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Kolostova K, Zhang Y, Hoffman RM, Bobek V. In vitro culture and characterization of human lung cancer circulating tumor cells isolated by size exclusion from an orthotopic nude-mouse model expressing fluorescent protein. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1531-6. [PMID: 25141982 PMCID: PMC4159578 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate an animal model and recently introduced size-based exclusion method for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolation. The methodology enables subsequent in vitro CTC-culture and characterization. Human lung cancer cell line H460, expressing red fluorescent protein (H460-RFP), was orthotopically implanted in nude mice. CTCs were isolated by a size-based filtration method and successfully cultured in vitro on the separating membrane (MetaCell®), analyzed by means of time-lapse imaging. The cultured CTCs were heterogeneous in size and morphology even though they originated from a single tumor. The outer CTC-membranes were blebbing in general. Abnormal mitosis resulting in three daughter cells was frequently observed. The expression of RFP ensured that the CTCs originated from lung tumor. These readily isolatable, identifiable and cultivable CTCs can be used to characterize individual patient cancers and for screening of more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kolostova
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Vladimir Bobek
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague, Czech Republic
- 3rd Department of Surgery First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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252
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Abstract
During the past ten years, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have received enormous attention as new biomarkers and the subject of basic research. Although CTCs are already used in numerous clinical trials, their clinical utility is still under investigation. Many issues regarding the detection and characterization of CTCs remain unknown. In this Opinion article, we propose a conceptual framework of CTC assays and point out current challenges of CTC research, which might structure this dynamic field of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alix-Panabières
- 1] University Medical Centre, Saint-Eloi Hospital, Institute of Medicine Regenerative &Biotherapy, Department of Cellular and Tissular Biopathology of Tumors, Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France. [2] University Institute of Clinical Research UM1 - EA2415 - Epidemiology, Biostatistics &Public Health, 641, Avenue du Doyen Gaston GIRAUD 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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253
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Clinical utility of circulating tumour cell detection in non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2014; 14:610-22. [PMID: 23996475 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-013-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Recent years have witnessed increased interest in the detection of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment decision making in patients with cancer. Factors that have led to accelerated research in this field include advances in technologies for examination of intact CTCs, personalised medicine with treatment selection according to molecular characteristics, and continued lack of understanding of the biology of treatment resistance and metastasis. CTCs offer promise as a surrogate for tissue where there is insufficient tissue for molecular analysis and where there is a requirement to serially monitor molecular changes in cancer cells through treatment or on progression. In patients with either small cell or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there is evidence that CTC number is prognostic and that CTCs counted before and after treatment mirror treatment response. In patients with molecularly defined subtypes of NSCLC, CTCs demonstrate the same molecular changes as the cancer cells of the tumour. However, CTCs are not quite ready for "primetime" in the lung cancer clinic. There are still more questions than answers with respect to the optimal technologies for their detection and analysis, their biological significance, and their clinical utility. Despite this the current pace of progress in CTC technology development seems set to make "liquid biopsies" a clinical reality within the next decade. For the everyday clinician and clinical trialist, it will be important to maintain knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the technologies and evolving evidence base for CTCs as a routinely used diagnostic tool.
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254
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Sun B, Qian H, Yin Z. The biological and clinical importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in circulating tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:189-201. [PMID: 24965746 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Movement of tumor cells from a primary tumor to a nonadjacent or distant site is a contiguous and complex process. Among the multiple natural cellular programs that promote initiation and progression of tumor metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play a key role in the ultimate generation of a metastatic foci. Acquisition of the EMT phenotype by tumor cells not only increases their migration and invasion potentials, thereby facilitating their ability to infiltrate blood vessels and to produce circulating tumor cells (CTCs), but also promotes survival of CTCs in the bloodstream and their ability to extravasate out of the circulatory system and invade proximal tissues. In organs distal to the primary tumor, the phenotypic switching mechanism of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) enables CTCs to grow and colonize, enhancing the likelihood of establishing metastasis. In addition, CTCs that have undergone EMT attain increased resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. CTCs with the EMT phenotype have become recognized as an active source of metastases, and targeting EMT/MET processes during the individual steps of tumor metastasis represents a promising new approach for alleviating cancer metastasis and recurrence. In this article, we focus on the biological and clinical importance of EMT and/or MET in CTCs during the individual steps of tumor metastasis, summarizing the recent findings of the regulatory roles played by EMT and/or MET in the generation, survival, and recolonization of CTCs and discussing the EMT-targeting strategies developed for tumor diagnosis as well as their potential for management of metastatic malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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255
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Alama A, Truini A, Coco S, Genova C, Grossi F. Prognostic and predictive relevance of circulating tumor cells in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1671-6. [PMID: 24928031 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Alama
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Anna Truini
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Coco
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Genova
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10-16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Grossi
- Lung Cancer Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, Largo R. Benzi, 10-16132 Genoa, Italy
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256
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Williams A, Chung J, Ou X, Zheng G, Rawal S, Ao Z, Datar R, Yang C, Cote R. Fourier ptychographic microscopy for filtration-based circulating tumor cell enumeration and analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:066007. [PMID: 24949708 PMCID: PMC4572097 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.066007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are recognized as a candidate biomarker with strong prognostic and predictive potential in metastatic disease. Filtration-based enrichment technologies have been used for CTC characterization, and our group has previously developed a membrane microfilter device that demonstrates efficacy in model systems and clinical blood samples. However, uneven filtration surfaces make the use of standard microscopic techniques a difficult task, limiting the performance of automated imaging using commercially available technologies. Here, we report the use of Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) to tackle this challenge. Employing this method, we were able to obtain high-resolution color images, including amplitude and phase, of the microfilter samples over large areas. FPM's ability to perform digital refocusing on complex images is particularly useful in this setting as, in contrast to other imaging platforms, we can focus samples on multiple focal planes within the same frame despite surface unevenness. In model systems, FPM demonstrates high image quality, efficiency, and consistency in detection of tumor cells when comparing corresponding microfilter samples to standard microscopy with high correlation (R² = 0.99932). Based on these results, we believe that FPM will have important implications for improved, high throughput, filtration-based CTC analysis, and, more generally, image analysis of uneven surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Williams
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Jaebum Chung
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Xiaoze Ou
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Guoan Zheng
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Siddarth Rawal
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Zheng Ao
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Ram Datar
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
| | - Changhuei Yang
- California Institute of Technology, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Medical Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 136-93, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Richard Cote
- University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 742, Miami, Florida 33136
- University of Miami, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute (BioNIUM), 1501 NW 10th Avenue BRB 714, Miami Florida 33136
- Address all correspondence to: Richard Cote, E-mail:
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257
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Freidin MB, Tay A, Freydina DV, Chudasama D, Nicholson AG, Rice A, Anikin V, Lim E. An assessment of diagnostic performance of a filter-based antibody-independent peripheral blood circulating tumour cell capture paired with cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 85:182-5. [PMID: 24925466 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are reported to be predictive for prognosis and response to treatment in advanced lung cancer. However, the clinical utility of the CTCs detection remains unknown for early stage lung cancer as the number of CTCs is reported as low, providing challenges in identification. We have evaluated diagnostic performance of filtration-based technology using cytomorphologic criteria in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We processed blood from 76 patients undergoing surgery for known or suspected lung cancer using ScreenCell(®) Cyto filter devices. Captured cells were stained using haematoxylin and eosin and independently assessed by two pathologists for the presence of atypical cells suspicious for cancer. Diagnostic performance was evaluated against pathologist reported diagnoses of cancer from surgically obtained specimens. RESULTS Cancer was diagnosed in 57 patients (77.0%), including 32 with primary lung cancer (56.1%). The proportion of patients with early stage primary lung cancer in which CTCs were identified was 18 and 21 (56.3% and 65.6%, respectively) as reported by two pathologists. The agreement between the pathologists was 77.0% corresponding to a kappa-statistic of 53.7% indicating moderate agreement. No significant differences were found for the percentage of CTCs for primary and metastatic cancer as well as for cancer stages. On sensitivity weighted analysis, a sensitivity and specificity were 71.9% (95% CI 60.5-83.0) and 52.9% (95% CI 31.1-77.0), respectively. On specificity weighted analysis, a sensitivity and specificity were 50.9% (95% CI 39.3-64.4) and 82.4% (60.4-96.2), respectively. CONCLUSION The performance of the tested filter-based antibody-independent technology to capture CTCs using standard cytomorphologic criteria provides the potential of a diagnostic blood test for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim B Freidin
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andee Tay
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dasha V Freydina
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Rice
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vladimir Anikin
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eric Lim
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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258
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Kato T, Enomoto A, Watanabe T, Haga H, Ishida S, Kondo Y, Furukawa K, Urano T, Mii S, Weng L, Ishida-Takagishi M, Asai M, Asai N, Kaibuchi K, Murakumo Y, Takahashi M. TRIM27/MRTF-B-dependent integrin β1 expression defines leading cells in cancer cell collectives. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1156-67. [PMID: 24794433 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For collective invasion, cancer cells form cohesive groups comprised of leading cells (LCs) at the forefront and following cells (FCs) at the rear. However, the molecular mechanisms that define LCs and FCs remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that LCs, but not FCs, upregulated the expression of integrin β1 after the loss of intercellular adhesion. The LC-specific expression of integrin β1 was posttranscriptionally regulated by the TRIM27/MRTF-B complex in response to the loss of intercellular adhesion, thereby regulating the stability and translation of integrin β1 mRNA via microRNA-124 in LCs. Accordingly, depletion of TRIM27 and MRTF-B abrogated the upregulation of integrin β1 in LCs and blocked the invasion of cancer cell groups in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our findings revealed that the specific function of LCs was defined by intrinsic mechanisms related to the presence of the cell's free surface, providing insights into the regulation of intratumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15-W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sumire Ishida
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Urano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Liang Weng
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Maki Ishida-Takagishi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakumo
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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259
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Denisov EV, Litviakov NV, Zavyalova MV, Perelmuter VM, Vtorushin SV, Tsyganov MM, Gerashchenko TS, Garbukov EY, Slonimskaya EM, Cherdyntseva NV. Intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of breast cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficiency and multidrug resistance gene expression. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4709. [PMID: 24736530 PMCID: PMC3988480 DOI: 10.1038/srep04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of breast cancer on neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) efficiency was investigated. In particular, we analysed the association of NAC response and pre- and post-NAC expression of the main multidrug resistance (MDR) genes - ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC5, ABCG1, and ABCG2, with the presence of different morphological structures in breast tumors. In addition, the expression of MDR genes was investigated in different morphological structures and in their microenvironment by comparing probes obtained using laser microdissection. The results of this study showed that tumors with alveolar structures were more frequently NAC-nonresponsive than cases without this structural type (p = 0.0028, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.014). The presence of trabecular structures in breast tumors was also associated with chemoresistance (p = 0.0272, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.136). High expression of MDR genes was not found in alveolar structures (including their microenvironment) and in tumors containing this structural type. In contrast, more active MDR genes and expression of the ABCB1 gene were found only in trabecular structures. Taken together, our data indicate that breast tumors with alveolar structures possess resistance to NAC, which is not related to high expression of MDR genes, whereas chemoresistance of tumors with trabecular structures can depend on the expression level of ABCB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Denisov
- 1] Department of Experimental Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation [3]
| | - Nikolay V Litviakov
- 1] Department of Experimental Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation [3]
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- 1] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [3] Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- 1] Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Vtorushin
- 1] Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey M Tsyganov
- 1] Department of Experimental Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- 1] Department of Experimental Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Yu Garbukov
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena M Slonimskaya
- 1] Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Department of Oncology, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- 1] Department of Experimental Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation [2] Laboratory of Translational Cell and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation [3] Department of Oncology, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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260
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Grover PK, Cummins AG, Price TJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Hardingham JE. Circulating tumour cells: the evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:1506-16. [PMID: 24651410 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are responsible for metastatic relapse and this has fuelled interest in their detection and quantification. Although numerous methods have been developed for the enrichment and detection of CTCs, none has yet reached the 'gold' standard. Since epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-based enrichment of CTCs offers several advantages, it is one of the most commonly used and has been adapted for high-throughput technology. However, emerging evidence suggests that CTCs are highly heterogeneous: they consist of epithelial tumour cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cells, hybrid (epithelial/EMT(+)) tumour cells, irreversible EMT(+) tumour cells, and circulating tumour stem cells (CTSCs). The EpCAM-based approach does not detect CTCs expressing low levels of EpCAM and non-epithelial phenotypes such as CTSCs and those that have undergone EMT and no longer express EpCAM. Thus, the approach may lead to underestimation of the significance of CTCs, in general, and CTSCs and EMT(+) tumour cells, in particular, in cancer dissemination. Here, we provide a critical review of research literature on the evolving concept of CTCs and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based technology for basic and clinical cancer research. The review also outlines future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T J Price
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
| | | | - J E Hardingham
- Haematology-Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, Australia
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261
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Krebs MG, Metcalf RL, Carter L, Brady G, Blackhall FH, Dive C. Molecular analysis of circulating tumour cells-biology and biomarkers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2014; 11:129-44. [PMID: 24445517 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence for intratumour heterogeneity informs us that single-site biopsies fall short of revealing the complete genomic landscape of a tumour. With an expanding repertoire of targeted agents entering the clinic, screening tumours for genomic aberrations is increasingly important, as is interrogating the tumours for resistance mechanisms upon disease progression. Multiple biopsies separated spatially and temporally are impractical, uncomfortable for the patient and not without risk. Here, we describe how circulating tumour cells (CTCs), captured from a minimally invasive blood test-and readily amenable to serial sampling-have the potential to inform intratumour heterogeneity and tumour evolution, although it remains to be determined how useful this will be in the clinic. Technologies for detecting and isolating CTCs include the validated CellSearch(®) system, but other technologies are gaining prominence. We also discuss how recent CTC discoveries map to mechanisms of haematological spread, previously described in preclinical models, including evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, collective cell migration and cells with tumour-initiating capacity within the circulation. Advances in single-cell molecular analysis are enhancing our ability to explore mechanisms of metastasis, and the combination of CTC and cell-free DNA assays are anticipated to provide invaluable blood-borne biomarkers for real-time patient monitoring and treatment stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Krebs
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Robert L Metcalf
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Louise Carter
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Ged Brady
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Fiona H Blackhall
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 550 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Tu Q, Bittencourt MDC, Cai H, Bastien C, Lemarie-Delaunay C, Bene MC, Faure GC. Case Report: Detection and quantification of tumor cells in peripheral blood and ascitic fluid from a metastatic esophageal cancer patient using the CellSearch (®) technology. F1000Res 2014; 3:12. [PMID: 25075284 PMCID: PMC4103486 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.3-12.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of ascitic fluid should help to identify and characterize malignant cells in gastrointestinal cancer. However, despite a high specificity, the sensitivity of traditional ascitic fluid cytology remains insufficient, at around 60%. Since 2004 the CellSearch
® technology has shown its advantages in the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood, which can perform an accurate diagnosis and molecular analysis at the same time. To our knowledge, no previous study has explored the potential utility of this technology for the detection and quantification of tumor cells in ascitic fluid samples. Herein we report a case of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma in a 70-year-old man presenting with dysphagia and a large amount of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Analysis of a peripheral blood sample and ascites sample with the CellSearch
® technology both revealed the presence of putative tumor cells that were positive for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cytokeratin (CK) expression. This study confirmed the hematogenous dissemination of esophageal cancer by the detection of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood, and is the first to demonstrate that tumor cells can be identified in ascitic fluid by using CellSearch
® technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tu
- CHU Nancy, Nancytomique, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle Laboratoires, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France and Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine, EA4369 RHEM and UMR7039 CRAN-CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marcelo De Carvalho Bittencourt
- CHU Nancy, Nancytomique, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle Laboratoires, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France and Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine, EA4369 RHEM and UMR7039 CRAN-CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Huili Cai
- CHU Nancy, Nancytomique, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle Laboratoires, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France and Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine, EA4369 RHEM and UMR7039 CRAN-CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Claire Bastien
- Service D'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Nancy-Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Marie C Bene
- CHU Nancy, Nancytomique, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle Laboratoires, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France and Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine, EA4369 RHEM and UMR7039 CRAN-CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Gilbert C Faure
- CHU Nancy, Nancytomique, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Pôle Laboratoires, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France and Université Henri Poincaré, Faculté de Médecine, EA4369 RHEM and UMR7039 CRAN-CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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263
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Sollier E, Go DE, Che J, Gossett DR, O'Byrne S, Weaver WM, Kummer N, Rettig M, Goldman J, Nickols N, McCloskey S, Kulkarni RP, Di Carlo D. Size-selective collection of circulating tumor cells using Vortex technology. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:63-77. [PMID: 24061411 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A blood-based, low cost alternative to radiation intensive CT and PET imaging is critically needed for cancer prognosis and management of its treatment. "Liquid biopsies" of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from a relatively non-invasive blood draw are particularly ideal, as they can be repeated regularly to provide up to date molecular information about the cancer, which would also open up key opportunities for personalized therapies. Beyond solely diagnostic applications, CTCs are also a subject of interest for drug development and cancer research. In this paper, we adapt a technology previously introduced, combining the use of micro-scale vortices and inertial focusing, specifically for the high-purity extraction of CTCs from blood samples. First, we systematically varied parameters including channel dimensions and flow rates to arrive at an optimal device for maximum trapping efficiency and purity. Second, we validated the final device for capture of cancer cell lines in blood, considering several factors, including the effect of blood dilution, red blood cell lysis and cell deformability, while demonstrating cell viability and independence on EpCAM expression. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, CTCs were successfully extracted and enumerated from the blood of patients with breast (N = 4, 25-51 CTCs per 7.5 mL) and lung cancer (N = 8, 23-317 CTCs per 7.5 mL). Importantly, samples were highly pure with limited leukocyte contamination (purity 57-94%). This Vortex approach offers significant advantages over existing technologies, especially in terms of processing time (20 min for 7.5 mL of whole blood), sample concentration (collecting cells in a small volume down to 300 μL), applicability to various cancer types, cell integrity and purity. We anticipate that its simplicity will aid widespread adoption by clinicians and biologists who desire to not only enumerate CTCs, but also uncover new CTC biology, such as unique gene mutations, vesicle secretion and roles in metastatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sollier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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264
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Kuo CT, Liu HK, Huang GS, Chang CH, Chen CL, Chen KC, Yun-Ju Huang R, Lin CH, Lee H, Huang CS, Wo AM. A spatiotemporally defined in vitro microenvironment for controllable signal delivery and drug screening. Analyst 2014; 139:4846-54. [PMID: 25089836 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00936c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model of mimicking tumor microenvironments to study in vivo-like cancer migration and screening of inhibitors is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Te Kuo
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
| | - Hao-Kai Liu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Guan-Syuan Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hao Chang
- Department of Life Science
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lin Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ken-Chao Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
- National University Hospital
- Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore
- National University of Singapore
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Science
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Department of Surgery
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Andrew M. Wo
- Institute of Applied Mechanics
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei, Republic of China
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265
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Chinen LTD, de Carvalho FM, Rocha BMM, Aguiar CM, Abdallah EA, Campanha D, Mingues NB, de Oliveira TB, Maciel MS, Cervantes GM, Dettino ALA, Soares FA, Paterlini-Bréchot P, Fanelli MF. Cytokeratin-based CTC counting unrelated to clinical follow up. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:593-9. [PMID: 24255771 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been reported to be a relevant prognostic biomarker in metastatic patients. However, their clinical use and impact is still under debate. We have thus comparatively and kinetically assessed two CTC detection methods according to the patient's clinical follow up. METHODS CTC counting and characterization were repeatedly performed during follow up in a patient with metastatic undifferentiated non-small cell lung cancer by using cytokeratin (CK)-dependent immunomagnetic separation (Miltenyi) and CK-independent, size-based isolation [isolation by size of tumor cells (ISET)] (Rarecells). RESULTS Comparison between the two methods showed a parallel increase of CTC detected by ISET and worsening of the clinical status, while CK-dependent CTC numbers were decreasing, misleadingly suggesting a response to treatment. ISET results were in agreement with the clinical follow up showing Circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) and CTC expressing a mesenchymal marker with absence of epithelial markers. CONCLUSIONS This case report study shows the interest of a comparative and kinetic analysis of different methods for CTCs detection combined with their evaluation according to the clinical follow up. Our results should open up an area for future research and validation in larger clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Thomé Domingos Chinen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; ; Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
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266
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Davoli T, Xu AW, Mengwasser KE, Sack LM, Yoon JC, Park PJ, Elledge SJ. Cumulative haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity drive aneuploidy patterns and shape the cancer genome. Cell 2013; 155:948-62. [PMID: 24183448 PMCID: PMC3891052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer for more than 100 years, yet no general theory to explain the recurring patterns of aneuploidy in cancer has emerged. Here, we develop Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene (TUSON) Explorer, a computational method that analyzes the patterns of mutational signatures in tumors and predicts the likelihood that any individual gene functions as a tumor suppressor (TSG) or oncogene (OG). By analyzing >8,200 tumor-normal pairs, we provide statistical evidence suggesting that many more genes possess cancer driver properties than anticipated, forming a continuum of oncogenic potential. Integrating our driver predictions with information on somatic copy number alterations, we find that the distribution and potency of TSGs (STOP genes), OGs, and essential genes (GO genes) on chromosomes can predict the complex patterns of aneuploidy and copy number variation characteristic of cancer genomes. We propose that the cancer genome is shaped through a process of cumulative haploinsufficiency and triplosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Davoli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Wei Xu
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristen E. Mengwasser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura M. Sack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John C. Yoon
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peter J. Park
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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267
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Becker TM, Caixeiro NJ, Lim SH, Tognela A, Kienzle N, Scott KF, Spring KJ, de Souza P. New frontiers in circulating tumor cell analysis: A reference guide for biomolecular profiling toward translational clinical use. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2523-33. [PMID: 24122526 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are now routinely isolated from blood, and measurement of CTC concentrations appears to correlate well with survival in patients with cancer. Interrogation of the molecular profile of CTCs for expression of protein biomarkers, genetic variants and gene expression provides opportunities to use this information to guide personalized treatment, monitor therapy and detect emerging resistance. However, successful application of profiling techniques requires analyses that deliver a reliable and clinically relevant representation of a patient's cancer as it changes with time. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of therapeutically relevant biomarkers in isolated CTCs obtained by fluorescence imaging and genomic profiling approaches. The reviewed data support the notion that molecular profiling of CTCs will provide a reliable representation or surrogate index of tumor burden. Large-scale translational trials, many currently in progress, will provide critical data to progress CTC analysis toward wider clinical use in personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Becker
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medical Oncology, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia; University of New South Wales, School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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268
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers expressed in circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with different stages of disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e831. [PMID: 24091674 PMCID: PMC3824657 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood is associated with metastasis and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a pivotal role in tumor invasion and dissemination. To identify more sensitive biomarkers for evaluating metastasis and prognosis, we investigated the expression of EMT markers, including vimentin, twist, ZEB1, ZEB2, snail, slug and E-cadherin in CTCs, primary HCC tumors and adjacent non-tumoral liver tissues. After isolating viable CTCs from the peripheral blood of HCC patients using asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs), the CTCs were identified with immunofluorescence staining. CTCs were detected in the peripheral blood obtained from 46 of 60 (76.7%) HCC patients. Triple-immunofluorescence staining showed that twist and vimentin expression could be detected in CTCs obtained from 39 (84.8%) and 37 (80.4%) of the 46 patients, respectively. The expression of both twist and vimentin in CTCs was significantly correlated with portal vein tumor thrombus. Coexpression of twist and vimentin in CTCs could be detected in 32 (69.6%) of the 46 patients and was highly correlated with portal vein tumor thrombus, TNM classification and tumor size. Quantitative fluorescence western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of E-cadherin, vimentin and twist in HCC tumors were significantly associated with the positivity of isolated CTCs (P=0.013, P=0.012, P=0.009, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in ZEB1, ZEB2, snail and slug expression levels in CTCs, primary HCC tumors and adjacent non-tumoral liver tissues across samples with regard to the clinicopathological parameters. Our results demonstrate that the EMT has a role in promoting the blood-borne dissemination of primary HCC cells, and the twist and vimentin expression levels in CTCs could serve as promising biomarkers for evaluating metastasis and prognosis in HCC patients.
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269
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Zhao M, Nelson WC, Wei B, Schiro PG, Hakimi BM, Johnson ES, Anand RK, Gyurkey GS, White LM, Whiting SH, Coveler AL, Chiu DT. New generation of ensemble-decision aliquot ranking based on simplified microfluidic components for large-capacity trapping of circulating tumor cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9671-7. [PMID: 24087951 DOI: 10.1021/ac401985r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ensemble-decision aliquot ranking (eDAR) is a sensitive and high-throughput method to analyze circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood. Here, we report the next generation of eDAR, where we designed and optimized a new hydrodynamic switching scheme for the active sorting step in eDAR, which provided fast cell sorting with an improved reproducibility and stability. The microfluidic chip was also simplified by incorporating a functional area for subsequent purification using microslits fabricated by standard lithography method. Using the reported second generation of eDAR, we were able to analyze 1 mL of whole-blood samples in 12.5 min, with a 95% recovery and a zero false positive rate (n = 15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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270
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Yu L, Ng SR, Xu Y, Dong H, Wang YJ, Li CM. Advances of lab-on-a-chip in isolation, detection and post-processing of circulating tumour cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3163-82. [PMID: 23771017 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are shed by primary tumours and are found in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic cancers. Recent studies have shown that the number of CTCs corresponds with disease severity and prognosis. Therefore, detection and further functional analysis of CTCs are important for biomedical science, early diagnosis of cancer metastasis and tracking treatment efficacy in cancer patients, especially in point-of-care applications. Over the last few years, there has been an increasing shift towards not only capturing and detecting these rare cells, but also ensuring their viability for post-processing, such as cell culture and genetic analysis. High throughput lab-on-a-chip (LOC) has been fuelled up to process and analyse heterogeneous real patient samples while gaining profound insights for cancer biology. In this review, we highlight how miniaturisation strategies together with nanotechnologies have been used to advance LOC for capturing, separating, enriching and detecting different CTCs efficiently, while meeting the challenges of cell viability, high throughput multiplex or single-cell detection and post-processing. We begin this survey with an introduction to CTC biology, followed by description of the use of various materials, microstructures and nanostructures for design of LOC to achieve miniaturisation, as well as how various CTC capture or separation strategies can enhance cell capture and enrichment efficiencies, purity and viability. The significant progress of various nanotechnologies-based detection techniques to achieve high sensitivities and low detection limits for viable CTCs and/or to enable CTC post-processing are presented and the fundamental insights are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the technologies are enumerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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271
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Individual profiling of circulating tumor cell composition and therapeutic outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:420-8. [PMID: 23908685 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been proposed as a monitoring tool in patients with solid tumors. So far, automated approaches are challenged by the cellular heterogeneity of CTC, especially the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recently, Yu and colleagues showed that shifts in these cell populations correlated with response and progression, respectively, to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. In this study, we assessed which non-hematopoietic cell types were identifiable in the peripheral blood of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and whether their distribution during treatment courses is associated with clinical characteristics. METHODS Subsequent to few enrichment steps, cell suspensions were spun onto glass slides and further characterized using multi-immunofluorescence staining. All non-hematopoietic cells were counted and individual cell profiles were analyzed per patient and treatment. RESULTS We detected a remarkable variation of cells with epithelial, mesenchymal, liver-specific, and mixed characteristics and different size ranges. The distribution of these subgroups varied significantly between different patient groups and was associated with therapeutic outcome. Kaplan-Meier log-rank test showed that a change in the ratio of epithelial to mesenchymal cells was associated with longer median time to progression (1 vs 15 months; P = .03; hazard ratio = 0.18; 95% confidence interval = 0.01-2.75). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that different CTC populations are identifiable in peripheral blood of HCC patients and, for the first time in HCC, that these individual cell type profiles may have distinct clinical implications. The further characterization and analysis of patients in this ongoing study seems to be warranted.
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272
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Zhang ZY, Ge HY. Micrometastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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273
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Tarumi S, Gotoh M, Kasai Y, Matsuura N, Okuda M, Go T, Ishikawa S, Yokomise H. Innovative method using circulating tumor cells for prediction of the effects of induction therapy on locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 8:175. [PMID: 23856305 PMCID: PMC3718657 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with lung cancer has been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess whether CTCs are predictive of the pathological effects of induction chemoradiotherapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods Patients who underwent induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery were compared with those who underwent surgery alone. Peripheral and pulmonary venous blood samples from the involved lobe were collected intraoperatively, and the number of CTCs was counted using the CellSearch™ system, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule-based immunomagnetic technique. Results Of the 9 patients who underwent induction therapy, 4 achieved pathological CR, 4 achieved major response, and 1 achieved minor response. All patients who underwent induction therapy and surgery alone were negative for CTCs in peripheral blood. In the induction therapy group, 4 patients showing pathological CR were negative for CTCs in pulmonary venous blood (pvCTCs) and 5 showing major/minor response were positive (mean, 57.8 cells). The numbers of CTCs in patients showing major/minor response were significantly higher than those in patients showing pathological CR (p = 0.012, Mann–Whitney U test). All 6 patients undergoing surgery alone were positive for pvCTCs (mean, 207.5 cells), showing a significant difference from those undergoing induction therapy (p = 0.038). Conclusions The existence of CTCs in pulmonary venous blood reflects pathological non-CR, and therapeutic pathological response may be predicted by pvCTC measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Tarumi
- Department of general thoracic, breast and Endocrinological surgery, Faculty of medicine Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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274
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An observational study of circulating tumor cells and (18)F-FDG PET uptake in patients with treatment-naive non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67733. [PMID: 23861795 PMCID: PMC3702496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We investigated the relationship of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor glucose metabolism as defined by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake since both have been associated with patient prognosis. Materials & Methods We performed a retrospective screen of patients at four medical centers who underwent FDG PET-CT imaging and phlebotomy prior to a therapeutic intervention for NSCLC. We used an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) independent fluid biopsy based on cell morphology for CTC detection and enumeration (defined here as High Definition CTCs or “HD-CTCs”). We then correlated HD-CTCs with quantitative FDG uptake image data calibrated across centers in a cross-sectional analysis. Results We assessed seventy-one NSCLC patients whose median tumor size was 2.8 cm (interquartile range, IQR, 2.0–3.6) and median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 7.2 (IQR 3.7–15.5). More than 2 HD-CTCs were detected in 63% of patients, whether across all stages (45 of 71) or in stage I disease (27 of 43). HD-CTCs were weakly correlated with partial volume corrected tumor SUVmax (r = 0.27, p-value = 0.03) and not correlated with tumor diameter (r = 0.07; p-value = 0.60). For a given partial volume corrected SUVmax or tumor diameter there was a wide range of detected HD-CTCs in circulation for both early and late stage disease. Conclusions CTCs are detected frequently in early-stage NSCLC using a non-EpCAM mediated approach with a wide range noted for a given level of FDG uptake or tumor size. Integrating potentially complementary biomarkers like these with traditional patient data may eventually enhance our understanding of clinical, in vivo tumor biology in the early stages of this deadly disease.
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275
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Franco R, Cantile M, Marino FZ, Pirozzi G. Circulating tumor cells as emerging tumor biomarkers in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:438-9. [PMID: 23050098 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
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276
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Carter L, Metcalf R, Blackhall FH, Dive C, Krebs MG. Biology and clinical relevance of circulating tumour cells. J Thorac Dis 2013; 4:453-5. [PMID: 23050105 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.09.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carter
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
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277
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Hosokawa M, Kenmotsu H, Koh Y, Yoshino T, Yoshikawa T, Naito T, Takahashi T, Murakami H, Nakamura Y, Tsuya A, Shukuya T, Ono A, Akamatsu H, Watanabe R, Ono S, Mori K, Kanbara H, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T, Yamamoto N. Size-based isolation of circulating tumor cells in lung cancer patients using a microcavity array system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67466. [PMID: 23840710 PMCID: PMC3696066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-based enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTC) has prognostic value in patients with solid tumors, such as advanced breast, colon, and prostate cancer. However, poor sensitivity has been reported for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To address this problem, we developed a microcavity array (MCA) system integrated with a miniaturized device for CTC isolation without relying on EpCAM expression. Here, we report the results of a clinical study on CTCs of advanced lung cancer patients in which we compared the MCA system with the CellSearch system, which employs the conventional EpCAM-based method. Methods Paired peripheral blood samples were collected from 43 metastatic lung cancer patients to enumerate CTCs using the CellSearch system according to the manufacturer’s protocol and the MCA system by immunolabeling and cytomorphological analysis. The presence of CTCs was assessed blindly and independently by both systems. Results CTCs were detected in 17 of 22 NSCLC patients using the MCA system versus 7 of 22 patients using the CellSearch system. On the other hand, CTCs were detected in 20 of 21 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients using the MCA system versus 12 of 21 patients using the CellSearch system. Significantly more CTCs in NSCLC patients were detected by the MCA system (median 13, range 0–291 cells/7.5 mL) than by the CellSearch system (median 0, range 0–37 cells/7.5 ml) demonstrating statistical superiority (p = 0.0015). Statistical significance was not reached in SCLC though the trend favoring the MCA system over the CellSearch system was observed (p = 0.2888). The MCA system also isolated CTC clusters from patients who had been identified as CTC negative using the CellSearch system. Conclusions The MCA system has a potential to isolate significantly more CTCs and CTC clusters in advanced lung cancer patients compared to the CellSearch system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshino
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshikawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tateaki Naito
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Haruyasu Murakami
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asuka Tsuya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takehito Shukuya
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Ono
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akamatsu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Reiko Watanabe
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Ono
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Mori
- Clinical Trial Coordination Office, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bednarz-Knoll N, Alix-Panabières C, Pantel K. Plasticity of disseminating cancer cells in patients with epithelial malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:673-87. [PMID: 22733306 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current models suggest that at a certain but yet undefined time point of tumour development malignant cells with an aggressive phenotype start to disseminate via the blood stream into distant organs. This invasive phenotype appears to be associated with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables detachment of tumour cells from a primary site and migration. The reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) might play a crucial role in the further steps of metastasis when circulating tumour cells (CTCs) settle down in distant organs and establish (micro-)metastasis. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms and interplay of EMT and MET are only partially understood and their relevance in cancer patients is unclear. Research groups have just started to apply EMT-related markers in their studies on CTCs in cancer patients. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the current state of investigations on CTCs in the context of research on EMT/MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bednarz-Knoll
- Department of Tumour Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Hosokawa M, Yoshikawa T, Negishi R, Yoshino T, Koh Y, Kenmotsu H, Naito T, Takahashi T, Yamamoto N, Kikuhara Y, Kanbara H, Tanaka T, Yamaguchi K, Matsunaga T. Microcavity array system for size-based enrichment of circulating tumor cells from the blood of patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5692-8. [PMID: 23706033 DOI: 10.1021/ac400167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a method for efficient enrichment of small-sized circulating tumor cells (CTCs) such as those found in the blood of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients using a microcavity array (MCA) system. To enrich CTCs from whole blood, a microfabricated nickel filter with a rectangular MCA (10(4) cavities/filter) was integrated with a miniaturized device, allowing for the isolation of tumor cells based on differences in size and deformability between tumor and blood cells. The shape and porosity of the MCA were optimized to efficiently capture small tumor cells on the microcavities under low flow resistance conditions, while allowing other blood cells to effectively pass through. Under optimized conditions, approximately 80% of SCLC (NCI-H69 and NCI-H82) cells spiked in 1 mL of whole blood were successfully recovered. In clinical samples, CTCs were detectable in 16 of 16 SCLC patients. In addition, the number of leukocytes captured on the rectangular MCA was significantly lower than that on the circular MCA (p < 0.001), suggesting that the use of the rectangular MCA diminishes a considerable number of carryover leukocytes. Therefore, our system has potential as a tool for the detection of CTCs in small cell-type tumors and detailed molecular analyses of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
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Pailler E, Adam J, Barthélémy A, Oulhen M, Auger N, Valent A, Borget I, Planchard D, Taylor M, André F, Soria JC, Vielh P, Besse B, Farace F. Detection of circulating tumor cells harboring a unique ALK rearrangement in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2273-81. [PMID: 23669222 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnostic test for ALK rearrangement in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for crizotinib treatment is currently done on tumor biopsies or fine-needle aspirations. We evaluated whether ALK rearrangement diagnosis could be performed by using circulating tumor cells (CTCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS The presence of an ALK rearrangement was examined in CTCs of 18 ALK-positive and 14 ALK-negative patients by using a filtration enrichment technique and filter-adapted fluorescent in situ hybridization (FA-FISH), a FISH method optimized for filters. ALK-rearrangement patterns were determined in CTCs and compared with those present in tumor biopsies. ALK-rearranged CTCs and tumor specimens were characterized for epithelial (cytokeratins, E-cadherin) and mesenchymal (vimentin, N-cadherin) marker expression. ALK-rearranged CTCs were monitored in five patients treated with crizotinib. RESULTS All ALK-positive patients had four or more ALK-rearranged CTCs per 1 mL of blood (median, nine CTCs per 1 mL; range, four to 34 CTCs per 1 mL). No or only one ALK-rearranged CTC (median, one per 1 mL; range, zero to one per 1 mL) was detected in ALK-negative patients. ALK-rearranged CTCs harbored a unique (3'5') split pattern, and heterogeneous patterns (3'5', only 3') of splits were present in tumors. ALK-rearranged CTCs expressed a mesenchymal phenotype contrasting with heterogeneous epithelial and mesenchymal marker expressions in tumors. Variations in ALK-rearranged CTC levels were detected in patients being treated with crizotinib. CONCLUSION ALK rearrangement can be detected in CTCs of patients with ALK-positive NSCLC by using a filtration technique and FA-FISH, enabling both diagnostic testing and monitoring of crizotinib treatment. Our results suggest that CTCs harboring a unique ALK rearrangement and mesenchymal phenotype may arise from clonal selection of tumor cells that have acquired the potential to drive metastatic progression of ALK-positive NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pailler
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Ramakrishna R, Rostomily R. Seed, soil, and beyond: The basic biology of brain metastasis. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:S256-64. [PMID: 23717797 PMCID: PMC3656561 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
First invoked by Paget, the seed and soil hypothesis suggests that the successful growth of metastatic cells depends on the interactions and properties of cancer cells (seeds) and their potential target organs (soil). In the context of the seed and soil hypothesis this review examines recent advances in the understanding of molecular and cellular features that permit transformed epithelial cells to gain access to the blood stream (intravasation), survive their journey through the blood stream, and ultimately traverse through the microvasculature of target organs (extravsation) to deposit, survive, and grow in a foreign tissue environment. In addition to a review of the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the seed and soil theory to cancer metastasis, additional concepts highlighted include: (i) The role of cancer stem-like cells as putative cells of metastatic origin (the "seeds"); (ii) the mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in driving epithelial cell conthose molecules do no blood stream to avoid anoikis, or anchorage independent cell death; and (iv) the reverse process of EMT, or mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), which promotes conversion back to the parent cell morphology and growth of macrometastsis in the target organ. The unique biology of metastases once established in the brain, and in particular the "sanctuary" role that the brain microenvironment plays in promoting metastatic growth and treatment resistance, will also be examined. These issues are of more than academic interest since as systemic therapies gradually improve local tumor control, the relative impact of brain metastasis will inexorably play a proportionally greater role in determining patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ramakrishna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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282
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Stovold R, Meredith SL, Bryant JL, Babur M, Williams KJ, Dean EJ, Dive C, Blackhall FH, White A. Neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes in small-cell lung cancer: implications for metastasis and survival in patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1704-11. [PMID: 23519056 PMCID: PMC3668479 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a very aggressive clinical course with early metastasis. This study investigated how the distinctive neuroendocrine characteristics contribute to disease progression and invasion in human SCLC. METHODS The neuroendocrine phenotype (pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)) was quantified by ELISA in blood samples from 43 SCLC patients. The neuroendocrine (POMC, chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, NCAM) and epithelial (cytokeratin and E-cadherin) phenotypes were investigated, using ELISA and immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In SCLC patients, 16% had elevated circulating POMC, which was associated with significantly worse survival (P=0.02) and liver metastases (P=0.004). In addition, POMC correlated with epithelial-positive circulating tumour cells (P=0.0002). In a panel of SCLC cell lines, all POMC-secreting cell lines expressed cytokeratin (40% of total). Even after cloning, DMS 79 cells expressed both neuroendocrine and epithelial markers. DMS 79 xenografts secreted POMC into the blood, which mirrored the tumour volume. These xenografts expressed both neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes in all tumours, with both phenotypes prevalent in cells invading the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSION Both neuroendocrine and epithelial phenotypes coexist in human SCLC tumours in vitro and in vivo and this persists in invading tumour cells. In patients, POMC secretion predicts poor survival and liver metastases, suggesting a crucial role of the neuroendocrine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stovold
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - S L Meredith
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - J L Bryant
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M Babur
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - E J Dean
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - C Dive
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - F H Blackhall
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - A White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, 3.016 AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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283
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Pavlova NN, Pallasch C, Elia AEH, Braun CJ, Westbrook TF, Hemann M, Elledge SJ. A role for PVRL4-driven cell-cell interactions in tumorigenesis. eLife 2013; 2:e00358. [PMID: 23682311 PMCID: PMC3641523 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During all stages of tumor progression, cancer cells are subjected to inappropriate extracellular matrix environments and must undergo adaptive changes in order to evade growth constraints associated with the loss of matrix attachment. A gain of function screen for genes that enable proliferation independently of matrix anchorage identified a cell adhesion molecule PVRL4 (poliovirus-receptor-like 4), also known as Nectin-4. PVRL4 promotes anchorage-independence by driving cell-to-cell attachment and matrix-independent integrin β4/SHP-2/c-Src activation. Solid tumors frequently have copy number gains of the PVRL4 locus and some have focal amplifications. We demonstrate that the transformation of breast cancer cells is dependent on PVRL4. Furthermore, growth of orthotopically implanted tumors in vivo is inhibited by blocking PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment with monoclonal antibodies, demonstrating a novel strategy for targeted therapy of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00358.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya N Pavlova
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Christian Pallasch
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew EH Elia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Christian J Braun
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Michael Hemann
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, United States
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States
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284
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Hong B, Zu Y. Detecting circulating tumor cells: current challenges and new trends. Theranostics 2013; 3:377-94. [PMID: 23781285 PMCID: PMC3677409 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood stream play a critical role in establishing metastases. The clinical value of CTCs as a biomarker for early cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, and pharmacodynamics have been widely explored in recent years. However, the clinical utility of current CTC tests is limited mainly due to methodological constraints. In this review, the pros and cons of the reported CTC assays are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the potential of tumor cell-derived materials as new targets for CTC detection, including circulating tumor microemboli, cell fragments, and circulating DNA, is evaluated. Finally, emerging approaches for CTC detection, including telomerase-based or aptamer-based assays and cell functional analysis, are also assessed. Expectantly, a thorough review of the current knowledge and technology of CTC detection will assist the scientific community in the development of more efficient CTC assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hong
- 1. TeloVISION, LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel Blvd. West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- 2. Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin, MS205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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285
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Roche J, Nasarre P, Gemmill R, Baldys A, Pontis J, Korch C, Guilhot J, Ait-Si-Ali S, Drabkin H. Global Decrease of Histone H3K27 Acetylation in ZEB1-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:334-56. [PMID: 24216980 PMCID: PMC3730320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables epithelial cells with a migratory mesenchymal phenotype. It is activated in cancer cells and is involved in invasion, metastasis and stem-like properties. ZEB1, an E-box binding transcription factor, is a major suppressor of epithelial genes in lung cancer. In the present study, we show that in H358 non-small cell lung cancer cells, ZEB1 downregulates EpCAM (coding for an epithelial cell adhesion molecule), ESRP1 (epithelial splicing regulatory protein), ST14 (a membrane associated serine protease involved in HGF processing) and RAB25 (a small G-protein) by direct binding to these genes. Following ZEB1 induction, acetylation of histone H4 and histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) and 27 (H3K27) was decreased on ZEB1 binding sites on these genes as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Of note, decreased H3K27 acetylation could be also detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry in ZEB1 induced cells. In lung cancers, H3K27 acetylation level was higher in the tumor compartment than in the corresponding stroma where ZEB1 was more often expressed. Since HDAC and DNA methylation inhibitors increased expression of ZEB1 target genes, targeting these epigenetic modifications would be expected to reduce metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Roche
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, MUSC, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (P.N.); (R.G.); (H.D.)
- CNRS FRE 3511, University of Poitiers, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, F-86022 Poitiers Cédex, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-549-453-550
| | - Patrick Nasarre
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, MUSC, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (P.N.); (R.G.); (H.D.)
| | - Robert Gemmill
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, MUSC, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (P.N.); (R.G.); (H.D.)
| | - Aleksander Baldys
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, MUSC, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Julien Pontis
- Epigénétique & Destin Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7216, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Christopher Korch
- CU DNA Sequencing and Analysis Core, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Joëlle Guilhot
- INSERM, CIC 0802, CHU de Poitiers, F-86021 France; E-Mail:
| | - Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
- Epigénétique & Destin Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7216, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75013 Paris, France; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Harry Drabkin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology Division, MUSC, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA; E-Mails: (P.N.); (R.G.); (H.D.)
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Kim JW, Galanzha EI, Zaharoff DA, Griffin RJ, Zharov VP. Nanotheranostics of circulating tumor cells, infections and other pathological features in vivo. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:813-30. [PMID: 23379366 DOI: 10.1021/mp300577s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases are disseminated through biological fluids, such as blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. The migration of tumor cells through the vascular circulation is a mandatory step in metastasis, which is responsible for ∼90% of cancer-associated mortality. Circulating pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or blood clots lead to other serious conditions including bacteremia, sepsis, viremia, infarction, and stroke. Therefore, technologies capable of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating bacterial cells (CBCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), circulating blood clots, cancer biomarkers such as microparticles and exosomes, which contain important microRNA signatures, and other abnormal features such as malaria parasites in biological fluids may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cancers, infections, and adverse cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, even in a disease setting, circulating abnormal cells are rare events that are easily obscured by the overwhelming background material in whole blood. Existing detection methods mostly rely on ex vivo analyses of limited volumes (a few milliliters) of blood samples. These small volumes limit the probability of detecting CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other rare phenomena. In vivo detection platforms capable of continuously monitoring the entire blood volume may substantially increase the probability of detecting circulating abnormal cells and, in particular, increase the opportunity to identify exceedingly rare and potentially dangerous subsets of these cells, such as circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs). In addition, in vivo detection technologies capable of destroying and/or capturing circulating abnormal cells may inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on novel therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) platforms integrating in vivo real-time early diagnosis and nano-bubble based targeted therapy of CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other abnormal objects in circulation. This critical review particularly focuses on nanotechnology-based theranostic (nanotheranostic) approaches, especially in vivo photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) nanotheranostic platforms. We emphasize an urgent need for in vivo platforms composed of multifunctional contrast nanoagents, which utilize diverse modalities to realize a breakthrough for early detection and treatment of harmful diseases disseminated through the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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Harris JL, Stocum M, Roberts L, Jiang C, Lin J, Sprott K. Quest for the Ideal Cancer Biomarker: An Update on Progress in Capture and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells. Drug Dev Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Roberts
- On-Q-ity Inc.; Waltham; Massachusetts; 02451; USA
| | | | - Jessie Lin
- On-Q-ity Inc.; Waltham; Massachusetts; 02451; USA
| | - Kam Sprott
- On-Q-ity Inc.; Waltham; Massachusetts; 02451; USA
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Ma YC, Wang L, Yu FL. Recent advances and prospects in the isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) methodology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 12:295-309. [PMID: 23448577 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current technologies to identify and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and _ circulating tumor microemboli (CTMs) among hundreds of millions of leukocytes in the bloodstream can be classified into tumor-marker-dependent and -independent technology. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) is a tumor-marker-independent technology, in which CTCs are isolated by filtration without use of tumor-associated markers, as a result of their large size relative to circulating blood leukocytes. ISET allows cytomorphological, immunocytological, and genetic characterization of CTCs and CTMs. It offers a number of advantages, including retention of cell morphology; non-antigen dependence; amenability of cells to further interrogation by immunolabeling, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA/DNA analysis; ability to isolate CTMs; reliability. Therefore, morphological-analysis-based and antigen-independent ISET methodology can yield more accurate and objective characterization of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We can evaluate efficacy of _chemotherapy and radiotherapy and other cancer-targeting therapies by using xenografts that are suitable models for mechanistic studies of ISET-isolated CTC/CTM biology. In addition, a new _ISET-based device could be designed to increase sensitivity to CTCs/CTMs greatly and reduce the number of CTCs/CTMs directly during the blood flow, thus decreasing the _possibility of tumor recurrence and metastasis while retaining normal blood cells. This article reviews recent advances and prospects in ISET methodology and provides new insights into ISET methodology, with important implications for the clinical management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Ma
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic _Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 _Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, _Hunan 410012, China.
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289
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Ma XL, Xiao ZL, Liu L, Liu XX, Nie W, Li P, Chen NY, Wei YQ. Meta-analysis of circulating tumor cells as a prognostic marker in lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:1137-44. [PMID: 22799295 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play potential roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers with various cancer types. The aim of this study was to comprehensively and quantitatively summarize the evidence for the use of CTCs to predict the survival outcome of lung cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature was identified using Medline and EMBASE. Patients' clinical characteristics, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) together with CTC positive rates at different time points (before, during and after treatment) were extracted. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the prognostic role of CTCs and the correlation between the CTC appearance and clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total of 12 articles containing survival outcomes and clinical characteristics and 15 articles containing only clinical characteristics were included for the global meta-analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS predicted by pro-treatment CTCs was 2.61 [1.82, 3.74], while the HR for PFS was 2.37 [1.41, 3.99]. The HR for OS predicted by post-treatment CTCs was 4.19 [2.92, 6.00], while the HR for PFS was 4.97 [3.05, 8.11]. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to histological classification and detection method. Odds ratio (OR) showed the appearance of pro-treatment CTCs correlated with the lymph node status, distant metastasis, and TNM staging, while post-treatment CTCs correlated with TNM staging only. CONCLUSION Detection of CTCs in the peripheral blood indicates a poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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290
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Cima I, Wen Yee C, Iliescu FS, Phyo WM, Lim KH, Iliescu C, Tan MH. Label-free isolation of circulating tumor cells in microfluidic devices: Current research and perspectives. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:11810. [PMID: 24403992 PMCID: PMC3568085 DOI: 10.1063/1.4780062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review will cover the recent advances in label-free approaches to isolate and manipulate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). In essence, label-free approaches do not rely on antibodies or biological markers for labeling the cells of interest, but enrich them using the differential physical properties intrinsic to cancer and blood cells. We will discuss technologies that isolate cells based on their biomechanical and electrical properties. Label-free approaches to analyze CTCs have been recently invoked as a valid alternative to "marker-based" techniques, because classical epithelial and tumor markers are lost on some CTC populations and there is no comprehensive phenotypic definition for CTCs. We will highlight the advantages and drawbacks of these technologies and the status on their implementation in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cima
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Chay Wen Yee
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
| | | | - Wai Min Phyo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Min Han Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos #04-01, Singapore 138669 ; National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
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291
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van de Stolpe A. On the origin and destination of cancer stem cells: a conceptual evaluation. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:107-116. [PMID: 23359140 PMCID: PMC3555199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite remaining uncertainties and ongoing research it is possible to draw up a model for the role of (cancer) stem cells in both the initiation and progression of cancer towards metastasis. The cancer stem cell of origin and the cancer stem cell are, despite phenotypic similarities, genotypically different entities. Given the right circumstances provided by a combination of genomic changes and biochemical and physical interactions with its microenvironment, an epithelial cancer cell may undergo a phenotypic epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) towards a cancer stem cell. This transition conveys upon the cell crucial stem cell-like abilities which facilitate migration into the blood circulation as an individual circulating tumor cell, survive there, and subsequently seed into organ tissue where, once more in close interaction with its microenvironment, the process of clonal self renewal may start, leading to a metastatic tumor. Both in the primary tumor as well as in the metastatic tumor, partial differentiation of the cancer stem cell progeny leads to phenotypic heterogeneity. Throughout this complex process of cancer metastasis similarities with the way stem cells function during embryonic development, including the signaling pathways that mediate these functions, are evident. Deeper insight in the EMT process, plasticity of the resulting cancer stem cells, and the role of cancer stem cells in the metastatic process is expected to lead to novel anti-metastatic cancer therapies. Emerging human in vitro cancer models in the form of "organ-on-a-chip" may contribute valuable novel research tools to achieve this aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja van de Stolpe
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11 1.163, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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292
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Key molecular mechanisms in lung cancer invasion and metastasis: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 87:1-11. [PMID: 23332547 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common and malignant cancers worldwide. It is most often diagnosed at late stages, when it has already presented local invasion and distal metastases. The basic stages of invasion and metastasis involve the detachment of tumor cells from the extracellular matrix, invasion of surrounding tissues and basal lamina, intravasation into the blood stream, survival and transport through the blood stream, migration, arrest and extravasation at a distal site and formation of a metastatic lesion. These steps require fundamental mechanisms such as angiogenesis, degradation of matrix barriers, disruption of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and inducement of cellular motility. Genes that regulate functions like unlimited growth potential, survival, genomic instability, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and apoptosis evasion, are involved in giving lung cancer tumors invasive and metastatic competence. Improving of understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remains an urgent and essential issue, in order to develop new more effective strategies in preventing and treating lung cancer.
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293
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Tsai JH, Donaher JL, Murphy DA, Chau S, Yang J. Spatiotemporal regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition is essential for squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cancer Cell 2012; 22. [PMID: 23201165 PMCID: PMC3522773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in converting stationary epithelial tumor cells into motile mesenchymal cells during metastasis. However, the involvement of EMT in metastasis is still controversial, due to the lack of a mesenchymal phenotype in human carcinoma metastases. Using a spontaneous squamous cell carcinoma mouse model, we show that activation of the EMT-inducing transcription factor Twist1 is sufficient to promote carcinoma cells to undergo EMT and disseminate into blood circulation. Importantly, in distant sites, turning off Twist1 to allow reversion of EMT is essential for disseminated tumor cells to proliferate and form metastases. Our study demonstrates in vivo the requirement of "reversible EMT" in tumor metastasis and may resolve the controversy on the importance of EMT in carcinoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff H. Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636
| | - Joana Liu Donaher
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142
| | | | - Sandra Chau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0636
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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294
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Ilie M, Long E, Butori C, Hofman V, Coelle C, Mauro V, Zahaf K, Marquette CH, Mouroux J, Paterlini-Bréchot P, Hofman P. ALK-gene rearrangement: a comparative analysis on circulating tumour cells and tumour tissue from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2907-2913. [PMID: 22735679 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subgroup of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged lung tumours can respond to ALK inhibitors. Until now, the ALK status in circulating tumour cells (CTCs) isolated from patients with lung cancer has not been characterised. We assessed the ALK status in CTCs detected in patients with lung cancer and correlated the results to the ALK status defined in the corresponding tumour tissue. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 87 patients with lung adenocarcinoma showing CTCs isolated using the isolation by size of epithelial tumour cell method were screened for their ALK status both in tumour samples and in CTCs. ALK break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunoreactivity analyses using an anti-ALK antibody (5A4 clone) were carried out on CTCs and compared with the results obtained in the corresponding tissue specimens. RESULTS A total of five patients showed ALK-gene rearrangement and strong ALK protein expression in CTCs and in the corresponding tumour samples. Both ALK-FISH and ALK immunoreactivity analyses show negative results in CTCs and corresponding tumour samples for 82 patients. Conclusions We demonstrated that the ALK status can be determined in CTCs isolated from patients with lung cancer by immunocytochemistry and FISH analyses. These results favour non-invasive, ALK-gene status pre-screening on a routine basis on CTCs isolated from patients with lung cancer and open new avenues for real-time monitoring for adapted targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ilie
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Human Biobank Unit; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice; Cancéropôle PACA, Marseille
| | - E Long
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice
| | - C Butori
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice
| | - V Hofman
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Human Biobank Unit; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice; Cancéropôle PACA, Marseille
| | | | | | - K Zahaf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice
| | - C H Marquette
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Department of Pneumology
| | - J Mouroux
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice
| | | | - P Hofman
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing (IRCAN), INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR 7284, Team 3, Nice; Team 3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice; Human Biobank Unit; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, University Hospital Centre of Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Nice; Cancéropôle PACA, Marseille.
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295
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Ritsma L, Steller EJA, Beerling E, Loomans CJM, Zomer A, Gerlach C, Vrisekoop N, Seinstra D, van Gurp L, Schafer R, Raats DA, de Graaff A, Schumacher TN, de Koning EJP, Rinkes IHB, Kranenburg O, Rheenen JV. Intravital Microscopy Through an Abdominal Imaging Window Reveals a Pre-Micrometastasis Stage During Liver Metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:158ra145. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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296
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Funaki S, Sawabata N, Abulaiti A, Nakagiri T, Shintani Y, Inoue M, Minami M, Okumura M. Significance of tumour vessel invasion in determining the morphology of isolated tumour cells in the pulmonary vein in non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 43:1126-30. [PMID: 23100289 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The existence of clustered isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in the pulmonary vein (PV) of the lungs of patients with lung cancer has been reported to be a prognostic factor. However, the clinical-pathological characteristics related to their presence in the PV remain unclear. METHODS We analysed the surgical results and clinical-pathological findings of 130 patients who underwent surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer in regard to blood vessel invasion (BVI), serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, maximum standardized uptake value (SUV-max), size of the solid region in computed tomography findings and pathological stage according to an ITC type, i.e. no tumour (N), singular tumour cells (S) and clustered tumour cells (C). RESULTS ITCs were detected in 96 (74%) of the patients, with C observed in 43, S in 53 and N in 34. Recurrence was seen in 33 (26%) cases, 21 of which were classified as C, 9 as S and 3 as N. The disease-free survival rate was significantly worse in C cases when compared with the others (P < 0.01). The rate of C was high in cases with high serum CEA, advanced p-staging and positive BVI ratio. Furthermore, BVI positive and ITC morphology were strongly related (BVI positive; 79 in C, 40 in S, 9% in N; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Clustered ITCs were shown to be a prognostic indicator and strongly related to BVI. Our results suggest that determination of BVI has prognostic value, as clustered ITCs with metastatic potential are disseminated from the invaded vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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297
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Song Y, Wang Z, Yang L. [Advances in research on circulating tumor cells in lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:612-8. [PMID: 23075687 PMCID: PMC5999834 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
转移和复发是肺癌患者死亡的主要原因。研究发现循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTCs)在肺癌转移和复发中起着重要作用。而且随着靶向治疗的不断进步,对于晚期无法取得肺癌实体组织的患者,CTCs作为一种肺癌组织替代物可以决定治疗方案。所以CTCs在早期发现肺癌患者的微转移、检测肿瘤复发、评估预后和选择个体化治疗方案方面有着重要作用。本文针对CTCs的研究进展及肺癌领域的应用进行综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University,
Shenzhen 518020, China
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298
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Abstract
SUMMARY Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood of patients affected by lung cancer. CTCs may be the origin of micrometastases, which may be present even if not detectable by standard imaging techniques. Different approaches have been developed to detect CTCs, but the only validated approach (CellSearch®; Veridex, LLC, NJ, USA) is limited by its intrinsic dependence on EpCAM expression. Several studies investigating the role of CTCs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive factors have been published. To date, there is growing evidence supporting the notion that CTCs can be considered as independent prognostic factors in advanced and radically resected non-small-cell lung cancer and in small-cell lung cancer. CTCs could also represent a promising way to assess biological features that are predictive of response to target agents and to evaluate the onset of mechanisms of resistance after chemotherapy or biological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bordi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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299
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Abstract
Most invasive solid tumours display predominantly collective invasion, in which groups of cells invade the peritumoral stroma while maintaining cell-cell contacts. As the concepts and experimental models for functional analysis of collective cancer cell invasion are rapidly developing, we propose a framework for addressing potential mechanisms, experimental strategies and technical challenges to study this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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300
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Saucedo-Zeni N, Mewes S, Niestroj R, Gasiorowski L, Murawa D, Nowaczyk P, Tomasi T, Weber E, Dworacki G, Morgenthaler NG, Jansen H, Propping C, Sterzynska K, Dyszkiewicz W, Zabel M, Kiechle M, Reuning U, Schmitt M, Lücke K. A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1241-50. [PMID: 22825490 PMCID: PMC3583719 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood of patients afflicted with solid malignant tumors becomes increasingly important as it may serve as a 'liquid biopsy' with the potential of monitoring the course of the cancer disease and its response to cancer therapy, with subsequent molecular characterization. For this purpose, we functionalized a structured medical Seldinger guidewire (FSMW), normally used to obtain safe access to blood vessels and other organ cavities, with a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed to the cell surface expressed epithelial cell surface adhesion molecule (EpCAM). This medical device was optimized in vitro and its biocompatibility was tested according to the regulations for medical devices and found to be safe with no noteworthy side effects. Suitability, specificity and sensitivity of the FSMW to catch and enrich CTCs in vivo from circulating peripheral blood were tested in 24 breast cancer or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and in 29 healthy volunteers. For this, the FSMW was inserted through a standard venous cannula into the cubital veins of healthy volunteers or cancer patients for the duration of 30 min. After removal, CTCs were identified by immuno-cytochemical staining of EpCAM and/or cytokeratins and staining of their nuclei and counted. The FSMW successfully enriched EpCAM-positive CTCs from 22 of the 24 patients, with a median of 5.5 (0-50) CTCs in breast cancer (n=12) and 16 (2-515) CTCs in NSCLC (n=12). CTCs could be isolated across all tumor stages, including early stage cancer, in which distant metastases were not yet diagnosed, while no CTCs could be detected in healthy volunteers. In this observatory study, no adverse effects were noted. Evidently, the FSMW has the potential to become an important device to enrich CTCs in vivo for monitoring the course of the cancer disease and the efficacy of anticancer treatment.
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