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Molecular phylogeny based on six nuclear genes suggests that Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes G6/G7 and G8/G10 can be regarded as two distinct species. Parasitology 2018; 145:1929-1937. [PMID: 29781421 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworms of the species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) are the cause of a severe zoonotic disease - cystic echinococcosis, which is listed among the most severe parasitic diseases in humans and is prioritized by the World Health Organization. A stable taxonomy of E. granulosus s. l. is essential to the medical and veterinary communities for accurate and effective communication of the role of different species in this complex on human and animal health. E. granulosus s. l. displays high genetic diversity and has been divided into different species and genotypes. Despite several decades of research, the taxonomy of E. granulosus s. l. has remained controversial, especially the species status of genotypes G6-G10. Here the Bayesian phylogeny based on six nuclear loci (7387 bp in total) demonstrated, with very high support, the clustering of G6/G7 and G8/G10 into two separate clades. According to the evolutionary species concept, G6/G7 and G8/G10 can be regarded as two distinct species. Species differentiation can be attributed to the association with distinct host species, largely separate geographical distribution and low level of cross-fertilization. These factors have limited the gene flow between genotypic groups G6/G7 and G8/G10, resulting in the formation of distinct species. We discuss ecological and epidemiological differences that support the validity of these species.
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Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Acosta-Jamett G, Andresiuk V, Balkaya I, Casulli A, Gasser RB, van der Giessen J, González LM, Haag KL, Zait H, Irshadullah M, Jabbar A, Jenkins DJ, Kia EB, Manfredi MT, Mirhendi H, M'rad S, Rostami-Nejad M, Oudni-M'rad M, Pierangeli NB, Ponce-Gordo F, Rehbein S, Sharbatkhori M, Simsek S, Soriano SV, Sprong H, Šnábel V, Umhang G, Varcasia A, Saarma U. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:729-742. [PMID: 29782829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the major cause of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide and is listed among the most severe parasitic diseases of humans. To date, numerous studies have investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of E. granulosus s.s. in various geographic regions. However, there has been no global study. Recently, using mitochondrial DNA, it was shown that E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are distinct genotypes, but a larger dataset is required to confirm the distinction of these genotypes. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the distinction of genotypes G1 and G3 using a large global dataset; and (ii) analyse the genetic diversity and phylogeography of genotype G1 on a global scale using near-complete mitogenome sequences. For this study, 222 globally distributed E. granulosus s.s. samples were used, of which 212 belonged to genotype G1 and 10 to G3. Using a total sequence length of 11,682 bp, we inferred phylogenetic networks for three datasets: E. granulosus s.s. (n = 222), G1 (n = 212) and human G1 samples (n = 41). In addition, the Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed. The latter yielded several strongly supported diffusion routes of genotype G1 originating from Turkey, Tunisia and Argentina. We conclude that: (i) using a considerably larger dataset than employed previously, E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 are indeed distinct mitochondrial genotypes; (ii) the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. G1 is high globally, with lower values in South America; and (iii) the complex phylogeographic patterns emerging from the phylogenetic and geographic analyses suggest that the current distribution of genotype G1 has been shaped by intensive animal trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vanessa Andresiuk
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, FCEyN, UNMdP, Funes 3350, CP: 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Atatürk, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adriano Casulli
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Miguel González
- Parasitology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Karen L Haag
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Houria Zait
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Mustapha University Hospital, 16000 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Malik Irshadullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David J Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Eshrat Beigom Kia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Teresa Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Selim M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nora Beatriz Pierangeli
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Mitra Sharbatkhori
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Silvia Viviana Soriano
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Comahue National University, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Malzéville 54220, France
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna, 2-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia.
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253
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First description of Echinococcus ortleppi and cystic echinococcosis infection status in Chile. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197620. [PMID: 29771992 PMCID: PMC5957416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic disease caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide zoonotic infection. Although endemic in Chile, information on the molecular characteristics of CE in livestock remains scarce. Therefore we aimed to describe the status of infection with E. granulosus s.l. in cattle from central Chile and also to contribute to the study of the molecular epidemiology of this parasite. According to our results, the prevalence of CE is 18.84% in cattle, similar to previous reports from Chile, suggesting that the prevalence in Santiago Metropolitan area has not changed in the last 30 years. Most of the cysts were found only in lungs (51%), followed by concurrent infection in liver and lungs (30%), and only liver (19%). Molecular characterization of the genetic diversity and population structure of E. granulosus s.l. from cattle in central Chile was performed using a section of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mitochondrial gene. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1-G3 genotypes) was confirmed by RFLP-PCR to be the dominant species affecting cattle (284 samples/290 samples); we also report for the first time in Chile the presence of E. ortleppi (G5 genotype) (2 samples/61 samples). The Chilean E. granulosus s.s. parsimony network displayed 1 main haplotype. Additional studies using isolates from many locations across Chile and different intermediate hosts will provide more data on the molecular structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region. Likewise, investigations of the importance of E. ortleppi in human infection in Chile deserve future attention.
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254
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Mathis A, Deplazes P. Assessing the Contamination of Food and the Environment With Taenia and Echinococcus Eggs and Their Zoonotic Transmission. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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255
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Omer RA, Daugschies A, Gawlowska S, Elnahas A, Kern P, Bashir S, Ali MSA, Osman A, Romig T. First detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) in dogs in central Sudan. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1657-1661. [PMID: 29627858 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-four stray dogs shot as a part of a governmental rabies control program in two neighboring towns of central Sudan were examined for the presence of Echinococcus spp. and other intestinal helminths. Echinococcus worms were identified to species level by PCR and gene sequencing. For comparative reasons, rectal content of the necropsied dogs was examined for helminth eggs and subjected to copro-PCR for Echinococcus. At necropsy, 51.2% (43/84) of the dogs harbored Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) worms with worm burdens ranging from 22,000 to 80,000. Dipylidiun caninum was found in 53.6% of the dogs. At coproscopy, taeniid eggs were found in 37 of the 43 dogs which were positive for Echinococcus at necropsy, but none in the 41 necropsy-negative dogs. In addition, 58% of the rectal samples contained eggs of Toxocara spp., 34.5% eggs of Trichuris spp. (34.5%), and 26% eggs of Ancylostoma caninum. Copro-PCR gave positive results for E. canadensis with 97.5% (39/40) of nonhibiting samples from the necropsy positive dogs; the one remaining dog tested positive for E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1), whose partial cox1 and nad1 sequences showed a 100% identity with various reference sequences of the G1 genotype. 100% of 38 non-inhibited samples taken from the necropsy-negative dogs were also negative in copro-PCR. This is the first study which combines prevalence and genetic identification of Echinococcus spp. in dogs of Sudan. Together with a recent report from cattle, it confirms the autochthonous presence, at low level, of E. granulosus sensu stricto in Central Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Ali Omer
- National University Research Institute (NURI), National University, Alraqi District, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Gawlowska
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ayman Elnahas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sofia Bashir
- National University Research Institute (NURI), National University, Alraqi District, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Sir Alkhatim Ali
- National University Research Institute (NURI), National University, Alraqi District, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amin Osman
- National University Research Institute (NURI), National University, Alraqi District, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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256
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Molecular characterization of Echinococcus species in dogs from four regions of Kenya. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:49-57. [PMID: 29773136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is endemic both in livestock and humans in many parts of Kenya. However, very little data exists on Echinococcus infections in dogs, and therefore their role in maintaining the transmission cycles and environmental contamination with eggs of Echinococcus species is unknown. The study aimed to establish the prevalence and distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato causing infection in dogs in Kenya. A total of 1621 dog faecal samples were collected from the environment in four different regions and examined microscopically for the presence of taeniid eggs. Up to 20 individual taeniid eggs per faecal sample were picked, lysed and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene. Eleven percent (178/1621) of faecal samples had taeniid eggs, while 4.4% (71/1621) contained Echinococcus spp. eggs. Area-wise, the faecal prevalence of Echinococcus spp. was 9.2% (48/524) in Turkana, 4.0% (20/500) in Maasai Mara, 0.7% (2/294) in Isiolo and 0.3% (1/303) in Meru. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) was the dominant Echinococcus taxon, followed by E. canadensis (G6/7) that was detected in 51 and 23 faecal samples, respectively. E. ortleppi was detected in only 5 faecal samples. We report for the first time the presence of E. felidis eggs in two dog faecal samples (from Maasai Mara region). Mixed infections of these taxa were also found in faecal samples, including: E. granulosus s. s. and E. canadensis (G6/7) (n = 7), E. granulosus s. s. and E. ortleppi (n = 1) and all three species (n = 1). The dog data presented here confirm the differences in diversity and abundance of Echinococcus spp. between regions of Kenya, correspond well with previously published data from livestock, and tentatively suggest a role of domestic dogs as a link between domestic and sylvatic cycles of Echinococcus spp.
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257
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Cai QG, Han XM, Yang YH, Zhang XY, Ma LQ, Karanis P, Hu YH. Lasiopodomys fuscus as an important intermediate host for Echinococcus multilocularis: isolation and phylogenetic identification of the parasite. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:27. [PMID: 29602313 PMCID: PMC5878421 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and is widely prevalent in Qinghai Province, China, where a number of different species have been identified as hosts. However, limited information is available on the Qinghai vole (Lasiopodomys fuscus), which is hyper endemic to Qinghai Province and may represent a potential intermediate host of E. multilocularis. Thus, L. fuscus could contribute to the endemicity of AE in the area. METHODS Fifty Qinghai voles were captured from Jigzhi County in Qinghai Province for the clinical identification of E. multilocularis infection via anatomical examination. Hydatid fluid was collected from vesicles of the livers in suspected voles and subjected to a microscopic examination and PCR assay based on the barcoding gene of cox 1. PCR-amplified segments were sequenced for a phylogenetic analysis. E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles were morphologically identified and subjected to a phylogenetic analysis to confirm their identities. RESULTS Seventeen of the 50 Qinghai voles had E. multilocularis-infection-like vesicles in their livers. Eleven out of the 17 Qinghai voles presented E. multilocularis infection, which was detected by PCR and sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all 11 positive samples belonged to the E. multilocularis Asian genotype. A morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of the E. multilocularis-infected Qinghai voles confirmed that all captured animals were L. fuscus. CONCLUSIONS L. fuscus can be infected with E. multilocularis and plays a potential role in the life cycle and epidemiology of E. multilocularis in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Gang Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiu-Min Han
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, 810007, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hai Yang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, Qinghai, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Li-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yong-Hao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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258
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Gürler AT, Gori F, Bölükbas CS, Umur Ş, Açıcı M, Deplazes P. Investigation of Echinococcus multilocularis in Environmental Definitive Host Feces in the Asian and the European Parts of Turkey. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:48. [PMID: 29662885 PMCID: PMC5890163 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate the presence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in two regions of Turkey-central Anatolia (in Asia Minor) and Thrace (in the European part of Turkey). A total of 405 putative fox feces were collected from central Anatolia (186 specimens in 59 locations) and from Thrace (219 specimens in 114 locations). All samples were examined by the flotation and sieving method for taeniid eggs, and positive and putative samples were further analyzed by multiplex PCR. In seven samples from three locations in central Anatolia (5.1%) and in one (0.9%) from Thrace, E. multilocularis DNA was amplified, and this result was confirmed with another PCR specific for E. multilocularis. In addition, Echinococcus granulosus s.l. was found in two (0.5%) of the samples. Although alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is known as a serious zoonosis in Turkey, this is the first field study detecting E. multilocularis in collected fecal samples documenting the environmental contamination with eggs of this zoonotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tümay Gürler
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cenk Soner Bölükbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şinasi Umur
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Açıcı
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Department of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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259
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523176 PMCID: PMC5845300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human echinococcoses are parasitic helminth infections that constitute a serious public health concern in several regions across the world. Cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in China represent a high proportion of the total global burden of these infections. This study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus species in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), with the aim of identifying communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Methods Bayesian geostatistical models with environmental and demographic covariates were developed to predict spatial variation in the risk of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of CE) and E. multilocularis (the cause of AE). Data were collected from three cross-sectional surveys of school children conducted in Xiji County in 2002–2003, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013. Environmental data were derived from high-resolution satellite images and meteorological data. Results The overall seroprevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was 33.4 and 12.2%, respectively, across the three surveys. Seropositivity for E. granulosus was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitation, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of areas covered by forest, shrubland, water and bareland/artificial surfaces. Seropositivity for E. multilocularis was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitations, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of shrubland and water bodies. Spatial correlation occurred over greater distances for E. granulosus than for E. multilocularis. The predictive maps showed that the risk of seropositivity for E. granulosus expanded across Xiji during the three surveys, while the risk of seropositivity for E. multilocularis became more confined in communities located in the south. Conclusions The identification of high-risk areas for seropositivity for these parasites, and a better understanding of the role of the environment in determining the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus spp. may help to guide and monitor improvements in human echinococcosis control strategies by allowing targeted allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Programme, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
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260
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Santa MA, Pastran SA, Klein C, Duignan P, Ruckstuhl K, Romig T, Massolo A. Detecting co-infections of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in coyotes and red foxes in Alberta, Canada using real-time PCR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:111-115. [PMID: 29988802 PMCID: PMC6031960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The continued monitoring of Echinococcus species in intermediate and definitive hosts is essential to understand the eco-epidemiology of these parasites, as well to assess their potential impact on public health. In Canada, co-infections of Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus multilocularis based on genetic characterization have been recently reported in wolves, but not yet in other possible hosts such as coyotes and foxes. In this study, we aimed to develop a quantitative real-time PCR assay to detect E. multilocularis and E. canadensis and estimate the occurrence of co-infections while inferring about the relative abundance of the two parasites within hosts. We tested DNA extracted from aliquots of Echinococcus spp. specimens collected from intestinal tracts of 24 coyote and 16 fox carcasses from Alberta, Canada. We found evidence of co-infections of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis in 11 out of 40 (27%) samples, with 8 out of 24 (33%) in coyote samples and 3 out of 16 (19%) in red fox samples. DNA concentrations were estimated in three samples with Cq values within the range of the standard curve for both parasites; two of them presented higher DNA concentrations of E. multilocularis than E. canadensis. The use of qPCR aided detection of co-infections when morphological discrimination was difficult and quantification of DNA for samples within the standard curve. This is the first molecularly confirmed record of E. canadensis in coyotes and the first evidence of co-infections of E. multilocularis and E. canadensis in coyotes and red foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Santa
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sonya A Pastran
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Claudia Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Padraig Duignan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Romig
- Institute of Zoology/Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France
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261
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Abstract
AbstractEchinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), one of the most threatening zoonoses in Eurasia. Human AE is widespread in the Erzurum region of Turkey, but the situation of the disease in intermediate and definitive hosts is unknown. A Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was killed in a traffic accident in the north of Erzurum, and was taken to our laboratory. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT), DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were performed. The SCT results showed that the lynx was infected with E. multilocularis with a medium (745 worms) worm burden. The DNA of adult worms obtained from the lynx was analyzed with a species-specific PCR, and the worms were confirmed to be E. multilocularis by 12S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This is the first report of E. multilocularis from Eurasian lynx in Turkey.
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262
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinney
- Department of Pathobiology; Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Veterinärplatz Vienna Austria
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263
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Beerli O, Guerra D, Baltrunaite L, Deplazes P, Hegglin D. Microtus arvalis and Arvicola scherman: Key Players in the Echinococcus multilocularis Life Cycle. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:216. [PMID: 29326950 PMCID: PMC5733337 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of rodent species are described as potential intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis, a wide-spread zoonotic cestode causing alveolar echinococcosis. However, little is known about the relative contribution of these species for parasite reproduction and the maintenance of its life cycle. In a comparative study in a high endemic region in Zurich, Switzerland, we investigated prevalence rates and fertility of E. multilocularis in the most abundant vole species as well as the predation rate of foxes on these species. To ensure that the fox families had access to different vole species and that these voles were exposed to the same environmental contamination with parasite eggs, we selected eight study plots where at least two rodent species co-occurred. The parasite prevalence in Microtus arvalis [11.0%, confidence intervals (CI) 8.9–13.4] was significantly higher than in Arvicola scherman (5.3%, 3.9–7.1) and Myodes glareolus (3.9%, 2.0–6.7). None of the, only 29 individuals of, Microtus agrestis was infected (0%, 0.0–9.8) and the species was excluded for further analyses. Logistic regression models for the prevalences revealed significant differences between nearby study plots and higher infection rates for females, heavier individuals, and individuals trapped during spring, when the prevalence in M. arvalis peaked up to 65% (CI 50–79) in one plot. Furthermore, we detected significantly higher percentages of fertile infections in M. arvalis and M. glareolus than in A. scherman (OR 11.2 and 6.4, respectively) and a significantly higher protoscolex number in M. glareolus (median 100,000) than in M. arvalis (13,500) and A. scherman (4,290). The most abundant fox prey remains were of the genera Microtus (12.3%, CI 8.4–17.2) and Arvicola (11.5%, 7.7–16.3), whereas Myodes was never recorded as prey (0.0–1.3%). We conclude that M. arvalis and to a lesser extent A. scherman can be regarded as key intermediate hosts in Western and Central European high-endemic regions whereas M. glareolus and M. agrestis play a marginal role. We, therefore, postulate that distribution models of these species could contribute to predict parasite occurrence on a more detailed spatial scale than models of the distribution of foxes which have a very broad and uniform distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Beerli
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Guerra
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laima Baltrunaite
- Laboratory of Mammalian Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hegglin
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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264
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Ito A, Budke CM. The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation. Acta Trop 2017; 176:11-21. [PMID: 28728830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, respectively, are endemic in Asia. Various Echinococcus species are maintained in domesticated and/or wild mammals through predator-prey interactions. Molecular analysis is used to help differentiate infecting parasite species and genotypes, with the goal of better understanding parasite life cycles in order to aid in the planning and implementation of control programs. This paper discusses the various echinococcoses in Asia, with limited reference to neighboring areas, including parts of Central Asia, Russia, Europe and North America.
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265
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Monge-Maillo B, Chamorro Tojeiro S, López-Vélez R. Management of osseous cystic echinococcosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:1075-1082. [PMID: 29110551 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1401466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osseous cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most complicated and devastating conditions caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Its management is difficult and there is scant literature about it. Areas covered: A literature review was performed to provide an update on its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Expert commentary: In most cases diagnosis of osseous CE can only be confirmed by surgery. Osseous CE should be managed by experienced physicians and addressed as a chronic disease with therapies must be aimed at controlling the disease and its sequels or complications, rather than with a curative intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Monge-Maillo
- a National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases. Infectious Diseases Department , Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRICYS , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sandra Chamorro Tojeiro
- a National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases. Infectious Diseases Department , Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRICYS , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- a National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases. Infectious Diseases Department , Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRICYS , Madrid , Spain
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266
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First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in rodent intermediate hosts in Turkey. Parasitology 2017; 144:1821-1827. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYEchinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. Large parts of Turkey are considered as endemic for E. multilocularis. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of metacestode of E. multilocularis in wild rodents in Erzurum, an endemic region for human AE in Turkey. During the sampling period, a total of 498 rodents were trapped in twenty counties of Erzurum Province. Suspected lesions were observed on the livers of 48 rodents, and then partial fragment of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was PCR-amplified. Five liver samples exhibited E. multilocularis infection. The prevalence of E. multilocularis for Microtus spp. was 1·3%. All of the infected rodents had fertile metacestodes. Infected rodents were morphologically and molecularly analysed and were confirmed to be Microtus irani by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. This is the first report of the presence of E. multilocularis in rodent intermediate hosts in Turkey. Our findings of infected M. irani with protoscoleces show that this rodent can act as suitable intermediate host for E. multilocularis’ life cycle in Turkey. However, there was a complete lack of data on the infection of carnivores from the country. An extensive survey is recommended to determine the prevalence of E. multilocularis in definitive hosts in this endemic region.
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267
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Addy F, Wassermann M, Kagendo D, Ebi D, Zeyhle E, Elmahdi IE, Umhang G, Casulli A, Harandi MF, Aschenborn O, Kern P, Mackenstedt U, Romig T. Genetic differentiation of the G6/7 cluster of Echinococcus canadensis based on mitochondrial marker genes. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:923-931. [PMID: 28780151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Among the genotype/species causing cystic echinococcosis, the taxonomic status of Echinococcus canadensis is only partially resolved. Within E. canadensis, four genotypes (G6, G7, G8 and G10) have been described based on short mitochondrial sequences, of which G6 and G7 (the 'camel' and the 'pig' strain, respectively) are closely related and variously regarded as microvariants of a single strain G6/7. Globally, this G6/7 cluster is the second most important agent of human cystic echinococcosis and is the predominant Echinococcus taxon in large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. To add data on the internal structure and the geographical distribution of this cluster, we analysed diversity and population structure of 296 isolates of E. canadensis from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Europe using the complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (1,608bp) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) (894bp) gene sequences. Polymorphism of the mtDNA loci gave 51 (cox1), 33 (nad1) and 73 (cox1-nad1 concatenated) haplotypes. African and Middle Eastern isolates mainly grouped in a star-like structure around a predominant haplotype, while the European isolates produced more diversified networks. Although the cox1 diagnostic sequence for G6 is frequent in the African/Middle Eastern sub-cluster, and that for G7 is common in the European isolates, numerous intermediate variants prevent a clear distinction into 'G6' or 'G7', and the entire taxon is best treated as a common haplotype cluster G6/7. Meanwhile, the G6/7 cluster is clearly distinct from sequences of wildlife isolates of G8 and G10 from the northern hemisphere, and sequences of the latter genotypes were remarkably distant from each other. It is clear from the present study that, based on mitochondrial data, G6/7 is a coherent genotypic entity within E. canadensis that retains substantial intraspecific variance, and sub-populations share common ancestral polymorphisms and haplotypes. This study provides the basis for wider biogeographic comparison and population genetics studies of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Addy
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dorothy Kagendo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, School of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 972, 60200 Meru Kenya
| | - Dennis Ebi
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eberhard Zeyhle
- Meru University of Science and Technology, School of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 972, 60200 Meru Kenya
| | - Ibrahim E Elmahdi
- University of Gezira, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 20, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Gerald Umhang
- Anses LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Majid F Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ortwin Aschenborn
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- Ulm University Hospitals, Comprehensive Infectious Diseases Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit 220B, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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