Exploring the link between fat-soluble vitamins and aging-associated immune system status: a literature review

The importance of vitamin D for a well-functioning immune system is becoming increasingly evident. Nevertheless, the other fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K also seem to play a central role regarding the adequate function of immune cells and to counteract excessive immune reactions and inflammatory processes. However, recognizing hidden hunger, particularly micronutrient deficiencies in vulnerable groups like the elderly, is crucial because older adults often lack sufficient micronutrients for various reasons. This review summarizes the latest findings on the immune modulating functions of fat-soluble vitamins in a physiological and pathophysiological context, provides a graphical comparison of the Recommended Daily Allowances between Deutschland, Austria, Confoederatio Helvetica (D-A-CH; eng. GSA, Germany, Switzerland, Austria), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE; eng. German Nutrition Society) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) across all age groups and, in particular, addresses the question regarding the benefits of supplementation of the respective micronutrients for the aging population of industrialized nations to strengthen the immune system. The following review highlights the importance of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K which play critical roles in maintaining immune system function and, in some cases, in preventing excessive immune activation. Therefore, a better understanding of the relevance of adequate blood levels and consequently potential supplementation strategies may contribute to the prevention and management of infectious diseases as well as better overall health of the elderly.

Regulatory role and therapeutic prospect of lactate modification in cancer

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins refer to the process of adding chemical groups, sugars, or other molecules to specific residues of target proteins following their biosynthesis by ribosomes. PTMs play a crucial role in processes such as signal transduction, epigenetics, and disease development. Lactylation is a newly discovered PTM that, due to its close association with lactate-the end product of glycolytic metabolism-provides a new perspective on the connection between cellular metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation. Studies have demonstrated that lactylation plays a significant role in tumor progression and is associated with poor clinical prognosis. Abnormal histone lactylation can influence gene expression in both tumor cells and immune cells, thereby regulating tumor progression and immunosuppression. Lactylation of non-histone proteins can also modulate processes such as tumor proliferation and drug resistance. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the field of lactylation, highlighting its roles and mechanisms in tumorigenesis, tumor development, the tumor microenvironment, and immunosuppression. It also explores the potential application value of lactylation in tumor-targeted therapy and combined immunotherapy.

Proteome and Metabolome Alterations in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Seedlings Induced by Inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Infection of higher plants with agrobacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) represents one of the most comprehensively characterized examples of plant-microbial interactions. Incorporation of the bacterial transfer DNA (T-DNA) in the plant genome results in highly efficient expression of the bacterial auxin, cytokinin and opine biosynthesis genes, as well as the host genes of hormone-mediated signaling. These transcriptional events trigger enhanced proliferation of plant cells and formation of crown gall tumors. Because of this, infection of plant tissues with A. tumefaciens provides a convenient model to address the dynamics of cell metabolism accompanying plant development. To date, both early and late plant responses to agrobacterial infection are well-characterized at the level of the transcriptome, whereas only little information on the accompanying changes in plant metabolism is available. Therefore, here we employ an integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to address the metabolic shifts and molecular events accompanying plant responses to inoculation with the A. tumefaciens culture. Based on the acquired proteomics dataset complemented with the results of the metabolite profiling experiment, we succeeded in characterizing the metabolic shifts associated with agrobacterial infection. The observed dynamics of the seedling proteome and metabolome clearly indicated rearrangement of the energy metabolism on the 10th day after inoculation (d.a.i.). Specifically, redirection of the energy metabolism from the oxidative to the anaerobic pathway was observed. This might be a part of the plant's adaptation response to tumor-induced hypoxic stress, which most likely involved activation of sugar signaling.

Metabolic profiling of two white-rot fungi during 4-hydroxybenzoate conversion reveals biotechnologically relevant biosynthetic pathways

White-rot fungi are efficient organisms for the mineralization of lignin and polysaccharides into CO2 and H2O. Despite their biotechnological potential, WRF metabolism remains underexplored. Building on recent findings regarding the utilization of lignin-related aromatic compounds as carbon sources by WRF, we aimed to gain further insights into these catabolic processes. For this purpose, Trametes versicolor and Gelatoporia subvermispora were incubated in varying conditions - in static and agitation modes and different antioxidant levels - during the conversion of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (a lignin-related compound) and cellobiose. Their metabolic responses were assessed via transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and microscopy analyses. These analyses reveal the significant impact of cultivation conditions on sugar and aromatic catabolic pathways, as well as lipid composition of the fungal mycelia. Additionally, this study identifies biosynthetic pathways for the production of extracellular fatty acids and phenylpropanoids - both products with relevance in biotechnological applications - and provides insights into carbon fate in nature.

Identification of novel proteomic biomarkers for hypertension: a targeted approach for precision medicine

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is a critical public health issue worldwide. The identification of specific proteomic biomarkers in the Qatari population aims to advance personalized treatment strategies.

METHODS

We conducted proteomic profiling on 778 Qatari individuals using an aptamer-based SOMAscan platform to analyze 1,305 biomarkers. Statistical analysis involved two-way ANOVA and association analyses with FDR correction, alongside pathway and gene-set enrichment analyses using Reactome and DisGeNET databases.

RESULTS

The study identified 26 significant protein biomarkers associated with hypertension. Notably, QORL1 and BMP1 were identified as novel protein biomarkers. Enrichment analysis linked these biomarkers to critical pathways involved in vascular biology, immune system responses, and pathologies like arteriosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Correlation analyses highlighted robust interactions, particularly between QORL1 and various Apolipoprotein E isoforms, suggesting these biomarkers play pivotal roles in the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

This research enhances our understanding of the molecular basis of hypertension in the Qatari population and supports the development of precision medicine approaches for treatment.

Neurodegeneration in Autism: A Study of Clusterin, Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids, and Carnitine

The clinical identification of regression phenomena in ASD lacks specific biological or laboratory criteria and is often based on family history and highly subjective observations by clinicians. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of plasma clusterin (CLU), very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), and carnitine as biomarkers of neurodegeneration in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without regression. By exploring these biomarkers, we sought to provide insights into mitochondrial dysfunction, glial activation, and lipid metabolism, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD and aid in the early diagnosis and intervention of regression phenomena in ASD. Ninety children aged 2-6 years were included: 30 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 30 with regressive ASD, and 30 healthy controls. Psychiatric assessments were conducted using DSM-5 criteria, CARS, ABC, RBS-R, and ASSQ scales. Regression in ASD was evaluated retrospectively using a modified ADI-R questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were collected, and plasma clusterin (CLU), VLCFA, and carnitine levels were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using MANOVA to assess the effect of group differences on dependent biochemical variables. Serum clusterin and carnitine levels showed no significant differences between groups. However, C22 VLCFA levels were significantly higher in both autism groups compared to controls (p = 0.04), with post hoc analysis indicating the difference between the non-regressive and control groups (p = 0.02). Serum carnitine was positively correlated with stereotypic behaviors subscale scores (r = 0.37, p = 0.004) and total scores (r = 0.35, p = 0.006) of RBS-R. Our study provides insights into the complexities of biomarker research in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), highlighting the challenges in identifying consistent biological markers for regression and non-regression phenotypes. Although no significant findings were observed, further biomarker studies are essential to distinguish possible endophenotypes, improve early diagnosis, and uncover potential therapeutic targets in ASD.

Modifiable life style factors and male reproductive health: a cross-sectional study in IVF clinic attendees in Ghana

Background

Male infertility is a significant global public health issue, with modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and psychological stress contributing to impaired semen quality and hormonal dysregulation. This study investigates the relationships between modifiable lifestyle factors, reproductive hormones, and semen quality in Ghanaian males attending an IVF clinic.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 212 male participants recruited from a fertility clinic in Ghana. Lifestyle factors were assessed using standardized questionnaires, and semen samples were analyzed following WHO guidelines. Hormonal profiles (LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol) were measured using the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA). Statistical analyses included Pearson's product-moment correlation and Bonferroni correction.

Results

Smoking and psychological stress were significantly associated with reduced sperm motility, viability, and concentration (p < 0.05). Elevated BMI correlated negatively with sperm concentration and testosterone levels (p < 0.05). Alcoholic bitters was linked to decreased semen quality, while caffeine consumption showed a positive association with progressive sperm motility.

Conclusion

Modifiable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, psychological stress, and increased body mass index (BMI), play a crucial role in male reproductive health by adversely affecting semen parameters and hormonal balance. These findings emphasize the need for public health interventions targeting modifiable behaviors to improve fertility outcomes.

Unraveling diversity by isolating peptide sequences specific to distinct taxonomic groups

The identification of succinct, universal fingerprints that enable the characterization of individual taxonomies can reveal insights into trait development and can have widespread applications in pathogen diagnostics, human healthcare, ecology and the characterization of biomes. Here, we investigated the existence of peptide k-mer sequences that are exclusively present in a specific taxonomy and absent in every other taxonomic level, termed taxonomic quasi-primes. By analyzing proteomes across 24,073 species, we identified quasi-prime peptides specific to superkingdoms, kingdoms, and phyla, uncovering their taxonomic distributions and functional relevance. These peptides exhibit remarkable sequence uniqueness at six- and seven-amino-acid lengths, offering insights into evolutionary divergence and lineage-specific adaptations. Moreover, we show that human quasi-prime loci are more prone to harboring pathogenic variants, underscoring their functional significance. This study introduces taxonomic quasi-primes and offers insights into their contributions to proteomic diversity, evolutionary pathways, and functional adaptations across the tree of life, while emphasizing their potential impact on human health and disease.

Exploration of phosphoproteomic association during epimorphic regeneration

Unravelling the intricate patterns of site-specific protein phosphorylation during Epimorphic regeneration holds the key to unlocking the secrets of tissue complexity. Understanding these precise modifications and their impact on protein function could shed light on the remarkable regenerative capacity of tissues, with potential implications for therapeutic interventions. In this study we have systematically mapped the global phosphorylation modifications within regenerating tissue of zebrafish caudal fins, elucidating the intricate landscape of signalling pathway associate with the regeneration process. Based on mass spectrometry analysis, we identified 440 phosphorylated proteins using the immunoprecipitation method with phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine antibodies, and 74 phosphorylated proteins using the TiO₂ column enrichment method were found differentially phosphorylated during the regeneration process from 12 hpa to 7 dpa compared to the control. Interestingly 95% of the proteins identified from TiO2 enrichment method were also found to be identified through the phosphoprotein antibody pull down method impacting the high accuracy and significance of the methods and greater association of the 70 proteins undergoing differential phosphorylation during the process of regeneration. Whole mount immunohistochemistry analysis reveals high association of phosphorylation at 1dpa, 2dpa and 3dpa regeneration time points. Network pathway analysis revealed that cancer-related diseases, organismal injuries and abnormalities as the most strongly associated canonical network pathways with the differentially expressed phosphoproteome in the mechanism of regeneration. This research enhances our comprehension on protein post-translational modification in the context of zebrafish caudal fin tissue regeneration, shedding light on its prospective application in the field of regenerative medicine.

Enhancing Retinal Resilience: The Neuroprotective Promise of BDNF in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision impairment worldwide, is characterized by progressive damage to the retina due to prolonged hyperglycemia. Despite advances in treatment, current interventions largely target late-stage vascular complications, leaving underlying neurodegenerative processes insufficiently addressed. This article explores the crucial role in neuronal survival, axonal growth, and synaptic plasticity and the neuroprotective potential of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a therapeutic strategy for enhancing retinal resilience in DR. Furthermore, it discusses innovative delivery methods for BDNF, such as gene therapy and nanocarriers, which may overcome the challenges of achieving sustained and targeted therapeutic levels in the retina, focusing on early intervention to preserve retinal function and prevent vision loss.

Phenotypic screens identify SCAF1 as critical activator of RNAPII elongation and global transcription

Transcripts produced by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) are fundamental for cellular responses to environmental changes. It is therefore no surprise that there exist multiple avenues for the regulation of this process. To explore the regulation mediated by RNAPII-interacting proteins, we used a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screen to systematically evaluate their influence on RNA synthesis. We identified several proteins that strongly affected RNAPII activity. We evaluated one of the top hits, SCAF1 (SR-related C-terminal domain-associated factor 1), using an auxin-inducible degradation system and sequencing approaches. In agreement with our screen results, acute depletion of SCAF1 decreased RNA synthesis, and showed an increase of Serine-2 phosphorylated-RNAPII (pS2-RNAPII). We found that the accumulation of pS2-RNAPII within the gene body occurred at GC-rich regions and was indicative of stalled RNAPII complexes. The accumulation of stalled RNAPII complexes was accompanied by reduced recruitment of initiating RNAPII, explaining the observed global decrease in transcriptional output. Furthermore, upon SCAF1 depletion, RNAPII complexes showed increased association with components of the proteasomal-degradation machinery. We concluded that in cells lacking SCAF1, RNAPII undergoes a rather interrupted passage, resulting in intervention by the proteasomal-degradation machinery to clear stalled RNAPII. While cells survive the compromised transcription caused by absence of SCAF1, further inhibition of proteasomal-degradation machinery is synthetically lethal.

Emerging opportunities for intact and native protein analysis using chemical proteomics

Chemical proteomics has advanced small molecule ligand discovery by providing insights into protein-ligand binding mechanism and enabling medicinal chemistry optimization of protein selectivity on a global scale. Mass spectrometry is the predominant analytical method for chemoproteomics, and various approaches have been deployed to investigate and target a rapidly growing number of protein classes and biological systems. Two methods, intact mass analysis (IMA) and top-down proteomics (TDMS), have gained interest in recent years due to advancements in high resolution mass spectrometry instrumentation. Both methods apply mass spectrometry analysis at the proteoform level, as opposed to the peptide level of bottom-up proteomics (BUMS), thus addressing some of the challenges of protein inference and incomplete information on modification stoichiometry. This Review covers recent research progress utilizing MS-based proteomics methods, discussing in detail the capabilities and opportunities for improvement of each method. Further, heightened attention is given to IMA and TDMS, highlighting these methods' strengths and considerations when utilized in chemoproteomic studies. Finally, we discuss the capabilities of native mass spectrometry (nMS) and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and how these methods can be used in chemoproteomics research to complement existing approaches to further advance the field of functional proteomics.

Effects of Animal-Based and Plant-Based Nitrates and Nitrites on Human Health: Beyond Nitric Oxide Production

Nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) are important nitrogen compounds that play a vital role in the nitrogen cycle, contributing to plant nutrition and broader ecological functions. Nitrates are produced from nitric acid (HNO3), while nitrites come from nitrous acid (HNO2). These substances are commonly found in the environment, especially in food and water, due to contamination from both human and natural sources. Human activities are major contributors to the high levels of nitrates found in water, leading to environmental pollution. Although nitrogen is crucial for plant growth, excessive fertilizer use has caused ecological disruptions. In plants, nitrates tend to accumulate primarily in the leaves of non-leguminous crops, such as leafy vegetables, which are known for their high nitrate content. Furthermore, nitrates and nitrites are added to animal-based foods, especially processed meats and cheeses, to prevent bacterial growth, slow spoilage, and improve flavor and color. The concentration of these compounds in food can vary due to different factors like farming practices, climate, soil conditions, and food production methods. This review seeks to examine the differences between the plant-based and animal-based sources of these compounds and assess their potential impact on human health, considering also the paradigm that goes beyond nitric oxide production.

Emerging Trends in Snake Venom-Loaded Nanobiosystems for Advanced Medical Applications: A Comprehensive Overview

Advances in medical nanobiotechnology have notably enhanced the application of snake venom toxins, facilitating the development of new therapies with animal-derived toxins. The vast diversity of snake species and their venom complexities underline the need for ongoing research. This review is dedicated to exploring the integration of snake venom with nanoparticles to enable their use in human therapies aiming to develop treatments. The complex mixture of snake venom not only inflicts significant pathological effects but also offers valuable insights for the creation of innovative therapies, particularly in the realm of nanobiotechnology. Nanoscale encapsulation not only mitigates the inherent toxicity of snake venom but also amplifies their antitumoral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties. The synergy between venom-derived macromolecules and nanotechnology offers a novel pathway for augmenting the efficacy and safety of conventional antivenom therapies, extending their applicability beyond treating bites to potentially addressing a myriad of health issues. In conclusion, nanotechnology presents a compelling therapeutic frontier that promises to improve current treatment modalities and ameliorate the adverse effects associated with venomous snakebites.

Cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages as mates in tumor progression: mechanisms of crosstalk and advanced bioinformatic tools to dissect their phenotypes and interaction

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset within the tumor mass significantly contributing to cancer progression through dysregulation of various oncogenic pathways, driving tumor growth, chemoresistance and metastasis formation. The aggressive behavior of CSCs is guided by several intracellular signaling pathways such as WNT, NF-kappa-B, NOTCH, Hedgehog, JAK-STAT, PI3K/AKT1/MTOR, TGF/SMAD, PPAR and MAPK kinases, as well as extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, and extracellular signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, pro-angiogenetic and growth factors, which finely regulate CSC phenotype. In this scenario, tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key player in the establishment of a permissive tumor niche, where CSCs engage in intricate communications with diverse immune cells. The "oncogenic" immune cells are mainly represented by B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, and dendritic cells. Among immune cells, macrophages exhibit a more plastic and adaptable phenotype due to their different subpopulations, which are characterized by both immunosuppressive and inflammatory phenotypes. Specifically, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) create an immunosuppressive milieu through the production of a plethora of paracrine factors (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, CCL1, CCL18) promoting the acquisition by CSCs of a stem-like, invasive and metastatic phenotype. TAMs have demonstrated the ability to communicate with CSCs via direct ligand/receptor (such as CD90/CD11b, LSECtin/BTN3A3, EPHA4/Ephrin) interaction. On the other hand, CSCs exhibited their capacity to influence immune cells, creating a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression. Interestingly, the bidirectional influence of CSCs and TME leads to an epigenetic reprogramming which sustains malignant transformation. Nowadays, the integration of biological and computational data obtained by cutting-edge technologies (single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, trajectory analysis) has significantly improved the comprehension of the biunivocal multicellular dialogue, providing a comprehensive view of the heterogeneity and dynamics of CSCs, and uncovering alternative mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, the combination of biology and computational data will lead to the development of innovative target therapies dampening CSC-TME interaction. Here, we aim to elucidate the most recent insights on CSCs biology and their complex interactions with TME immune cells, specifically TAMs, tracing an exhaustive scenario from the primary tumor to metastasis formation.

Deep learning: A game changer in drug design and development

The lengthy and costly drug discovery process is transformed by deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence. Deep learning technologies expedite the procedure, increasing treatment success rates and speeding life-saving procedures. Deep learning stands out in target identification and lead selection. Deep learning greatly accelerates initial stage by analyzing large datasets of biological data to identify possible therapeutic targets and rank targeted drug molecules with desired features. Predicting possible adverse effects is another significant challenge. Deep learning offers prompt and efficient assistance with toxicology prediction in a very short time, deep learning algorithms can forecast a new drug's possible harm. This enables to concentrate on safer alternatives and steer clear of late-stage failures brought on by unanticipated toxicity. Deep learning unlocks the possibility of drug repurposing; by examining currently available medications, it is possible to find whole new therapeutic uses. This method speeds up development of diseases that were previously incurable. De novo drug discovery is made possible by deep learning when combined with sophisticated computational modeling, it can create completely new medications from the ground. Deep learning can recommend and direct towards new drug candidates with high binding affinities and intended therapeutic effects by examining molecular structures of disease targets. This provides focused and personalized medication. Lastly, drug characteristics can be optimized with aid of deep learning. Researchers can create medications with higher bioavailability and fewer toxicity by forecasting drug pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, deep learning promises to accelerate drug development, reduce costs, and ultimately save lives.

Analysis of a mouse germ cell tumor model establishes pluripotency-associated miRNAs as conserved serum biomarkers for germ cell cancer detection

Malignant testicular germ cells tumors (TGCTs) are the most common solid cancers in young men. Current TGCT diagnostics include conventional serum protein markers, but these lack the sensitivity and specificity to serve as accurate markers across all TGCT subtypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNAs and informative biomarkers for several diseases. In humans, miRNAs of the miR-371-373 cluster are detectable in the serum of patients with malignant TGCTs and outperform existing serum protein markers for both initial diagnosis and subsequent disease monitoring. We previously developed a genetically engineered mouse model featuring malignant mixed TGCTs consisting of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) and differentiated teratoma that, like the corresponding human malignancies, originate in utero and are highly chemosensitive. Here, we report that miRNAs in the mouse miR-290-295 cluster, homologs of the human miR-371-373 cluster, were detectable in serum from mice with malignant TGCTs but not from tumor-free control mice or mice with benign teratomas. miR-291-293 were expressed and secreted specifically by pluripotent EC cells, and expression was lost following differentiation induced by the drug thioridazine. Notably, miR-291-293 levels were significantly higher in the serum of pregnant dams carrying tumor-bearing fetuses compared to that of control dams. These findings reveal that expression of the miR-290-295 and miR-371-373 clusters in mice and humans, respectively, is a conserved feature of malignant TGCTs, further validating the mouse model as representative of the human disease. These data also highlight the potential of serum miR-371-373 assays to improve patient outcomes through early TGCT detection, possibly even prenatally.

Neural progenitor cell-derived exosomes in ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiomyoblasts

The physiologic relationship between the brain and heart is emerging as a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention for acute myocardial infarction. In the adult human brain, vestigial neuronal progenitor stem cells contribute to neuronal repair and recovery following cerebral ischemic injury, an effect modulated by secreted exosomes. Ischemia conditioned neuronal cell derived supernatant and experimental stroke has been shown to be injurious to the heart. However, whether unconditioned neuronal progenitor cell derived-exosomes can instead protect myocardium represents a profound research gap. We investigated the effects of unconditioned neural stem cell derived exosomes as post-injury treatment for cardiomyoblasts from three neuronal culture conditions; adherent cultures, neurosphere cultures and bioreactor cultures. Small extracellular vesicles were enriched with serial ultracentrifugation, validated via nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot analysis prior to utilization as post-injury treatment for H9c2 cardiomyoblasts following oxygen and glucose deprivation. LDH assay was used to assess viability and Seahorse XF high-resolution respirometry analyzer to investigate post-injury cardiomyocyte bioenergetics. We found no evidence that unconditioned neural stem cell derived exosomes are cardiotoxic nor cardioprotective to H9c2 cardiomyoblasts following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Based on our findings, utilizing unconditioned neural stem cell derived exosomes as post-injury treatment for other organs should not have adverse effects to the damaged cardiac cells.

Biological biomarkers in muscle diseases relevant for follow-up and evaluation of treatment

Muscle diseases cover a diverse group of disorders that, in most cases, are hereditary. The rarity of the individual muscle diseases provides a challenge for researchers when wanting to establish natural history of the conditions and when trying to develop diagnostic tools, therapies, and outcome measures to evaluate disease progression. With emerging molecular therapies in many genetic muscle diseases, as well as biological therapies for the immune-mediated diseases, biological biomarkers play an important role in both drug development and evaluation. In this review, we focus on the role of biological biomarkers in muscle diseases and discuss their utility as surrogate end points in therapeutic trials. We categorize these as either (i) disease unspecific markers; (ii) markers of specific pathways that may be used for more than one disease; or (iii) disease-specific markers. We also propose that evaluation of specific therapeutic interventions benefits from biological markers that match the intervention.

Plant Stem Cells in Cosmetic Industry

It is interesting to note that some of the most lucrative commercial products available today are derived from plant cell cultures. Apple, grape, ginger, rice, and other plant stem cells have been successfully and extensively utilized in cosmetic preparations all over the world. The advantages of plant cell suspensions over field-grown complete plants, which exhibit developmental stages of growth, plant age, and organ-specific differences, include sustainability, lack of pesticide residues, and independence from climate fluctuations. The procedure of extracting and purifying physiologically active compounds from plant cell cultures is significantly streamlined because of the possibility that these chemicals may be released into the intercellular gaps or wasted media through the cell walls and membrane. Upon downstream processing from the cells, the released chemicals exhibit minimal losses and a high degree of purity. Overall, the practical interest is in creating high-quality, sustainable, and innovative skincare solutions that meet both consumer needs and environmental concerns while driving the cosmetic industry toward more advanced biotechnological approaches. Our review intends to show the advantages of plant stem cells in cosmetic preparations.

A Review of the Protective Effects of Ferula asafoetida on the Liver, Kidney, and Testes Against Formaldehyde-Induced Damage

Formaldehyde, a pervasive environmental toxin, has well-documented deleterious effects on critical organ systems. This review examines the therapeutic potential of Ferula asafoetida (FA) root extracts in protecting the testes, kidneys, and liver against formaldehyde-induced toxicity in rodent models. The literature reveals that FA's active constituents, known for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, may counteract oxidative stress and cellular damage caused by formaldehyde exposure. The review explores formaldehyde-induced pathophysiological mechanisms and FA's protective effects, including mitigation of oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. By analyzing empirical evidence, it compares the efficacy of various extract preparations, dosage regimens, and treatment durations. The review also addresses methodological heterogeneity and challenges in extrapolating findings to humans. It concludes with a call for rigorous, controlled clinical trials to validate FA's therapeutic viability, offering hope for those affected by formaldehyde toxicity.

The O-GlcNAc database: introducing new features and tools developed from community feedback

O-GlcNAc is a reversible post-translational modification found on serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Four years ago, we released the O-GlcNAc Database ( oglcnac.mcw.edu ), a comprehensive catalog of O-GlcNAcylated proteins that has become one of the most cited resources in the field, with hundreds of unique users per month. We are now presenting an updated O-GlcNAc Database, which includes nearly 20,000 O-GlcNAcylated proteins and 48 species, marking substantial growth in data volume and scope. This paper presents the most noteworthy features implemented over the last year, often originating from feedback from the O-GlcNAc community. Among these features, we provide a brief overview of the database content, introduce our new protein viewer mode, and discuss the implementation of subcellular localization information and its applications in the O-GlcNAc score. We also provide an interface to use CytOVS, a tool designed to evaluate and sort O-GlcNAcome datasets derived from MS experiments. In conclusion, this new and improved O-GlcNAc Database represents a significant advancement in providing a comprehensive and expanded resource for researchers in the field of O-GlcNAc biology.

Ca2+/calmodulin signaling in organismal aging and cellular senescence: Impact on human diseases

Molecular mechanisms of aging processes at the level of organisms and cells are in the focus of a large number of research laboratories. This research culminated in recent breakthroughs, which contributed to the better understanding of the natural aging process and aging associated malfunctions leading to age-related diseases. Ca2+ in connection with its master intracellular sensor protein calmodulin (CaM) regulates a plethora of crucial cellular processes orchestrating a wide range of signaling processes. This review focuses on the involvement of Ca2+/CaM in cellular mechanisms, which are associated with normal aging, as well as playing a role in the development of diseases connected with signaling processes during aging. We specifically highlight processes that involve inactivation of proteins, which take part in Ca2+/CaM regulatory systems by oxygen or nitrogen free radical species, during organismal aging and cellular senescence. As examples of organs where aging processes have recently been investigated, we chose to review the literature on molecular aging processes with involvement of Ca2+/CaM in heart and neuronal diseases, as well as in cancer and metabolic diseases, all deeply affected by aging. In addition, this article focuses on cellular senescence, a mechanism that may contribute to aging processes and therefore has been proposed as a target to interfere with the progression of age-associated diseases.

Melanoma antigen genes (MAGE); novel functional targets in multiple myeloma

Melanoma Antigen Genes (MAGE) are expressed in a broad range of cancers, including multiple myeloma. MAGE have been under investigation for more than 3 decades as targets for immune therapy, while in parallel, interrogation of their functions has revealed activities that may be particularly critical in multiple myeloma. MAGE-C1 is expressed in about 75% of newly diagnosed cases and this is maintained through the natural history of the disease. In contrast, MAGE-A3 is expressed in about 35% of newly diagnosed cases, but this increases to more than 75% after relapse. MAGE-A3 expression was associated with poor clinical outcome and resistance to chemotherapy. Translational studies have revealed that MAGE-A3 regulates cell cycling and apoptosis in myeloma cells. Genomic, gene expression, and multiomic studies demonstrate relations with high-risk subgroups of patients. MAGE-A3 mediates these functions through partnership with Kap1 to form a ubiquitin ligase complex. Structural analysis of the interaction between MAGE-A3 and Kap1 gives insight into the biochemical activity and substrate specificity and suggests novel pharmacologic strategies to inhibit them. These studies demonstrating MAGE-A3 oncogenic functions suggest that it may also be a suitable target for small molecule inhibition in multiple myeloma that may be broadly applicable to other cancers that express it.

Wasp Venom: Future Breakthrough in Production of Antimicrobial Peptides

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and the decrease in the discovery of newer antibiotics have led to a quest for novel alternatives. Recently, wasp venom has spiked interest due to the presence of various active compounds, showcasing a diverse range of therapeutic effects. Wasps are creatures of the Hymenoptera order, and their venom chemically comprises antimicrobial peptides such as Anoplin, Mastoparan, Polybia-CP, Polydim-I, and Polybia MP1 that play a significant role in the biological effects of the venom. AMPs belong to the family of cationic peptides with α-helical structure, which exhibits a diversity of structural motifs and are crucial for innate immunity and defence in these creatures. These peptides demonstrate not only antimicrobial properties but also a wide range of other biological activities like anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory, linked to their varying capacity to interact with biological membranes. Although wasp venom has the potential to be a cutting-edge natural source for the creation of new drugs, its usage is still restricted due to its availability and the lack of sophisticated methods for synthesizing its therapeutic components. Therefore, this review article provides insights about the therapeutic use of the wasp venom peptides against the antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, as well as its constraints and opportunities for future pharmacological development.

Exploring Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don ex Loudon) By In vitro and In silico Approaches

Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don ex Loudon) (family: Myrtaceae) is used for its medicinal properties in treating various metabolic disorders. We investigated the chemical characterization and biological screening of the n-hexane extract of C. viminalis. The total phenolic content was (37.45±7.40 mg GA.E/g D.E±S.D) and the total flavonoid content was (18.43±6.34 mg R.E/g D.E±S.D). GC-MS screening of the n-hexane extract tentatively identified 70 bioactive phytochemicals. The maximum antioxidant potential (289.99±9.01 mg T.E/g D.E±S.D) was observed via the FRAP assay. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that n-hexane extract of C. viminalis showed enzyme inhibition against the enzymes including α-glucosidase (6.9±0.13 mmol of ACA.E/g D.E±S.D); α-amylase (7.2±0.56 mmol of ACA.E/g D.E±S.D), urease (4.95±0.9 mg of TU.E/g D.E±S.D), acetylcholinesterase (2.9±0.08 mg GALA.E/g D.E±S.D), lipoxygenase (4.93±1.05 mg of Indo.E/g D.E±S.D) and tyrosinase (4.33±0.62 mg of KA.E/g D.E±S.D). The extract showed maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (71.30±4.44 %) followed by Bacillus subtilis (68.55±2.70 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (57.86±6.02 %), and Salmonella typhi (53.90±5.05 %). Docking studies revealed good docking interactions between ligands and the studied enzymes, whereas ADME analysis revealed the pharmacokinetic profiles of the phytoconstituents. C. viminalis possesses promising therapeutic potential and can be further explored for drug development and drug design.

LPCAT1, the Enzyme Responsible for Converting LPC to PC, Promotes OPC Differentiation In Vitro

Myelin is the key structure for high-speed information transmission and is formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) which are differentiated from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system. Lipid is the main component of myelin and the role of lipid metabolism-related molecules in myelination attach increasing attention. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), and its role in myelination draws our interest as LPC is a classical demyelination inducer and PC is a major component of myelin. In this work, LPCAT1 is found expressed in the oligodendrocyte lineage cells during myelination. In vitro experiments showed that the expression level of LPCAT1 gradually increased along with the differentiation process from OPCs to OLs, and over-expression and interference experiments showed that LPCAT1 promoted OPCs differentiation without affecting their proliferation or apoptosis. Mechanistically, the undertaker of LPCAT1's pro-differentiation role is not PC, but the phosphorylated mTOR which is a key regulator in OPCs differentiation. RNA sequencing analysis showed LPCAT1 promoted the expression of ZBTB20 which is an important transcription factor related to lipid metabolism and regulates mTOR phosphorylation. In vivo, complex myelin tomacula involving multiple axons was formed after conditionally knocking out LPCAT1 in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, but no obvious myelin thickness abnormalities were observed. Our results indicate that LPCAT1 is an important regulator of myelination, and lipid metabolism-related molecules may be new valuable targets for the treatment of diseases with myelin abnormalities.

Interactions Between Silver Nanoparticles and Culture Medium Biomolecules with Dose and Time Dependencies

The interaction between silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and molecules producing coronas plays a key role in cytotoxicity mechanisms. Once adsorbed coronas determine the destiny of nanomaterials in vivo, their effective deployment in the biomedical field requires a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interactions of biomolecules with nanoparticles. In this work, we characterized 40 nm AgNPs in three different nutritional cell media at different molar concentrations and incubation times to study the binding mechanism of molecules on surface nanoparticles. In addition, their cytotoxic effects have been studied in three cell lineages used as tissue regeneration models: FN1, HUV-EC-C, RAW 264.7. According to the data, when biomolecules from DMEM medium were in contact with AgNPs, agglomeration and precipitation occurred. However, FBS medium proteins indicated the formation of coronas over the nanoparticles. Nonetheless, little adsorption of molecules around the nanoparticles was observed when compared to DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. These findings indicate that when nanoparticles and bioproteins from supplemented media interact, inorganic salts from DMEM contribute to produce large bio-coronas, the size of which varies with the concentration and time. The static quenching mechanism was shown to be responsible for the fluorescence quenching of the bioprotein aggregates on the AgNPs surface. The calculated bioprotein-nanoparticle surface binding constants were on the order of 105 M-1 at 37 °C, with hydrophobic interactions driven by enthalpy and entropy playing a role, as confirmed by thermodynamic analysis. Cytotoxicity data showed a systematic degrowth in the viable cell population as the number of nanoparticles increased and the diameter of coronas decreased. Cytotoxic intervals associated with half decrease of cell population were established for AgNPs molar concentration of 75 µM for 24 h and 50 µM for 48 h. In summary, through the cytotoxicity mechanism of bio-coronas we are able to manipulate cells' expansion rates to promote specific processes, such inflammatory mechanisms, at different time instants.

Comprehensive Computational Screening and Analysis of Natural Compounds Reveals Promising Estrogen Receptor Alpha Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of death among women, with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) overexpression playing a pivotal role in tumor growth and progression. This study aimed to identify novel ERα inhibitors from a library of 561 natural compounds using computational techniques, including virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Four promising candidates - Protopine, Sanguinarine, Pseudocoptisine, and Stylopine - were selected based on their high binding affinities and interactions with key ERα residues. Molecular dynamics simulations conducted over 500 nanoseconds revealed that Protopine and Sanguinarine exhibited more excellent stability with minimal fluctuations, suggesting strong and stable binding. In contrast, Pseudocoptisine and Stylopine showed higher flexibility, indicating less stable interactions. Binding free energy calculations further supported the potential of Protopine and Sanguinarine as ERα inhibitors, though their binding strength was slightly lower than that of the reference compound. These findings highlight Protopine and Sanguinarine as leading candidates for further investigation, and in vitro and in vivo studies are recommended to evaluate their therapeutic potential in breast cancer treatment.

Peptide nucleic acids: Recent advancements and future opportunities in biomedical applications

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA), synthetic molecules comprising a peptide-like backbone and natural and unnatural nucleobases, have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in gene editing and other biomedical fields. The unique properties of PNA, particularly enhanced stability/specificity/affinity towards targeted DNA and RNA sequences, achieved significant attention recently for gene silencing, gene correction, antisense therapy, drug delivery, biosensing and other various diagnostic aspects. This review explores the structure, properties, and potential of PNA in transforming genetic engineering including potent biomedical challenges. In Addition, we explore future perspectives and potential limitations of PNA-based technologies, highlighting the need for further research and development to fully realize their therapeutic and biotechnological potential.

Gut microbiota interact with breast cancer therapeutics to modulate efficacy

The gut microbiome, or the community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as an important factor in breast cancer etiology and treatment. Specifically, the impact of gut bacterial populations on breast cancer therapeutic outcomes is an emerging area of research. The microbiota's role in modifying the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy and endocrine-targeting therapies can alter drug efficacy and toxicity profiles. In addition, the gut microbiome's capacity to regulate systemic inflammation and immune responses may influence the effectiveness of both conventional and immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of breast cancer. Overall, while the bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiome and breast cancer therapies are still being studied, its impact is increasingly recognized. Future research may provide more definitive insights and help develop personalized therapeutic strategies to harness the microbiome to improve breast cancer treatment outcomes.

60 Years of Studies into the Initiation of Chromosome Replication in Bacteria

The Replicon Theory has guided the way experiments into DNA replication have been designed and interpreted for 60 years. As part of the related, explanatory package guiding experiments, it is thought that the timing of the cell cycle depends in some way on a critical mass for initiation, Mi, as licensed by a variety of macromolecules and molecules reflecting the state of the cell. To help in the re-interpretation of this data, we focus mainly on the roles of DnaA, RNA polymerase, SeqA, and ribonucleotide reductase in the context of the "nucleotypic effect".

The Pivotal Role of LACTB in the Process of Cancer Development

The mitochondrial serine β-lactamase-like protein LACTB has emerged as a critical regulator in cancer biology, distinguished by its unique structural and functional attributes. Defined by its conserved penicillin-binding proteins and β-lactamases (PBP-βLs) domain and SXXK catalytic motif, LACTB demonstrates properties distinct from its prokaryotic homologs, including the ability to polymerize into filaments. These structural characteristics enable LACTB to modulate mitochondrial organization and enzymatic activity, influencing lipid metabolism and indirectly affecting cellular proliferation. Importantly, the expression and functional roles of LACTB exhibit cancer-type-specific variation, underscoring its dual function as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. Decreased LACTB expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer, while specific mutations and regulatory mechanisms have been linked to its oncogenic activity in osteosarcoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, LACTB regulates key processes in cancer progression, including mitochondrial dynamics, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell death pathways. This duality highlights LACTB as a promising therapeutic target and underscores its relevance in advancing precision oncology strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of expression level, structure-function relationships, and the diverse roles of LACTB in oncogenesis, underscoring its promise as a focal point for precision cancer therapies.

Impact of dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy with statins in patients with neuroendocrine tumors

Dyslipidemia is a potential unfavorable prognostic factor in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs); conversely, statins proved to have antiproliferative effects in NET cell lines and could be a helpful therapeutic strategy for these patients. The main objective of this observational cohort retrospective study is to explore the associations between dyslipidemia and NET progression and evaluate the potential influence of statins in this context. 393 patients with histologically confirmed gastroenteropancreatic or bronchopulmonary NETs from six Italian centres didicated to NET diagnosis and therapy were included. The cohort included 123 patients with dyslipidemia, 81 of which were taking statins. Clinicopathological data, including patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment details as well as the prevalence, timing of dyslipidemia and hypolipemic therapy were collected. The main outcome measure used is progression-free survival (PFS). Among the 393 patients, 123 (31.3%) had dyslipidemia. Statins were used by 81 (65.8%) dyslipidemic patients, mostly atorvastatin. Median PFS was 87 months overall, 124 months in non-dyslipidemic patients, and 72 months in dyslipidemic patients (p = .268). Dyslipidemic patients on statins had a significantly better median PFS (108 months) than those not on statins (26 months; p = .024). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was also evaluated, but no significant differences were found. In conclusion, while PFS was lower in dyslipidemic patients compared to non-dyslipidemic patients, the difference was not statistically significant. Statin therapy was associated with improved PFS among dyslipidemic patients, suggesting a potential antiproliferative effect of statins in NETs. These findings warrant further investigation to substantiate the role of statins in the management of NETs.

Isolation of Biomolecules Using MXenes

Biomolecule isolation is a crucial process in diverse biomedical and biochemical applications, including diagnostics, therapeutics, research, and manufacturing. Recently, MXenes, a novel class of two-dimensional nanomaterials, have emerged as promising adsorbents for this purpose due to their unique physicochemical properties. These biocompatible and antibacterial nanomaterials feature a high aspect ratio, excellent conductivity, and versatile surface chemistry. This timely review explores the potential of MXenes for isolating a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, while highlighting key future research trends and innovative applications poised to transform the field. This review provides an in-depth discussion of various synthesis methods and functionalization techniques that enhance the specificity and efficiency of MXenes in biomolecule isolation. In addition, the mechanisms by which MXenes interact with biomolecules are elucidated, offering insights into their selective adsorption and customized separation capabilities. This review also addresses recent advancements, identifies existing challenges, and examines emerging trends that may drive the next wave of innovation in this rapidly evolving area.

Recent advances in the preservation effects of spice essential oils on fruits and vegetables

Spice essential oils (SEOs) are currently a prominent area of investigation in food preservation due to their natural, effective, and environmentally friendly properties. This review discussed the latest research progress concerning the application of SEO in fruits and vegetables preservation. The article commenced with an overview of the sources of SEOs and their main components, explored their bioactivities, antimicrobial mechanisms, and the microencapsulation and nanotechnology utilizing spice essential oils. Further research explored the applications of SEOs in culinary, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food industries, with a focus on evaluating their effectiveness in extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, it discusses limitations such as intense aroma and toxicity concerns, while also outlining prospects for future research and applications in the food sector. Overall, SEOs offer promising avenues for effectively prolonging the storage period of post-harvested fruits and vegetables while maintaining their quality attributes.

Temperature cycling between 4 °C and 37 °C could reduce Salmonella viability in low-moisture foods

Low-moisture foods (LMFs) have been linked to Salmonella transmission due to the remarkable resilience of Salmonella against desiccation, allowing its survival for extended periods. Being metabolically inactive, Salmonella in LMFs exhibit extraordinary resistance to inactivation treatments. This study proposes a novel strategy for mitigating Salmonella in LMF products through a temperature cycling (TC) approach. Alternating the temperature between 4 °C and 37 °C on a daily basis reduced the viability of S. Typhimurium air-dried on surfaces by >4 log after 6 days. TC also diminished Salmonella resistance to acidity and reduced its virulence. The mechanism was elucidated through an integrated analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics data. Specifically, transcriptomic data revealed elevated levels of protein synthesis alongside active energy metabolism. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that these protein activities were associated primarily with the heat shock protein response. Taken together, the principal mechanism by which TC exerts its inhibitory effect appears to be the repeated induction of heat shock protein synthesis within Salmonella, ultimately leading to energy depletion. Finally, the efficacy of TC was validated on representative LMF samples, including flour, protein powder, and mixed spices. The most notable effect was observed in the mixed spices, with a reduction of 2.7 ± 0.2 log after 6 days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the TC approach demonstrated in this study provides valuable insights into the management of foodborne pathogens in LMFs.

Human immune system: Exploring diversity across individuals and populations

The immune response is an intricate system that involves the complex connection of cellular and molecular components, each with distinct functional specialisations. It has a distinct capacity to adjust and mould the immune response in accordance with specific stimuli, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The presence of genetic diversity, particularly across different ethnic and racial groups, significantly contributes to the impact of incidence of diseases, disease susceptibility, autoimmune disorders, and cancer risks in specific regions and certain populations. Environmental factors, including geography and socioeconomic status, further modulate the variety of the immune system responses. These, in turn, affect the susceptibility to infectious diseases and development of autoimmune disorders. Despite the complexity of the relationship, there remains a gap in understanding the specificity of immune indices across races, immune reference ranges among populations, highlighting the need for deeper understanding of immune diversity for personalized approaches in diagnostics and therapeutics. This review systematically organizes these findings, with the goal of emphasizing the potential of targeted interventions to address health disparities and advance translational research, enabling a more comprehensive strategy. This approach promises significant advancements in identifying specific immunological conditions, focusing on personalized interventions, through both genetic and environmental factors.

Proteomic and serologic assessments of responses to mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines in human recipient sera

Introduction

The first vaccines approved against SARS-CoV-2, mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, utilized mRNA platforms. However, little is known about the proteomic markers and pathways associated with host immune responses to mRNA vaccination. In this proof-of-concept study, sera from male and female vaccine recipients were evaluated for proteomic and immunologic responses 1-month and 6-months following homologous third vaccination.

Methods

An aptamer-based (7,289 marker) proteomic assay coupled with traditional serology was leveraged to generate a comprehensive evaluation of systemic responsiveness in 64 and 68 healthy recipients of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines, respectively.

Results

Sera from female recipients of mRNA-1273 showed upregulated indicators of inflammatory and immunological responses at 1-month post-third vaccination, and sera from female recipients of BNT162b2 demonstrated upregulated negative regulators of RNA sensors at 1-month. Sera from male recipients of mRNA-1273 showed no significant upregulation of pathways at 1-month post-third vaccination, though there were multiple significantly upregulated proteomic markers. Sera from male recipients of BNT162b2 demonstrated upregulated markers of immune response to doublestranded RNA and cell-cycle G(2)/M transition at 1-month. Random Forest analysis of proteomic data from pre-third-dose sera identified 85 markers used to develop a model predictive of robust or weaker IgG responses and antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at 6-months following boost; no specific markers were individually predictive of 6-month IgG response. Thirty markers that contributed most to the model were associated with complement cascade and activation; IL-17, TNFR pro-apoptotic, and PI3K signaling; and cell cycle progression.

Discussion

These results demonstrate the utility of proteomics to evaluate correlates or predictors of serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

The Role of mtDNA Mutations in Atherosclerosis: The Influence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Macrophage Polarization

Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process associated with high-mortality cardiovascular diseases. Today, there is a growing body of evidence linking atherosclerosis to mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). But the mechanism of this link is insufficiently studied. Atherosclerosis progression involves different cell types and macrophages are one of the most important. Due to their high plasticity, macrophages can demonstrate pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic (macrophage type M1) or anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic (macrophage type M2) effects. These two cell types, formed as a result of external stimuli, differ significantly in their metabolic profile, which suggests the central role of mitochondria in the implementation of the macrophage polarization route. According to this, we assume that mtDNA mutations causing mitochondrial disturbances can play the role of an internal trigger, leading to the formation of macrophage M1 or M2. This review provides a comparative analysis of the characteristics of mitochondrial function in different types of macrophages and their possible associations with mtDNA mutations linked with inflammation-based pathologies including atherosclerosis.

Nutritional Status of Vitamin E and Its Association with Metabolic Health in Adults

BACKGROUND

Vitamin E is one of the key dietary antioxidants. However, current evidence remains insufficient to establish a definitive relationship between circulating vitamin E levels, body fat content, and their influence on metabolic health. This study aimed to assess and compare the vitamin E nutritional status in adults with normal and excess body fat and its determinants.

METHODS

Concentrations of vitamin E isoforms (α- and γ-tocopherols, α- and γ-tocotrienols) were assessed in 127 individuals. Body fat content and other anthropometric indices, as well as biochemical markers such as lipid profile, plasma fatty acid concentration and C-reactive protein, were identified as markers of metabolic health. Participants were divided into two groups: with normal and excess body fat (defined as more than 30% in women and more than 25% in men).

RESULTS

The determinants of higher α-tocopherol concentrations were lower body fat content and higher levels of circulating lipids as HDL and LDL (R2 = 0.221, p < 0.001 in a model of multivariate linear regression). The level of circulating vitamin E isoforms correlated with the concentration of CRP (r = -0.464 for α-T, r = -0.453 for αT3, r = -0.270 for γ-T, r = -0.355 for γ-T3). Similarly, elevated concentrations of vitamin E isoforms are linked to lower adipose tissue content, which may contribute to lower inflammation and improved metabolic health (r = -0.359 for α-T, r = -0.333 for αT3, r = -0.276 for γ-T3, no significant correlation for γ-T).

CONCLUSIONS

These results reveal that the vitamin E status of adults with excess body fat may be inadequate and linked to poorer metabolic health. We found that the determinants of lower plasma vitamin E were higher BF and lower TC and its fraction, with the strongest correlations being found for HDL.

Identification of Alterations in the Expression of Genes Related to the Implant Failure in Spanish Patients with Down Syndrome and Periodontal Disease

Background: Individuals with Down syndrome exhibit a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, which can lead to implant loss. This study aims to identify genetic markers associated with implant loss in these patients, providing insight into potential predictive and therapeutic approaches. Methods: A systematic analysis was conducted, including both clinical and genetic data from Down syndrome patients with a history of dental implants. Genetic profiling was performed using Transcriptome Analysis Console (TAC version 4.0 Applied BiosystemsTM, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), focusing on genes previously implicated in periodontal disease and bone metabolism. Statistical analysis identified correlations between genetic variants and implant survival rates. Results: The analysis revealed statistically significant alterations in several genes related to inflammation and bone remodeling. Key findings included alterations in the expression of the genes MMP15, MMP17, S100B, GHR, DNAH6, and ZCCHC14 in patients with implant failure. These genetic markers were strongly correlated with compromised osseointegration and implant loss. These findings underline the role of genetic predisposition in the failure of dental implants among individuals with Down syndrome. Conclusions: Genetic markers, particularly those involved in inflammation and bone metabolism, play a critical role in implant loss among Down syndrome patients with periodontal disease. Recognizing these markers can aid in early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies, potentially improving implant success rates.

The Ferroxidase-Permease System for Transport of Iron Across Membranes: From Yeast to Humans

Transport of iron across the cell membrane is a tightly controlled process carried out by specific proteins in all living cells. In yeast and in mammals, a system formed by an enzyme with ferroxidase activity coupled to a membrane transporter supports iron uptake or iron efflux, respectively. Ferroxidase belongs to the family of blue multicopper oxidases, enzymes able to couple the one-electron oxidation of substrate(s) to full reduction of molecular oxygen to water. On the other hand, the permeases are widely different and are specific to Fe3+ and Fe2+ in yeast and multicellular organisms, respectively. This review will describe the yeast and human ferroxidase-permease systems, highlighting similarities and differences in structure, function and regulation of the respective protein components.

Environmental Exposure to Bisphenol A Enhances Invasiveness in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a prevalent environmental contaminant found in plastics and known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, posing risks to both human health and the environment. Despite its widespread presence, the impact of BPA on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) progression, especially under realistic environmental conditions, is not well understood. This study examined the effects of BPA on PTC using a 3D thyroid papillary tumor spheroid model, which better mimicked the complex interactions within human tissues compared to traditional 2D models. Our findings demonstrated that BPA, at environmentally relevant concentrations, could induce significant changes in PTC cells, including a decrease in E-cadherin expression, an increase in vimentin expression, and reduced thyroglobulin (TG) secretion. These changes suggest that BPA exposure may promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), enhance invasiveness, and reduce cell differentiation, potentially complicating treatment, including by increasing resistance to radioiodine therapy. This research highlights BPA's hazardous nature as an environmental contaminant and emphasizes the need for advanced in vitro models, like 3D tumor spheroids, to better assess the risks posed by such chemicals. It provides valuable insights into the environmental implications of BPA and its role in thyroid cancer progression, enhancing our understanding of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Competitive signaling and cellular communications in myocardial infarction response

Cell communication and competition pathways are malleable to Myocardial Infarction (MI). Key signals, transcriptive regulators, and metabolites associated with apoptotic responses such as Myc, mTOR, and p53 are important players in the myocardium. The individual state of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages in the heart tissue are adaptable in times of stress. The overlapping communication pathways of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and c-Kit exhibit the involvement of important factors in cell competition in the myocardium. Depending on the effects of these pathways on genetic expression and signal amplification, the proliferative capacities of the previously stated cells that make up the myocardium, amplify or diminish. This creates a distinct classification of "fit" and "unfit" cells. Beyond straightforward traits, the intricate metabolite interactions between neighboring cells unveil a complex battle. Strategic manipulation of these pathways holds translational promise for rapid cardiac recovery post-trauma.

TRIM28 is an essential regulator of three-dimensional chromatin state underpinning CD8+ T cell activation

T cell activation is accompanied by extensive changes in epigenome. However, the high-ordered chromatin organization underpinning CD8+ T cell activation is not fully known. Here, we show extensive changes in the three-dimensional genome during CD8+ T cell activation, associated with changes in gene transcription. We show that CD8+ T-cell-specific deletion of Trim28 in mice disrupts autocrine IL-2 production and leads to impaired CD8+ T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, TRIM28 binds to regulatory regions of genes associated with the formation of chromosomal loops during activation. At the loop anchor regions, TRIM28-occupancy overlaps with that of CTCF, a factor known for defining the boundaries of topologically associating domains and for forming of the loop anchors. In the absence of Trim28, RNA Pol II and cohesin binding to these regions diminishes, and the chromosomal structure required for the active state is disrupted. These results thus identify a critical role for TRIM28-dependent chromatin topology in gene transcription in activated CD8+ T cells.

Advancing Neuroscience and Therapy: Insights into Genetic and Non-Genetic Neuromodulation Approaches

Neuromodulation stands as a cutting-edge approach in the fields of neuroscience and therapeutic intervention typically involving the regulation of neural activity through physical and chemical stimuli. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of different neuromodulation techniques, anticipating a clearer understanding of the future developmental trajectories and the challenges faced within the domain of neuromodulation that can be achieved. This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics) and non-genetic neuromodulation methods (including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, photobiomodulation therapy, infrared neuromodulation, electromagnetic stimulation, sensory stimulation therapy, and multi-physical-factor stimulation techniques). By systematically evaluating the principles, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and efficacy in modulating neuronal activity and the potential applications in interventions of neurological disorders of these neuromodulation techniques, a comprehensive picture is gradually emerging regarding the advantages and challenges of neuromodulation techniques, their developmental trajectory, and their potential clinical applications. This review highlights significant advancements in applying these techniques to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. The transformative potential of these neuromodulation techniques in neuroscience research and clinical practice is underscored, emphasizing the need for integration and innovation in technologies, the optimization of delivery methods, the improvement of mediums, and the evaluation of toxicity to fully harness their therapeutic potential.

Pharmacological inhibition of ezrin reduces proliferative and invasive phenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells

Ezrin (EZR) is an actin-associated protein that is often upregulated in cancers. Here we investigate the role of EZR in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and explore the therapeutic potential of a pharmacological EZR inhibitor, NSC305787. ALL patient cohorts exhibit significantly elevated EZR mRNA levels, indicating its association with the malignant phenotype. Notably, EZR expression does not impact survival outcomes or relevant clinical-laboratory characteristics, suggesting a role in disease initiation rather than therapy response. NSC305787 induces a dose-dependent reduction in ALL cell viability, and is more potent than a related EZR inhibitor, NSC668394. NSC305787 has multiple effects on ALL cells, including apoptosis induction, clonal growth reduction, and inhibition of cell cycle progression. Importantly, it diminishes adhesiveness and invasiveness in ALL cells. Proteomics analysis highlights changes in translation, RNA catabolism, and cell cycle regulation, emphasizing the broad impact of EZR inhibition on ALL cell biology. Ex vivo assays with primary cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and ALL patients demonstrate NSC305787's efficacy across a molecularly heterogeneous group, independent of risk stratification or recurrent mutations. Notably, NSC305787 shows heightened potency in ALL cells, suggesting its potential as a targeted therapy. In conclusion, our results report high EZR expression in adult ALL patients and support NSC305787 as a promising targeted therapy for ALL that should be further explored.

Regulatory B cells in parasitic infections: roles and therapeutic potential

Parasitic infection is a complex process involving interactions among various immune cells. Regulatory B cells (Breg cells), a subset of B lymphocytes with immunosuppressive functions, play a role in modulating immune responses during infection to prevent excessive immune activation. This article reviews the origin, phenotype, and immunoregulatory mechanisms of Breg cells. We summarize the immunomodulatory roles of Breg cells in various parasitic infections. We also discuss the potential applications of activating Breg cells through parasitic infections and their derived molecules in the treatment of certain allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. The aim is to provide new perspectives for the future treatment of parasitic diseases and other related conditions.

Adding capivasertib to fulvestrant in patients with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Objective

Capivasertib, a novel pan-AKT inhibitor, shows significant antitumor activity against hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. However, its cost-effectiveness of this treatment remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of capivasertib plus fulvestrant versus fulvestrant alone for advanced breast cancer treatment from the perspectives of healthcare payers in the United States. Meanwhile, a experimental analysis from the perspective of China, incorporating specific assumptions, was also conducted in this study.

Methods

A partitioned survival model was constructed to project the progression of breast cancer. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) data were obtained from the CAPItello-291 trial and extrapolated for long-term survival estimates. Direct medical costs and utility data were gathered. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treatment regimen. One-way sensitivity analyses (OWSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were conducted to assess the robustness of the results.

Results

The base-case analysis estimated the ICUR for capivasertib plus fulvestrant versus fulvestrant alone to be $709,647 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) in the US. OWSA revealed that the results were sensitive to hazard ratio of OS and the cost of capivasertib. PSA demonstrated that capivasertib plus fulvestrant exhibited a 0% probability of cost-effectiveness in the US.

Conclusion

Our finding suggests that, at its current price, capivasertib plus fulvestrant regimen is unlikely to be a cost-effective option compared to fulvestrant alone for HR-positive advanced breast cancer patients from the perspective of healthcare system in the US. For the experimental analysis based on specific assumptions from Chinese perspective, the therapy regimen was also found to lack cost-effectiveness.