Effect of Endovascular Treatment Alone vs Intravenous Alteplase Plus Endovascular Treatment on Functional Independence in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: The DEVT Randomized Clinical Trial

Need for a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: The Blood-Brain Barrier

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential to maintaining brain health. Aging-related alterations could lead to chronic progressive leakiness of the BBB, which is directly correlated with cerebrovascular diseases. Indeed, the BBB breakdown during acute ischemic stroke is critical. It remains unclear, however, whether BBB dysfunction is one of the first events that leads to brain disease or a down-stream consequence. This review will focus on the BBB dysfunction associated with cerebrovascular disease. An added difficulty is its association with the deleterious or reparative effect, which depends on the stroke phase. We will first outline the BBB structure and function. Then, we will focus on the spatiotemporal chronic, slow, and progressive BBB alteration related to ischemic stroke. Finally, we will propose a new perspective on preventive therapeutic strategies associated with brain aging based on targeting specific components of the BBB. Understanding BBB age-evolutions will be beneficial for new drug development and the identification of the best performance window times. This could have a direct impact on clinical translation and personalised medicine.

Bridging intravenous thrombolysis in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background and purpose

40% of acute ischemic stroke patients treated by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) have a clinical history of atrial fibrillation (AF). The safety of bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) (MT + IVT) is currently being discussed. We aimed to analyze the interaction between oral anticoagulation (OAC) status or AF with bridging IVT, regarding the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and functional outcome.

Materials and Methods

Multicentric observational cohort study (BEYOND-SWIFT registry) of consecutive patients undergoing MT between 2010 and 2018 (n = 2,941). Multinomial regression models were adjusted for prespecified baseline and plausible pathophysiological covariates identified on a univariate analysis to assess the association of AF and OAC status with sICH and good outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale score 0-2).

Results

In the total cohort (median age 74, 50.6% women), 1,347 (45.8%) patients had AF. Higher admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (aOR 1.04 [95% 1.02-1.06], per point of increase) and prior medication with Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) (aOR 2.19 [95% 1.27-3.66]) were associated with sICH. Neither AF itself (aOR 0.71 [95% 0.41-1.24]) nor bridging IVT (aOR 1.08 [0.67-1.75]) were significantly associated with increased sICH. Receiving bridging IVT (aOR 1.61 [95% 1.24-2.11]) was associated with good 90-day outcome, with no interaction between AF and IVT (p = 0.92).

Conclusion

Bridging IVT appears to be a reasonable clinical option in selected patients with AF. Given the increased sICH risk in patients with VKA, subgroup analysis of the randomized controlled trials should analyze whether patients with VKA might benefit from withholding bridging IVT.

Registration

clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03496064.

Alteplase or tenecteplase for thrombolysis in ischemic stroke: An illustrated review

Intravenous thrombolysis is a standard of care treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been the main thrombolytic agent used since the publication of the seminal National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trial in 1995. There is now mounting evidence to support the routine use of Tenecteplase (TNK) to treat acute ischemic stroke. TNK is a genetically modified tPA with higher fibrin specificity, longer half-life, and reduced systemic coagulopathy. In this illustrated review, we compare the indications, doses, mechanisms of action, efficacy and safety of TNK and tPA. We provide an overview of published clinical trials studying TNK in acute ischemic stroke, including dose-escalation studies and head-to-head comparisons with tPA. Finally, we summarize current acute stroke guideline recommendations and suggest treatment algorithms to manage the two main complications of intravenous thrombolysis: symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and angioedema.

Predictors of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular treatment for acute large vessel occlusion: data from ANGEL-ACT registry

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) is a catastrophic complication of endovascular treatment (EVT) for large vessel occlusion (LVO). We aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of SICH after EVT. Patients were selected from the ANGEL-ACT registry. We diagnosed SICH according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the independent predictors of SICH. Of the 1283 patients, SICH was observed in 116 patients (9.0%). On multivariable analysis, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) > 12 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-3.11, P = 0.018), admission Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) < 6 (OR = 2.98, 95%CI: 1.68-5.29, P < 0.001), general anesthesia (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.20-2.71, P = 0.004), prior intravenous thrombolysis (OR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.04-2.40, P = 0.031), number of mechanical thrombectomy passes > 2 (OR = 1.68, 95%CI: 1.10-2.57, P = 0.016), and procedure duration > 96 min (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.20-2.77, P = 0.005) were associated with high risk of SICH, whereas SICH was negatively associated with underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease (OR = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.26-0.79, P = 0.021). The incidence of SICH after EVT for anterior LVO was 9.0% in ANGEL-ACT registry. Our study identified some predictors, which may assist doctors in identifying LVO patients with a high risk of SICH and making the optimal peri-procedural management strategies for such patients.

Analysis of Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients with Hyperacute Ischemic Stroke Treated Using Thrombolytic Therapy: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study in South Korea

This study investigated the impact of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on the cumulative mortality of patients with hyperacute ischemic stroke. This population-based retrospective cohort study used claims data from the National Health Insurance Service customized database of South Korea. The recruitment period was 2005−2018. The study population included patients with hyperacute ischemic stroke who had received intravenous thrombolysis. The primary endpoint was 12-month cumulative mortality, which was analyzed in both the ICH and no-ICH groups. Of the 50,550 patients included, 2567 (5.1%) and 47,983 (94.9%) belonged to the ICH and no-ICH groups, respectively. In the univariable analysis for 12-month mortality, ICH patients were substantially more prevalent among dead patients than among patients who survived (11.6% versus 3.6%; p < 0.001). The overall 12-month cumulative mortality rate was 18.8%. Mortality in the ICH group was higher than that in the no-ICH group (42.8% versus 17.5%; p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, the risk of 12-month cumulative mortality was 2.97 times higher in the ICH group than in the no-ICH group (95% confidence interval, 2.79−3.16). The risk of 12-month cumulative mortality in hyperacute ischemic stroke can increase approximately threefold after the occurrence of spontaneous ICH following intravenous thrombolysis.

Predictors of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction after endovascular thrombectomy: results of DIRECT-MT trial

OBJECTIVES

Predictors of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (mMCAi) in patients after intravenous thrombolysis were well documented, but the risk factors of mMCAi after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) were not fully explored. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the predictors of mMCAi after EVT in stroke patients.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis of the DIRECT-MT trial. Patients who underwent EVT for the occlusions of MCA and/or intracranial internal carotid artery were analyzed. Primary outcome was the occurrence of mMCAi after EVT. Demographic, clinical, imaging, and treatment data were recorded, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors. All of the candidate predictors were included, and forward elimination was applied to establish the most effective predictive model. Predictive ability and calibration of the model were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow test, respectively.

RESULTS

Of 559 enrolled patients, 74 (13.2%) patients developed mMCAi. Predictors of mMCAi included unsuccessful reperfusion, higher serum glucose, lower Alberta Stroke Project Early Computed Tomography Change Score (ASPECTS), higher clot burden score (CBS), lower collateral score, and higher pass number of thrombectomy device. AUC of predictive model integrating all independent variables was 0.836. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed appropriate calibration (p = 0.859).

CONCLUSIONS

Reperfusion, serum glucose, ASPECTS, CBS, collateral, and pass number of thrombectomy device were associated with the occurrence of mMCAi in stroke patients after EVT, while alteplase treatment was not. Our findings might facilitate the early identification and management of stroke patients at a high risk of mMCAi.

KEY POINTS

• A total of 13.2% of stroke patients with large vessel occlusion of anterior circulation developed mMCAi after EVT. • The occurrence of mMCAi had a definite negative impact on the outcome for stroke patients. • Reperfusion, serum glucose, ASPECTS, CBS, collateral score, and the pass number of thrombectomy device were associated with the occurrence of mMCAi after EVT in stroke patients.

CT Hyperdense Artery Sign and the Effect of Alteplase in Endovascular Thrombectomy after Acute Stroke

Background Recent evidence suggests that presence of an intracranial arterial thrombus with a hyperdense artery sign (HAS) at noncontrast CT (NCCT) is associated with better response to intravenous alteplase. Patients with HAS may benefit more from combined intravenous alteplase and endovascular treatment (EVT). Purpose To investigate whether HAS at NCCT modifies the treatment effect of adding intravenous alteplase on clinical outcome in patients with acute large-vessel occlusion undergoing EVT. Materials and Methods This study is a secondary analysis of a prospective randomized trial (Direct Intra-arterial thrombectomy in order to Revascularize AIS patients with large-vessel occlusion Efficiently in Chinese Tertiary hospitals: A Multicenter randomized clinical Trial [DIRECT-MT]), which compared adding alteplase to EVT versus EVT alone in participants with acute large-vessel occlusion between February 2018 and July 2019. Participants with catheter angiograms and adequate NCCT for HAS evaluation were included. HAS was determined visually by two independent investigators at baseline NCCT. Treatment effect of intravenous alteplase administration according to presence of HAS on the primary clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score at 90 days) and secondary and safety outcomes were assessed using adjusted multivariable regression models. Results Among 633 included participants (356 men [56%]; median age, 69 years), HAS was observed in 283 participants (45%): 142 of 313 participants (45%) in the EVT-only group and 141 of 320 participants (44%) in the group with added intravenous alteplase. Treatment-by-HAS interaction was observed for the primary outcome (P < .001), whereby a shift in favor of better outcomes with added intravenous alteplase occurred in participants with HAS (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.79), while an adverse effect was seen in participants without HAS (adjusted OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.91). This also held true for three secondary outcomes (excellent outcome [mRS score of 0-1 at 90 days], P = .005; good outcome [mRS score of 0-2 at 90 days], P = .008; final successful reperfusion, P = .04) in the adjusted models. Conclusion After acute ischemic stroke, presence of hyperdense artery sign (HAS) at baseline noncontrast CT indicated better outcomes when alteplase was added to endovascular treatment, but adding alteplase to endovascular treatment resulted in worse outcomes in participants without HAS. Clinical trial registration no. NCT03469206 © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients with stroke: an open-label, blinded-outcome, randomised non-inferiority trial

BACKGROUND

Whether thrombectomy alone is equally as effective as intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy remains controversial. We aimed to determine whether thrombectomy alone would be non-inferior to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in patients presenting with acute ischaemic stroke.

METHODS

In this multicentre, randomised, open-label, blinded-outcome trial in Europe and Canada, we recruited patients with stroke due to large vessel occlusion confirmed with CT or magnetic resonance angiography admitted to endovascular centres. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a centralised web server using a deterministic minimisation method to receive stent-retriever thrombectomy alone or intravenous alteplase plus stent-retriever thrombectomy. In both groups, thrombectomy was initiated as fast as possible with any commercially available Solitaire stent-retriever revascularisation device (Medtronic, Irvine, CA, USA). In the combined treatment group, intravenous alteplase (0·9 mg/kg bodyweight, maximum dose 90 mg per patient) was administered as early as possible after randomisation for 60 min with 10% of the calculated dose given as an initial bolus. Personnel assessing the primary outcome were masked to group allocation; patients and treating physicians were not. The primary binary outcome was a score of 2 or less on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days. We assessed the non-inferiority of thrombectomy alone versus intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy in all randomly assigned and consenting patients using the one-sided lower 95% confidence limit of the Mantel-Haenszel risk difference, with a prespecified non-inferiority margin of 12%. The main safety endpoint was symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage assessed in all randomly assigned and consenting participants. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03192332, and is closed to new participants.

FINDINGS

Between Nov 29, 2017, and May 7, 2021, 5215 patients were screened and 423 were randomly assigned, of whom 408 (201 thrombectomy alone, 207 intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy) were included in the primary efficacy analysis. A modified Rankin scale score of 0-2 at 90 days was reached by 114 (57%) of 201 patients assigned to thrombectomy alone and 135 (65%) of 207 patients assigned to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy (adjusted risk difference -7·3%, 95% CI -16·6 to 2·1, lower limit of one-sided 95% CI -15·1%, crossing the non-inferiority margin of -12%). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage occurred in five (2%) of 201 patients undergoing thrombectomy alone and seven (3%) of 202 patients receiving intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy (risk difference -1·0%, 95% CI -4·8 to 2·7). Successful reperfusion was less common in patients assigned to thrombectomy alone (182 [91%] of 201 vs 199 [96%] of 207, risk difference -5·1%, 95% CI -10·2 to 0·0, p=0·047).

INTERPRETATION

Thrombectomy alone was not shown to be non-inferior to intravenous alteplase plus thrombectomy and resulted in decreased reperfusion rates. These results do not support omitting intravenous alteplase before thrombectomy in eligible patients.

FUNDING

Medtronic and University Hospital Bern.

Endovascular thrombectomy versus standard bridging thrombolytic with endovascular thrombectomy within 4·5 h of stroke onset: an open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised non-inferiority trial

BACKGROUND

The benefit of combined treatment with intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular thrombectomy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion remains unclear. We hypothesised that the clinical outcomes of patients with stroke with large vessel occlusion treated with direct endovascular thrombectomy within 4·5 h would be non-inferior compared with the outcomes of those treated with standard bridging therapy (intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular thrombectomy).

METHODS

DIRECT-SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Adult patients with stroke and large vessel occlusion in the intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery (M1 or M2), or basilar artery, confirmed by non-contrast CT and vascular imaging, and who presented within 4·5 h of stroke onset were recruited from 25 acute-care hospitals in Australia, New Zealand, China, and Vietnam. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via a web-based, computer-generated randomisation procedure stratified by site of baseline arterial occlusion and by geographic region to direct endovascular thrombectomy or bridging therapy. Patients assigned to bridging therapy received intravenous thrombolytic (alteplase or tenecteplase) as per standard care at each site; endovascular thrombectomy was also per standard of care, using the Trevo device (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, CA, USA) as first-line intervention. Personnel assessing outcomes were masked to group allocation; patients and treating physicians were not. The primary efficacy endpoint was functional independence defined as modified Rankin Scale score 0-2 or return to baseline at 90 days, with a non-inferiority margin of -0·1, analysed by intention to treat (including all randomly assigned and consenting patients) and per protocol. The intention-to-treat population was included in the safety analyses. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03494920, and is closed to new participants.

FINDINGS

Between June 2, 2018, and July 8, 2021, 295 patients were randomly assigned to direct endovascular thrombectomy (n=148) or bridging therapy (n=147). Functional independence occurred in 80 (55%) of 146 patients in the direct thrombectomy group and 89 (61%) of 147 patients in the bridging therapy group (intention-to-treat risk difference -0·051, two-sided 95% CI -0·160 to 0·059; per-protocol risk difference -0·062, two-sided 95% CI -0·173 to 0·049). Safety outcomes were similar between groups, with symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage occurring in two (1%) of 146 patients in the direct group and one (1%) of 147 patients in the bridging group (adjusted odds ratio 1·70, 95% CI 0·22-13·04) and death in 22 (15%) of 146 patients in the direct group and 24 (16%) of 147 patients in the bridging group (adjusted odds ratio 0·92, 95% CI 0·46-1·84).

INTERPRETATION

We did not show non-inferiority of direct endovascular thrombectomy compared with bridging therapy. The additional information from our study should inform guidelines to recommend bridging therapy as standard treatment.

FUNDING

Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Stryker USA.

Moderate Ethanol-Preconditioning Offers Ischemic Tolerance Against Focal Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion: Role of Large Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel

The mechanism underlying moderate ethanol (EtOH)-preconditioning (PC) against ischemic brain injury remains unclear. We evaluated the role of large conductance calcium-sensitive potassium (BK_Ca) channels in EtOH-PC. Almost one hundred and ninety normal adult SD rats (8 to 10 weeks, 320-350 g) were enrolled in this study. Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. EtOH or the BK_Ca channel opener, NS11021, was administered 24 h before I/R with or without pre-treatment with the BK_Ca channel blocker, paxilline. Infarct volumes were measured by tissue staining and imaging, and neurological functions were assessed by a scoring system. The expression of BK_Ca channel subunit α was detected by Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was assessed using staining. Prior (24 h) administration of ethanol that produced a peak plasma concentration of ~ 45 mg/dl in rats would offer neuroprotection after cerebral I/R. In addition, the expression of BK_Ca channel α-subunit was significantly increased 24 h after EtOH-PC (n = 10; control: 2.00 ± 0.09, EtOH: 1.00 ± 0.06; P < 0.5). Compared to I/R, EtOH-PC enhanced the expression of BK_Ca channel α-subunit both in the penumbra (n = 10; 24 h: I/R: 1.25 ± 0.10, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.99 ± 0.12; P < 0.01; 4 h: I/R: 1.03 ± 0.03, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.49 ± 0.05; P < 0.001) and infarct core (n = 10; 4 h: I/R: 1.04 ± 0.04, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.42 ± 0.05; P < 0.001), improved the neurological function (n = 10; I/R: 14.00 (12.75-15.00), EtOH-PC + I/R: 7.00 (4.75-8.25); P < 0.001), attenuated the apoptosis (n = 10; I/R: 26.80 ± 0.69, EtOH-PC + I/R: 8.46 ± 0.31; P < 0.001), and decreased the infarct volume (n = 10; I/R: 244.00 ± 26.24, EtOH-PC + I/R: 70.09 ± 14.69; P < 0.001) after experimental cerebral I/R. These changes were reversed by paxilline administration. The moderate EtOH-PC protects against I/R-induced brain damage dependent on the upregulation BK_Ca channels.

Comparison of Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke Initially Imaged With Cranial Computed Tomography Alone vs Computed Tomography Plus Magnetic Resonance Imaging

IMPORTANCE

Patients with acute ischemic stroke often undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to computed tomography (CT), but its association with clinical outcomes is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether clinical outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke with initial CT alone were noninferior to those with additional MRI.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A retrospective observational propensity score-matched cohort study of clinical outcomes at discharge and 1 year for patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke was conducted at an academic medical center between January 2015 and December 2017. Data collection from an electronic medical record system performed from May 2020 through January 2022 was not completely blinded. Noninferiority margins were based on the designs of previous randomized clinical trials of ischemic stroke treatments. Statistical analysis was performed in January 2022. Participants were adults hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke with admission diagnosis based on CT. Exclusion criteria were primarily missing data. From 508 eligible patients, all 123 cases with additional MRI were propensity-score matched to 123 controls without.

EXPOSURE

MRI after initial diagnosis.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Death or dependence at hospital discharge (modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6) and stroke or death occurring in survivors within 1 year after discharge.

RESULTS

Among 246 participants, the median age was 68 years (IQR, 58-78.8 years) and 131 (53.0%) were men. Death or dependence at discharge occurred more often in patients with additional MRI (59 of 123 [48.0%]) than in those with CT alone (52 of 123 [42.3%]; absolute difference, 5.7%; 95% CI, -6.7% to 18.1%), meeting the -7.50% criterion for noninferiority. Stroke or death within 1 year after discharge determined for 225 of 235 (96%) survivors occurred more often in patients with additional MRI (22 of 113 [19.5%]) than in those with CT alone (14 of 112 [12.5%]; relative risk, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.86-1.50), meeting the 0.725 relative risk criterion for noninferiority.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This propensity score-matched cohort study of patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke found that a diagnostic imaging strategy of initial CT alone was noninferior to initial CT plus additional MRI with regard to clinical outcomes at discharge and at 1 year. Further research is needed to determine which patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke benefit from MRI.

Predictive Factors for Clinical Outcome After Direct Mechanical Thrombectomy for Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Within 4.5 h

Background

Recent trials including DIRECT-MT, DEVT, and SKIP have found that direct mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is equally effective as the combination of MT and intravenous thrombolysis. However, the results of the other trials, namely MR-CLEAN NO-IV and the SWIFT-DIRECT trial have failed to confirm the non-inferiority of direct MT vs. the combination therapy.

Aim

We aimed to identify prognostic factors of direct MT for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion within 4.5 h.

Materials and Methods

Data from January 2018 to January 2022 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Adult patients with confirmed anterior circulation large vessel occlusion within 4.5 h of onset with baseline NIHSS of ≥6 and baseline ASPECTS of ≥6 treated using direct MT within 6 h were recruited.

Results

A total of 140 patients were enrolled in the study with a median age of 65.5 years [interquartile range (IQR), 59-76.5], median baseline NIHSS of 13.5 (IQR, 11-16), and median baseline ASPECTS of 8 (IQR, 7-8). Direct MT was feasible in all patients (100%). Successful reperfusion (mTICI 2b-3) was achieved in 124/140 patients (88.6%) with a low rate of complications (8/140, 5.7%). Any type of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and symptomatic ICH occurred in 44/140 (31.4%) and 5/140 (3.6%), respectively. Overall, a good outcome (mRS 0-2) was achieved in 93/140 (66.4%), and the mortality rate was 9.3% (13/140 patients). Using multivariate analysis, lower age [odds ratio (OR), 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00; P = 0.05], low baseline NIHSS (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.92; P = 0.00), and absence of ICH (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.81; P = 0.02) were independently associated with favorable outcome. Independent predictors of mortality were baseline NIHSS (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46; P = 0.04), successful reperfusion (OR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.00-0.58; P = 0.02), and ICH (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.75; P = 0.02). Further analysis showed that the median mRS at 90 days was significantly better in the MCA occlusion group compared to the ICA plus M1 occlusion group [1 (IQR 0-3) vs. 2 (IQR 1-4); P = 0.05].

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that direct thrombectomy may be an adequate clinical option for younger patients (≤70) experiencing proximal middle artery occlusion within 4.5 h and who have low baseline NIHSS (≤14).

Machine Learning-Based Model for Prediction of Hemorrhage Transformation in Acute Ischemic Stroke After Alteplase

Hemorrhage transformation (HT) is the most dreaded complication of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The prediction of HT after IVT is important in the treatment decision-making for AIS. We designed and compared different machine learning methods, capable of predicting HT in AIS after IVT. A total of 345 AIS patients who received intravenous alteplase between January 2016 and June 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The demographic characteristics, clinical condition, biochemical data, and neuroimaging variables were included for analysis. HT was confirmed by head computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 48 h after IVT. Based on the neuroimaging results, all of the patients were divided into the non-HT group and the HT group. Then, the variables were applied in logistic regression (LR) and random forest (RF) algorithms to establish HT prediction models. To evaluate the accuracy of the machine learning models, the models were compared to several of the common scales used in clinics, including the multicenter stroke survey (MSS) score, safe implementation of treatments in stroke (SITS) score, and SEDAN score. The performance of these prediction models was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Forty-five patients had HT (13.0%) within 48 h after IVT. The ROC curve results showed that the AUCs of HT that were predicted by the RF model, LR model, MSS, SITS, and SEDAN scales after IVT were 0.795 (95% CI, 0.647–0.944), 0.703 (95% CI, 0.515–0.892), 0.657 (95% CI, 0.574–0.741), 0.660 (95% CI, 0.580–0.740) and 0.655 (95% CI, 0.571–0.739), respectively. The RF model performed better than the other models and scales. The top four most influential factors in the RF importance matrix plot were triglyceride, Lpa, the baseline NIHSS, and hemoglobin. The SHapley Additive exPlanation values made the RF prediction model clinically interpretable. In this study, an RF machine learning method was successfully established to predict HT in AIS patients after intravenous alteplase, which the sensitivity was 66.7%, and the specificity was 80.7%.

Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Alteplase before Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Pooled Analysis with Focus on the Elderly

Current guidelines advocate intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for all patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). We evaluated outcomes with and without IVT pretreatment. Our institutional protocols allow AIS patients presenting early (<4 h from onset or last seen normal) who have an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) ≥6 to undergo EVT without IVT pretreatment if the endovascular team is in the hospital (direct EVT). Rates of recanalization and hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurological outcomes were retrospectively compared in consecutive patients undergoing IVT+EVT vs. direct EVT with subanalyses in those ≥80 years and ≥85 years. In the overall cohort (IVT+EVT = 147, direct EVT = 162), and in subsets of patients ≥80 years (IVT+EVT = 51, direct EVT = 50) and ≥85 years (IVT+EVT = 19, direct EVT = 32), the IVT+EVT cohort and the direct EVT group had similar baseline characteristics, underwent EVT after a comparable interval from symptom onset, and reached similar rates of target vessel recanalization. No differences were observed in the HT frequency, or in disability at discharge or after 90 days. Patients receiving direct EVT underwent more stenting of the carotid artery due to stenosis during the EVT procedure (22% vs. 6%, p = 0.001). Direct EVT and IVT+EVT had comparable neurological outcomes in the overall cohort and in the subgroups of patients ≥80 and ≥85 years, suggesting that direct EVT should be considered in patients with an elevated risk for HT.

Intravenous tPA (Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator) Correlates With Favorable Venous Outflow Profiles in Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

Intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) is often administered before endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Recent studies have questioned whether tPA is necessary given the high rates of arterial recanalization achieved by EVT, but whether tPA impacts venous outflow (VO) is unknown. We investigated whether tPA improves VO profiles on baseline computed tomography (CT) angiography (CTA) images before EVT.

METHODS

Retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion undergoing EVT triage. Included patients underwent CT, CTA, and CT perfusion before EVT. VO profiles were determined by opacification of the vein of Labbé, sphenoparietal sinus, and superficial middle cerebral vein on CTA as 0, not visible; 1, moderate opacification; and 2, full. Pial arterial collaterals were graded on CTA, and tissue-level collaterals were assessed on CT perfusion using the hypoperfusion intensity ratio. Clinical and demographic data were determined from the electronic medical record. Using multivariable regression analysis, we determined the correlation between tPA administration and favorable VO profiles.

RESULTS

Seven hundred seventeen patients met inclusion criteria. Three hundred sixty-five patients received tPA (tPA+), while 352 patients were not treated with tPA (tPA-). Fewer tPA+ patients had atrial fibrillation (n=128 [35%] versus n=156 [44%]; P=0.012) and anticoagulants/antiplatelet treatment before acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion onset (n=130 [36%] versus n=178 [52%]; P<0.001) compared with tPA- patients. One hundred eighty-five patients (51%) in the tPA+ and 100 patients (28%) in the tPA- group exhibited favorable VO (P<0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that tPA administration was a strong independent predictor of favorable VO profiles (OR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.7-4.0]; P<0.001) after control for favorable pial arterial CTA collaterals, favorable tissue-level collaterals on CT perfusion, age, presentation National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, antiplatelet/anticoagulant treatment, history of atrial fibrillation and time from symptom onset to imaging.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion undergoing thrombectomy triage, tPA administration was strongly associated with the presence of favorable VO profiles.

Outcomes After Endovascular Thrombectomy With or Without Alteplase in Routine Clinical Practice

Importance

The effectiveness and safety of intravenous alteplase given before or concurrently with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is uncertain. Randomized clinical trials suggest there is little difference in outcomes but with only modest precision and insufficient power to analyze uncommon outcomes including symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).

Objective

To determine whether 8 prespecified outcomes are different in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated in routine clinical practice with EVT with alteplase compared with patients treated with EVT alone without alteplase. It was hypothesized that alteplase would be associated with higher risk of sICH.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was an observational cohort study conducted from February 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020, that included adult patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with EVT within 6 hours of time last known well, after excluding patients without information on discharge destination and patients with in-hospital stroke. Participants were recruited from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke, a large nationwide registry of patients with acute ischemic stroke from 555 hospitals in the US.

Exposures

Intravenous alteplase or no alteplase.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prespecified outcomes were discharge destination, independent ambulation at discharge, modified Rankin score at discharge, discharge mortality, cerebral reperfusion according to modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade, and sICH.

Results

There were 15 832 patients treated with EVT (median [IQR] age, 72.0 [61.0-82.0] years; 7932 women [50.1%]); 10 548 (66.7%) received alteplase and 5284 (33.4%) did not. Patients treated with alteplase were younger, arrived via Emergency Medical Services sooner, were less likely to have certain comorbidities, including atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and diabetes, but had similar National Institutes of Health Stroke Severity (NIHSS) scores. Compared with patients who did not receive alteplase treatment, patients treated with alteplase were less likely to die (11.1% [1173 of 10 548 patients] vs 13.9% [734 of 5284 patients]; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77-0.89; P < .001), more likely to have no major disability based on modified Rankin scale of 2 or less at discharge (28.5% [2415 of 8490 patients] vs 20.7% [894 of 4322 patients]; aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28-1.45; P < .001), and to have better reperfusion based on modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade 2b or greater (90.9% [8474 of 9318 patients] vs 88.0% [4140 of 4705 patients]; aOR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.28-1.50; P < .001). However, alteplase treatment was associated with higher risk of sICH (6.5% [685 of 10 530 patients] vs 5.3% [279 of 5249 patients]; OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.16-1.42; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this observational cohort study of patients treated with EVT, intravenous alteplase treatment was associated with better in-hospital survival and functional outcomes but higher sICH risk after adjusting for other covariates.

Determinants of Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage After Endovascular Stroke Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) is a serious complication after endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. We aimed to identify determinants of its occurrence and location.

Efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment with or without intravenous alteplase in acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

The current meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of direct endovascular treatment (EVT) and bridging therapy (EVT with prior intravenous thrombolysis (IVT)) in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke.

METHODS

This meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Eligible RCTs were identified through a systemic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) from the inception dates to January 10, 2022. The pooled analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 software. The primary outcome was functional outcome on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (range 0 to 5) at 90 days. The secondary outcomes included successful reperfusion, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality (mRS 6) within 90 days.

RESULTS

A total of 4 RCTs involving 1633 patients were finally included. Findings of pooled analyses indicated that neither the primary outcomes (no disability (mRS 0), no significant disability despite some symptoms (mRS 1), slight disability (mRS 2), moderate disability (mRS 3), moderately severe disability (mRS 4), severe disability (mRS 5), excellent outcome (mRS 0-1), functional independence outcome (mRS 0-2), and poor outcome (mRS 3-5)) nor the secondary outcomes (successful reperfusion, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality) in the EVT groups were not statistically significant compared with the IVT plus EVT groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the outcomes of sensitivity analysis implied that the findings of meta-analysis were credible.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with acute ischemic stroke due to LVO of anterior circulation, EVT alone yielded efficacy and safety outcomes similar to IVT plus EVT.

Role of Intravenous Thrombolytics Prior to Endovascular Thrombectomy

Intravenous thrombolytics and endovascular thrombectomy for ischemic stroke have evolved in parallel. However, the best approach to combine these reperfusion therapies in patients eligible for both strategies remains uncertain. Initial randomized trials of endovascular thrombectomy included administration of intravenous thrombolytics to all eligible patients. However, whether that is of net benefit has been questioned and parallels drawn with treatment of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction, where intravenous thrombolytics are only given if first medical contact to percutaneous intervention is expected to be >90 minutes. Six randomized trials of a direct thrombectomy approach versus intravenous thrombolytics followed by endovascular thrombectomy have now reported their results. With exception of a minority of patients in one trial, the trials all used alteplase rather than potentially more effective tenecteplase. This review examines the current state of evidence and implications for clinical practice. Importantly, these trials only apply to patients who present to a hospital with immediate access to endovascular thrombectomy and are not relevant to patients who receive thrombolytic and are then transferred to an endovascular-capable hospital. Although 2 of the 6 randomized trials met their prespecified noninferiority margin, these margins were large compared with the absolute benefit of alteplase. Overall, functional outcome was similar, with slight trends favoring bridging thrombolytics and a significant increase in final reperfusion. Symptomatic hemorrhage was increased by ≈1.8% in the bridging group but death was nonsignificantly lower. The workflow in direct thrombectomy trials involved delaying thrombolytic administration until eligibility for thrombectomy and the trials was established and randomization completed. This reduced the time available for thrombolytics to occur prethrombectomy compared with standard practice. We conclude that, pending individual-patient data meta-analyses, intravenous thrombolytics retain an important role alongside endovascular thrombectomy. Further efforts to accelerate and enhance reperfusion with thrombolytics and perform individual patient-level pooled subgroup analyses are warranted.

Association of Intravenous Alteplase, Early Reperfusion, and Clinical Outcome in Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke: Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized DIRECT-MT Trial

BACKGROUND

The added value of intravenous alteplase in reperfusing ischemic brain tissue in patients undergoing endovascular treatment and directly presented to an endovascular treatment-capable hospital is uncertain. We conducted this post hoc analysis of a randomized trial (DIRECT-MT [Direct Intraarterial Thrombectomy in Order to Revascularize Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion Efficiently in Chinese Tertiary Hospitals: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial]) to explore the association of intravenous alteplase, early (preendovascular treatment) reperfusion, and clinical outcome and to determine factors which may modify alteplase treatment effect on early reperfusion.

METHODS

In this post hoc analysis of the DIRECT-MT randomized trial comparing intravenous alteplase before endovascular treatment versus endovascular treatment only, 623 of 656 randomized patients, with adequate angiographic evaluation for early reperfusion assessment, were included. The association of intravenous alteplase and early reperfusion (defined as expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score ≥2a on angiogram) was assessed using unadjusted comparisons and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

Among 623 patients included (317 received intravenous alteplase and 306 did not), early reperfusion occurred in 91 (15%) patients and was associated with better functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2 of 49/91 [54%] versus 178/531 [34%]; adjusted odds ratio, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.15-3.21]; P<0.001). Intravenous alteplase was independently associated with early reperfusion (59/317 [19%] versus 32/306 [10%]; adjusted odds ratio, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.27-3.33]; P=0.003), and the alteplase effect was modified by time from randomization to groin puncture (dichotomized by median, ≤33 minutes; adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.53-2.10] versus >33 minutes; adjusted odds ratio, 4.07 [95% CI, 1.86-8.86]; Pinteraction=0.012).

CONCLUSIONS

For patients with large vessel occlusion directly presenting to an endovascular treatment-capable hospital, intravenous alteplase increases early reperfusion when endovascular treatment gets delayed more than approximately half an hour. Thus, intravenous alteplase should be considered if endovascular treatment delays are anticipated by the treating medical team.

REGISTRATION

URL: https://www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov; Unique identifier: NCT03469206.

Mechanical thrombectomy for perioperative ischemic stroke following elective inpatient surgery in the United States

Perioperative ischemic stroke significantly increases morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing elective surgery. Mechanical thrombectomy can improve ischemic stroke outcomes, but frequency and trend of its utilization for treatment of perioperative ischemic stroke is not studied. We identified adults who underwent elective inpatient surgery from 2008 to 2018 and suffered from a perioperative ischemic stroke from the Premier Healthcare Database. The difference in mechanical thrombectomy usage before and after the updated recommendation inacute stroke guidelines was assessed in a univariate analysis using a chi-squared test. A segmented regression model was created to assess the change in rate over time.Of 6,349,668 patients with elective inpatient surgery, 12,507 (0.2%) had perioperative ischemic stroke. Mean age (and standard deviation) was 69.5 (11.7) years, and 48.8% were female. Mechanical thrombectomy was used in 1.7% patients and its use increased from 0.0% in 3rd quarter, 2008 to 4.4% in 4th quarter, 2018. Significant increase in the use of mechanical thrombectomy was seen after 3rd quarter, 2015 when its use was incorporated in acute stroke treatment guideline (1.14% before 3rd quarter, 2015 versus 3.07% after; p < 0.0001). Amongst patients with perioperative ischemic stroke, patients who received mechanical thrombectomy were more likely to have their surgery performed at a teaching institute (67.3% versus 53.9%). Although a significant increase in rates of utilization of mechanical thrombectomy was observed, rates of utilization remain low, especially in non-teaching hospitals. This highlights improvements in the management of perioperative ischemic strokes and further opportunities to improve outcomes.

Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness of Severity-Based Triaging for Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke

Background and Purpose:

Pre-hospital severity-based triaging using the Ambulance Clinical Triage For Acute Stroke Treatment (ACT-FAST) algorithm has been demonstrated to substantially reduce time to endovascular thrombectomy in Melbourne, Australia. We aimed to model the cost-effectiveness of an ACT-FAST bypass system from the healthcare system perspective.

Methods

A simulation model was developed to estimate the long-term costs and health benefits associated with diagnostic accuracy of the ACT-FAST algorithm. Three-month post stroke functional outcome was projected to the lifetime horizon to estimate the long-term cost-effectiveness between two strategies (ACT-FAST vs. standard care pathways). For ACT-FAST screened true positives (i.e., screened positive and eligible for EVT), a 52 mins time saving was applied unanimously to the onset to arterial time for EVT, while 10 mins delay in thrombolysis was applied for false-positive (i.e., screened positive but was ineligible for EVT) thrombolysis-eligible infarction. Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was employed as the outcome measure to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between the ACT-FAST algorithm and the current standard care pathway.

Results

Over the lifetime, ACT-FAST was associated with lower costs (–$45) and greater QALY gains (0.006) compared to the current standard care pathway, resulting in it being the dominant strategy (less costly but more health benefits). Implementing ACT-FAST triaging led to higher proportion of patients received EVT procedure (30 more additional EVT performed per 10,000 patients). The total Net Monetary Benefit from ACT-FAST care estimated at A$0.76 million based on its implementation for a single year.

Conclusions

An ACT-FAST severity-triaging strategy is associated with cost-saving and increased benefits when compared to standard care pathways. Implementing ACT-FAST triaging increased the proportion of patients who received EVT procedure due to more patients arriving at EVT-capable hospitals within the 6-h time window (when imaging selection is less rigorous).

Effect of supraglottic airway devices versus endotracheal intubation general anesthesia on outcomes in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy: A prospective randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

There are still controversies about the optimal anesthesia protocol for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT). The aim of this study was to explore the effect of supraglottic airway device (SAD) versus endotracheal intubation (EI) general anesthesia on clinical and angiographic outcomes in patients with AIS undergoing MT.

METHODS

One hundred sixteen patients with large-vessel occlusion stroke were randomized to receive either SAD or EI general anesthesia. The primary outcome was the rate of occurrence of >20% fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Secondary outcomes included hemodynamics, successful recanalization, time metrics, satisfaction score of neurointerventionalist, number of passes performed, the conversion rate from SAD to EI, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score before and 24 hours after surgery, length of stay in the stroke unit and hospital, complications and functional independence at discharge, and 90 days after stroke.

RESULTS

Both the lowest systolic blood pressure and lowest diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower in the EI group (P = .001). The consumption of vasoactive agents, the occurrence of >20% reduction in MAP and time spent with >20% fall in MAP were significantly higher in the EI group (P < .05). Compared with the EI group, the time for door-to-puncture was significantly shorter in the SAD group (P = .015). There were no significant differences with respect to puncture-to-reperfusion time, number of passes performed, rates of successful recanalization, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score 24 hours after surgery. The satisfaction score of neurointerventionalist was significantly lower in the EI group (P = .043). Conversion rate from SAD to EI was 7.41%. There were no significant differences with respect to complications, mortality, and mean Modified Rankin Scale scores both at discharge and 90-day after stroke. However, length of stroke unit and hospital stays were significantly shorter in the SAD group (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

AIS patients undergoing MT with SAD general anesthesia led to more stable hemodynamics, higher satisfaction score of neurointerventionalist, shorter door-to-puncture time, length of stroke unit, and hospital stay. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups on the angiographic and functional outcomes both at discharge and 90 days after stroke.

The End of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator's Reign?

Mechanical thrombectomy is a highly effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel occlusion in the anterior cerebral circulation, significantly increasing the likelihood of recovery to functional independence. Until recently, whether intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy provided additional benefits to patients with acute ischemic stroke-large-vessel occlusion remained unclear. Given that reperfusion is a key factor for clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke-large-vessel occlusion and the efficacy of both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy is time-dependent, achieving complete reperfusion with a single pass should be the primary angiographic goal. However, it remains undetermined whether extending the procedure with additional endovascular attempts or local lytics administration safely leads to higher reperfusion grades and whether there are significant public health and cost implications. Here, we outline the current state of knowledge and research avenues that remain to be explored regarding the consistent therapeutic benefit of intravenous thrombolysis in anterior circulation strokes and the potential place of adjunctive intra-arterial lytics administration, including alternative thrombolytic agent place.

Impact of Medical Community Model on Intravenous Alteplase Door-to-Needle Times and Prognosis of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 795 AIS patients who received intravenous alteplase for thrombolytic therapy in one third-class hospital or three second-class hospitals in Dongyang City and sought to evaluate the effects of the medical community model on intravenous alteplase door-to-needle time (DNT) and prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

According to whether the medical community model is established or not, 303 AIS patients (204 cases from the third-class hospital and 99 cases from three second-class hospitals) were assigned to control group unavailable to the medical community model and 492 AIS patients (297 cases from the third-class hospital, and 195 cases from three second-class hospitals) into observational group available to the medical community model.

Results

A higher thrombolysis rate, a shorter DNT, more patients with DNT ≤ 60 min and DNT ≤ 45 min, a shorter ONT, lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 24 h, 7 d, 14 d, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at 3 months after thrombolytic therapy, a shorter length of hospital stay, and less hospitalization expense were found in the observational group than the control group. Subgroup analysis based on different-class hospitals revealed that the medical community model could reduce the DNT and ONT to increase the thrombolysis rate of AIS patients, especially in low-class hospitals. After the establishment of the medical community model, the AIS patients whether from the third-class hospital or three second-class hospitals exhibited lower NIHSS scores at 24 h, 7 d, 14 d after thrombolytic therapy (p < 0.05). After a 90-day follow-up for mRS scores, a significant difference was only noted in the mRS scores of AIS patients from the third-class hospital after establishing the medical community model (p < 0.05). It was also found that the medical community model led to reduced length of hospital stay and hospitalization expenses for AIS patients, especially for the second-class hospitals.

Conclusion

The data suggest that the medical community model could significantly reduce intravenous alteplase DNT and improve the prognosis of patients with AIS.

Mechanical Thrombectomy and Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES

The benefit and risk of administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) before endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (E-MT) in acute stroke has been actively debated. We therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of three therapeutic strategies for acute stroke: direct E-MT, E-MT with pre-administration of tPA, and tPA alone with a network meta-analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PUBMED and EMBASE were searched from September to November 2021 for randomized control trials that compared direct E-MT, E-MT with tPA, and tPA alone therapies in acute stroke. The primary outcome was functional independence, defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2, at 90 days. All-cause mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and successful revascularization were also evaluated.

RESULTS

We identified 11 randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,640 patients with acute stroke. Compared to E-MT with tPA, direct E-MT provided comparable outcomes regarding functional independence (relative risk (RR): 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88-1.19, I² = 36.6%) and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.85-1.31, I² = 0%). The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was not significantly different between direct E-MT and E-MT with tPA (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.57-1.20, I² = 0%). Direct E-MT had favorable functional independence (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.15-1.74, I² = 36.6%) and higher successful revascularization rate (RR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.33-1.93, I² = 61.2%) than tPA alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Direct E-MT alone led to acceptable outcomes even in comparison to E-MT with tPA, whereas additional tPA did not cause higher risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Intravenous thrombolysis prior to mechanical thrombectomy does not affect clinical or procedural outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has revolutionized the care of large vessel occlusion acute ischemic strokes (LVOAIS). However, the benefit of intravenous thrombolysis prior to MT remains unproven. Two recent trials showed equivocal results regarding the benefits of pre-MT intravenous thrombolysis in predominantly Asian populations. We evaluated clinical outcomes and procedural metrics for patients with LVOAIS who were treated with MT alone compared to those who were treated with both intravenous tPA and MT. In a retrospective study, LVOAIS patients treated with MT, with or without preceding intravenous thrombolysis, between January of 2017 and December of 2019 were identified. Patients were treated according to contemporary guidelines. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, procedural metrics, and clinical outcomes were collected. Among LVOAIS patients, those treated with intravenous thrombolysis and MT did not differ from those with MT alone on clinical outcomes at three months. Further, the two groups did not differ on thrombectomy procedure times, recanalization rates, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rates. In our patients with LVOAIS, intravenous thrombolysis combined with MT offered no advantage compared to MT alone in clinical outcomes or recanalization rates. Our results are consistent with earlier studies in other populations. In addition, our results suggest that IV tPA does not impact the ease of clot removal by MT. Further studies will evaluate how newly available thrombolytic agents may benefit patients eligible for MT.

Advances in Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy

The treatment of acute ischemic stroke continues to advance. The mainstay of treatment remains intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase. Recent studies demonstrated that later treatment with alteplase is beneficial in patients selected with advanced imaging techniques. Tenecteplase has been evaluated as an alternative thrombolytic drug and evidence suggests that it is as least as effective as alteplase and may lyse large vessel clots more effectively. Endovascular therapy with mechanical thrombectomy has now been shown to be beneficial up to 24 hours after stroke onset in carefully selected patients with proximal, large vessel occlusions. Ongoing studies are evaluating the effectiveness of thrombectomy in patients with more distal vessel occlusions and patients with proximal large vessel occlusions with larger ischemic core volumes and also in patients with milder neurological deficits. Cytoprotection is another potential acute stroke therapy that has not demonstrated efficacy in prior clinical trials. It should be reconsidered as an adjunct to reperfusion and a variety of new clinical trials can be envisioned to evaluate the potential benefits of cytoprotection in patients before and after reperfusion.

Estimation of treatment effects in observational stroke care data: comparison of statistical approaches

Introduction

Various statistical approaches can be used to deal with unmeasured confounding when estimating treatment effects in observational studies, each with its own pros and cons. This study aimed to compare treatment effects as estimated by different statistical approaches for two interventions in observational stroke care data.

Patients and methods

We used prospectively collected data from the MR CLEAN registry including all patients (n = 3279) with ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) from 2014 to 2017 in 17 Dutch hospitals. Treatment effects of two interventions – i.e., receiving an intravenous thrombolytic (IVT) and undergoing general anesthesia (GA) before EVT – on good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) were estimated. We used three statistical regression-based approaches that vary in assumptions regarding the source of unmeasured confounding: individual-level (two subtypes), ecological, and instrumental variable analyses. In the latter, the preference for using the interventions in each hospital was used as an instrument.

Results

Use of IVT (range 66–87%) and GA (range 0–93%) varied substantially between hospitals. For IVT, the individual-level (OR ~ 1.33) resulted in significant positive effect estimates whereas in instrumental variable analysis no significant treatment effect was found (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.58–1.56). The ecological analysis indicated no statistically significant different likelihood (β = − 0.002%; P = 0.99) of good functional outcome at hospitals using IVT 1% more frequently. For GA, we found non-significant opposite directions of points estimates the treatment effect in the individual-level (ORs ~ 0.60) versus the instrumental variable approach (OR = 1.04). The ecological analysis also resulted in a non-significant negative association (0.03% lower probability).

Discussion and conclusion

Both magnitude and direction of the estimated treatment effects for both interventions depend strongly on the statistical approach and thus on the source of (unmeasured) confounding. These issues should be understood concerning the specific characteristics of data, before applying an approach and interpreting the results. Instrumental variable analysis might be considered when unobserved confounding and practice variation is expected in observational multicenter studies.

Das ist neu in der Neurointensiv- und Notfallmedizin: die wichtigsten Studien des Jahres im Rück- und Überblick

Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit fasst wichtige klinische Studien der neurologischen Notfall- und Intensivmedizin zwischen 2020 und 2021 zusammen zu den Themen: rekanalisierende Therapie beim ischämischen Schlaganfall, Anwendbarkeit und Auswirkung eines zerebralen Sauerstoffgewebemonitorings bei Subarachnoidalblutung, Wirksamkeit induzierter Hypothermie bei Patienten mit „cardiac arrest“ (CA), Wertigkeit früher kranialer Bildgebung nach CA, Relevanz eines schnellen Managements und medikamentöser Therapie beim Status epilepticus sowie Inzidenz von Critical-illness-Polyneuropathie-Myopathie bei intensivpflichtigen COVID-Patienten.

Rationale and design of a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial to improve acute reperfusion treatment quality for stroke: IMPROVE stroke care in China

BACKGROUND

Reperfusion therapy is the most effective treatment for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) but remains underutilised in China. There is an urgent need to develop tailored strategies to increase adherence to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) within the guideline-recommended time window for eligible patients.

AIMS

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of a comprehensive quality improvement intervention on adherence to guideline-recommended reperfusion therapy for patients with AIS in China.

DESIGN

The Improve Acute Reperfusion Treatment Quality for Stroke in China (IMPROVE Stroke Care in China) trial is designed as a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial within 51 hospitals. We developed the comprehensive intervention 'STEP' (Strategies, Toolkit, Exploration, Paradigm) to promote the reconstruction of workflow in stroke centres and shorten in-hospital delay of reperfusion treatment for patients with AIS. The participating hospitals (clusters) were randomised to three groups (cohorts) for different predefined steps to intervention implementation. The primary outcome was the adherent rate of IVT or EVT for eligible patients within the time window. The sample size was estimated to be 7644, and was determined by the number of cases to be enrolled in five study periods to detect a relative increase of 30% (from 19% to 25%) with 90% power and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.03. All efficacy analyses will be conducted based on the intention-to-treat principle. The primary outcome will be analysed using a mixed-effects logistic regression with a random effect for the cluster (hospital), and a fixed effect for the strategy and period.

CONCLUSIONS

If the efficacy is well established, this targeted comprehensive intervention STEP will inform national strategies to increase adherence to guideline-recommended performance on reperfusion therapy.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT003578107.

The Assessment of Endovascular Therapies in Ischemic Stroke: Management, Problems and Future Approaches

Ischemic stroke accounts for over 80% of all strokes and is one of the leading causes of mortality and permanent disability worldwide. Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is an approved treatment strategy for acute ischemic stroke of large arteries within 4.5 h of onset, and mechanical thrombectomy can be used for large arteries occlusion up to 24 h after onset. Improving diagnostic work up for acute treatment, reducing onset-to-needle time and urgent radiological access angiographic CT images (angioCT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are real problems for many healthcare systems, which limits the number of patients with good prognosis in real world compared to the results of randomized controlled trials. The applied endovascular procedures demonstrated high efficacy, but some cellular mechanisms, following reperfusion, are still unknown. Changes in the morphology and function of mitochondria associated with reperfusion and ischemia-reperfusion neuronal death are still understudied research fields. Moreover, future research is needed to elucidate the relationship between continuously refined imaging techniques and the variable structure or physical properties of the clot along with vascular permeability and the pleiotropism of ischemic reperfusion lesions in the penumbra, in order to define targeted preventive procedures promoting long-term health benefits.

Effect of Intravenous Alteplase on Functional Outcome and Secondary Injury Volumes in Stroke Patients with Complete Endovascular Recanalization

Intravenous thrombolytic therapy with alteplase (IVT) is a standard of care in ischemic stroke, while recent trials investigating direct endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) approaches showed conflicting results. Yet, the effect of IVT on secondary injury volumes in patients with complete recanalization has not been analyzed. We hypothesized that IVT is associated with worse functional outcome and aggravated secondary injury volumes when administered to patients who subsequently attained complete reperfusion after EVT. Anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients with complete reperfusion after thrombectomy defined as thrombolysis in cerebral infarctions (TICI) scale 3 after thrombectomy admitted between January 2013–January 2021 were analyzed. Primary endpoints were the proportion of patients with functional independence defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2 at day 90, and secondary injury volumes: Edema volume in follow-up imaging measured using quantitative net water uptake (NWU), and the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). A total of 219 patients were included and 128 (58%) patients received bridging IVT before thrombectomy. The proportion of patients with functional independence was 28% for patients with bridging IVT, and 34% for patients with direct thrombectomy (p = 0.35). The rate of sICH was significantly higher after bridging IVT (20% versus 7.7%, p = 0.01). Multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis confirmed the independent association of bridging IVT with sICH (aOR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.02–7.56, p = 0.046), and edema volume (aOR: 8.70, 95% CI: 2.57–14.85, p = 0.006). Bridging IVT was associated with increased edema volume and risk for sICH as secondary injury volumes. The results of this study encourage direct EVT approaches, particularly in patients with higher likelihood of successful EVT.

Endovascular Thrombectomy for Pediatric Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

Evidence regarding the utilization and outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for pediatric ischemic stroke is limited, and justification for its use is largely based on extrapolation from clinical benefits observed in adults.

METHODS

Weighted discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample were queried to identify pediatric patients with ischemic stroke (<18 years old) during the period of 2010 to 2019. Complex samples statistical methods were used to characterize the profiles and clinical outcomes of EVT-treated patients. Propensity adjustment was performed to address confounding by indication for EVT based on disparities in baseline characteristics between EVT-treated patients and those medically managed.

RESULTS

Among 7365 pediatric patients with ischemic stroke identified, 190 (2.6%) were treated with EVT. Utilization significantly increased in the post-EVT clinical trial era (2016-2019; 1.7% versus 4.0%; P<0.001), while the use of decompressive hemicraniectomy decreased (2.8% versus 0.7%; P<0.001). On unadjusted analysis, 105 (55.3%) EVT-treated patients achieved favorable functional outcomes at discharge (home or to acute rehabilitation), while no periprocedural iatrogenic complications or instances of contrast-induced kidney injury were reported. Following propensity adjustment, EVT-treated patients demonstrated higher absolute but nonsignificant rates of favorable functional outcomes in comparison with medically managed patients (55.3% versus 52.8%; P=0.830; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.51-2.03]; P=0.972 for unfavorable outcome). Among patients with baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score >11 (75th percentile of scores in cohort), EVT-treated patients trended toward higher rates of favorable functional outcomes compared with those treated medically only (71.4% versus 55.6%; P=0.146). In a subcohort assessment of EVT-treated patients, those administered preceding thrombolytic therapy (n=79, 41.6%) trended toward higher rates of favorable functional outcomes (63.3% versus 49.5%; P=0.060).

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional evaluation of the clinical course and short-term outcomes of pediatric patients with ischemic stroke treated with EVT demonstrates that EVT is likely a safe modality which confers high rates of favorable functional outcomes.

Transcarotid Access for Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES

Despite the success of mechanical thrombectomy in large vessel acute ischemic stroke, recanalization may fail due to difficult anatomic access or peripheral arterial occlusive disease. In these cases, transcarotid access may be used as an alternative, but it has not gained prominence due to safety concerns. Our objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of transcarotid access for mechanical thrombectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to perform a systematic review with articles published from 2010 to 2020 summarizing pre-intervention characteristics, techniques utilized, and outcomes of patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy via trans-carotid puncture. We performed a meta-analysis of clinical outcomes, reperfusion times and overall complications rates of trans-carotid approach.

RESULTS

Six studies describing 80 total attempts at carotid access, 72 of which were successful (90% success rate), were included. Direct carotid puncture was most often used as a rescue technique (87% of patients) secondary to failed femoral access. Successful recanalization was achieved in 76% of patients. 90 day modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2 was achieved in 28% of patients. Carotid puncture-reperfusion time was 32 min (CI = 24-40, p < 0.001). Cervical complications occurred at a rate of 26.5% (95% CI = 17%-38%). Only 1.3% (1/80 patients) had a fatal outcome and 96% of complications required no intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results on the safety and efficacy of transcarotid access suggests that this approach is a viable alternative to failed thrombectomy when transfemoral or trans-radial access may be impractical.

European Stroke Organisation - European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy expedited recommendation on indication for intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and anterior circulation large vessel occlusion

Six randomized controlled clinical trials have assessed whether mechanical thrombectomy (MT) alone is non-inferior to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) plus MT within 4.5 hours of symptom onset in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) ischaemic stroke and no contraindication to IVT. An expedited recommendation process was initiated by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) and conducted with the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) according to ESO standard operating procedure based on the GRADE system. We identified two relevant Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) questions, performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence and wrote evidence-based recommendations. Expert opinion was provided if insufficient evidence was available to provide recommendations based on the GRADE approach. For stroke patients with anterior circulation LVO directly admitted to a MT-capable centre ('mothership') within 4.5 hours of symptom onset and eligible for both treatments, we recommend IVT plus MT over MT alone (moderate evidence, strong recommendation). MT should not prevent the initiation of IVT, nor should IVT delay MT. In stroke patients with anterior circulation LVO admitted to a centre without MT facilities and eligible for IVT ≤4.5 hrs and MT, we recommend IVT followed by rapid transfer to a MT capable-centre ('drip-and-ship') in preference to omitting IVT (low evidence, strong recommendation). Expert consensus statements on ischaemic stroke on awakening from sleep are also provided. Patients with anterior circulation LVO stroke should receive IVT in addition to MT if they have no contraindications to either treatment.

Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Patients Receiving Cerebral Reperfusion Therapy: A Stroke Databank Study in Brazil

OBJECTIVES

Cerebral reperfusion therapy is recommended for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, the outcomes of patients receiving this therapy in middle- and low-income countries should be better defined. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of cerebral reperfusion therapy in patients with ischemic stroke.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included patients with ischemic stroke treated with cerebral reperfusion therapy, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), mechanical thrombectomy (MT), and IVT with MT. The primary outcomes were death and disability, assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS), and stroke severity, assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), after intervention and 90 days after ictus. The association between the type of treatment and the primary outcome was assessed using binary logistic regression after adjusting for confounding variables. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to identify the cutoff point of the NIHSS score that could best discriminate the mRS score in all types of treatments.

RESULTS

Patients (n = 291) underwent IVT only (n = 241), MT (n = 21), or IVT with MT (n = 29). In the IVT with MT group, the incidence of death within 90 days increased by five times (OR, 5.192; 95% CI, 2.069-13.027; p = 0.000), prevalence of disability increased by three times (OR, 3.530; 95% CI, 1.376-9.055; p = 0.009) and NIHSS score increased after IVT (from 14.4 ± 6.85 to 17.8 ± 6.36; p = 0.045). There was no significant difference between the initial NIHSS score and that after MT (p = 0.989). Patients' NIHSS score that increased or decreased by 2.5 points had a sensitivity of 0.74 and specificity of 0.65, indicating severe disability or death in these patients.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, a 2.5-point variation in NIHSS score after reperfusion is an indicator of worse outcomes. In our particular context, patients receiving the combination of IVT and MT had inferior results, which probably reflects challenges to optimize MT in LMIC.

Mechanical Thrombectomy vs Bridging Therapy for Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

and Purpose: Current guidelines recommend the use of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) plus intravenous thrombolysis (aka bridging therapy, [BT]) for patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. However, clinical equipoise exists in relation to the use of BT versus MT alone. Our objective is to compare the efficacy and safety of BT to MT for anterior circulation LVO.

METHODS

A systematic search of biomedical literature databases was performed from inception to October 29, 2021 to identify prospective and retrospective studies comparing the rates for functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) and mortality at 90 days, symptomatic hemorrhage (sICH), and successful recanalization rates for MT and BT. Effect size was represented by odds ratio (OR) and analysis was done using random effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by I² and Cochrane's Q statistics.

RESULTS

Overall, 41 studies with 14885 patients were included. Mean age ± standard deviation (years) was 69±11 for BT and 70±11 for MT. All studies used alteplase as thrombolytic agent. BT group had 29% higher odds for functional independence (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.44, I²=42%), 25% higher odds of successful reperfusion (OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.08-1.44, I²=42%) and a 31% decrease in odds for mortality (OR=.69, 95% CI .60-.80, I²=47%) compared with MT. sICH prevalence was similar between groups (OR=1.10, 95% CI=.95-1.28, I²=0%). Six of the studies were randomized clinical trials (RCT) with intention-to-treat analysis done in patients presenting directly to MT-capable centers. When analysis was restricted to these six RCT (n= 2333), no differences were observed in functional independence (OR=1.08, 95% CI=.91-1.27, I²=0%), sICH (OR=1.37, 95% CI=.95-1.97, I²=0%) or mortality (OR=.93, 95% CI=.74-1.16, I²=0%) between groups. However, successful reperfusion favored BT group (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.06-1.73, I²=0%).

DISCUSSION

The odds for functional independence, successful reperfusion and mortality for the entire dataset favored the use of BT over MT (medium heterogeneity and low quality of the evidence). When analysis was restricted to RCT, both treatments had similar functional and safety outcomes (no heterogeneity), but recanalization rates favored BT group (no heterogeneity). Because these findings may differ in patients that present to non-MT-capable centers or with the use of other thrombolytic agents, further RCTs are needed.

European Stroke Organisation (ESO)-European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) expedited recommendation on indication for intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and anterior circulation large vessel occlusion

Six randomized controlled clinical trials have assessed whether mechanical thrombectomy (MT) alone is non-inferior to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) plus MT within 4.5 hours of symptom onset in patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) ischemic stroke and no contraindication to IVT. An expedited recommendation process was initiated by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) and conducted with the European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) according to ESO standard operating procedure based on the GRADE system. We identified two relevant Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) questions, performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence, and wrote evidence-based recommendations. Expert opinion was provided if insufficient evidence was available to provide recommendations based on the GRADE approach.For stroke patients with anterior circulation LVO directly admitted to a MT-capable center ('mothership') within 4.5 hours of symptom onset and eligible for both treatments, we recommend IVT plus MT over MT alone (moderate evidence, strong recommendation). MT should not prevent the initiation of IVT, nor should IVT delay MT. In stroke patients with anterior circulation LVO admitted to a center without MT facilities and eligible for IVT ≤4.5 hours and MT, we recommend IVT followed by rapid transfer to a MT capable-center ('drip-and-ship') in preference to omitting IVT (low evidence, strong recommendation). Expert consensus statements on ischemic stroke on awakening from sleep are also provided. Patients with anterior circulation LVO stroke should receive IVT in addition to MT if they have no contraindications to either treatment.

Mechanical thrombectomy in stroke patients of working age: Real-world outcomes in Sweden

Introduction

Outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in young stroke patients remain elusive due to small patient cohorts. We sought to determine outcomes after MT in stroke patients between ages 18 and 64 years and compare with outcomes in older patients in a large national stroke cohort.

Patients and methods

We used the Swedish National Stroke Registry and the Swedish National Endovascular Thrombectomy Registry to identify all patients treated with MT for anterior circulation occlusions. We examined outcome measures in terms of functional independence at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2), symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality at 90 days with multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of 2143 patients, 565 were between 18 and 64 years (26.4%) and 1179 (55.0%) were males. Analysis showed that patient aged 18–64 achieved higher rate of functional independence at 90 days (46.2% vs 28.4%, p < .001), had less often sICH (5.5% vs 6.8%, p = .008), and lower 90-day mortality rate (6.9% vs 17.7%, p < .001). Increasing age was associated with a lesser probability of functional independence at 90 days (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.94; [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.93–0.95]), higher odds of mortality at 90 days (aOR, 1.05; [95% CIs 1.03–1.06]), and of sICH (aOR 1.03; [95% CIs 1.01–1.05]).

Conclusion

Patients aged 18–64 years demonstrated better outcome after thrombectomy regarding functional independence, sICH, and mortality at 90 days when compared to older ages.

Endovascular Treatment of Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes Due to Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has become the gold-standard for patients with acute large vessel occlusion strokes (LVOS). MT is highly effective in the treatment of embolic occlusions; however, underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) represents a therapeutic challenge, often requiring pharmacological and/or mechanical rescue treatment. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors have been suggested as the best initial approach, if reperfusion can be achieved after thrombectomy, with angioplasty and/or stenting being reserved for the more refractory cases. In this review, we focus on the therapeutic considerations surrounding the endovascular treatment of ICAD-related acute LVOS.