migration from the VA are presented. A 60-year-old man with a left cerebellar infarction secondary to ipsilateral VA occlusion was admitted to our hospital 8 hours after onset, with a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 4. The patient became comatose 3.5 hours after arrival owing to subsequent BA occlusion. He was successfully treated with mechanical thrombectomy. A 74-year-old man with right cerebellar infarction secondary to ipsilateral VA occlusion was admitted to our hospital 26 hours after onset, with an NIHSS score of 3. He became comatose 1 hour after arrival owing to BA occlusion and was treated with thrombectomy, followed by internal and external decompression. Despite the mild symptoms of VA occlusion and consequently delayed admission to the hospital, stroke physicians should be aware that spontaneous thrombus migration from the VA to the BA can result in a life-threatening presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Miyoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Daigo Kojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kohei Chida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kashimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Sato
- Stroke Center, Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ryo Itabashi
- Stroke Center, Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
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216
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Yen HC, Hsu CT, Wu SY, Kan CC, Chang CW, Chang HM, Chien YA, Wei YH, Wu CY. Alterations in coenzyme Q 10 status in a cybrid line harboring the 3243A>G mutation of mitochondrial DNA is associated with abnormal mitochondrial bioenergetics and dysregulated mitochondrial biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149492. [PMID: 38960080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, including the m.3243A>G mutation that causes mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), are associated with secondary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency. We previously demonstrated that PPARGC1A knockdown repressed the expression of PDSS2 and several COQ genes. In the present study, we compared the mitochondrial function, CoQ10 status, and levels of PDSS and COQ proteins and genes between mutant cybrids harboring the m.3243A>G mutation and wild-type cybrids. Decreased mitochondrial energy production, defective respiratory function, and reduced CoQ10 levels were observed in the mutant cybrids. The ubiquinol-10:ubiquinone-10 ratio was lower in the mutant cybrids, indicating blockage of the electron transfer upstream of CoQ, as evident from the reduced ratio upon rotenone treatment and increased ratio upon antimycin A treatment in 143B cells. The mutant cybrids exhibited downregulation of PDSS2 and several COQ genes and upregulation of COQ8A. In these cybrids, the levels of PDSS2, COQ3-a isoform, COQ4, and COQ9 were reduced, whereas those of COQ3-b and COQ8A were elevated. The mutant cybrids had repressed PPARGC1A expression, elevated ATP5A levels, and reduced levels of mtDNA-encoded proteins, nuclear DNA-encoded subunits of respiratory enzyme complexes, MNRR1, cytochrome c, and DHODH, but no change in TFAM, TOM20, and VDAC1 levels. Alterations in the CoQ10 level in MELAS may be associated with mitochondrial energy deficiency and abnormal gene regulation. The finding of a reduction in the ubiquinol-10:ubiquinone-10 ratio in the MELAS mutant cybrids differs from our previous discovery that cybrids harboring the m.8344A>G mutation exhibit a high ubiquinol-10:ubiquinone-10 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chuan Yen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Tzu Hsu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Kan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ming Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chien
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Baldini S, Sartori A, Rossi L, Favero A, Pasquin F, Dinoto A, Bratina A, Bosco A, Manganotti P. Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Resting-State EEG Microstate Study. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:1203-1216. [PMID: 38847997 PMCID: PMC11408556 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Fatigue affects approximately 80% of people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) and can impact several domains of daily life. However, the neural underpinnings of fatigue in MS are still not completely clear. The aim of our study was to investigate the spontaneous large-scale networks functioning associated with fatigue in PwMS using the EEG microstate approach with a spectral decomposition. Forty-three relapsing-remitting MS patients and twenty-four healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All participants underwent an administration of Modified Fatigue Impact scale (MFIS) and a 15-min resting-state high-density EEG recording. We compared the microstates of healthy subjects, fatigued (F-MS) and non-fatigued (nF-MS) patients with MS; correlations with clinical and behavioral fatigue scores were also analyzed. Microstates analysis showed six templates across groups and frequencies. We found that in the F-MS emerged a significant decrease of microstate F, associated to the salience network, in the broadband and in the beta band. Moreover, the microstate B, associated to the visual network, showed a significant increase in fatigued patients than healthy subjects in broadband and beta bands. The multiple linear regression showed that the high cognitive fatigue was predicted by both an increase and decrease, respectively, in delta band microstate B and beta band microstate F. On the other hand, higher physical fatigue was predicted with lower occurrence microstate F in beta band. The current findings suggest that in MS the higher level of fatigue might be related to a maladaptive functioning of the salience and visual network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Arianna Sartori
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Favero
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pasquin
- Neurology Unit, Hospital of Gorizia, ASUGI, Gorizia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dinoto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessio Bratina
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Neurology Unit, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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218
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Saavedra-Bonilla H, Varman DR, Reyes-Haro D. Spontaneous Calcium Transients Recorded from Striatal Astrocytes in a Preclinical Model of Autism. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:3069-3077. [PMID: 39120794 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a group of neurodevelopmental conditions including stereotyped and repetitive behaviors, besides social and sensorimotor deficits. Anatomical and functional evidence indicates atypical maturation of the striatum. Astrocytes regulate the maturation and plasticity of synaptic circuits, and impaired calcium signaling is associated with repetitive behaviors and atypical social interaction. Spontaneous calcium transients (SCT) recorded in the striatal astrocytes of the rat were investigated in the preclinical model of ASD by prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA). Our results showed sensorimotor delay, augmented glial fibrillary acidic protein -a typical intermediate filament protein expressed by astrocytes- and diminished expression of GABAA-ρ3 through development, and increased frequency of SCT with a reduced latency that resulted in a diminished amplitude in the VPA model. The convulsant picrotoxin, a GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptor antagonist, reduced the frequency of SCT in both experimental groups but rescued this parameter to control levels in the preclinical ASD model. The amplitude and latency of SCT were decreased by picrotoxin in both experimental groups. Nipecotic acid, a GABA uptake inhibitor, reduced the mean amplitude only for the control group. Nevertheless, nipecotic acid increased the frequency but diminished the latency in both experimental groups. Thus, we conclude that striatal astrocytes exhibit SCT modulated by GABAA-mediated signaling, and prenatal exposure to VPA disturbs this tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Saavedra-Bonilla
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Durairaj Ragu Varman
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico.
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Thorisdottir K, Hrubos-Strøm H, Karhu T, Nikkonen S, Dammen T, Nordhus IH, Leppänen T, Jónsdóttir MK, Arnardottir ES. Verbal memory is linked to average oxygen saturation during sleep, not the apnea-hypopnea index nor novel hypoxic load variables. Sleep Med 2024; 123:29-36. [PMID: 39232262 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is the current diagnostic parameter for diagnosing and estimating the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It is, however, poorly associated with the main clinical symptom of OSA, excessive daytime sleepiness, and with the often-seen cognitive decline among OSA patients. To better evaluate OSA severity, novel hypoxic load parameters have been introduced that consider the duration and depth of oxygen saturation drops associated with apneas or hypopneas. The aim of this paper was to compare novel hypoxic load parameters and traditional OSA parameters to verbal memory and executive function in OSA patients. METHOD A total of 207 adults completed a one-night polysomnography at sleep laboratory and two neuropsychological assessments, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Stroop test. RESULTS Simple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate independent associations between each OSA parameter and cognitive performance. Associations were found between immediate recall and arousal index, hypoxia <90 %, average SpO2 during sleep, and DesSev100+RevSev100. Total recall was associated with all OSA parameters, and no associations were found with the Stroop test. Subsequently, sex, age, and education were included as covariates in multiple linear regression analyses for each OSA parameter and cognitive performance. The main findings of the study were that average SpO2 during sleep was a significant predictor of total recall (p < .007, β = -.188) with the regression model explaining 21.2 % of performance variation. Average SpO2 during sleep was also a significant predictor of immediate recall (p < .022, β = -.171) with the regression model explaining 11.4 % of performance variation. Neither traditional OSA parameters nor novel hypoxic load parameters predicted cognitive performance after adjustment for sex, age, and education. CONCLUSION The findings validate that the AHI is not an effective indicator of cognitive performance in OSA and suggest that average oxygen saturation during sleep may be the strongest PSG predictor of cognitive decline seen in OSA. The results also underline the importance of considering age when choosing neurocognitive tests, the importance of including more than one test for each cognitive domain as most tests are not pure measures of a single cognitive factor, and the importance of including tests that cover all cognitive domains as OSA is likely to have diffuse cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thorisdottir
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H Hrubos-Strøm
- Akershus University Hospital, Akershus, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Karhu
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S Nikkonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T Dammen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I H Nordhus
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Leppänen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M K Jónsdóttir
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Iceland
| | - E S Arnardottir
- Reykjavik University Sleep Institute, School of Technology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Iceland
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220
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Li Y, Liu Q, Si H, Zhou W, Yu J, Bian Y, Wang C. Effects of (pre)frailty and cognitive reserve on mild cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 126:105533. [PMID: 38878599 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the effect of lifespan cognitive reserve and (pre)frailty on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 4420 older adults aged above 60 with intact cognition recruited in 2011/2012 were followed up in 2015 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The assessment of MCI was based on executive function, episodic memory, and visual-spatial ability. (Pre)frailty was assessed by the validated version of the Fried physical frailty phenotype scale. The lifespan cognitive reserve consisted of the highest educational level, occupational complexity, and participation in leisure activities. Modified Poisson regression models were used to identify the risk of MCI in relation to (pre)frailty and lifespan cognitive reserve index. We examined the interactions of (pre)frailty and lifespan cognitive reserve index on both additive and multiplicative scales. RESULTS Baseline (pre)frailty significantly increased the risk of MCI after 3-4 years of follow-up, and high cognitive reserve protected individuals from the risk of MCI. There was an additive interaction between (pre)frailty and the low lifespan cognitive reserve (the relative excess interaction risk=1.08, 95 % CI= 0.25-1,91), but no multiplicative interaction (RR=0.95, 95 % CI= 0.67-1.37). The risk of MCI was larger among older adults with comorbid (pre)frailty and low cognitive reserve than those with each condition alone. CONCLUSION Cognitive reserve attenuates the risk of MCI associated with (pre)frailty. This finding implicates the urgency for identifying and managing MCI among frail older adults who accumulate low cognitive reserve in the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huaxin Si
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wendie Zhou
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanhui Bian
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cuili Wang
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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221
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Rjeily NB, Solomon AJ. Misdiagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Past, Present, and Future. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024; 24:547-557. [PMID: 39243340 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01371-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent worldwide problem. This review discusses how MS misdiagnosis has evolved over time and focuses on contemporary challenges and potential strategies for its prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies report cohorts with a range of misdiagnosis between 5 and 18%. Common disorders are frequently misdiagnosed as MS. Overreliance on MRI findings and misapplication of MS diagnostic criteria are often associated with misdiagnosis. Emerging imaging biomarkers, including the central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesions, may aid diagnostic accuracy when evaluating patients for suspected MS. MS misdiagnosis can have harmful consequences for patients and healthcare systems. Further research is needed to better understand its causes. Concerted and novel educational efforts to ensure accurate and widespread implementation of MS diagnostic criteria remain an unmet need. The incorporation of diagnostic biomarkers highly specific for MS in the future may prevent misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bou Rjeily
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Solomon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, 1 South Prospect St., Burlington, VT, 05477, USA.
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Horonyova P, Durisova I, Cermakova P, Babelova L, Buckova B, Sofrankova L, Valachovic M, Hsu YHH, Balazova M. The subtherapeutic dose of valproic acid induces the activity of cardiolipin-dependent proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149501. [PMID: 39079622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) is a drug with a pleiotropic effect on cells. Here, we describe the impact of VPA on the metabolic function of human HAP1 cells. We show that VPA altered the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin (CL) and affected the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase. We demonstrate that a therapeutic dose of VPA (0.6 mM) has a harmful effect on cell growth and increases the production of reactive oxygen species and superoxides. On the contrary, less concentrated VPA (0.06 mM) increased the activities of CL-dependent enzymes leading to an increased level of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. The effect of VPA was also tested on the Barth syndrome model, which is characterized by a reduced amount of CL and an increased level of monolyso-CL. In this model, VPA treatment slightly attenuated the mitochondrial defects by altering the activities of CL-dependent enzymes. However, the presence of CL was essential for the increase in ATP production by VPA. Our findings highlight the potential therapeutic role of VPA in normalizing mitochondrial function in BTHS and shed light on the intricate interplay between lipid metabolism and mitochondrial physiology in health and disease. SUMMARY: This study investigates the dose-dependent effect of valproate, a mood-stabilizing drug, on mitochondrial function. The therapeutic concentration reduced overall cellular metabolic activity, while a subtherapeutic concentration notably improved the function of cardiolipin-dependent proteins within mitochondria. These findings shed light on novel aspects of valproate's effect and suggest potential practical applications for its use. By elucidating the differential effects of valproate doses on mitochondrial activity, this research underscores the drug's multifaceted role in cellular metabolism and highlights avenues for further exploration in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Horonyova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Durisova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Cermakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Babelova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Buckova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Sofrankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Maria Balazova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Ziccardi S, Tamanti A, Ruggieri C, Guandalini M, Marastoni D, Camera V, Montibeller L, Mazziotti V, Rossi S, Calderone M, Pizzini FB, Montemezzi S, Magliozzi R, Calabrese M. CSF Parvalbumin Levels at Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis Predict Future Worse Cognition, Physical Disability, Fatigue, and Gray Matter Damage. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200301. [PMID: 39178066 PMCID: PMC11368234 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is frequent and determined by a complex interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. We aimed to investigate whether CSF parvalbumin (PVALB), measured at the time of diagnosis, may have a prognostic role in patients with MS. METHODS In this cohort study, CSF analysis of PVALB and Nf-L levels was performed on all patients at diagnosis (T0) and combined with physical, cognitive, and MRI assessment after an average of 4 years of follow-up (T4) from diagnosis. Cognitive performance was evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychologic battery: both global (cognitively normal, CN, mildly CI, mCI, and severely CI, sCI) and domain cognitive status (normal/impaired in memory, attention/information processing speed, and executive functions) were considered. Cortical thickness and gray matter volume data were acquired using 3T MRI scanner. RESULTS A total of 72 patients with MS were included. At diagnosis, PVALB levels were higher in those patients who showed a worsening physical disability after 4 years of follow-up (p = 0.011). CSF PVALB levels were higher in sCI patients than in CN (p = 0.033). Moreover, higher PVALB levels significantly correlated with worse global cognitive (p = 0.024) and memory functioning (p = 0.044). A preliminary clinical threshold for PVALB levels at diagnosis was proposed (2.57 ng/mL), which maximizes the risk of showing CI (in particular, sCI) at follow-up, with a sensitivity of 91% (specificity 30%). No significant results were found for these associations with Nf-L. In addition, patients with higher levels of PVALB at diagnosis showed higher cognitive (p = 0.024) and global fatigue (p = 0.043) at follow-up. Finally, higher PVALB levels also correlated significantly with more pronounced CTh/volume at T4 in the inferior frontal gyrus (p = 0.044), postcentral gyrus (p = 0.025), frontal pole (p = 0.042), transverse temporal gyrus (p = 0.008), and cerebellar cortex (p = 0.041) and higher atrophy (change T0-T4) in the right thalamus (p = 0.038), pericalcarine cortex (p = 0.009), lingual gyrus (p = 0.045), and medial frontal gyrus (p = 0.028). DISCUSSION The significant association found between parvalbumin levels in the CSF at diagnosis and cognitive, clinical, and neuroradiologic worsening after 4 years of follow-up support the idea that parvalbumin, in addition to Nf-L, might represent a new potential prognostic biomarker, reflecting MS neurodegenerative processes occurring since early disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ziccardi
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamanti
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Ruggieri
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Maddalena Guandalini
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Damiano Marastoni
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Camera
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Luigi Montibeller
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazziotti
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Milena Calderone
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Benedetta Pizzini
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Montemezzi
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Calabrese
- From the Department of Neurosciences (S.Z., A.T., C.R., M.G., D.M., V.C., L.M., V.M., S.R., R.M., M. Calabrese), Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona; Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine (S.R.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; Radiology Unit (M. Calderone), Cmsr Veneto Medica s.r.l., Altavilla Vicentina, Vicenza; and Institute of Radiology (F.B.P., S.M.), University of Verona, Italy
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Chen RB, Li XT, Huang X. Topological Organization of the Brain Network in Patients with Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma Through Graph Theory Analysis. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:1171-1185. [PMID: 38822211 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a sight-threatening eye condition that leads to irreversible blindness. While past neuroimaging research has identified abnormal brain function in PACG patients, the relationship between PACG and alterations in brain functional networks has yet to be explored. This study seeks to examine the influence of PACG on brain networks, aiming to advance knowledge of its neurobiological processes for better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches utilizing graph theory analysis. A cohort of 44 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) patients and 44 healthy controls participated in this study. Functional brain networks were constructed using fMRI data and the Automated Anatomical Labeling 90 template. Subsequently, graph theory analysis was employed to evaluate global metrics, nodal metrics, modular organization, and network-based statistics (NBS), enabling a comparative analysis between PACG patients and the control group. The analysis of global metrics, including small-worldness and network efficiency, did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups. However, PACG patients displayed elevated nodal metrics, such as centrality and efficiency, in the left frontal superior medial, right frontal superior medial, and right posterior central brain regions, along with reduced values in the right temporal superior gyrus region compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, Module 5 showed notable disparities in intra-module connectivity, while Module 1 demonstrated substantial differences in inter-module connectivity with both Module 7 and Module 8. Noteworthy, the NBS analysis unveiled a significantly altered network when comparing the PACG and healthy control groups. The study proposes that PACG patients demonstrate variations in nodal metrics and modularity within functional brain networks, particularly affecting the prefrontal, occipital, and temporal lobes, along with cerebellar regions. However, an analysis of global metrics suggests that the overall connectivity patterns of the entire brain network remain unaltered in PACG patients. These results have the potential to serve as early diagnostic and differential markers for PACG, and interventions focusing on brain regions with high degree centrality and nodal efficiency could aid in optimizing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Bo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Li
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, No 152, Ai Guo Road, Dong Hu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Wu CH, Ling K, Lin TM, Luo CB, Lirng JF, Huang SS, Chang FC. Quantitative diagnosis of carotid blowout syndrome with CT perfusion: Carotid blowout syndrome CTP quantitative diagnosis. Eur J Radiol 2024; 180:111705. [PMID: 39197271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carotid blowout syndrome (CBS) is a potentially fatal disease. The CBS diagnosis mainly relies on subjective observations and the quantitative diagnotic method was not well established. This study aimed to diagnose CBS severity by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters with different region-of-interest (ROI) models. MATERIALS AND METHOD We prospectively recruited CBS patients between February 1, 2018 and July 31, 2023 in a tertiary medical center, and CTP was performed using the same 128-detector CT machine. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and elective endovascular intervention were performed within 3 days post-CTP for diagnosis confirmation and treatments. CBS severity was classified into ongoing (threatened + impending) or acute CBS based on DSA findings and clinical features. Pericarotid soft-tissue (PCST) CTP parameters, including blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and flow extraction product (FEP), were evaluated and correlated on DSA. We depicted models A, B and C for the small focal lesion in 1 cm of PCST, 1 cm around PCST and the whole PCST respectively. RESULTS CTP images of 110 patients (77 ongoing (45 threatened + 32 impending); 33 acute) were analyzed. Pericarotid BV (1.8 ± 1.2vs.3.5 ± 2.0; p < 0.001) in Model A and BF in Model B (42.6 ± 11.0vs.50.9 ± 20.4; p = 0.031) were lower in acute-CBS than in ongoing-CBS patients. Subgroup analysis demonstrated lower BV in acute (1.8 ± 1.2) compared with threatened (3.7 ± 2.3; p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and impending (3.2 ± 1.6; p = 0.009) CBS patients in Model A. CONCLUSION CBS severity can be quantitatively diagnosed by pericarotid soft-tissue CTP parameters. In Model A (small focus), BV was capable of differentiating acute CBS from other subtypes, demonstrating its potential role as a CBS imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Wu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kan Ling
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ming Lin
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Bao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiing-Feng Lirng
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Su Huang
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Chi Chang
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Spagni G, Vincent A, Sun B, Falso S, Jacobson LW, Devenish S, Evoli A, Damato V. Serological Markers of Clinical Improvement in MuSK Myasthenia Gravis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200313. [PMID: 39250722 PMCID: PMC11385952 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In this retrospective longitudinal study, we aimed at exploring the role of (a) MuSK-immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, (b) predominant MuSK-IgG subclasses, and (c) antibody affinity as candidate biomarkers of severity and outcomes in MuSK-MG, using and comparing different antibody testing techniques. METHODS Total MuSK-IgGs were quantified with radioimmunoassay (RIA), ELISA, flow cytometry, and cell-based assay (CBA) serial dilutions using HEK293 cells transfected with MuSK-eGFP. MuSK-IgG subclasses were measured by flow cytometry. SAffCon assay was used for determining MuSK-IgG affinity. RESULTS Forty-three serum samples were obtained at different time points from 20 patients with MuSK-MG (median age at onset: 48 years, interquartile range = 27.5-72.5; women, 16/20), with 9 of 20 (45%) treated with rituximab. A strong correlation between MuSK-IgG levels measured by flow cytometry and RIA titers was found (rs = 0.74, 95% CI 0.41-0.89, p = 0.0003), as well as a moderate correlation between CBA end-point titers and RIA titers (rs = 0.47, 95% CI 0.01-0.77, p = 0.0414). A significant correlation was found between MuSK-IgG flow cytometry levels and disease severity (rs = 0.39, 95% CI 0.06-0.64, p = 0.0175; mixed-effects model estimate: 2.296e-06, std. error: 1.024e-06, t = 2.243, p = 0.032). In individual patients, clinical improvement was associated with decrease in MuSK-IgG levels, as measured by either flow cytometry or CBA end-point titration. In all samples, MuSK-IgG4 was the most frequent isotype (mean ± SD: 90.95% ± 13.89). A significant reduction of MuSK-IgG4 and, to a lesser extent, of MuSK-IgG2, was seen in patients with favorable clinical outcomes. A similar trend was confirmed in the subgroup of rituximab-treated patients. In a single patient, MuSK-IgG affinity increased during symptom exacerbation (KD values: 62 nM vs 0.6 nM) while total MuSK-IgG and IgG4 levels remained stable, suggesting that affinity maturation may be a driver of clinical worsening. DISCUSSION Our data support the quantification of MuSK antibodies by flow cytometry. Through a multimodal investigational approach, we showed that total MuSK-IgG levels, MuSK-IgG4 and MuSK-IgG2 levels, and MuSK-IgG affinity may represent promising biomarkers of disease outcomes in MuSK-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Spagni
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Vincent
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Bo Sun
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Falso
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Leslie W Jacobson
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Sean Devenish
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Amelia Evoli
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Damato
- From the Department of Neuroscience (G.S., S.F., A.E.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin (G.S.), Berlin, Germany; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.V., B.S., L.W.J.), University of Oxford; Fluidic Analytics Ltd (S.D.), The Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosciences (V.D.), Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
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Arslan G, Demir B. Cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients and its correlations. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:1405-1410. [PMID: 36269892 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2133606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a severe disease in which seizures play the leading role. Striking clinical manifestations of the attacks take most of the attention of healthcare professionals. Apart from epilepsy itself, it is well known that epilepsy patients may also have psychiatric comorbidities. These disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are mostly thought to be related to epileptic seizures or antiepileptic medications. In clinical practice, cognitive impairment is another disrupted area of interest in epileptic patients. Our study aimed to detect this deterioration and its correlations with mood disorders and epileptic disease features such as seizure frequency and illness duration. MATERIALS AND METHODS After obtaining verbal and written consent, we enrolled 52 epilepsy patients in our study. A short demographic form indicating their gender, epileptic disease features, and medication usage information was completed for each patient. The Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen (QMCI) test, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (Ham-A), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were applied by an experienced psychologist. Abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging findings (e.g., encephalomalacia, large arachnoid cysts, a considerable amount of white matter gliotic lesions, neoplastic or vascular space-occupying lesions, hippocampal malformations), vitamin and electrolyte imbalances, other chronic diseases as well as thyroid dysfunction were considered as exclusion criteria since they might interfere with cognition. We excluded abnormalities to this extent because we wanted to acquire a homogenous sampling population without structural disadvantages. Thus, we could be able to determine slight changes in cognition properly. RESULTS We found decreased cognitive scores directly proportional to lower education level, higher seizure frequency, longer disease duration, generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) type of seizure, and antiepileptic polytherapy. Also, complying with the literature, a high frequency of depression was found in our study group. Interestingly, decreased anxiety levels of the patients were statistically related to higher seizure frequency, which may indicate adaptive mechanisms to frequent seizures. Finally, a multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant negative impact of GTC type of seizure on cognition. CONCLUSION Epilepsy and epileptic seizures affect cognition negatively. Thus, newly diagnosed epilepsy patients should be assessed for cognitive status as soon as possible. This assessment will allow epileptologists to understand future deteriorations in their patients' cognition. In our study, it is shown that QMCI is an effective and practical way to assess the cognitive statuses of epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güven Arslan
- Department of Neurology, Acibadem Kayseri Hospital affiliated to Acibadem University and Acibadem Healthcare Institutions, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Büşra Demir
- Department of Psychology, Kayseri City Hospital affiliated to Ministry of Health of Turkey, Kayseri, Turkey
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Jean KR, Dotson VM. Dementia: Common Syndromes and Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:793-807. [PMID: 39343475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Dementia is an umbrella term for multiple conditions that lead to progressive cognitive decline and impaired activities of daily living. Neuropsychological evaluation is essential for characterizing the distinct cognitive and behavioral profile that can aid in the diagnostic process and treatment planning for dementia. Modifiable risk factors for dementia such as nutrition, physical activity, sleep, cognitive and social engagement, and stress provide important avenues for prevention. Neurologists and other health care providers can help patients reduce their risk for dementia by providing them with education about modifiable factors and connecting them to resources to empower them to engage in brain-healthy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kharine R Jean
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, PO Box 5010, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010, USA
| | - Vonetta M Dotson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, PO Box 5010, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010, USA; Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, PO Box 3984, Atlanta, GA 30302-3984, USA.
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Pramanik R, Dey A, Chakrabarty AK, Banerjee D, Narwaria A, Sharma S, Rai RK, Katiyar CK, Dubey SK. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: Understanding disease mechanisms, their correlation, and promising dual activity of selected herbs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118402. [PMID: 38821139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This review explores the link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). It emphasizes the shared pathophysiological links and mechanisms between the two conditions, focusing on reduced insulin levels and receptors, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage in AD-affected brains-paralleling aspects of T2DM. The review suggests AD as a "diabetes of the brain," supported by cognitive enhancement through antidiabetic interventions. It focuses on the traditionally used Indian herbs as a means to manage both conditions while addressing developmental challenges. AIM OF THE STUDY This study explores the DM-AD connection, reviewing medicinal herbs with protective potential for both ailments, considering traditional uses and developmental challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studied research, reviews, and ethnobotanical and scientific data from electronic databases and traditional books. RESULTS The study analyzes the pathophysiological links between DM and AD, emphasizing their interconnected factors. Eight Ayurvedic plants with dual protective effects against T2DM and AD are thoroughly reviewed with preclinical/clinical evidence. Historical context, phytoconstituents, and traditional applications are explored. Innovative formulations using these plants are examined. Challenges stemming from phytoconstituents' physicochemical properties are highlighted, prompting novel formulation development, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The study uncovers obstacles in formulating treatments for these diseases. CONCLUSION The review showcases the dual potential of chosen medicinal herbs against both diseases, along with their traditional applications, endorsing their use. It addresses formulation obstacles, proposing innovative delivery technologies for herbal therapies, while acknowledging their constraints. The review suggests the need for heightened investment and research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Pramanik
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Anuradha Dey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | | | - Dipankar Banerjee
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Avinash Narwaria
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajiva Kumar Rai
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Chandra Kant Katiyar
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, 13, BT Road, Belgharia, Kolkata, 700056, India.
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Hayward KS, Dalton EJ, Campbell BCV, Khatri P, Dukelow SP, Johns H, Walter S, Yogendrakumar V, Pandian JD, Sacco S, Bernhardt J, Parsons MW, Saver JL, Churilov L. Adaptive Trials in Stroke: Current Use and Future Directions. Neurology 2024; 103:e209876. [PMID: 39325999 PMCID: PMC11436319 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of adaptive design features in a clinical trial provides preplanned flexibility to dynamically modify a trial during its conduct while preserving validity and integrity. Adaptive trials are needed to accelerate the conduct of more efficient, informative, and ethical clinical research in the field of neurology. Stroke is a natural candidate for adoption of these innovative approaches to trial design. This Research Methods in Neurology article is informed by a scoping review that identified 45 completed or ongoing adaptive clinical trials in stroke that were appraised: 15 trials had published results with or without a published protocol and 30 ongoing trials (14 trials had a published protocol, and 16 trials were registered only). Interventions spanned acute (n = 28), rehabilitation (n = 8), prevention (n = 8), and rehabilitation and prevention (n = 1). A subsample of these trials was selected to illustrate the utility of adaptive design features and discuss why each adaptive feature was incorporated in the design to best achieve the aim; whether each individual feature was used and whether it resulted in expected efficiencies; and any learnings during preparation, conduct, or reporting. We then discuss the operational, ethical, and regulatory considerations that warrant careful consideration during adaptive trial planning and reflect on the workforce readiness to deliver adaptive trials in practice. We conclude that adaptive trials can be designed, funded, conducted, and published for a wide range of research questions and offer future directions to support adoption of adaptive trial designs in stroke and neurologic research more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Hayward
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily J Dalton
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce C V Campbell
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pooja Khatri
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean P Dukelow
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Johns
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Silke Walter
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vignan Yogendrakumar
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeyaraj D Pandian
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona Sacco
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Bernhardt
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark W Parsons
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- From the Melbourne School of Health Sciences (K.S.H., E.J.D.), and Melbourne Medical School (K.S.H., H.J., L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Stroke Theme (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., J.B., L.C.), The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence to Accelerate Stroke Trial Innovation and Translation (K.S.H., B.C.V.C., L.C., J.B., H.J.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Department of Medicine and Neurology (B.C.V.C., V.Y.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (P.K.), University of Cincinnati, OH; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (S.P.D.), and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (S.P.D.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Saarland University, Saarbrücken; Department of Neurology (S.W.), Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.Y.), University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (J.D.P.), Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (S.S.), University of L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Neurology (M.W.P.), Liverpool Hospital, UNSW South Western Sydney Clinical School, Warwick Farm, Australia; Comprehensive Stroke Center and Department of Neurology (J.L.S.), University of California Los Angeles; and Australian Stroke Alliance (L.C.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hay M, Rollot F, Casey R, Kerbrat A, Edan G, Mathey G, Labauge P, De Sèze J, Vukusic S, Laplaud DA, Papeix C, Moreau T, Thouvenot E, Defer G, Lebrun-Frénay C, Ciron J, Berger E, Stankoff B, Clavelou P, Maillart E, Heinzlef O, Zéphir H, Ruet A, Casez O, Moulin S, Al-Khedr A, Bourre B, Pelletier J, Magy L, Neau JP, Camdessanché JP, Doghri I, Wahab A, Tchikviladzé M, Labeyrie C, Hankiewicz K, Le Page E, Michel L. Anti-CD20 Therapies in Drug-Naive Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Real-Life Study. Neurology 2024; 103:e209886. [PMID: 39321406 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although rituximab failed to demonstrate a significant effect on disability progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), ocrelizumab succeeded. Our main objective was to analyze confirmed disability progression (CDP) in a cohort of patients with PPMS treated with anti-CD20 therapies compared with a weighted untreated control cohort. METHODS This was a retrospective study using data from the French MS registry (Observatoire Français de la Sclérose En Plaques). We included patients with PPMS treated or never treated with anti-CD20 therapies from 2016 to 2021, with an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of ≤6.5 at baseline. The primary outcome was time to first CDP. The secondary outcomes were time to first relapse, MRI activity at 2 years, identification of risk factors associated with CDP, and serious infection incidence rates (IIRs). Each outcome was studied using an inverse probability of treatment weighting method. The outcomes were modeled using a weighted proportional Cox model for the time-to-event outcomes and by a logistic regression regarding the MRI activity. RESULTS A total of 1,184 patients (426 treated and 758 untreated) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median age (Q1-Q3) was 56 years (49.3-63.8), and 52.7% were female. Among treated patients, 295 received rituximab, whereas 131 received ocrelizumab. At baseline, anti-CD20-treated patients were younger (median 51.9 vs 58.6 years, Cohen d = 0.683) and had more active disease (54.5 vs 27.8%, Cohen d = 0.562). 91.6% were drug-naive at inclusion. In time to first CDP analysis, no statistical significance was observed (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; 95% CI 0.93-1.36, p = 0.2113). In time to first relapse analysis, a nonsignificant trend toward fewer patients relapsing in the treated group was observed (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.48-1.28, p = 0.0809). For MRI activity, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups. Risk factors associated with CDP in the treated group were male sex and MS duration. IIR was 6.67 (95% CI 3.12-14.25) per 100 person-years in the treated group vs 2.67 (95% CI 0.80-8.86) in the untreated group. DISCUSSION Time to first CDP was not different between anti-CD20 treated and untreated patients with PPMS. Although our study is retrospective and mainly included patients treated by rituximab, our results indicate that there should be a constant evaluation of all available data to ascertain the best risk/benefit ratio for patients with PPMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that anti-CD20 therapy of previously untreated patients with PPMS was not superior to no therapy in delaying time to first CDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Hay
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Fabien Rollot
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Romain Casey
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Anne Kerbrat
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Gilles Edan
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Guillaume Mathey
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jérôme De Sèze
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Caroline Papeix
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Christine Lebrun-Frénay
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jonathan Ciron
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Eric Berger
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Pierre Clavelou
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Olivier Heinzlef
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Hélène Zéphir
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Aurélie Ruet
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Olivier Casez
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Solène Moulin
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Abdullatif Al-Khedr
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Bertrand Bourre
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jean Pelletier
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Laurent Magy
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Neau
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Camdessanché
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Inès Doghri
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Abir Wahab
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Maia Tchikviladzé
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Céline Labeyrie
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Karolina Hankiewicz
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Page
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
| | - Laure Michel
- From the Neurology Department (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), Rennes University Hospital; Clinical Neuroscience Centre (M.H., A.K., G.E., E.L.P., L. Michel), CIC_P1414 INSERM, Rennes, University Hospital, Rennes University; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Université de Lyon; Service de Neurologie, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, state-approved foundation (F.R., R.C., S.V.), Bron; Department of Neurology (G.M.), Nancy University Hospital; Université de Lorraine (G.M.), Inserm, INSPIIRE, Nancy; MS Unit (P.L.), CHU de Montpellier; University of Montpellier (MUSE) (P.L.); Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center (J.D.S.), CHU de Strasbourg, CIC 1434, INSERM 1434; Service de Neurologie (D.-A.L.), CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, CIC INSERM 1413; Department of Neurology (C.P.), Fondation Rotschild, Paris; Department of Neurology (T.M.), CHU de Dijon, EA4184; Department of Neurology (E.T.), Nimes University Hospital; IGF (E.T.), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM; CHU de Caen (G.D.), MS Expert Centre, Department of Neurology, Normandy University, Caen; Neurology (C.L.-F.), UR2CA_URRIS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pasteur2, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Nice; Department of Neurology (J.C.), CHU de Toulouse, CRC-SEP; Université Toulouse III (J.C.), Infinity, INSERM UMR1291-CNRS UMR5051; Service de Neurologie (E.B.), CHU de Besançon; Sorbonne Universités (B.S.), Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, and Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière; CHU Clermont-Ferrand (P.C.), CRC SEP Auvergne, Department of Neurology, and INSERM NeuroDol U1107; Département de Neurologie (E.M.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP; Centre de Ressources et de Compétences SEP Paris (E.M.); Departement of Neurology (O.H.), Centre de Ressource et Compétences SEP IDF Ouest, Hôpital de Poissy; CHU Lille (H.Z.), CRCSEP Lille, Univ Lille, U1172; Department of Neurology (A.R.), University Hospital of Bordeaux; Neurocentre Magendie (A.R.), Bordeaux University, INSERM U1215; Department of Neurology (O.C.), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Neurology MS Clinic Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche; Department of Neurology (S.M.), CHU de Reims, CRC-SEP; Department of Neurology (A.A.-K.), CHU d'Amiens; Departement of Neurology (B.B.), CHU de Rouen; Service de Neurologie (J.P.), Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Univ; Department of Neurology (L. Magy), Hôpital Dupuytren, CHU de Limoges; Department of Neurology (J.-P.N.), Hôpital Jean Bernard, CHU La Milétrie, Poitiers; Department of Neurology (J.-P.C.), Hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne; CRC SEP and Department of Neurology (I.D.), Hôpital Bretonneau, CHU de Tours; Department of Neurology (A.W.), Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil; Department of Neurology (M.T.), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Department of Neurology (C.L.), CHU Bicêtre; and Department of Neurology (K.H.), Hôpital Pierre Delafontaine, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, France
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of Cytokines in Synaptic Transmission? Neurology 2024; 103:e209928. [PMID: 39303183 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
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Sawyer RP, Blair J, Shatz R, Manly JJ, Judd SE. Association of Adherence to a MIND-Style Diet With the Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Decline in the REGARDS Cohort. Neurology 2024; 103:e209817. [PMID: 39292985 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diet may influence the development of cognitive impairment and affect cognitive decline, but whether this relationship varies between Black American and White American people is unclear. This study examined the association of Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) and incident cognitive impairment and cognitive trajectories in a biracial prospective cohort study. METHODS Using data derived from the Food Frequency Questionnaire in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study, we compared MIND diet adherence with incident cognitive impairment and cognitive trajectory in Black participants and White participants. Logistic regression was used to model MIND diet score (continuous variable and using tertiles) and incident cognitive impairment after adjusting for age, sex, race, region, education, income, total energy, hypertension history, dyslipidemia, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, ischemic heart conditions, atrial fibrillation, and lifestyle factors including sedentary, obesity, and smoking. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between cognitive trajectory and MIND diet adherence. RESULTS Dietary data to calculate the MIND diet score and cognitive data were available on 14,145 participants with a mean age of 64 years (SD 9.0 years) that was 56.7% female. Greater MIND diet adherence was associated with a decreased incidence of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p = 0.02) after adjusting for all covariates. In the fully adjusted model, greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment in female participants (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.96, p < 0.001) but not in male participants (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.97-1.06, p = 0.64). In all models, greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline. MIND diet adherence was a better predictor of cognitive decline in Black participants (β = 0.04, SE = 0.007, p < 0.001) than in White participants (β = 0.03, SE = 0.004, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Greater MIND diet adherence was associated with decreased risk of cognitive impairment in female participants but not male participants, with no difference between Black participants and White participants. However, MIND diet adherence was a better predictor of cognitive trajectory in Black participants than in White participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Sawyer
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Jessica Blair
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Rhonna Shatz
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- From the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine (R.P.S., R.S.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Biostatistics Department (J.B., S.E.J.), School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (J.J.M.), G.H. Sergievsky Center (J.J.M.), and Department of Neurology (J.J.M.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
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Huo S, Rivier CA, Clocchiatti-Tuozzo S, Renedo D, Sunmonu NA, de Havenon A, Sarpong DF, Rosendale N, Sheth KN, Falcone GJ. Brain Health Outcomes in Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: Results From the All of Us Research Program. Neurology 2024; 103:e209863. [PMID: 39321407 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups have been historically underrepresented in neurologic research, and their brain health disparities are unknown. We aim to evaluate whether SGM persons are at higher risk of adverse brain health outcomes compared with cisgender straight (non-SGM) individuals. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in the All of Us Research Program, a US population-based study, including all participants with information on gender identity and sexual orientation. We used baseline questionnaires to identify sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual, diverse sexual orientation; nonstraight sexual orientation) and gender minority (gender diverse and transgender; gender identity different from sex assigned at birth) participants. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke, dementia, and late-life depression, assessed using electronic health record data and self-report. Secondarily, we evaluated each disease separately. Furthermore, we evaluated all subgroups of gender and sexual minorities stratified by sex assigned at birth. We used multivariable logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex assigned at birth, race/ethnicity, cardiovascular risk factors, other relevant comorbidities, and neighborhood deprivation index) to assess the relationship between SGM groups and the outcomes. RESULTS Of 413,457 US adults enrolled between May 31, 2017, and June 30, 2022, we included 393,041 participants with available information on sexual orientation and gender identity (mean age 51 [SD 17] years), of whom 39,632 (10%) belonged to SGM groups. Of them, 38,528 (97%) belonged to a sexual minority and 4,431 (11%) to a gender minority. Compared with non-SGM, SGM persons had 15% higher odds of the brain health composite outcome (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.08-1.22). In secondary analyses, these results persisted across sexual and gender minorities separately (all 95% CIs > 1). Assessing individual diseases, all SGM groups had higher odds of dementia (SGM vs non-SGM: OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00-1.29) and late-life depression (SGM vs non-SGM: OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17-1.38) and transgender women had higher odds of stroke (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.04-2.70). DISCUSSION In a large US population study, SGM persons had higher odds of adverse brain health outcomes. Further research should explore structural causes of inequity to advance inclusive and diverse neurologic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Huo
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Cyprien A Rivier
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Santiago Clocchiatti-Tuozzo
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Daniela Renedo
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - N Abimbola Sunmonu
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Adam de Havenon
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Daniel F Sarpong
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Nicole Rosendale
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | - Guido J Falcone
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., N.A.S., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Yale Center for Brain and Mind Health (S.H., C.A.R., S.C.-T., D.R., A.d.H., K.N.S., G.J.F.), Department of Internal Medicine (S.C.-T.), Department of Neurosurgery (D.R.), and Office of Health Equity Research (D.F.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (N.R.), Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
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Vandebergh M, Ramos EM, Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Ramanan VK, Kornak J, Mester C, Kolander T, Brushaber DE, Staffaroni AM, Geschwind DH, Wolf AA, Kantarci K, Gendron T, Petrucelli L, Van den Broeck M, Wynants S, Baker M, Borrego-Écija S, Appleby B, Barmada S, Bozoki AC, Clark D, Darby RR, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Fields JA, Galasko D, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grant IM, Honig LS, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Irwin DJ, Knopman DS, Kwan JY, Léger GC, Litvan I, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Onyike CU, Pascual B, Pressman PS, Ritter A, Roberson ED, Snyder A, Sullivan AC, Tartaglia MC, Wint D, Heuer HW, Forsberg LK, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Rademakers R. Gene-Specific Effects on Brain Volume and Cognition of TMEM106B in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neurology 2024; 103:e209832. [PMID: 39321401 PMCID: PMC11424506 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES TMEM106B has been proposed as a modifier of disease risk in FTLD-TDP, particularly in GRN pathogenic variant carriers. Furthermore, TMEM106B has been investigated as a disease modifier in the context of healthy aging and across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of TMEM106B on gray matter volume and cognition in each of the common genetic FTD groups and in patients with sporadic FTD. METHODS Participants were enrolled through the ARTFL/LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD) study, which includes symptomatic and presymptomatic individuals with a pathogenic variant in C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, VCP, TBK1, TARDBP, symptomatic nonpathogenic variant carriers, and noncarrier family controls. All participants were genotyped for the TMEM106B rs1990622 SNP. Cross-sectionally, linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess an association between TMEM106B and genetic group interaction with each outcome measure (gray matter volume and UDS3-EF for cognition), adjusting for education, age, sex, and CDR+NACC-FTLD sum of boxes. Subsequently, associations between TMEM106B and each outcome measure were investigated within the genetic group. For longitudinal modeling, linear mixed-effects models with time by TMEM106B predictor interactions were fitted. RESULTS The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622, linked to a decreased risk of FTD, associated with greater gray matter volume in GRN pathogenic variant carriers under the recessive dosage model (N = 82, beta = 3.25, 95% CI [0.37-6.19], p = 0.034). This was most pronounced in the thalamus in the left hemisphere (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [0.01-0.06], p = 0.006), with a retained association when considering presymptomatic GRN pathogenic variant carriers only (N = 42, beta = 0.03, 95% CI [0.01-0.05], p = 0.003). The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622 also associated with greater cognitive scores among all C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers (N = 229, beta = 0.36, 95% CI [0.05-0.066], p = 0.021) and in presymptomatic C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers (N = 106, beta = 0.33, 95% CI [0.03-0.63], p = 0.036), under the recessive dosage model. DISCUSSION We identified associations of TMEM106B with gray matter volume and cognition in the presence of GRN and C9orf72 pathogenic variants. The association of TMEM106B with outcomes of interest in presymptomatic GRN and C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers could additionally reflect TMEM106B's effect on divergent pathophysiologic changes before the appearance of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Vijay K Ramanan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - John Kornak
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Carly Mester
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tyler Kolander
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Danielle E Brushaber
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Amy A Wolf
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tania Gendron
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sarah Wynants
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Matthew Baker
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sergi Borrego-Écija
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Brian Appleby
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sami Barmada
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Andrea C Bozoki
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David Clark
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - R Ryan Darby
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Julie A Fields
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Douglas Galasko
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ian M Grant
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Edward D Huey
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David J Irwin
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David S Knopman
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Justin Y Kwan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gabriel C Léger
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Mario F Mendez
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Belen Pascual
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Peter S Pressman
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Aaron Ritter
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Erik D Roberson
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Allison Snyder
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Anna Campbell Sullivan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Dylan Wint
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Adam L Boxer
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Howard J Rosen
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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Muiño E, Carcel-Marquez J, Llucià-Carol L, Gallego-Fabrega C, Cullell N, Lledós M, Martín-Campos JM, Villatoro-González P, Sierra-Marcos A, Ros-Castelló V, Aguilera-Simón A, Marti-Fabregas J, Fernandez-Cadenas I. Identification of Genetic Loci Associated With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using a Multitrait Analysis Approach. Neurology 2024; 103:e209666. [PMID: 39298701 PMCID: PMC11446162 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have only 2 loci associated with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH): APOE for lobar and 1q22 for nonlobar ICH. We aimed to discover new loci through an analysis that combines correlated traits (multi-trait analysis of GWAS [MTAG]) and explore a gene-based analysis, transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and proteome-wide association study (PWAS) to understand the biological mechanisms of spontaneous ICH providing potential therapeutic targets. METHODS We use the published MTAG of ICH (patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal bleeding) and small-vessel ischemic stroke. For all ICH, lobar ICH, and nonlobar ICH, a pairwise MTAG combined ICH with traits related to cardiovascular risk factors, cerebrovascular diseases, or Alzheimer disease (AD). For the analysis, we assembled those traits with a genetic correlation ≥0.3. A new MTAG combining multiple traits was performed with those traits whose pairwise MTAG yielded new GWAS-significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with a posterior-probability of model 3 (GWAS-pairwise) ≥0.6. We perform TWAS and PWAS that correlate the genetic component of expression or protein levels with the genetic component of a trait. We use the ICH cohort from UK Biobank as replication. RESULTS For all ICH (1,543 ICH, 1,711 controls), the mean age was 72 ± 2 in cases and 70 ± 2 in controls, and half of them were women. Replication cohort: 700 ICH and 399,717 controls. Novel loci were found only for all ICH (the trait containing lobar and nonlobar ICH), combining data of ICH and small vessel stroke, white matter hyperintensities volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and AD. We replicated 6 SNPs belonging to 2q33.2 (ICA1L, β = 0.20, SE = 0.03, p value = 8.91 × 10-12), 10q24.33 (OBFC1, β = -0.12, SE = 0.02, p value = 1.67 × 10-8), 13q34 (COL4A2, β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, p value = 2.34 × 10-11), and 19q13.32 (APOC1, β = -0.19, SE = 0.03, p value = 1.38 × 10-12; APOE, β = 0.21, SE = 0.03, p value = 2.70 × 10-11; PVRL2:CTB-129P6.4, β = 0.15, SE = 0.03, p value = 1.38 × 10-8); 2 genes (SH3PXD2A, Z-score = 4.83, p value = 6.67 × 10-7; and APOC1, Z-score: = 5.11, p value = 1.60 × 10-7); and ICA1L transcript (Z-score = 6.8, p value = 9.1 × 10-12) and protein levels (Z-score = -5.8, p value = 6.7 × 10-9). DISCUSSION Our results reinforce the role of APOE in ICH risk, replicate previous ICH-associated loci (2q33 and 13q34), and point to new ICH associations with OBFC1, PVRL2:CTB-129P6.4, APOC1, and SH3PXD2A. Our study used data from European subjects, our main limitation. These molecules could be potential targets for future studies for modulating ICH risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muiño
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jara Carcel-Marquez
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Llucià-Carol
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gallego-Fabrega
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Cullell
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Lledós
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M Martín-Campos
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Villatoro-González
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Sierra-Marcos
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Ros-Castelló
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Aguilera-Simón
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Fernandez-Cadenas
- From the Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics Group (E.M., J.C.-M., L.L.-C., C.G.-F., N.C., M.L.L., J.M.M.-C., P.V.-G., I.F.-C.), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU); Epilepsy Unit (E.M., A.S.-M., V.R.-C.), Neurology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics (N.C.), Fundació MútuaTerrassa per la Docència i la Recerca; and Department of Neurology (C.G.-F., A.A.-S., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
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237
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Cui Y, Yang G, Li H, Sun J, Liu X, Xia X. Reduced expression of NUPR1 alleviates epilepsy progression via attenuating ER stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 730:150365. [PMID: 38996786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures. It is necessary to further understand the mechanisms of epilepsy in order to develop novel strategies for its prevention and treatment. Abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) activation is related to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Nuclear protein 1, transcriptional regulator (NUPR1) is involved in ERS and it might play a role in epilepsy progression. In the present study, we generated an epileptic mouse model using pilocarpine induction. After 72 h of pilocarpine treatment, the expression of NUPR1 was increased in epileptic mice. Furthermore, NUPR1 knockdown reduced the number of spontaneous recurrent seizures and alleviated hippocampal damage in these mice. Interestingly, NUPR1 knockdown also reduced the protein expression levels of LC3, PINK1, and Parkin in the mitochondria, and decreased the PINK1 expression in hippocampus. Additionally, the expression of ERS-related proteins-cleaved caspase-12, ATF4, and CHOP-decreased in epileptic mice following NUPR1 knockdown. In vitro experiments showed that the absence of NUPR1 reduced the expression of ATF4, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 in hippocampal neurons and inhibited the neuron apoptosis. In all, our study suggested that NUPR1 maybe a potential molecular target for epilepsy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianying Sun
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
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238
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Ramdeo KR, Adams FC, Drapeau CC, Foglia SD, Cuizon MC, Sader MA, Nucci R, Nelson AJ. The influence of menstrual phase on synaptic plasticity induced via intermittent theta-burst stimulation. Neuroscience 2024; 558:122-127. [PMID: 39168176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian hormones influence the propensity for short-term plasticity induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Estradiol appears to enhance the propensity for neural plasticity. It is currently unknown how progesterone influences short-term plasticity induced by rTMS. OBJECTIVE The present research investigates whether the luteal versus follicular phase of the menstrual cycle influence short-term plasticity induced by intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). We tested the hypothesis that iTBS would increase motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during the follicular phase. Further, we explored the effects of the luteal phase on iTBS-induced neural plasticity. METHOD Twenty-nine adult females participated in a placebo-controlled study that delivered real and sham iTBS to the left primary motor cortex in separate sessions corresponding to the follicular phase (real iTBS), luteal phase (real iTBS), and a randomly selected day (sham iTBS). Outcomes included corticospinal excitability as measured by the amplitude of MEPs and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle before and following iTBS (612 pulses). RESULTS MEP amplitude was increased following real iTBS during the follicular condition. No significant changes in MEP amplitude were observed during the luteal or sham visits. SICI was unchanged by iTBS irrespective of menstrual phase. CONCLUSION These findings suggest women experience a variable propensity for iTBS-induced short-term plasticity across the menstrual cycle. This information is important for designing studies aiming to induce plasticity via rTMS in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Ramdeo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - F C Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - C C Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - S D Foglia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - M C Cuizon
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - M A Sader
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - R Nucci
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - A J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280, Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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239
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Kawakami S, Inukai Y, Ikarashi H, Kamii Y, Takahashi H, Miyaguchi S, Otsuru N, Onishi H. No effects of cerebellar transcranial random noise stimulation on cerebellar brain inhibition, visuomotor learning, and pupil diameter. Behav Brain Res 2024; 475:115209. [PMID: 39154754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) is an inhibitory output from the cerebellum to the primary motor cortex, which is decreased in early motor learning. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation to induce brain plastic changes; however, the effects of cerebellar tRNS on CBI and motor learning have not been investigated yet to our knowledge. In this study, whether cerebellar tRNS decreases CBI and improves motor learning was examined, and pupil diameter was measured to examine physiological changes due to the effect of tRNS on motor learning. Thirty-four healthy subjects were assigned to either the cerebellar tRNS group or the Sham group. The subjects performed visuomotor tracking task with ten trials each in the early and late learning stages while receiving the stimulus intervention. CBI and motor evoked potentials were measured before the learning task, after the early learning stage, and after the late learning stage, and pupil diameter was measured during the task. There was no change in CBI in both groups. No group differences in motor learning rates were observed at any learning stages. Pupil diameter was smaller in the late learning stage than in the early learning stage in both groups. The cerebellar tRNS was suggested not to induce changes in CBI and improvement in motor learning, and it did not affect pupil diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Kawakami
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Rehabilitation Department, Niigata Rehabilitation Hospital, 761 Kizaki, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3304, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Ikarashi
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kamii
- Rehabilitation Department, The Jikei University Daisan Hospital, 4-11-1 Izumihon-cho, Komae City, Tokyo 201-8601, Japan.
| | - Hirona Takahashi
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.
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240
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Farhangian M, Azarafrouz F, Valian N, Dargahi L. The role of interferon beta in neurological diseases and its potential therapeutic relevance. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176882. [PMID: 39128808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFNβ) is a member of the type-1 interferon family and has various immunomodulatory functions in neuropathological conditions. Although the level of IFNβ is low under healthy conditions, it is increased during inflammatory processes to protect the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, microglia and astrocytes are the main sources of IFNβ upon inflammatory insult in the CNS. The protective effects of IFNβ are well characterized in reducing the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, little is understood about its effects in other neurological/neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, different types of IFNs and their signaling pathways will be described. Then we will focus on the potential role and therapeutic effect of IFNβ in several CNS-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, prion disease and spinocerebellar ataxia 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Farhangian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Azarafrouz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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241
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Li Q, Yu ZP, Li YG, Tang ZH, Hu YF, Wang MJ, Shen HW. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of orbitofrontal cortex in rat model of methamphetamine-induced sensitization. Neurosci Lett 2024; 841:137953. [PMID: 39214331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The behavioral sensitization, characterized by escalated behavioral responses triggered by recurrent exposure to psychostimulants, involves neurobiological mechanisms that are brain-region and cell-type specific. Enduring neuroadaptive changes have been observed in response to methamphetamine (METH) within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the cell-type specific transcriptional alterations in response to METH sensitization remain understudied. In this study, we utilized Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) to profile the gene expression changes in the OFC of a rat METH sensitization model. The analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unveiled cell-type specific transcriptional reactions associated with METH sensitization, with the most significant alterations documented in microglial cells. Bioinformatic investigations revealed that distinct functional and signaling pathways enriched in microglia-specific DEGs majorly involved in macroautophagy processes and the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDAR). To validate the translational relevance of our findings, we analyzed our snRNA-seq data in conjunction with a transcriptomic study of individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and a large-scale Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) from multiple externalizing phenotypes related to drug addiction. The validation analysis confirmed the consistent expression changes of key microglial DEGs in human METH addiction. Moreover, the integration with GWAS data revealed associations between addiction risk genes and the DEGs observed in specific cell types, particularly microglia and excitatory neurons. Our study highlights the importance of cell-type specific transcriptional alterations in the OFC in the context of METH sensitization and their potential translational relevance to human drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yan-Guo Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Zi-Hang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yong-Feng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ma-Jie Wang
- Department of psychiatry, Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Hao-Wei Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Rd, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Department of psychiatry, Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China.
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242
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Cheng X, Cui C, Shen S, Li Z, Zhao Y, Li C, Kermode AG, Zhong X, Qiu W. Probiotics-regulated lithocholic acid suppressed B-cell differentiation in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 395:578422. [PMID: 39178494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal microbes play a crucial role in gut health and the immune-mediated central nervous system through the "gut-brain" axis. However, probiotic safety and efficacy in Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are not well-explored. A pilot clinic trial for NMOSD with probiotic intervention revealed alterations in the microbiota (increased Anaerostipes, Bacteroides; decreased Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Rothia). Metabolite analysis showed elevated 2-methylbutyric and isobutyric acids, reduced lithocholic acid (LCA), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA). Immune markers Interleukin (IL-7), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) decreased, while plasma cells and transitional B cells increased post-probiotics, suggesting potential immunomodulatory effects on NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Chunping Cui
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shishi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yipeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Caixia Li
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Perron Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Xiaonan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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243
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Deng Y, Li G, Xie L, Li X, Wu Y, Zheng J, Xian S, Zhou J, Chen J, Liu Y, Yang Q, Wang Q, Liu L. Associations of occupational exposure to micro-LiNiCoMnO 2 particles with systemic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction in cathode material production for lithium batteries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124694. [PMID: 39127333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Micro-LiNiCoMnO2 (MNCM), a cathode material with highest market share, has increasing demand with the growth of lithium battery industry. However, whether MNCM exposure brings adverse effects to workers remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between MNCM exposure with systemic inflammation and cardiac function. A cross-sectional study of 347 workers was undertaken from the MNCM production industry in Guangdong province, China in 2020. Metals in urine were measured using ICP-MS. The associations between metals, systemic inflammation, and cardiac function were appraised using a linear or logistic regression model. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and generalized weighted quantile sum (gWQS) models were used to explore mixed metal exposures. The analysis of interaction and mediation was adopted to assess the role of inflammation in the relation between urinary metals and cardiac function. We observed that the levels of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) were positively associated with systemic inflammation and heart rate. The amount of Co contributed the highest weight on the increased systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) (59.8%), the system inflammation response index (SIRI) (44.3%), and heart rate (65.0%). Based on the mediation analysis, we estimated that SII mediated 32.3% and 20.9% of the associations between Li and Co with heart rate, and SIRI mediated 44.6% and 22.2% of the associations between Li and Co with heart rate, respectively. This study demonstrated for the first time that MNCM exposure increased the risk of workers' systemic inflammation and elevated heart rate, which were contributed by the excessive Li and Co exposure. Additionally, it indicates that systemic inflammation was a major mediator of the associations of Li and Co with cardiac function in MNCM production workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaotang Deng
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Lijie Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519099, China
| | - Youyi Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Jiewei Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Simin Xian
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiazhen Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Yuewei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
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Matsuura R, Hamano SI, Takeuchi H, Takeda R, Horita H, Hirata Y, Koichihara R, Kikuchi K, Oka A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy alters Q-albumin ratios in patients with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome of unknown etiology. J Neurol Sci 2024; 465:123187. [PMID: 39173325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) with epileptic spasms as the main seizure type, is treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This study, for the first time, examines the effects of epileptic spasms and ACTH on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in patients with IESS of unknown etiology. METHODS We prospectively evaluated the changes in BBB permeability in patients with IESS of unknown etiology at the Saitama Children's Medical Center between February 2012 and February 2024. We compared the levels of serum-albumin, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-albumin, Q-albumin, and CSF-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) before and after ACTH therapy. We also assessed the correlation between the frequency of epileptic spasms and these markers. RESULTS Overall, 16 patients with IESS (8 males) were included in the study. The median age at IESS onset was 5 (range, 2-9) months. The median duration between the epileptic spasms onset and the serum and CSF sample examination before ACTH therapy was 26 (range, 1-154) days. After ACTH therapy, CSF-albumin and Q-albumin levels significantly decreased (CSF-albumin: 13.5 (9.0-32.0) mg/dL vs 11.0 (7.0-19.0) mg/dL, p = 0.001. Q-albumin: 3.7× 10-3 (2.2 × 10-3-7.3 × 10-3) vs 2.8× 10-3 (1.9 × 10-3-4.5 × 10-3), p = 0.003). No correlation was observed between the epileptic spasms frequency and levels of serum-albumin, CSF-albumin, Q-albumin, and CSF-NSE (Spearman's coefficient: r = 0.291, r = 0.141, r = 0.094, and r = -0.471, respectively). CONCLUSION ACTH therapy is one of the factors that play a role in restoring BBB permeability in patients with IESS of unknown etiology. Our findings may be useful in elucidating the mechanism of ACTH action and IESS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Matsuura
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hamano
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Takeuchi
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rikako Takeda
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruhito Horita
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirata
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Reiko Koichihara
- Division of Child Health and Human Development, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kenjiro Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Oka
- Division of Neurology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama, Japan.
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245
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Yeung SHS, Lee RHS, Cheng GWY, Ma IWT, Kofler J, Kent C, Ma F, Herrup K, Fornage M, Arai K, Tse KH. White matter hyperintensity genetic risk factor TRIM47 regulates autophagy in brain endothelial cells. FASEB J 2024; 38:e70059. [PMID: 39331575 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400689rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensity (WMH) is strongly correlated with age-related dementia and hypertension, but its pathogenesis remains obscure. Genome-wide association studies identified TRIM47 at the 17q25 locus as a top genetic risk factor for WMH formation. TRIM family is a class of E3 ubiquitin ligase with pivotal functions in autophagy, which is critical for brain endothelial cell (ECs) remodeling during hypertension. We hypothesize that TRIM47 regulates autophagy and its loss-of-function disturbs cerebrovasculature. Based on transcriptomics and immunohistochemistry, TRIM47 is found highly expressed by brain ECs in human and mouse, and its transcription is upregulated by artificially induced autophagy while downregulated in hypertension-like conditions. Using in silico simulation, immunocytochemistry and super-resolution microscopy, we predicted a highly conserved binding site between TRIM47 and the LIR (LC3-interacting region) motif of LC3B. Importantly, pharmacological autophagy induction increased Trim47 expression on mouse ECs (b.End3) culture, while silencing Trim47 significantly increased autophagy with ULK1 phosphorylation induction, transcription, and vacuole formation. Together, we demonstrate that TRIM47 is an endogenous inhibitor of autophagy in brain ECs, and such TRIM47-mediated regulation connects genetic and physiological risk factors for WMH formation but warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Hoi-Sang Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ralph Hon-Sun Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Gerald Wai-Yeung Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Iris Wai-Ting Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Kofler
- Division of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Candice Kent
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fulin Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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246
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Zaidi SFA, Amin SB, Shahid M. Letter to the Editor: Increasing incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with epilepsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Neurol Sci 2024; 465:123206. [PMID: 39226711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
We have read with a great deal of interest the article by Hwang et al. (1) and appreciate the authors'' commendable efforts. The article was intelligently written and provides a significant insight into the study carried out by the authors. We greatly acknowledge the brief concepts the authors have shared regarding Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, which are without doubt an asset to the field of neurology. The study has laid a good foundation for future related studies. The article mentions epilepsy as an uncommon comorbidity of Parkinson's disease and the transition of a non-epilepsy brain to an epilepsy brain. It is also mentioned that PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and the incidence of the two diseases. However, as we assess the article in depth, we have found some shortcomings that would have enhanced the sense and purpose of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Fatima A Zaidi
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H J Shaheed Road, Karachi 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Shafin Bin Amin
- Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Rafiqui H J Shaheed Road, Karachi 75510, Pakistan.
| | - Maham Shahid
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqui H J Shaheed Road, Karachi 75510, Pakistan.
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247
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Ko YH, Lokareddy RK, Doll SG, Yeggoni DP, Girdhar A, Mawn I, Klim JR, Rizvi NF, Meyers R, Gillilan RE, Guo L, Cingolani G. Single Acetylation-mimetic Mutation in TDP-43 Nuclear Localization Signal Disrupts Importin α1/β Signaling. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168751. [PMID: 39181183 PMCID: PMC11443512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic aggregation of the TAR-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is the hallmark of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Most ALS patients with TDP-43 aggregates in neurons and glia do not have mutations in the TDP-43 gene but contain aberrantly post-translationally modified TDP-43. Here, we found that a single acetylation-mimetic mutation (K82Q) near the TDP-43 minor Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) box, which mimics a post-translational modification identified in an ALS patient, can lead to TDP-43 mislocalization to the cytoplasm and irreversible aggregation. We demonstrate that the acetylation mimetic disrupts binding to importins, halting nuclear import and preventing importin α1/β anti-aggregation activity. We propose that perturbations near the NLS are an additional mechanism by which a cellular insult other than a genetically inherited mutation leads to TDP-43 aggregation and loss of function. Our findings are relevant to deciphering the molecular etiology of sporadic ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Ko
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ravi K Lokareddy
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven G Doll
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel P Yeggoni
- Dept. of Cell Biology, UConn Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Amandeep Girdhar
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ian Mawn
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richard E Gillilan
- Macromolecular Diffraction Facility, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (MacCHESS), Cornell University, 161 Synchrotron Drive, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lin Guo
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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248
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Braga JD, Komaru T, Umino M, Nagao T, Matsubara K, Egusa A, Yanaka N, Nishimura T, Kumrungsee T. Histidine-containing dipeptide deficiency links to hyperactivity and depression-like behaviors in old female mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 729:150361. [PMID: 38972141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine, anserine, and homocarnosine are histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) abundant in the skeletal muscle and nervous system in mammals. To date, studies have extensively demonstrated effects of carnosine and anserine, the predominant muscular HCDs, on muscular functions and exercise performance. However, homocarnosine, the predominant brain HCD, is underexplored. Moreover, roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in the brain and behaviors remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated potential roles of endogenous brain homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors by using carnosine synthase-1-deficient (Carns1-/-) mice. We found that old Carns1-/- mice (female 12 months old) exhibited hyperactivity- and depression-like behaviors with higher plasma corticosterone levels on light-dark transition and forced swimming tests, but had no defects in spontaneous locomotor activity, repetitive behavior, olfactory functions, and learning and memory abilities, as compared with their age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We confirmed that homocarnosine and its related HCDs were deficient across brain areas of Carns1-/- mice. Homocarnosine deficiency exhibited small effects on its constituent γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, in which GABA levels in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb were higher in Carns1-/- mice than in WT mice. In WT mice, homocarnosine and GABA were highly present in hypothalamus, thalamus, and olfactory bulb, and their brain levels did not decrease in old mice when compared with younger mice (3 months old). Our present findings provide new insights into roles of homocarnosine and its related HCDs in behaviors and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braga
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan; Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Natural Resources, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Takumi Komaru
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Umino
- Department of Human Life Science Education, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tomoka Nagao
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kiminori Matsubara
- Department of Human Life Science Education, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ai Egusa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Department of Food Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, 350-0214, Japan
| | - Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan; Smart Agriculture, Graduate School of Innovation and Practice for Smart Society, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
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249
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Hassani S, Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Towfighi A. Association Between Abnormal Sleep Duration and Stroke in the United States. Neurology 2024; 103:e209807. [PMID: 39259916 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The new American Heart Association Life's Essential 8 construct of ideal cardiovascular health now includes sleep duration. Little is known, however, about sleep duration in individuals with prior stroke. Our objective was to compare sleep duration among individuals with and without prior stroke. METHODS Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database (2005-2018), individuals 18 years or older were identified (n = 37,987 without self-reported stroke; n = 1,572 with self-reported stroke). Prevalence of normal sleep duration (7-8 or 6-8 hours/night because of multiple definitions in the literature) was compared between persons with and without self-reported history of stroke using the Rao-Scott χ2 test. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between prior stroke and abnormal sleep before and after adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS Compared with individuals without stroke, those with prior stroke were more likely to report >8 hours/night (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64-2.51), <7 hours/night (1.29, 1.08-1.53), and <6 hours/night (1.87, 1.53-2.29). After adjustment, these associations were attenuated (adjusted OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.22-1.94 and 1.15, 0.96-1.38 and 1.50, 1.21-1.85). DISCUSSION US stroke survivors are more likely to have abnormal sleep duration than those without prior stroke. Limitations of this study include the cross-sectional and self-reported nature of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassani
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (B.O.), University California San Francisco; Department of Medicine Statistics Core (D.M.), University California Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (A.T.), University Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (B.O.), University California San Francisco; Department of Medicine Statistics Core (D.M.), University California Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (A.T.), University Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Daniela Markovic
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (B.O.), University California San Francisco; Department of Medicine Statistics Core (D.M.), University California Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (A.T.), University Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Amytis Towfighi
- From the Department of Neurology (S.H.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (B.O.), University California San Francisco; Department of Medicine Statistics Core (D.M.), University California Los Angeles; and Department of Neurology (A.T.), University Southern California, Los Angeles
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250
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Martins Freire C, King NR, Dzieciatkowska M, Stephenson D, Moura PL, Dobbe JGG, Streekstra GJ, D'Alessandro A, Toye AM, Satchwell TJ. Complete absence of GLUT1 does not impair human terminal erythroid differentiation. Blood Adv 2024; 8:5166-5178. [PMID: 38916993 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is 1 of the most abundant proteins within the erythrocyte membrane and is required for glucose and dehydroascorbic acid (vitamin C precursor) transport. It is widely recognized as a key protein for red cell structure, function, and metabolism. Previous reports highlighted the importance of GLUT1 activity within these uniquely glycolysis-dependent cells, in particular for increasing antioxidant capacity needed to avoid irreversible damage from oxidative stress in humans. However, studies of glucose transporter roles in erythroid cells are complicated by species-specific differences between humans and mice. Here, using CRISPR-mediated gene editing of immortalized erythroblasts and adult CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, we generate committed human erythroid cells completely deficient in expression of GLUT1. We show that absence of GLUT1 does not impede human erythroblast proliferation, differentiation, or enucleation. This work demonstrates, to our knowledge, for the first time, generation of enucleated human reticulocytes lacking GLUT1. The GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes possess no tangible alterations to membrane composition or deformability in reticulocytes. Metabolomic analyses of GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes reveal hallmarks of reduced glucose import, downregulated metabolic processes and upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, alongside alterations in antioxidant metabolism, resulting in increased osmotic fragility and metabolic shifts indicative of higher oxidant stress. Despite detectable metabolic changes in GLUT1-deficient reticulocytes, the absence of developmental phenotype, detectable proteomic compensation, or impaired deformability comprehensively alters our understanding of the role of GLUT1 in red blood cell structure, function, and metabolism. It also provides cell biological evidence supporting clinical consensus that reduced GLUT1 expression does not cause anemia in GLUT1-deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine R King
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Daniel Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Pedro L Moura
- Department of Medicine, Center for Haematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johannes G G Dobbe
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J Streekstra
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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