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Kumar R, Sonkar VK, Swamy J, Ahmed A, Sharathkumar AA, Pierce GL, Dayal S. DNase 1 Protects From Increased Thrombin Generation and Venous Thrombosis During Aging: Cross-Sectional Study in Mice and Humans. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e021188. [PMID: 35023342 PMCID: PMC9238525 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Human aging is associated with increased risk of thrombosis, but the mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that aging induces peroxide-dependent release of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to thrombin generation and thrombosis. Methods and Results We studied C57BL6J mice and littermates of glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic and wild-type mice at young (4 month) and old (20 month) ages and a healthy cohort of young (18-39 years) or middle-aged/older (50-72 years) humans. In plasma, we measured thrombin generation potential and components of neutrophil extracellular traps (cell-free DNA and citrullinated histone). Aged wild-type mice displayed a significant increase in thrombin generation that was decreased in aged glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice. Both aged wild-type and aged glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice demonstrated similar elevation of plasma cell-free DNA compared with young mice. In contrast, plasma levels of citrullinated histone were not altered with age or genotype. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps from neutrophils in vitro was also similar between young and aged wild-type or glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice. Treatment of plasma or mice with DNase 1 decreased age-associated increases in thrombin generation, and DNase 1 treatment blocked the development of experimental venous thrombi in aged C57BL6J mice. Similarly, thrombin generation potential and plasma cell-free DNA, but not citrullinated histone, were higher in middle-aged/older humans, and treatment of plasma with DNase 1 reversed the increase in thrombin generation. Conclusions We conclude that DNase 1 limits thrombin generation and protects from venous thrombosis during aging, likely by hydrolyzing cell-free DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Vijay K Sonkar
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Jagadish Swamy
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | | | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
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Hinojosa-Laborde C, Hudson IL, Ross E, Xiang L, Ryan KL. Pathophysiology of Hemorrhage as It Relates to the Warfighter. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:141-153. [PMID: 35001653 PMCID: PMC8977138 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00028.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Saving lives of wounded military Warfighters often depends on the ability to resolve or mitigate the pathophysiology of hemorrhage, specifically diminished oxygen delivery to vital organs that leads to multi-organ failure and death. However, caring for hemorrhaging patients on the battlefield presents unique challenges that extend beyond applying a tourniquet and giving a blood transfusion, especially when battlefield care must be provided for a prolonged period. This review will describe these challenges and potential strategies for treating hemorrhage on the battlefield in a prolonged casualty care situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian L Hudson
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Evan Ross
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lusha Xiang
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kathy L Ryan
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States
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253
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Ethyl pyruvate, a versatile protector in inflammation and autoimmunity. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:169-182. [PMID: 34999919 PMCID: PMC8742706 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has potent influence on redox processes, cellular metabolism, and inflammation. It has been intensively studied in numerous animal models of systemic and organ-specific disorders whose pathogenesis involves a strong immune component. Here, basic chemical and biological properties of EP are discussed, with an emphasis on its redox and metabolic activity. Further, its influence on myeloid and T cells is considered, as well as on intracellular signaling beyond its effect on immune cells. Also, the effects of EP on animal models of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders are presented. Finally, a possibility to apply EP as a treatment for such diseases in humans is discussed. Scientific papers cited in this review were identified using the PubMed search engine that relies on the MEDLINE database. The reference list covers the most important findings in the field in the past twenty years.
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254
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Alnahhal K, Toskich BB, Nussbaum S, Li Z, Erben Y, Hakaim AG, Farres H. Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis: Endovascular management and outcomes. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:217-226. [PMID: 35071520 PMCID: PMC8727247 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (SMVT) is a rare but fatal condition that is typically treated initially with anticoagulation therapy, and if this fails, with endovascular interventions. However, due to its rarity, there are not many studies that have explored the effectiveness of anticoagulation and endovascular therapies in treating SMVT.
AIM To evaluate patients diagnosed with SMVT who received endovascular therapy in addition to anticoagulation and report technical and clinical outcomes.
METHODS A retrospective analysis of the patients who underwent endovascular treatment for SMVT at Mayo Clinic from 2000-2019 was performed. Technical success was defined as angiographic improvement in SMV flow after intervention. Primary patency was defined as the interval from reestablishing mesenteric venous flow until the first repeat thrombotic event or need for additional intervention. Secondary patency was defined as successful restoration of flow after repeat intervention until rethrombosis or last follow-up. The adverse events were reported through Clavien-Dindo classification.
RESULTS Twenty-four patients were included for analysis. The median age at intervention was 60 years (35-74 years) and 16 (67%) were men. Nineteen patients presented with acute thrombosis (79.2%) and 5 with chronic thrombosis with acute manifestations (20.8%). The most commonly used endovascular modalities were thrombectomy in 12 patients (50.0%) and catheter-directed thrombolysis in 10 patients (41.7%). Technical success was achieved in 18 patients (75%). The 14-d and 30-d primary patency rates were 88.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Adverse events were reported in two patients (8.3%), one marked as grade IIIB, and 1 death marked as grade V. Five-year overall survival rate was 82% (58%-100%).
CONCLUSION Endovascular intervention with anticoagulation appears to be effective for managing SMVT. This treatment combination may be considered as first-line therapy for SMVT management in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alnahhal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Beau B Toskich
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Samuel Nussbaum
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Young Erben
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Albert G Hakaim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Houssam Farres
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Hussaniy HA, Al-Harcan NAH, Alexiou A, Batiha GES. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Covid-19: A new frontiers for therapeutic modality. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 104:108516. [PMID: 35032828 PMCID: PMC8733219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is severe inflammatory reactions due to neutrophil recruitments and infiltration in the different organs with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which involved various complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to explore the potential role of NETs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify the targeting drugs against NETs in Covid-19 patients. Different enzyme types are involved in the formation of NETs, such as neutrophil elastase (NE), which degrades nuclear protein and release histones, peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 (PADA4), which releases chromosomal DNA and gasdermin D, which creates pores in the NTs cell membrane that facilitating expulsion of NT contents. Despite of the beneficial effects of NETs in controlling of invading pathogens, sustained formations of NETs during respiratory viral infections are associated with collateral tissue injury. Excessive development of NETs in SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked with the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to creation of the NETs-IL-1β loop. Also, aberrant NTs activation alone or through NETs formation may augment SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm (CS) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with severe Covid-19. Furthermore, NETs formation in SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with immuno-thrombosis and the development of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, anti-NETs therapy of natural or synthetic sources may mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced exaggerated immune response, hyperinflammation, immuno-thrombosis, and other complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Nasser A Hadi Al-Harcan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Rasheed University College, Bagdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia; AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt.
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256
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Li S, Ma Y, Ye S, Hu D, Xiao F. ERK/p38/ROS burst responses to environmentally relevant concentrations of diphenyl phosphate-evoked neutrophil extracellular traps formation: Assessing the role of autophagy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126758. [PMID: 34352527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds were proposed to impair immune surveillance and increase the total burden of pathogens. However, scarce attention has been paid to the effects of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on neutrophils. Previous literature outlined that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) death (NETosis) is associated with autophagy-related signaling. Here we found that 20 μM diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) could promote NETs formation via assessing markers of NETs and the morphological changes. Concurrently, flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed that DPHP-triggered NETs formation was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Additionally, the results revealed that autophagy occurred in DPHP-triggered NETs formation, manifested as enhanced LC3B protein expressions and reduced p62 protein expressions. Mechanism dissection revealed that inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) alleviated the ROS burst and subsequent NETosis caused by DPHP. Conversely, autophagy enhancer Rapamycin (Rapa) augmented the above effects of DPHP, including the generation of ROS and NETosis. Collectively, these data suggested ERK/p38 signaling and ROS burst might be an important cause of DPHP-triggered NETs formation, while suppression of excessive autophagy could rescue these actions. These observations provided a theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of OPFRs-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Yu Ma
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Shuzi Ye
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Die Hu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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257
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Ding M, Ren H, Huang X, Wang B, Chi G, Shao C, Song S, Song W, Shi R. A meta-analysis of combined generic-covered stent-graft with or without bare-metal stent for refractory variceal bleeding. J Minim Access Surg 2022; 18:560-566. [PMID: 35915531 PMCID: PMC9632697 DOI: 10.4103/jmas.jmas_262_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The meta-analysis was conducted to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of generic stent-graft/bare-stent combination compared with Fluency stent alone in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure for refractory variceal bleeding. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Database were searched for relevant studies from January 1990 to September 2020; outcome measures studied were primary patency, hepatic encephalopathy, survival, re-bleeding and portal venous pressure. Results: Four studies (1 randomised controlled trial and 3 retrospective studies) with 449 subjects (157 patients in the combined stent group and 292 patients in the covered stent group) were included. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.069, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.524, 2.178]), hepatic encephalopathy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.860, 95% CI [0.341, 2.169], P = 0.750) and re-bleeding (OR = 1.049, 95% CI [0.226, 4.881], P = 0.951). Compared with Fluency stent alone, combination therapy was associated with moderate decrease in outcomes on the post-operative portal venous pressure (standard mean difference [SMD] −0.210, 95% CI [−0.418, −0.001], P = 0.049) and was not associated with significant decrease in outcomes on the pre-operative portal venous pressure (SMD − 0.129, 95% CI [−0.336, 0.078], P = 0.223). The primary patency was significantly lower in the Fluency/bare-stent combination group (HR = 0.473, 95% CI [0.288, 0.776]). Conclusions: Generic stent-graft/bare-stent combination therapy was associated with significantly lower primary patency compared to Fluency stent alone.
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258
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Phelps J, Leonard C, Shah S, Krawetz R, Hart DA, Duncan NA, Sen A. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:73-87. [PMID: 35641171 PMCID: PMC8895489 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) have shown promise initiating articular cartilage repair, with benefits largely attributed to the trophic factors they secrete. These factors can be found in the conditioned medium (CM) collected from cell cultures, and it is believed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) within this CM are at least partially responsible for MPC therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to examine the functionality of the EV fraction of CM compared to whole CM obtained from human adipose-derived MPCs in an in vivo murine cartilage defect model. Mice treated with whole CM or the EV fraction demonstrated an enhanced cartilage repair score and type II collagen deposition at the injury site compared to saline controls. We then developed a scalable bioprocess using stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs) to generate clinically relevant quantities of MPC-EVs. Whereas static monolayer culture systems are simple to use and readily accessible, SSBs offer increased scalability and a more homogenous environment due to constant mixing. This study evaluated the biochemical and functional properties of MPCs and their EV fractions generated in static culture versus SSBs. Functionality was assessed using in vitro MPC chondrogenesis as an outcome measure. SSBs supported increased MPC expression of cartilage-specific genes, and EV fractions derived from both static and SSB culture systems upregulated type II collagen production by MPCs. These results suggest that SSBs are an effective platform for the generation of MPC-derived EVs with the potential to induce cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Phelps
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Leonard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sophia Shah
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Neil A Duncan
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Musculoskeletal Mechanobiology and Multiscale Mechanics Bioengineering Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Corresponding author: Arindom Sen, Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Tel: +403-210-9452; Fax: +403-220-8962;
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259
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Jalodia R, Kolli U, Braniff RG, Tao J, Abu YF, Chupikova I, Moidunny S, Ramakrishnan S, Roy S. Morphine mediated neutrophil infiltration in intestinal tissue play essential role in histological damage and microbial dysbiosis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2143225. [PMID: 36409161 PMCID: PMC9683065 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2143225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial ecosystem exhibits a complex bidirectional communication with the host and is one of the key contributing factors in determining mucosal immune homeostasis or an inflammatory state. Opioid use has been established to induce gut microbial dysbiosis consistent with increased intestinal tissue inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of infiltrated immune cells in morphine-induced intestinal tissue damage and gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. Results reveal a significant increase in chemokine expression in intestinal tissues followed by increased neutrophil infiltration post morphine treatment which is direct consequence of a dysbiotic microbiome since the effect is attenuated in antibiotics treated animals and in germ-free mice. Neutrophil neutralization using anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody showed a significant decrease in tissue damage and an increase in tight junction protein organization. 16S rRNA sequencing on intestinal samples highlighted the role of infiltrated neutrophils in modulating microbial community structure by providing a growth benefit for pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterococcus, and simultaneously causing a significant depletion of commensal bacteria, such as Lactobacillus. Taken together, we provide the first direct evidence that neutrophil infiltration contributes to morphine-induced intestinal tissue damage and gut microbial dysbiosis. Our findings implicate that inhibition of neutrophil infiltration may provide therapeutic benefits against gastrointestinal dysfunctions associated with opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Jalodia
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Udhghatri Kolli
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Junyi Tao
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yaa Fosuah Abu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irina Chupikova
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shamsudheen Moidunny
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sundaram Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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260
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Bachelani AM. OUP accepted manuscript. J Surg Case Rep 2022; 2022:rjac092. [PMID: 35350217 PMCID: PMC8944718 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old woman presented to the hospital with a clinical picture consistent with acute appendicitis. During surgery, the appendix was found to be gangrenous and involved the appendiceal base, so an ileocecectomy was performed. Pathology revealed an incidental neuroendocrine tumor of the terminal ileum involving five of nine lymph nodes. The patient later developed mesenteric venous thrombosis but was diagnosed and treated promptly, and she is now doing well. There have been previous reports of small bowel neuroendocrine tumor resulting in bowel ischemia, usually due to fibrosis which can result in obstruction of the mesenteric vessels. However, this is the first known report of a small bowel neuroendocrine tumor presenting with appendicitis, which most likely was from an ischemic etiology. This case also demonstrates the importance of a high index of suspicion for mesenteric ischemia in patients with small bowel neuroendocrine tumor who present with acute abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad M Bachelani
- Correspondence address. Department of Surgery, Penn Highlands Mon Valley Hospital, 1163 Country Club Road, Monongahela, PA 15063, USA. Tel: +1-412-874-8057; Fax: +1-855-379-3131; E-mail:
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261
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Lopes-Pires ME, Frade-Guanaes JO, Quinlan GJ. Clotting Dysfunction in Sepsis: A Role for ROS and Potential for Therapeutic Intervention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 35052592 PMCID: PMC8773140 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is regarded as one of the main causes of death among the critically ill. Pathogen infection results in a host-mediated pro-inflammatory response to fight infection; as part of this response, significant endogenous reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) production occurs, instigated by a variety of sources, including activated inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, platelets, and cells from the vascular endothelium. Inflammation can become an inappropriate self-sustaining and expansive process, resulting in sepsis. Patients with sepsis often exhibit loss of aspects of normal vascular homeostatic control, resulting in abnormal coagulation events and the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis and treatment of sepsis remain a significant challenge for healthcare providers globally. Targeting the drivers of excessive oxidative/nitrosative stress using antioxidant treatments might be a therapeutic option. This review focuses on the association between excessive oxidative/nitrosative stress, a common feature in sepsis, and loss of homeostatic control at the level of the vasculature. The literature relating to potential antioxidants is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Lopes-Pires
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | | | - Gregory J. Quinlan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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262
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Zhao Z, Guo Z, Yin Z, Qiu Y, Zhou B. Gut Microbiota Was Involved in the Process of Liver Injury During Intra-Abdominal Hypertension. Front Physiol 2021; 12:790182. [PMID: 34955896 PMCID: PMC8703017 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.790182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intestinal damage caused by intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) can lead to the ectopic gut microbiota, which can contribute to liver injury via portal veins. Therefore, it is speculated that gut microbiota disorder caused by IAH/ACS may result in liver injury. The relationship between gut microbiota and IAH/ACS-related liver injury was investigated in this study. Methods: A model of IAH was established in rats, and 16S rRNA sequencing was analyzed for gut microbiota in the feces of rats. The elimination of gut microbiota was completed by antibiotics gavage, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to change the composition of gut microbiota in rats. Results: In addition to the traditional cause of liver blood vessel compression, liver injury caused by IAH was also associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Gut microbiota clearance can relieve liver injury caused by IAH, while FMT from IAH-intervened rats can aggravate IAH-related liver injury. Conclusion: The gut microbiota was one of the most important factors contributing to the IAH-related liver injury, and the JNK/p38 signaling pathway was activated in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengchang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengliang Yin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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263
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Mejia D, Warr SP, Delgado-López CA, Salcedo A, Rodríguez-Holguín F, Serna JJ, Caicedo Y, Pino LF, González-Hadad A, Herrera MA, Parra MW, García A, Ordoñez CA. Reinterventions after damage control surgery. Colomb Med (Cali) 2021; 52:e4154805. [PMID: 34908623 PMCID: PMC8634277 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i2.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage control has well-defined steps. However, there are still controversies regarding whom, when, and how re-interventions should be performed. This article summarizes the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) Cali-Colombia recommendations about the specific situations concerning second interventions of patients undergoing damage control surgery. We suggest packing as the preferred bleeding control strategy, followed by unpacking within the next 48-72 hours. In addition, a deferred anastomosis is recommended for correction of intestinal lesions, and patients treated with vascular shunts should be re-intervened within 24 hours for definitive management. Furthermore, abdominal or thoracic wall closure should be attempted within eight days. These strategies aim to decrease complications, morbidity, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mejia
- Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Department of Surgery, Medellin, Colombia.,Universidad de Antioquia, Department of Surgery, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Salin Pereira Warr
- Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Grupo de Soporte Nutricional y Pared Abdominal, Medellin. Colombia
| | | | - Alexander Salcedo
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario del Valle, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Holguín
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia
| | - José Julián Serna
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario del Valle, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yaset Caicedo
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Cali, Colombia
| | - Luis Fernando Pino
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario del Valle, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia
| | - Adolfo González-Hadad
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario del Valle, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mario Alain Herrera
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario del Valle, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia
| | - Michael W Parra
- Broward General Level I Trauma Center, Department of Trauma Critical Care, Fort Lauderdale, FL - USA
| | - Alberto García
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Ordoñez
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Medicina Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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264
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Tepes M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Vranes H, Madzar Z, Santak G, Batelja L, Milavic M, Sikiric S, Kocman I, Simonji K, Samara M, Knezevic M, Barisic I, Lovric E, Strbe S, Kokot A, Sjekavica I, Kolak T, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S, Boban Blagaic A, Sikiric P. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy for Primary Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:718147. [PMID: 34966273 PMCID: PMC8710746 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.718147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 was shown to counteract major vessel occlusion syndromes, i.e., peripheral and/or central occlusion, while activating particular collateral pathways. We induced abdominal compartment syndrome (intra-abdominal pressure in thiopental-anesthetized rats at 25 mmHg (60 min), 30 mmHg (30 min), 40 mmHg (30 min), and 50 mmHg (15 min) and in esketamine-anesthetized rats (25 mmHg for 120 min)) as a model of multiple occlusion syndrome. By improving the function of the venous system with BPC 157, we reversed the chain of harmful events. Rats with intra-abdominal hypertension (grade III, grade IV) received BPC 157 (10 µg or 10 ng/kg sc) or saline (5 ml) after 10 min. BPC 157 administration recovered the azygos vein via the inferior–superior caval vein rescue pathway. Additionally, intracranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal, and caval hypertension and aortal hypotension were reduced, as were the grossly congested stomach and major hemorrhagic lesions, brain swelling, venous and arterial thrombosis, congested inferior caval and superior mesenteric veins, and collapsed azygos vein; thus, the failed collateral pathway was fully recovered. Severe ECG disturbances (i.e., severe bradycardia and ST-elevation until asystole) were also reversed. Microscopically, transmural hyperemia of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal mucosa villi reduction, crypt reduction with focal denudation of superficial epithelia, and large bowel dilatation were all inhibited. In the liver, BPC 157 reduced congestion and severe sinusoid enlargement. In the lung, a normal presentation was observed, with no alveolar membrane focal thickening and no lung congestion or edema, and severe intra-alveolar hemorrhage was absent. Moreover, severe heart congestion, subendocardial infarction, renal hemorrhage, brain edema, hemorrhage, and neural damage were prevented. In conclusion, BPC 157 cured primary abdominal compartment syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Tepes
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital Nasice, Nasice, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- PhD Program Translational Research in Biomedicine—TRIBE, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Gojkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Zizek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Vranes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinko Madzar
- Clinical Department of Surgery, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Santak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Batelja
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Milavic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Kocman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karol Simonji
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mariam Samara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Knezevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eva Lovric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivica Sjekavica
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Toni Kolak
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Predrag Sikiric, ; Anita Skrtic,
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Predrag Sikiric, ; Anita Skrtic,
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265
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Mathew C, Zumberg M. Clots in unusual places: lots of stress, limited data, critical decisions. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:92-99. [PMID: 34889361 PMCID: PMC8791155 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although much less common than deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities or lungs, clots in unusual locations, including the splanchnic, cerebral, retinal, upper-extremity, and renal locations, present with significant morbidity and mortality. In the last 2 decades, treatment of clots in these unusual locations is primarily managed medically, with interventional and surgical approaches reserved for more severe or refractory cases. The hematologist is well positioned to provide consultation to organ-specific specialties (ie, neurosurgery, hepatology, ophthalmology), especially because acquired and congenital hypercoagulability plays a major role, and anticoagulation is often the primary treatment. Historically, treatment has been based on expert opinion, but systematic reviews and meta-analyses have recently been published. Various societies have produced guidelines for the treatment of clots in unusual locations; however, randomized clinical trial data remain scarce. In the last few years, increasing data have emerged concerning the efficacy of the direct oral anticoagulants in treating clots in unusual locations. Cases have recently been described highlighting atypical thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection as well as with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) vaccine and Johnson and Johnson's Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. This article reviews clots in unusual locations with an emphasis on the splanchnic (mesenteric, portal, splenic, hepatic) and cerebral circulation. Through a case-based approach, key questions are posed, and data are presented to help guide diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Mathew
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Marc Zumberg
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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266
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Zickler W, Martus JE, Upperman JS, Feliz A. Pediatric peripheral vascular injuries and associated orthopedic considerations. Semin Pediatr Surg 2021; 30:151127. [PMID: 34930593 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric peripheral vascular trauma is a rare but highly morbid injury in children and is frequently associated with concomitant orthopedic injuries. These children require multidisciplinary care by pediatric, vascular, and orthopedic surgery. In this review, we describe elements of the complex care required for children with peripheral vascular trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Zickler
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave., 2nd Fl., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Jefferey E Martus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, 4202 DOT, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232-9565, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Upperman
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, 2200 Children's Way, Suite 7100, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alexander Feliz
- Departments of Surgery & Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, 49 N. Dunlap St., 2nd Floor, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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267
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Xu L, Wu XM, Zhang YK, Huang MJ, Chen J. Simvastatin inhibits the inflammation and oxidative stress of human neutrophils in sepsis via autophagy induction. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:25. [PMID: 34812477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin exerts a protective effect during sepsis (SP) in animal models; however, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood, particularly in human SP. Neutrophils are a critical effector in the host inflammatory response to SP. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of simvastatin on neutrophils in human SP. Neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral venous blood of adult patients with SP and healthy volunteers (HP). Cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the concentrations of inflammatory mediators were also assessed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The results demonstrated that the cell viability of neutrophils from the SP group was significantly decreased compared with that in the HP group, and that treatment with simvastatin partly reversed the reduced cell viability. Furthermore, simvastatin administration significantly decreased ROS production and the concentrations of TNF‑α and IL‑6, which were significantly increased in neutrophils isolated from the SP group. Simvastatin also enhanced autophagy induction, as indicated by the promotion of the conversion of LC3I to LC3II and the increased expression levels of Beclin 1 in SP neutrophils. Treatment with 3‑methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, completely blocked the protective effects of simvastatin on neutrophils from SP, including the effects of simvastatin on the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress and improving cell viability. Collectively, the present study provided evidence for the simvastatin‑induced autophagic process of neutrophils involved in human SP, which protects neutrophils and partially attenuates the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Therefore, the augmentation of neutrophil autophagy may serve as a potential therapeutic target for patients with SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jie Huang
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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268
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NETosis in ischemic/reperfusion injuries: An organ-based review. Life Sci 2021; 290:120158. [PMID: 34822798 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NETosis), the web-like structures induced by neutrophil death, is an important inflammatory mechanism of the immune system leading to reactive oxygen species production/coagulopathy, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. NETosis exerts its role through different mechanisms such as triggering Toll-like receptors, inflammatory cytokines, platelet aggregation, neutrophil activation/infiltration, and vascular impairment. NETosis plays a key role in the prognosis of coronary artery disease, ischemic injury of kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscles. In this review, we explored the molecular mechanisms involved in NETosis, and ischemic/reperfusion injuries in body organs.
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269
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Tang X, Wang P, Zhang R, Watanabe I, Chang E, Vinayachandran V, Nayak L, Lapping S, Liao S, Madera A, Sweet DR, Luo J, Fei J, Jeong HW, Adams RH, Zhang T, Liao X, Jain MK. KLF2 regulates neutrophil activation and thrombosis in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure progression. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:147191. [PMID: 34793333 PMCID: PMC8803339 DOI: 10.1172/jci147191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that inflammation plays a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. However, clinical trials targeting cytokines have shown equivocal effects, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of the precise role of inflammation and inflammatory cells in heart failure. Leukocytes from human subjects and a rodent model of heart failure were characterized by a marked reduction in expression of Klf2 mRNA. Using a mouse model of angiotensin II–induced nonischemic cardiac dysfunction, we showed that neutrophils played an essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure. Mechanistically, chronic angiotensin II infusion activated a neutrophil KLF2/NETosis pathway that triggered sporadic thrombosis in small myocardial vessels, leading to myocardial hypoxia, cell death, and hypertrophy. Conversely, targeting neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), or thrombosis ameliorated these pathological changes and preserved cardiac dysfunction. KLF2 regulated neutrophil activation in response to angiotensin II at the molecular level, partly through crosstalk with HIF1 signaling. Taken together, our data implicate neutrophil-mediated immunothrombotic dysregulation as a critical pathogenic mechanism leading to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. This neutrophil KLF2-NETosis-thrombosis mechanism underlying chronic heart failure can be exploited for therapeutic gain by therapies targeting neutrophils, NETosis, or thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Tang
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Peiwei Wang
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Ippei Watanabe
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Eugene Chang
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Vinesh Vinayachandran
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Lalitha Nayak
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Lapping
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Sarah Liao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Annmarie Madera
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - David R Sweet
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Jiemeng Luo
- Cardiology, Minhang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Fei
- Cardiology, Minhang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Liao
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
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270
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De-escalation antibiotic therapy alleviates organ injury through modulation of NETs formation during sepsis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:345. [PMID: 34759282 PMCID: PMC8580974 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobials therapy is suggested to be started immediately for sepsis patients. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be narrowed once pathogen identification and sensitivities are established. However, the detailed mechanisms of de-escalation strategy are still unclear. Here we hypothesized neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) played an essential role and de-escalation strategy might alleviate organs injury through regulation of NETs formation in sepsis. We evaluated the effect of imipenem and ceftriaxone on NETs formation in vitro and examined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Next, we designed de-escalation and escalation strategy in cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) models. Organ injury, inflammatory cytokines, NETs levels were compared and evaluated. In CLP models, de-escalation therapy resulted in an increased serum MPO-DNA level during the early stage and decreased MPO-DNA level during late stage, which exerted the reverse effects in escalation therapy. Inflammatory response and organ injury exacerbated when eliminated NETs with DNAse I during the early stage of sepsis (p < 0.01). Histopathological analysis showed decreased injury in lung, liver, and intestine in de-escalation therapy compared with escalation therapy (p < 0.01). De-escalation therapy results in the highest 6-day survival rate compared with the control group (p < 0.01), however, no significant difference was found between de-escalation and escalation group (p = 0.051). The in vitro study showed that the imipenem could promote, while the ceftriaxone could inhibit the formation of NETs in PMA-activated PMNs through a ROS-dependent manner. We firstly demonstrate that de-escalation, not escalation, therapy reduces organ injury, decreases inflammatory response by promoting NETs formation in the early stage, and inhibiting NETs formation in the late stage of sepsis.
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271
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Yang B, Tian H, Ye C, Lin Z, Zhao D, Ma C, Zhao J, Wu S, Jiang R, Li N, Qin H, Chen Q. The Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Combined With Biofeedback for Mixed Constipation: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:746990. [PMID: 34746183 PMCID: PMC8564017 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.746990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) combined with biofeedback for patients with mixed constipation. Patients who received biofeedback (biofeedback group, n = 40) and those who received FMT combined with biofeedback (FMT combination group, n = 45) were enrolled. Spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) frequency, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), and Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) score were analyzed to evaluate the effect of treatment. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) scores of patients were used to assess the quality of life, and the safety of FMT combination therapy was evaluated by the presence of adverse events. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the fecal samples of 12 donors, feces of 31 patients before and after receiving FMT combination treatment. Comparing the biofeedback group and the FMT combination group 1 month after the treatment, significant differences were observed in the mean value of SBM frequency, BSFS, and PAC-SYM scores, which were 2.15 ± 1.05 vs. 3.61 ± 0.89 (p = 0.0031), 2.1 ± 0.9 vs. 2.5 ± 1.2 (p = 0.008), and 2.4 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6 (p = 0.0021), respectively. Meanwhile, FMT combination therapy had long-term beneficial effects according to the data collected at six months and 12 months after the treatment. With respect to the quality of life, GIQLI scores were higher in the FMT combination group (103.6 ± 15.1) compared with that in the biofeedback group (88.7 ± 10.1) one month after administration (p = 0.0042). In addition, there were no significant differences between the two groups in adverse events, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and other side effects. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showing some well-known probiotics had significantly increased after FMT combination treatment compared with pre-FMT samples, such as Prevotella and Bifidobacterium. Findings of this study suggested that FMT combined with biofeedback could be effective and safe for patients with mixed constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Tian
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Lin
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlian Ma
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institue of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shouxin Wu
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institue of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfeng Jiang
- Shanghai Zhangjiang Institue of Medical Innovation, Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyi Chen
- Intestinal Microenvironment Treatment Center of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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272
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exacerbate Ischemic Brain Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:643-656. [PMID: 34748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute strokes are ischemic, and subsequent neuroinflammation promotes further damage leading to cell death but also plays a beneficial role by promoting cellular repair. Neutrophils are forerunners to brain lesions after ischemic stroke and exert elaborate functions. While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) possess a fundamental antimicrobial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence indicates that NETosis, the release process of NETs, occurs in the pathogenic process of stroke. In this review, we focus on the processes of NET formation and clearance, the temporal and spatial alterations of neutrophils and NETs after ischemic damage, and how NETs are involved in several stroke-related phenomena. Generally, NET formation and release processes depend on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of nuclear peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4). The acid-base environment, oxygen concentration, and iron ions around the infarct may also impact NET formation. DNase 1 has been identified as the primary degrader of NETs in serum, while reactive microglia are expected to inhibit the formation of NETs around ischemic lesions by phagocytosis of neutrophils. The neutrophils and NETs are present in the perivascular space ipsilateral to the infarct arising after ischemic damage, peaking between 1 and 3 days postischemia, but their location in the brain parenchyma remains controversial. After the ischemic injury, NETs are involved in the destruction of neurological function primarily by disrupting the blood-brain barrier and promoting thrombosis. The potential effects of NETs on various ischemic nerve cells need to be further investigated, especially in the chronic ischemic phase.
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273
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Duan Z, Sun S, Qu C, Wang K, Chen F, Wang X, Chu C, Liu B, Li J, Ding W. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation index predicts occurrences of deep surgical site infection after laparotomy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1373. [PMID: 34733925 PMCID: PMC8506538 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Deep surgical site infections (DSSIs) are serious complications after laparotomy. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a vital role in the development of DSSI. Here, we focused on a new approach to predicting the occurrence of DSSI through the detection of the NET formation index (NFI), and compared its prediction ability with other clinical infection indicators. Methods Patients who received laparotomy were prospectively enrolled in this study. General information, APACHE II score, SOFA score, and serum infection indicators were recorded. The postoperative abdominal drainage fluid was collected within 3 days after the operation for quantification of the NFI. Results A total of 92 consecutive patients were included, with 22 patients were diagnosed with DSSI. The NFI in the DSSI group was 32.70%±19.33% while the corresponding index was 10.70%±8.25% in the non-DSSI group (P<0.01). The mean APACHE II and SOFA score had significant differences between the two groups. The NFI was positively correlated with the APACHE II score (P<0.01, r=0.269) and SOFA score (P=0.013, r=0.258). Patients with a high NFI (NFI >13.86%) had a higher risk of developing DSSI. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the NFI, C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were 0.912, 0.748 and 0.731, respectively. Conclusions In this cohort of surgical patients, the quantification of the NFI had a considerable predictive value for early identification of DSSI. The NFI in drainage fluid turned out to be a more sensitive and specific predictor of DSSI than serum infection indicators including CRP and PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Duan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengnan Chu
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baochen Liu
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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274
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Liu W, Wu D, Li S, Xu J, Li P, Jiang A, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Jiang L, Gao X, Yang Z, Wei Z. Glycolysis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Participate in T-2 Toxin-Stimulated Chicken Heterophil Extracellular Traps. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12862-12869. [PMID: 34694797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2) is a kind of trichothecene toxin produced from Fusarium fungi, which is an environmental pollutant that endangers poultry and human health. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are not only a form of chicken immune defense against pathogen infection but also involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of several diseases. However, the immunotoxicity of T-2 on HET formation in vitro has not yet been reported. In this study, heterophils were exposed to T-2 at doses of 20, 40, and 80 ng/mL for 90 min. Observation of the structure of HETs by immunofluorescence staining and the mechanism of HET formation was analyzed by inhibitors and PicoGreen. These results showed that T-2-triggered HET formation consisted of DNA, elastase, and citH3. Furthermore, T-2 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the formation of T-2-triggered HETs was also decreased by the inhibitors of glycolysis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathways, suggesting that T-2-induced HETs are associated with glycolysis, ROS production, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways, and NADPH oxidase. Taken together, this study elucidates the mechanism of T-2-triggered HET formation, and it may provide new insight into understanding the immunotoxicity of T-2 to early innate immunity in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuangqiu Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jingnan Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liqiang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
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275
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Netting Gut Disease: Neutrophil Extracellular Trap in Intestinal Pathology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5541222. [PMID: 34712384 PMCID: PMC8548149 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5541222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many gut disease etiologies are attributed to the presence of robust inflammatory cell recruitment. The recruitment of neutrophils plays a vital role in inflammatory infiltration. Neutrophils have various antimicrobial effector mechanisms, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation. It is suggested that neutrophils could release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to kill pathogens. However, recent evidence indicates that neutrophil infiltration within the gut is associated with disrupted local immunological microenvironment and impaired epithelial barrier. Growing evidence implies that NETs are involved in the progression of many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, thrombosis, and autoimmune disease. Increased NET formation was found in acute or chronic conditions, including infection, sterile inflammation, cancer, and ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Here, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in the understanding of NETs, focusing on their effects in gut disease. We also discuss NETs as a potential therapeutic target in gut disease.
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276
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Brillantino A, Lanza M, Antropoli M, Amendola A, Squillante S, Bottino V, Renzi A, Castriconi M. Usefulness of damage control approach in patients with limited acute mesenteric ischemia: a prospective study of 85 patients. Updates Surg 2021; 74:337-342. [PMID: 34686970 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-021-01192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of the damage control approach by two-step surgical procedure in not critical patients (without sepsis or septic shock) with peritonitis from limited acute mesenteric ischemia. From April 2013 to April 2020, 85 patients [49 (57.7%) women and 36 (42.3%) men, median age 69.5 (range 38-92)] were enrolled in this study and underwent emergency surgery. After resection of ischemic bowel, basing on the individual decision of the single surgeon, the patients underwent primary end-to-end anastomosis (Group 1) or damage control approach (Group 2) including primary laparotomy with resection of ischemic bowel, temporary abdominal closure and a second-look procedure at 48 h with re-evaluation of bowel vitality. Forty-seven (55.3%) patients underwent one-stage surgical treatment and 38 (44.7%) patients received a two-step procedure. In the latter group, at second exploration, 8 (21%) patients required a further intestinal resection, due to mesenteric ischemia progression. Both anastomosis dehiscence rate and need for ileostomy in Group 1 patients were significantly higher than in Group 2 (23.4% vs 5.3%: p = 0.03 and 19.1% vs 2.6%: p = 0.03; Fisher's exact test). No significative differences in mortality and morbidity rate were found between the two groups. The damage control approach by two-step surgical procedure may represent a valid innovative option in the management of not critical patients with limited acute mesenteric ischemia, achieving a better clinical outcome if compared with surgical treatment by one-step procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Brillantino
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Michele Lanza
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Antropoli
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Amendola
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Squillante
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bottino
- Department of Surgery, "Villa Betania" Hospital, Via Argine 604, 80147, Naples, Italy
| | - Adolfo Renzi
- Department of Surgery, "Buonconsiglio Fatebenefratelli" Hospital, Via Alessandro Manzoni 220, 80123, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Castriconi
- Department of Surgery, "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
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277
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Ju C, Li X, Gadani S, Kapoor B, Partovi S. Portal Vein Thrombosis: Diagnosis and Endovascular Management. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2021; 194:169-180. [PMID: 34649289 DOI: 10.1055/a-1642-0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but severe entity that can cause clinically significant sequela such as worsening portal hypertension or mesenteric ischemia. Those cases refractory to medical management may be referred for endovascular intervention. Several technical considerations have been described in the literature, but a cohesive comparison of these multiple techniques is lacking. METHODS The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis and endovascular management of PVT, including areas in which further research is warranted. RESULTS Cases of PVT can be readily diagnosed using ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment often begins with systemic anticoagulation and endovascular interventions may be used in selected cases. Determining the optimal approach to accessing the portal venous system depends on the underlying disease and chronicity of the thrombus and the degree of occlusion. Once access to the portal venous system is established, catheter-directed therapy may be performed to achieve recanalization. CONCLUSION Despite the heterogeneity in patient presentation, cases of PVT can be readily diagnosed across several imaging modalities. Strategizing interventional approaches involves evaluation of the underlying disease and the chronicity of the thrombus. KEY POINTS · This review will enable interventionalists to establish a framework for treating portal vein thrombosis by identifying patient risk factors and thrombus characteristics that determine patient management.. · The unique risks and benefits for transhepatic, transsplenic, and transmesenteric approaches for establishing portal venous access will be discussed.. · Advantages and complications of thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for treating portal vein thrombosis will be reviewed in detail based on our extensive institutional experience.. CITATION FORMAT · Ju C, Li X, Gadani S et al. Portal Vein Thrombosis: Diagnosis and Endovascular Management. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; DOI: 10.1055/a-1642-0990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Ju
- Radiology, University of California Los Angeles Health System, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Sameer Gadani
- Interventional Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States
| | - Baljendra Kapoor
- Interventional Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States
| | - Sasan Partovi
- Interventional Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, United States
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278
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Kalyanaraman B. Reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators induced in COVID-19: overlapping biology with cancer. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1402-1414. [PMID: 34704045 PMCID: PMC8496060 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the published literature linking the different mechanisms focused on oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to COVID-19 disease severity. The objective is to bring together potential proinflammatory mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and address mitigation strategies using naturally occurring compounds and FDA-approved drugs. Outstanding questions addressed include the following: What is the mechanistic basis for linking enhanced vulnerability in COVID-19 to increased oxidative damage and proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines), especially in high-risk people? Can we repurpose anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents to mitigate inflammation in COVID-19 patients? How does 2-deoxy-d-glucose function as an anti-COVID drug? COVID-19, cancer biology, and immunotherapy share many mechanistic similarities. Repurposing drugs that already have been FDA-approved for mitigating inflammation and immunosuppression in cancer may be a way to counteract disease severity, progression, and chronic inflammation in COVID-19. What are the long-term effects of reactive oxygen species-inducing immune cells and sustained inflammation in so-called long-haulers (long COVID) after recovery from COVID-19? Can we use mitochondria-targeted agents prophylactically to prevent inflammation and boost immunity in long-haulers? Addressing the oxidative chemical biology of COVID-19 and the mechanistic commonalities with cancer may provide new insights potentially leading to appropriate clinical trials and new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Cancer Center, Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee WI 53226 USA
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279
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Accuracy of citrulline, I-FABP and D-lactate in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18929. [PMID: 34556697 PMCID: PMC8460675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) remains a clinical challenge, and no biomarker has been consistently validated. We aimed to assess the accuracy of three promising circulating biomarkers for diagnosing AMI-citrulline, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), and D-lactate. A cross-sectional diagnostic study enrolled AMI patients admitted to the intestinal stroke center and controls with acute abdominal pain of another origin. We included 129 patients-50 AMI and 79 controls. Plasma citrulline concentrations were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to the controls [15.3 μmol/L (12.0-26.0) vs. 23.3 μmol/L (18.3-29.8), p = 0.001]. However, the area under the receiver operating curves (AUROC) for the diagnosis of AMI by Citrulline was low: 0.68 (95% confidence interval = 0.58-0.78). No statistical difference was found in plasma I-FABP and plasma D-lactate concentrations between the AMI and control groups, with an AUROC of 0.44, and 0.40, respectively. In this large cross-sectional study, citrulline, I-FABP, and D-lactate failed to differentiate patients with AMI from patients with acute abdominal pain of another origin. Further research should focus on the discovery of new biomarkers.
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280
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Melmer PD, Clatterbuck B, Parker V, Castater CA, Klingensmith NJ, Ramos CR, Busby S, Hurst SD, Koganti D, Williams KN, Grant AA, Smith RN, Benarroch-Gampel J, Dente CJ, Rajani RR, Todd SR, Sciarretta JD. Superior Mesenteric Artery and Vein Injuries: Operative Strategies and Outcomes. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2021; 56:40-48. [PMID: 34533371 DOI: 10.1177/15385744211042491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to the mesenteric vessels are rare and often lethal. Visceral vessels, such as the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and vein (SMV), supply blood to the small and large bowel by a rich system of collaterals. Because fewer than 100 such injuries have been described in the literature, they pose challenges in both diagnosis and management and can unfortunately result in high mortality rates. Prompt diagnosis, surgical intervention, and resuscitation can lead to improved outcomes. Here, we review the literature surrounding traumatic injuries of the SMA/SMV and discuss management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Melmer
- Grand Strand Medical Center, University of South Carolina, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA
| | - Brant Clatterbuck
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Christine A Castater
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan J Klingensmith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher R Ramos
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Busby
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart D Hurst
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepika Koganti
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Keneesha N Williams
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April A Grant
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Randi N Smith
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jaime Benarroch-Gampel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher J Dente
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ravi R Rajani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samual R Todd
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason D Sciarretta
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Trauma Center, 71741Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
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281
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Neutrophil extracellular traps and organ dysfunction in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:152-162. [PMID: 34537216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome resulting from infection followed by inflammation and is one of the significant causes of mortality worldwide. The underlying reason is the host's uncontrolled inflammatory response due to an infection led to multiple organ dysfunction/failure. Neutrophils, an innate immune cell, are forerunners to reach the site of infection/inflammation for clearing the infection and resolute the inflammation during sepsis. A relatively new neutrophil effector function, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), have been demonstrated to kill the pathogens by releasing DNA decorated with histone and granular proteins. A growing number of pieces of shreds of evidence suggest that unregulated incidence of NETs have a significant influence on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ damage, including arterial hypotension, hypoxemia, coagulopathy, renal, neurological, and hepatic dysfunction. Thus, excessive production and improper resolution of NETs are of significant therapeutic value in combating sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. The purpose of this review is intended to highlight the role of NETs in sepsis-induced organ failure. Furthermore, the current status of therapeutic strategies to intersect the harmful effects of NETs to restore organ functions is discussed.
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282
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Olson KA, Teixeira PG. Mesenteric Ischemia: When and How to Revascularize. Adv Surg 2021; 55:75-87. [PMID: 34389101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristofor A Olson
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1500 Red River Street, Annex, Austin, TX 78701, USA
| | - Pedro G Teixeira
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, 1500 Red River Street, Annex, Austin, TX 78701, USA.
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Tolonen M, Lemma A, Vikatmaa P, Peltola E, Mentula P, Björkman P, Leppäniemi A, Sallinen V. The implementation of a pathway and care bundle for the management of acute occlusive arterial mesenteric ischemia reduced mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:480-488. [PMID: 34086659 PMCID: PMC8404963 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a disease with high mortality and requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. A pathway and care bundle were developed and implemented with the objective to reduce mortality. The aim of this retrospective comparative study was to analyze the effects of the pathway on patient management and outcome. METHODS All consecutive patients operated in a secondary and tertiary referral center because of occlusive arterial AMI were identified between 2014 and April 2020. The pathway aimed to increase overall awareness, and hasten and improve diagnostics and management. Patients treated before implementation of the pathway (pregroup, years 2014-2017) were compared with patients treated using the pathway (postgroup, May 2018 to April 2020). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the groups. RESULTS There were 78 patients in the pregroup and 67 patients in the postgroup with comparable baseline characteristics and disease acuity. The postgroup was more often diagnosed with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (58 [74%] vs. 63 [94%], p = 0.001) and had shorter mean in-hospital delay to operating room (7 hours [interquartile range, 3.5-12.5] vs. 3 hours [interquartile range, 2-11], p = 0.023). Revascularization was done more often in the postgroup (53 [68%] vs. 56 [84%], p = 0.030) especially using endovascular treatment (26 [33%] vs. 43 [64%], p < 0.001). Thirty-day mortality was lower in the postgroup (23 [51%] vs. 17 [25%], p = 0.001). Being managed in the postgroup remained as a protective factor (odds ratio, 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.75; p = 0.008) for 30-day mortality in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Implementing a pathway and care bundle resulted in enhanced regional and in-hospital awareness of AMI, more appropriate computed tomography imaging, shorter in-hospital delays, increased number of revascularizations, and, hence, lower mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management, level IV.
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284
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Transcaval Creation of a Portal Vein Target for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in a Patient with Portal Vein Thrombosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 45:127-130. [PMID: 34448032 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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285
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Abstract
Ischemic bowel disease (ISBODI) includes colon ischemia, acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) and chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI). Epidemiologically, colon ischemia is the most common type followed by AMI and CMI. There are various risk factors for the development of ISBODI. Abdominal pain is the common presenting symptom of each type. High clinical suspicion is essential in ordering appropriate tests. Imaging studies and colonoscopy with biopsy are the main diagnostic tests. Treatment varies from conservative measures to surgical resection and revascularization. Involvement of multidisciplinary team is essential in managing ISBODI. Although open surgery with revascularization plays an important role, recently there is an increasing interest in percutaneous endovascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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286
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Stigall KS, Sleeter JJ, Thomas SB, Schechtman DW, Blough PE, Rall JM, Kauvar DS. Performance of a novel temporary arterial shunt in a military-relevant controlled hemorrhage swine model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2021; 91:S74-S80. [PMID: 34117170 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In military trauma, temporary vascular shunts restore arterial continuity until delayed vascular reconstruction, often for a period of hours. A novel US Air Force-developed trauma-specific vascular injury shunt (TS-VIS) incorporates an accessible side port for intervention or monitoring, which may improve patency under adverse hemodynamic conditions. Our objective was to evaluate TS-VIS patency in the setting of volume-limited resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Female swine (70-90 kg) underwent 30% hemorrhage and occlusion of the left external iliac artery for 30 minutes. Animals were allocated to one of three groups (n = 5 per group) by left external iliac artery treatment: Sundt shunt (SUNDT), TS-VIS with arterial pressure monitoring (TS-VIS), or TS-VIS with heparin infusion (10 μ/kg per hour, TS-VISHep). Animals were resuscitated with up to 3 U of whole blood to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of >60 mm Hg and were monitored for 6 hours. Bilateral femoral arterial flow was continuously monitored with transonic flow probes, and shunt thrombosis was defined as the absence of flow for greater than 5 minutes. RESULTS No intergroup differences in MAP or flow were observed at baseline or following hemorrhage. Animals were hypotensive at shunt placement (MAP, 35.5 ± 7.3 mm Hg); resuscitation raised MAP to >60 mm Hg by 26.5 ± 15.5 minutes. Shunt placement required 4.5 ± 1.8 minutes with no difference between groups. Four SUNDT thrombosed (three before 60 minutes). One SUNDT thrombosed at 240 minutes, and two TS-VIS and one TS-VISHep thrombosed between 230 and 282 minutes. Median patency was 21 minutes for SUNDT and 360 minutes for both TS-VIS groups (p = 0.04). While patent, all shunts maintained flow between 60% and 90% of contralateral. CONCLUSION The TS-VIS demonstrated sustained patency superior to the Sundt under adverse hemodynamic conditions. No benefit was observed by the addition of localized heparin therapy over arterial pressure monitoring by the TS-VIS side port.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Stigall
- From the San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium (K.S.S., J.J.S., S.B.T., D.W.S., D.S.K.); General Surgery Service, Brooke Army Medical Center (K.S.S., J.J.S., S.B.T., D.W.S., D.S.K.), Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston; Office of the Chief Scientist (P.E.B., J.M.R.), Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland, Texas; and Vascular Surgery Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University (D.S.K.)
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287
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Syed MI, Gallagher RM, Ahmed RS, Shaikh A, Roberto E, Patel S. t-PA power-pulse spray with rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy using cross-sectional image-guided portal vein access for single setting treatment of subacute superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 28:93-98. [PMID: 29692535 PMCID: PMC5894328 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_215_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Isolated superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal condition if untreated. Current treatments include transjugular or transhepatic approaches for rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy and subsequent infusions of thrombolytics. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) power-pulse spray can provide benefit in a single setting without thrombolytic infusions. Computed tomography (CT) guidance for portal vein access is underutilized in this setting. Materials and Methods: Case 1 discusses acute SMV thrombosis treated with rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy alone using ultrasound guidance for portal vein access. Case 2 discusses subacute SMV thrombosis treated with the addition of t-PA power-pulse spray to the rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy, using CT guidance for portal vein access. Results: With rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy alone, the patient in Case 1 had significant improvement in abdominal pain. Follow-up CT demonstrated no residual SMV thrombosis and the patient continued to do well in long-term follow-up. With the addition of t-PA power-pulse spray to rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy, the patient in Case 2 with subacute SMV thrombosis dramatically improved postprocedure with resolution of abdominal pain. Follow-up imaging demonstrated patency to the SMV and partial resolution of thrombus. The patient continued to do well at 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: Adding t-PA power-pulse spray to rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy can provide benefit in a single setting versus mechanical thrombectomy alone and prevent the need for subsequent infusions of thrombolytic therapy. CT guidance is a useful alternative of localization for portal vein access via the transhepatic route that is nonoperator-dependent and helpful in the case of obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubin I Syed
- Dayton Interventional Radiology, Dayton, Ohio, USA.,Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan M Gallagher
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Rukan S Ahmed
- Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Azim Shaikh
- Dayton Interventional Radiology, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward Roberto
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Sumeet Patel
- Dayton Interventional Radiology, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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288
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Tang W, Zhang J, Kuang LQ, Yi KM, Li CX, Wang Y. Relationship of superior mesenteric artery thrombus density with transmural intestinal necrosis on multidetector computed tomography in acute mesenteric ischemia. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3120-3132. [PMID: 34249639 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia with transmural intestinal necrosis (TIN) is a fatal disease, which is difficult to diagnose on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) thrombus density with TIN on MDCT in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) due to SMA thromboembolism. Methods In this retrospective study, 33 patients who underwent abdominal MDCT and angiography for AMI due to SMA thromboembolism were divided into two groups: the AMI with TIN group and the AMI without TIN group. We analyzed the relationships of clinical characteristics, qualitative MDCT signs, and SMA thrombus density with TIN. The SMA thrombus density was measured on non-contrast MDCT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the risk factors for predicting TIN. The diagnostic performances of risk factors were evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Of the patients with AMI enrolled in this study, 33.3% (11/33) were diagnosed with TIN. Peritonitis (P=0.042), bowel wall thinning (P=0.033), and pneumatosis/portomesenteric gas (P=0.010) were significantly associated with TIN. AMI patients with TIN exhibited a higher SMA thrombus density than AMI patients without TIN [41.2±6.1 vs. 34.2±3.0 Hounsfield unit (HU), P=0.003]. Multivariate analysis showed that SMA thrombus density was an independent predictor of TIN [P=0.044, hazard ratio (HR): 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02-3.25]. For diagnosing AMI with TIN, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of SMA thrombus density (0.83) was larger than those of peritonitis (0.68), bowel wall thinning (0.66), and pneumatosis/portomesenteric gas (0.71). Conclusions In patients with AMI, erythrocyte-rich thrombus blocking the SMA trunk which has a higher density on MDCT is prone to the occurrence of TIN compared with erythrocyte-scarce thrombus with a lower density. SMA thrombus density could be an independent risk factor for TIN in patients with AMI due to SMA thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian-Qin Kuang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun-Ming Yi
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Xue Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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289
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Sun S, Duan Z, Wang X, Chu C, Yang C, Chen F, Wang D, Wang C, Li Q, Ding W. Neutrophil extracellular traps impair intestinal barrier functions in sepsis by regulating TLR9-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:606. [PMID: 34117211 PMCID: PMC8195983 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation has been found to be associated with intestinal inflammation, and it has been reported that NETs may drive the progression of gut dysregulation in sepsis. However, the biological function and regulation of NETs in sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction are not yet fully understood. First, we found that both circulating biomarkers of NETs and local NETs infiltration in the intestine were significantly increased and had positive correlations with markers of enterocyte injury in abdominal sepsis patients. Moreover, the levels of local citrullinated histone 3 (Cit H3) expression were associated with the levels of BIP expression. To further confirm the role of NETs in sepsis-induced intestinal injury, we compared peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice in a lethal septic shock model. In WT mice, the Cit H3-DNA complex was markedly increased, and elevated intestinal inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation were also found. Furthermore, PAD4 deficiency alleviated intestinal barrier disruption and decreased ER stress activation. Notably, NETs treatment induced intestinal epithelial monolayer barrier disruption and ER stress activation in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, and ER stress inhibition markedly attenuated intestinal apoptosis and tight junction injury. Finally, TLR9 antagonist administration significantly abrogated NETs-induced intestinal epithelial cell death through ER stress inhibition. Our results indicated that NETs could contribute to sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by promoting inflammation and apoptosis. Suppression of the TLR9–ER stress signaling pathway can ameliorate NETs-induced intestinal epithelial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Sun
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Intestinal Injury, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zehua Duan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chengnan Chu
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Daojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intestinal Injury, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiurong Li
- Key Laboratory of Intestinal Injury, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China. .,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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290
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Wang L, Wang E, Liu F, Zhang W, Shu X, Guo D, Fu W. A systematic review and meta-analysis on endovascular treatment as an attractive alternative for acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis. Vascular 2021; 30:331-340. [PMID: 33947286 DOI: 10.1177/1708538121991270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the published data on the efficacy and safety of therapies for superior mesenteric venous thrombosis (SMVT), aiming to provide a reference and set of recommendations for clinical treatment. METHODS Relevant databases were searched for studies published from 2000 to June 2020 on SMVT treated with conservative treatment, surgical treatment, or endovascular approach. Different treatment types were grouped for analysis and comparison, and odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The outcomes were pooled using meta-analytic methods and presented by forest plots. RESULTS Eighteen articles, including eight on SMVT patients treated with endovascular therapies, were enrolled. The treatment effectiveness was compared between different groups according to the change of symptoms, the occurrence of complications, and mortality as well. The conservative treatment group had better efficacy compared to the surgery group (89.0% vs. 78.6%, P <0.05), and the one-year survival rate was also higher (94.4% vs. 80.0%, P >0.05), but without statistical significance. As for endovascular treatment, the effectiveness was significantly higher than the surgery group (94.8% vs. 75.2%, P <0.05), and the conservative treatment group as well (93.3% vs. 86.3%, P >0.05), which still requires further research for the lack of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Present findings indicate that anticoagulation, as conservative treatment should be the preferred clinical option in the clinic for SMVT, due to its better curative effect compared to other treatment options, including lower mortality, fewer complications, and better prognosis. Moreover, endovascular treatment is a feasible and promising approach that is worth in-depth research, for it is less invasive than surgery and has relatively better effectiveness, thus can provide an alternative option for SMVT treatment and may be considered as a reliable method in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lixin Wang and Enci Wang have contributed equally to this work
| | - Enci Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lixin Wang and Enci Wang have contributed equally to this work
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Shu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqiao Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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291
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Zhuang X, Chen F, Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Yang X. A rapid preliminary prediction model for intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric ischemia: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:154. [PMID: 33827660 PMCID: PMC8028195 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a life-threatening condition. However, there is no accurate method to predict intestinal necrosis in AMI patients that may facilitate early surgical intervention. This study thus aimed to explore a simple and accurate model to predict intestinal necrosis in patients with AMI. METHODS A single-center retrospective study was performed on the data of 132 AMI patients treated between October 2011 and June 2020. The patients were divided into the intestinal necrosis and non-intestinal necrosis groups. The clinical characteristics and laboratory data were analyzed by univariate analysis, and the variables with statistical significance were further analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The independent predictors of intestinal necrosis were determined and a logistic prediction model was established. Finally, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model in predicting intestinal necrosis were evaluated. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that white blood cell (WBC) count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, neutrophil ratio, prothrombin time (PT), and LnD-dimer were associated with intestinal necrosis. According to logistic regression multivariate analysis, WBC count, BUN level and LnD-dimer were independent predictors of intestinal necrosis. These parameters were used to establish a clinical prediction model of intestinal necrosis (CPMIN) as follows: model score = 0.349 × BUN (mmol/L) + 0.109 × WBC × 109 (109/L) + 0.394 × LnD - Dimer (ug/L) - 7.883. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of the model was 0.889 (95% confidence interval: 0.833-0.944). Model scores greater than - 0.1992 predicted the onset of intestinal necrosis. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of the model were 82.6%, 78.2%, and 88.3%, respectively. The proportion of intestinal necrosis in the high-risk patient group (CPMIN score ≥ - 0.1992) was much greater than that in the low-risk patient group (CPMIN score < - 0.1992; 82.7% vs. 15.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The CPMIN can effectively predict intestinal necrosis and guide early surgical intervention to improve patient prognosis. Patients with AMI who are classified as high-risk should be promptly treated with surgery to avoid the potential complications caused by delayed operation. Patients classified as low-risk group can receive non-surgical treatment. This model may help to lower the morbidity and mortality from AMI. However, this model's accuracy should be validated by larger sample size studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsuo Zhuang
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1367 West Wenyi Rd.Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fumei Chen
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1367 West Wenyi Rd.Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1367 West Wenyi Rd.Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yuanrun Zhu
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1367 West Wenyi Rd.Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Emergency and Trauma Center, The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 1367 West Wenyi Rd.Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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292
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Wu Y, Li H, Zhang T, Bai Z, Xu X, Levi Sandri GB, Wang L, Qi X. Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis in Liver Cirrhosis After Splenectomy or Splenic Artery Embolization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Ther 2021; 38:1904-1930. [PMID: 33687650 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splenectomy and splenic artery embolization are major treatment options for hypersplenism and portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis, but may lead to splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), which is potentially lethal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the incidence of SVT in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy or splenic artery embolization and the risk factors for SVT. METHODS All relevant studies were searched through the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. The incidence of SVT in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy or splenic artery embolization was pooled. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Sixty-six studies with 5632 patients with cirrhosis were included. The pooled incidence of SVT after splenectomy and splenic artery embolization was 24.6% (95% CI 20.2-29.3%) and 11.7% (95% CI 7.1-17.3%), respectively. A meta-analysis of three comparative studies demonstrated that the incidence of SVT after splenectomy was statistically similar to that after splenic artery embolization (OR 3.15, P = 0.290). Platelet count, mean platelet volume, preoperative splenic or portal vein diameter, preoperative or postoperative portal blood velocity, splenic volume and weight, and periesophagogastric devascularization were significant risk factors for SVT after splenectomy. Postoperative use of preventive antithrombotic therapy was a significant protective factor against SVT after splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS SVT is common in liver cirrhosis after splenectomy and splenic artery embolization. Coagulation and hemostasis factors, anatomical factors, and surgery-related factors have been widely identified for the assessment of high risk of SVT after splenectomy. Prophylactic strategy after splenectomy, such as antithrombotic therapy, might be considered in such high-risk patients. STUDY REGISTRATION This study was registered in PROSPERO with a registration number of CRD42019129673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wu
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Postgraduate College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiansong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jing'an District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Bai
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Postgraduate College, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Postgraduate College, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Le Wang
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Postgraduate College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingshun Qi
- Liver Cirrhosis Study Group, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (formerly called General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110840, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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293
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize current evidence on acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) in critically ill patients, addressing pathophysiology, definition, diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS A few recent studies showed that a multidiscipliary approach in specialized centers can improve the outcome of AMI. Such approach incorporates current knowledge in pathophysiology, early diagnosis with triphasic computed tomography (CT)-angiography, immediate endovascular or surgical restoration of mesenteric perfusion, and damage control surgery if transmural bowel infarction is present. No specific biomarkers are available to detect early mucosal injury in clinical setting. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia presents particular challenges, as the diagnosis based on CT-findings as well as vascular management is more difficult; some recent evidence suggests a possible role of potentially treatable stenosis of superior mesenteric artery and beneficial effect of vasodilator therapy (intravenous or local intra-arterial). Medical management of AMI is supportive, including aiming of euvolemia and balanced systemic oxygen demand/delivery. Enteral nutrition should be withheld during ongoing ischemia-reperfusion injury and be started at low rate after revascularization of the (remaining) bowel is convincingly achieved. SUMMARY Clinical suspicion leading to tri-phasic CT-angiography is a mainstay for diagnosis. Diagnosis of nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia and early intestinal injury remains challenging. Multidisciplinary team effort may improve the outcome of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Reintam Blaser
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Acosta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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294
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Ren B, Zou L, He B, Li M. The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639144. [PMID: 33816343 PMCID: PMC8012762 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic, destructive disease of periodontal tissues caused by multifaceted, dynamic interactions. Periodontal bacteria and host immunity jointly contribute to the pathological processes of the disease. The dysbiotic microbial communities elicit an excessive immune response, mainly by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). As one of the main mechanisms of PMN immune response in the oral cavity, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of late-onset periodontitis. NETs are generated and released by neutrophils stimulated by various irritants, such as pathogens, host-derived mediators, and drugs. Chromatin and proteins are the main components of NETs. Depending on the characteristics of the processes, three main pathways of NET formation have been described. NETs can trap and kill pathogens by increased expression of antibacterial components and identifying and trapping bacteria to restrict their spread. Moreover, NETs can promote and reduce inflammation, inflicting injuries on the tissues during the pro-inflammation process. During their long-term encounter with NETs, periodontal bacteria have developed various mechanisms, including breaking down DNA of NETs, degrading antibacterial proteins, and impacting NET levels in the pocket environment to resist the antibacterial function of NETs. In addition, periodontal pathogens can secrete pro-inflammatory factors to perpetuate the inflammatory environment and a friendly growth environment, which are responsible for the progressive tissue damage. By learning the strategies of pathogens, regulating the periodontal concentration of NETs becomes possible. Some practical ways to treat late-onset periodontitis are reducing the concentration of NETs, administering anti-inflammatory therapy, and prescribing broad-spectrum and specific antibacterial agents. This review mainly focuses on the mechanism of NETs, pathogenesis of periodontitis, and potential therapeutic approaches based on interactions between NETs and periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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295
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Acosta S, Gonçalves FB. Management of Spontaneous Isolated Mesenteric Artery Dissection: A Systematic Review. Scand J Surg 2021; 110:130-138. [PMID: 33724090 PMCID: PMC8258720 DOI: 10.1177/14574969211000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims: There are increasing reports on case series on spontaneous isolated mesenteric artery dissection, that is, dissections of the superior mesenteric artery and celiac artery, mainly due to improved diagnostic capacity of high-resolution computed tomography angiography performed around the clock. A few case–control studies are now available, while randomized controlled trials are awaited. Material and Methods: The present systematic review based on 97 original studies offers a comprehensive overview on risk factors, management, conservative therapy, morphological modeling of dissection, and prognosis. Results and Conclusions: Male gender, hypertension, and smoking are risk factors for isolated mesenteric artery dissection, while the frequency of diabetes mellitus is reported to be low. Large aortomesenteric angle has also been considered to be a factor for superior mesenteric artery dissection. The overwhelming majority of patients can be conservatively treated without the need of endovascular or open operations. Conservative therapy consists of blood pressure lowering therapy, analgesics, and initial bowel rest, whereas there is no support for antithrombotic agents. Complete remodeling of the dissection after conservative therapy was found in 43% at mid-term follow-up. One absolute indication for surgery and endovascular stenting of the superior mesenteric artery is development of peritonitis due to bowel infarction, which occurs in 2.1% of superior mesenteric artery dissections and none in celiac artery dissections. The most documented end-organ infarction in celiac artery dissections is splenic infarctions, which occurs in 11.2%, and is a condition that should be treated conservatively. The frequency of ruptured pseudoaneurysm in the superior mesenteric artery and celiac artery dissection is very rare, 0.4%, and none of these patients were in shock at presentation. Endovascular therapy with covered stents should be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Acosta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Vascular Center, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - F B Gonçalves
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central and NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
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296
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Berek P, Kopolovets I, Dzsinich C, Bober J, Štefanič P, Sihotský V. Interdisciplinary Management of Visceral Artery Aneurysms and Visceral Artery Pseudoaneurysms. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2021; 63:43-48. [PMID: 32422115 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of treating 14 patients, namely eight patients with visceral artery aneurysms and six patients with visceral artery pseudoaneurysms. In 64.3% of the patients, the initial diagnosis was made based on the ultrasound examination. All the patients (100%) underwent CT angiography, while angiography was performed in 71.4% of the cases. Five (35.7%) patients with visceral artery pseudoaneurysms were emergently hospitalized; among them, the signs of bleeding were observed in 2 patients. In 9 patients, pathology was detected during tests for other conditions. Five (35.7%) patients underwent endovascular treatment, while 9 (64.3%) patients received surgical treatment. Endovascular interventions and open surgery demonstrated a nil mortality rate. After endovascular treatment, stent thrombosis was found in 1 patient. In the case of surgical treatment, visceral artery aneurysm was observed in 1 patient who underwent the resection of superior mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysm. Conclusions. The choice of the method of treating visceral artery aneurysms and visceral artery pseudoaneurysms depends on the location, size, anatomic features of the visceral arteries and the clinical course of the disease. Both endovascular and surgical treatment demonstrate good postoperative outcomes. Visceral ischemia is one of the most serious complications in the postoperative period, which can complicate both the diagnosis and the choice of treatment tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Berek
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Kopolovets
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic. .,Uzhhorod National University, Medical Faculty, Department of Surgical Diseases, Uzhhorod, Ukraine.
| | - Csaba Dzsinich
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery at the National Institute of Health of Hungary, Budapest
| | - Juraj Bober
- 1st Department of Surgery, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Štefanič
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Sihotský
- Clinic of Vascular Surgery, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
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297
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Yao W, Feng Y, Liu T, Li W, Zhang M, Yao Y, Wu S. Rivaroxaban versus low-molecular weight heparin plus warfarin prevents portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy and pericardial devascularization: A randomized clinical trial. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:537-549. [PMID: 33883982 PMCID: PMC8056059 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban in preventing portal vein system thrombosis (PVST) in patients with liver cirrhosis after splenectomy and pericardial devascularization. 70 cirrhotic patients undergoing splenectomy and pericardial devascularization were randomly assigned to rivaroxaban treatment (n=35) or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) plus warfarin treatment (n=35) for 30 days in this randomized controlled trial. The primary endpoint is the PVST formation. Ultrasound doctors and radiologists were blinded to the randomization results. Both groups received routine outpatient inspection every month and were followed for one year. 17 patients (48.6 %) in rivaroxaban group developed PVST, compared with 27 patients (77.1 %) in LMWH plus warfarin group (P=0.025). The incidence of PVST during the first year postoperation was significantly lower in rivaroxaban group than in LMWH plus warfarin group (F=7.901, P=0.006). The intra-group comparisons versus baseline showed the liver function improved from POD 21 to POM 1, and coagulation function improved from POM 2, in rivaroxaban group. In contrast, the liver function improved from POM 1 to POM 2, and coagulation function improved from POM 4, in LMWH plus warfarin group. The prophylactic use of rivaroxaban significantly decreases the incidence of PVST after splenectomy and pericardial devascularization in cirrhotic patients compared to LMWH plus warfarin treatment. Besides, rivaroxaban treatment was safe and effective and associated with better liver and coagulation functions improvement than LMWH plus warfarin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Baoji Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, 4 Qingjiang Road, Baoji, Shaanxi 721006, P.R. China
| | - Yongan Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Baoji Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, 4 Qingjiang Road, Baoji, Shaanxi 721006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Baoji Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, 4 Qingjiang Road, Baoji, Shaanxi 721006, P.R. China
| | - Wujun Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, 48 Fenghao West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, PR China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingmin Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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298
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Wu W, Zhou Z. A Comprehensive Way to Access Hospital Death Prediction Model for Acute Mesenteric Ischemia: A Combination of Traditional Statistics and Machine Learning. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:591-602. [PMID: 33658832 PMCID: PMC7920592 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to use traditional statistics and machine learning to develop and validate prediction models for predicting hospital death in patients with AMI and compare these models' performance. Patients and Methods Data were retrieved from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC III) electronic clinical database. A total of 338 eligible AMI patients were divided into a training cohort (n = 238) and a validation cohort (n = 100), and all patients were divided into survival groups and nonsurvival groups according to patients' hospital outcomes. The performance of the traditional statistics prediction model and the optimal machine learning prediction model was evaluated and compared with respect to discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility in the validation cohort. Results Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified the following independent risk factors associated with hospital death for AMI in the training cohort, including diastolic blood pressure, blood lactate, blood creatinine, age, blood pH, and red blood cell distribution width. Both the nomogram (AUC = 77.0%, 67.9-86.1%) and optimal machine learning model (AUC = 82.9%, 74.9-91.0%) achieved good discrimination and calibration in the validation cohort. Decision curves analysis showed that the optimal machine learning model has a greater net benefit than that of nomogram in this study. Conclusion The nomogram achieved a concise and relatively accurate prediction of hospital death in patients with AMI, the machine learning model also has good discrimination and seems to have better clinical utility. Traditional statistics may help infer the relationship between risk factors and hospital death, while machine learning may contribute to a more accurate prediction. Traditional statistics and machine learning are complementary in developing the prediction model for hospital death of AMI. Therefore, a combination of nomogram-machine learning (Nomo-ML) predictive model may improve care and help clinicians make AMI management-related decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Wu
- Institute of Digestive Surgery of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Surgery of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan
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299
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Protective effect of ethyl pyruvate on gut barrier function through regulations of ROS-related NETs formation during sepsis. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:108-116. [PMID: 33581408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis impairs the function of the intestinal barrier through neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in NET formation. Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a potent and effective ROS scavenger, ameliorates sepsis-associated intestinal barrier dysfunction, but the detailed mechanism is unknown. The current study aimed to explore the eff ;ects of EP on sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and whether ROS and NETs were involved. METHODS A sepsis model was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). The mice were divided into 4 groups: (1) sham group; (2) LPS group; (3) DNase-1 + LPS group; and (4) EP + LPS group. EP or DNase-1 was intraperitoneally injected after the LPS model was established. After 24 h, the small intestine and blood were collected for analysis. Human neutrophils were harvested and incubated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or PMA + EP, and ROS and NET generation was measured. RESULTS EP significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines and MPO-DNA in the LPS model. In addition, EP suppressed NET formation in the intestines of endotoxemic mice. The decrease in NETs induced by EP or DNase-1 alleviated histopathological damage, intestinal cell apoptosis and increased tight junction expression. In vitro, the treatment of EP abolished PMA-induced ROS production and NET formation which could be reversed by H2O2 treatment. Meanwhile, EP also abolished MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 activation during PMA-induced NET formation. CONCLUSION This study was the first to demonstrate that EP alleviated NET formation and sepsis-induced intestinal damage through blockage of ROS mediated MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 activation.
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300
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Deng L, Deng T, Luo D, Deng Z, Peng C, Chen G, Xiong G. A new modified canine model of portal vein thrombosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:265-268. [PMID: 33382072 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dongyang Luo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhihe Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Changtie Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guozuo Xiong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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