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Motofei IG. Nobel Prize for immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the immunological switching between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:599-612. [PMID: 34937484 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a revolutionary form of immunotherapy in cancer. However, the percentage of patients responding to therapy is relatively low, while adverse effects occur in a large number of patients. In addition, the therapeutic mechanisms of ICIs are not yet completely described. AREAS COVERED The initial view (articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.) was that ICIs increase tumor-specific immunity. Recent data (collected from the same databases) suggest that the ICIs pharmacotherapy actually extends beyond the topic of immune reactivity, including additional immune pathways, such as disrupting immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific autoimmunity. Unfortunately, there is no clear delimitation between these specific autoimmune reactions that are therapeutically beneficial, and nonspecific autoimmune reactions/toxicity that can be extremely severe side effects. EXPERT OPINION Immune checkpoint mechanisms perform a non-selective immune regulation, maintaining a dynamic balance between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. By blocking these mechanisms, ICIs actually perform an immunological reset, decreasing immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific immunity and predisposition to autoimmunity. The predisposition to autoimmunity induces both side effects and beneficial autoimmunity. Consequently, further studies are necessary to maximize the beneficial tumor-specific autoimmunity, while reducing the counterproductive effect of associated autoimmune toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- Department of Surgery/ Oncology, Carol Davila University, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Surgery/ Oncology, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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252
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Najibi AJ, Shih TY, Mooney DJ. Cryogel vaccines effectively induce immune responses independent of proximity to the draining lymph nodes. Biomaterials 2021; 281:121329. [PMID: 34954588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The delivery location of traditional vaccines can impact immune responses and resulting efficacy. Cryogel-based cancer vaccines, which are typically injected near the inguinal lymph nodes (iLNs), recruit and activate dendritic cells (DC) in situ, induce DC homing to the iLNs, and have generated potent anti-tumor immunity against several murine cancer models. However, whether cryogel vaccination distance to a draining LN affects the kinetics of DC homing and downstream antigen-specific immunity is unknown, given the heightened importance of the scaffold vaccine site. We hypothesized that vaccination near the iLNs would lead to more rapid DC trafficking to the iLNs, thereby inducing faster and stronger immune responses. Here, mice were injected with cryogel vaccines against ovalbumin either adjacent or distal to the iLNs, and the resultant DC trafficking kinetics, T cell phenotypes, antigen-specific T cell and humoral responses, and prophylactic efficacy in an ovalbumin-expressing tumor model were assessed. Cryogel vaccines induced potent, long-lasting antigen-specific immune responses independent of distance to the iLNs, with no significant differences in DC trafficking kinetics, ovalbumin-specific T cell and antibody responses, or prophylactic efficacy. Moreover, DC trafficking and activation state were not impacted when cryogels were injected near a tumor. These results demonstrate a flexibility in vaccination location for scaffold-based vaccines, independent of draining LN distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Najibi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Shih
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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253
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Budimir N, Thomas GD, Dolina JS, Salek-Ardakani S. Reversing T-cell Exhaustion in Cancer: Lessons Learned from PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 10:146-153. [PMID: 34937730 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many types of cancer over the past decade. The initial therapeutic hypothesis underlying the mechanism of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 ICB was built around the premise that it acts locally in the tumor, reversing the exhaustion of PD-1hiCD8+ T cells by "releasing the brakes." However, recent studies have provided unprecedented insight into the complexity within the CD8+ T-cell pool in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Single-cell RNA sequencing and epigenetic profiling studies have identified novel cell surface markers, revealing heterogeneity within CD8+ T-cell states classified as unique. Moreover, these studies highlighted that following ICB, CD8+ T-cell states within and outside the TME possess a differential capacity to respond, mobilize to the TME, and seed an effective antitumor immune response. In aggregate, these recent developments have led to a reevaluation of our understanding of both the underlying mechanisms and the sites of action of ICB therapy. Here, we discuss the evidence for the reversibility of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion after ICB treatment and its implication for the further development of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Budimir
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California.
| | - Joseph S Dolina
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Dolina JS, Wei J, Wang X, Chen SH, Santiago P, Tu G, Micci L, Al-Khami AA, Pfister S, Ram S, Sundar P, Thomas G, Long H, Yang W, Potluri S, Salek-Ardakani S. Combinatorial immunotherapy induces tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells with distinct functional, migratory, and stem-like properties. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003614. [PMID: 34903555 PMCID: PMC8672007 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed death (ligand) 1 (PD-(L)1) blockade and OX40/4-1BB costimulation have been separately evaluated in the clinic to elicit potent antitumor T cell responses. The precise mechanisms underlying single agent activity are incompletely understood. It also remains unclear if combining individual therapies leads to synergism, elicits novel immune mechanisms, or invokes additive effects. Methods We performed high-dimensional flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing-based immunoprofiling of murine tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from hosts bearing B16 or MC38 syngeneic tumors. This baseline infiltrate was compared to TILs after treatment with either anti-PD-(L)1, anti-OX40, or anti-4-1BB as single agents or as double and triple combinatorial therapies. Fingolimod treatment and CXCR3 blockade were used to evaluate the contribution of intratumoral versus peripheral CD8+ T cells to therapeutic efficacy. Results We identified CD8+ T cell subtypes with distinct functional and migratory signatures highly predictive of tumor rejection upon treatment with single agent versus combination therapies. Rather than reinvigorating terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells, OX40/4-1BB agonism expanded a stem-like PD-1loKLRG-1+Ki-67+CD8+ T cell subpopulation, which PD-(L)1 blockade alone did not. However, PD-(L)1 blockade synergized with OX40/4-1BB costimulation by dramatically enhancing stem-like TIL presence via a CXCR3-dependent mechanism. Conclusions Our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the interplay between components of combinatorial immunotherapy, where agonism of select costimulatory pathways seeds a pool of stem-like CD8+ T cells more responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Wei
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Computational Biology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shih-Hsun Chen
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pamela Santiago
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Guanghuan Tu
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Luca Micci
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sophia Pfister
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sripad Ram
- Global Pathology, Drug Safety Reserach and Development, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Purnima Sundar
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Graham Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hua Long
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Computational Biology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shobha Potluri
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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255
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Duraiswamy J, Turrini R, Minasyan A, Barras D, Crespo I, Grimm AJ, Casado J, Genolet R, Benedetti F, Wicky A, Ioannidou K, Castro W, Neal C, Moriot A, Renaud-Tissot S, Anstett V, Fahr N, Tanyi JL, Eiva MA, Jacobson CA, Montone KT, Westergaard MCW, Svane IM, Kandalaft LE, Delorenzi M, Sorger PK, Färkkilä A, Michielin O, Zoete V, Carmona SJ, Foukas PG, Powell DJ, Rusakiewicz S, Doucey MA, Dangaj Laniti D, Coukos G. Myeloid antigen-presenting cell niches sustain antitumor T cells and license PD-1 blockade via CD28 costimulation. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1623-1642.e20. [PMID: 34739845 PMCID: PMC8861565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and responsiveness to PD-1 blockade remain partly unknown. In human ovarian cancer, we show that tumor-specific CD8+ TIL accumulate in tumor islets, where they engage antigen and upregulate PD-1, which restrains their functions. Intraepithelial PD-1+CD8+ TIL can be, however, polyfunctional. PD-1+ TIL indeed exhibit a continuum of exhaustion states, with variable levels of CD28 costimulation, which is provided by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in intraepithelial tumor myeloid niches. CD28 costimulation is associated with improved effector fitness of exhausted CD8+ TIL and is required for their activation upon PD-1 blockade, which also requires tumor myeloid APC. Exhausted TIL lacking proper CD28 costimulation in situ fail to respond to PD-1 blockade, and their response may be rescued by local CTLA-4 blockade and tumor APC stimulation via CD40L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikumar Duraiswamy
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Riccardo Turrini
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aspram Minasyan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isaac Crespo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizée J Grimm
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Casado
- Research Program of Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raphael Genolet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Benedetti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Wicky
- Center for Precision Oncology, Department of Oncology, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wilson Castro
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Neal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Moriot
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Renaud-Tissot
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Anstett
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Fahr
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janos L Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monika A Eiva
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connor A Jacobson
- Harvard Ludwig Center, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen T Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, UNIL, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Harvard Ludwig Center, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Research Program of Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Center for Precision Oncology, Department of Oncology, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Santiago J Carmona
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Agnès Doucey
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denarda Dangaj Laniti
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zhang L, Li J, Zhang M, Wang L, Yang T, Shao Q, Liang X, Ma M, Zhang N, Jing M, Song R, Fan J. Identification of a Six-Gene Prognostic Signature Characterized by Tumor Microenvironment Immune Profiles in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:722421. [PMID: 34868201 PMCID: PMC8637193 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is widely acknowledged to be extremely sensitive to immunotherapy, emphasizing the tremendous impacts on which the tumor microenvironment (TME) has shown. However, the molecular subgroups characterized by the TME features scarcely serve as the risk stratification guides in clinical practice for survival outcomes and immunotherapy response prediction. This study generated fresh insights into a novel TME-related prognostic signature derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas database using integrated bioinformatics analyses. Subsequently, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate and validate the efficacy and the accuracy of the signature in ccRCC prognosis. Furthermore, we discovered that the risk score presented an increased likelihood of correlation with miscellaneous clinicopathological characteristics, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, immune cell infiltration levels, and immune checkpoint expression. These findings highlighted the notion that the six-gene signature characterized by the TME features may have implications on the risk stratification for personalized and precise immunotherapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Department of Urology, Xi'an NO.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengzhao Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuya Shao
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minghai Ma
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minxuan Jing
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rundong Song
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinhai Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
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Feng ZH, Li ZT, Zhang S, Wang JR, Li ZY, Xu MQ, Li H, Zhang SQ, Wang GX, Liao A, Zhang X. A combination strategy based on an Au nanorod/doxorubicin gel via mild photothermal therapy combined with antigen-capturing liposomes and anti-PD-L1 agent promote a positive shift in the cancer-immunity cycle. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:495-507. [PMID: 34619371 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor immune response involves a cascade of cancer-immunity cycles. Developing a combination therapy aimed at the cancer-immunity cycle is of great importance. In this research, we designed and tested a combined therapeutic-Au nanorod (AuNR)/doxorubicin (DOX) gel (AuNR/DOX gel)-in which the sustained release of DOX was controlled by Pluronic gel. DOX served as an immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD) inducer, triggering the production of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mild photothermal therapy (Mild PTT) produced by 880 nm laser-irradiated AuNRs also generated tumor-associated antigens. Maleimide-modified liposomes (L-Mals), as antigen capturing agents, promoted tumor antigen uptake by DCs. Ultimately, more CD8+ T cells and fewer regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrated the tumor, eliciting antitumor responses from the PD-L1 antibody. Our results indicate that this combination strategy promotes a positive shift in the cancer-immunity cycle and holds much promise for combination strategy will lead to development of an antitumor drug delivery system. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Developing a combination therapy for cancer-immunity cycle is of great importance due to antitumor immune response involving a cascade of cancer-immunity cycles. Cancer-immunity cycle usually includes tumor antigen release, antigen presentation, immune activation, trafficking, infiltration, specific recognition of tumor cells by T cells, and finally cancer cell killing. In this research, we designed a combination strategy based on Au nanorod/doxorubicin gel via mild photothermal therapy combined with antigen-capturing liposomes and anti-PD-L1 agent promoting a positive shift in the cancer-immunity cycle. Our results indicate that this combination strategy promotes a positive shift in the cancer-immunity cycle and holds much promise for combination strategy will lead to development of an antitumor drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Han Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhan-Tao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Ru Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuo-Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mei-Qi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuai-Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guang-Xue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ai Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China.
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258
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Antimetastatic defense by CD8 + T cells. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:145-157. [PMID: 34815204 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is an intricate process whereby tumor cells migrate from the primary tumor, survive in the circulation, seed distal organs, and proliferate to create metastatic foci. CD8+ T cells can detect and eliminate tumor cells. Research on CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor immunity has classically focused on its role in the primary tumor. There is increasing evidence, however, that CD8+ T cells have unique antimetastatic functions in various steps of the metastatic cascade. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby CD8+ T cells control metastatic lesions. We discuss their role in each step of metastasis, metastatic dormancy, and metastatic clonal evolution as well as the consequent clinical repercussions.
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259
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Girault I, Adam J, Shen S, Roy S, Brard C, Faouzi S, Routier E, Lupu J, Warren S, Sorg K, Ong S, Morel P, Scoazec JY, Vagner S, Robert C. A PD-1 /PD-L1 proximity assay as a theranostic marker for PD-1 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:518-525. [PMID: 34785583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Less than 50% of patients with melanoma respond to anti-PD1, and this treatment can induce severe toxicity. Predictive markers are thus needed to improve the benefit/risk ratio of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Baseline tumor parameters such as PD-L1 expression, CD8+ T cell infiltration, mutational burden and various transcriptomic signatures are associated with response to ICI but their predictive values are not sufficient. Interaction between PD1 and its main ligand, PDL1 appears a valuable target of anti-PD1 therapy. Thus, instead of looking at PD-L1 expression only, we evaluated the predictive value of the proximity between PD1 and its neighboring PD-L1 molecules in terms of response to anti-PD1 therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PD1/PD-L1 proximity was assessed by proximity ligation assay (PLA) on 137 samples from two cohorts (exploratory n=66 and validation n=71) of samples from melanoma patients treated with anti-PD1+/-anti CTLA4. Additional predictive biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression (MELscore), CD8+ cells density and nanostring RNA signature were also evaluated. RESULTS A PD1/PD-L1 PLA model was developed to predict tumor response in an exploratory cohort and further evaluated in an independent validation cohort. This score showed higher predictive ability (AUC=0.85 and 0.79, in the two cohorts respectively) for PD1/PD-L1 PLA as compared to other parameters (AUC from 0.71 to 0.77). Progression free and overall survival were significantly longer in patients with high PLA values (p=0.00019 and p<0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSION The proximity between PD-1 and PD-L1, easily assessed by this PLA on one FFPE section, appears as a new biomarker of anti-PD1 efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shensi Shen
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | | | - Caroline Brard
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Unit, INSERM U1018, CESP, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus - Université Paris-Saclay
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Warren
- Research and Development, NanoString Technologies, Inc
| | | | - SuFey Ong
- NanoString Technologies, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Pathology and AMMICa, Inserm US23/CNRS UMS3655, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus
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260
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Ahluwalia P, Mondal AK, Sahajpal NS, Rojiani MV, Kolhe R. Gene signatures with therapeutic value: emerging perspective for personalized immunotherapy in renal cancer. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1535-1547. [PMID: 34753298 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cancer is one of the deadliest urogenital diseases. In recent years, the advent of immunotherapy has led to significant improvement in the management of patients with renal cancer. Although cancer immunotherapy and its combinations had benefited numerous patients, several challenges need to be addressed. Apart from the high costs of treatment, the lack of predictive biomarkers and toxic side-effects have impeded its wider applicability. To address these issues, new biomarkers are required to predict responsiveness and design personalized treatment strategies. Recent advances in the field of single-cell sequencing and multi-dimensional spatial transcriptomics have identified clinically relevant subtypes of renal cancer. Furthermore, there is emerging potential for gene signatures based on immune cells, non-coding RNAs, and pathways such as metabolism and RNA modification. In this review article, we have discussed recent progress in the identification of gene signatures with predictive and prognostic potential in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashis K Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Nikhil S Sahajpal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mumtaz V Rojiani
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
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261
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Im K, Combes AJ, Spitzer MH, Satpathy AT, Krummel MF. Archetypes of checkpoint-responsive immunity. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:960-974. [PMID: 34642094 PMCID: PMC8724347 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy in cancer is currently predicted by disparate individual measures - with varying degrees of accuracy - including tumor mutation burden, tumor-infiltrating T cell densities, dendritic cell frequencies, and the expression of checkpoint ligands. We propose that many of these individual parameters are linked, forming two distinct 'reactive' immune archetypes - collections of cells and gene expression - in ICB-responsive patients. We hypothesize that these are 'seeds' of antitumor immunity and are supported by specific elements of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and by actions of the microbiome. Although removing 'immunosuppressive' factors in the TME is important, understanding and parsing reactive immunity is crucial for optimal prognosis and for engaging this biology with candidate therapies to increase tumor cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Im
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexis J Combes
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Franciso, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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262
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Huguet F, Durand B, Atallah S, Prébet C, Richard S, Baujat B. Combination of radiation therapy-immunotherapy for head and neck cancers: Promises kept? Cancer Radiother 2021; 25:811-815. [PMID: 34711485 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin has been the standard treatment for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) for over 20 years. Recently, immunotherapy, a new therapeutic class, has emerged for patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC and has significantly extended their survival. Will it bring the same benefit to patients with localized tumors? There is a strong rationale for combining radiation therapy and checkpoint inhibitors for HNSCC. Indeed, radiation therapy can have both immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. This is what explains the famous abscopal effect. The aim of this review is to present the data available on the combination of radiation therapy and immunotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huguet
- Service d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
| | - B Durand
- Service d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - S Atallah
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Chirurgie cervico-faciale, France
| | - C Prébet
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - S Richard
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - B Baujat
- Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Chirurgie cervico-faciale, France
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263
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Nogami N, Barlesi F, Socinski MA, Reck M, Thomas CA, Cappuzzo F, Mok TSK, Finley G, Aerts JG, Orlandi F, Moro-Sibilot D, Jotte RM, Stroyakovskiy D, Villaruz LC, Rodríguez-Abreu D, Lim DWT, Merritt D, Coleman S, Lee A, Shankar G, Yu W, Bara I, Nishio M. IMpower150 Final Exploratory Analyses for Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab and Chemotherapy in Key NSCLC Patient Subgroups With EGFR Mutations or Metastases in the Liver or Brain. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 17:309-323. [PMID: 34626838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Final overall survival (OS) analyses are presented for EGFR mutations and liver or brain metastases subgroups in the phase III IMpower150 study (NCT02366143) evaluating atezolizumab+bevacizumab+carboplatin/paclitaxel (ABCP) or atezolizumab+carboplatin/paclitaxel (ACP) vs bevacizumab+carboplatin/paclitaxel (BCP). METHODS Overall, 1202 patients (intention-to-treat [ITT] population) with chemotherapy-naive, metastatic, nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer were randomized to ABCP, ACP or BCP. Patients with treated, stable brain metastases were permitted. OS was assessed in EGFR mutations and baseline liver metastases subgroups; rate and time to development (TTD) of new brain metastases was assessed in ITT patients. RESULTS At data cutoff (September 13, 2019; median follow-up, 39.3 months), OS improvements were sustained with ABCP versus BCP in sensitizing EGFR mutations (all: hazard ratio [HR] 0.60; 95% CI: 0.31-1.14; prior tyrosine kinase inhibitor [TKI]: HR 0.74; 95% CI: 0.38-1.46) and baseline liver metastases (HR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.45-1.02) subgroups. ACP did not show survival benefit versus BCP in sensitizing EGFR mutations (all: HR 1.0; 95% CI: 0.57-1.74; prior TKI: HR 1.22; 95% CI: 0.68-2.22) or liver metastases (HR 1.01; 95% CI: 0.68-1.51) subgroups. Overall, 100 patients (8.3%) developed new brain metastases. While not formally evaluated, an improvement toward delayed TTD was seen with ABCP vs BCP (HR, 0.68; 95% CI: 0.39-1.19). CONCLUSIONS This final exploratory analysis showed OS benefits for ABCP versus BCP in patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations, including those with prior TKI failures, and with liver metastases, although these results should be interpreted with caution. The impact of ABCP on delaying the development of new brain lesions requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Nogami
- National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan.
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France and Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Martin Reck
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Tony S K Mok
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gene Finley
- Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Jotte
- Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers, Denver, Colorado; US Oncology, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Delvys Rodríguez-Abreu
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil de Gran Canaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Lee
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Wei Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ilze Bara
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Makoto Nishio
- The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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264
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Connolly KA, Kuchroo M, Venkat A, Khatun A, Wang J, William I, Hornick NI, Fitzgerald BL, Damo M, Kasmani MY, Cui C, Fagerberg E, Monroy I, Hutchins A, Cheung JF, Foster GG, Mariuzza DL, Nader M, Zhao H, Cui W, Krishnaswamy S, Joshi NS. A reservoir of stem-like CD8 + T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node preserves the ongoing antitumor immune response. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg7836. [PMID: 34597124 PMCID: PMC8593910 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
“Stem-like” TCF1+ CD8+ T (TSL) cells are necessary for long-term maintenance of T cell responses and the efficacy of immunotherapy, but, as tumors contain signals that should drive T cell terminal differentiation, how these cells are maintained in tumors remains unclear. In this study, we found that a small number of TCF1+ tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were present in lung tumors throughout their development. Yet, most intratumoral T cells differentiated as tumors progressed, corresponding with an immunologic shift in the tumor microenvironment (TME) from “hot” (T cell inflamed) to “cold” (non–T cell inflamed). By contrast, most tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes (dLNs) had functions and gene expression signatures similar to TSL from chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and this population was stable over time despite the changes in the TME. dLN T cells were the developmental precursors of, and were clonally related to, their more differentiated intratumoral counterparts. Our data support the hypothesis that dLN T cells are the developmental precursors of the TCF1+ T cells in tumors that are maintained by continuous migration. Last, CD8+ T cells similar to TSL were also present in LNs from patients with lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting that a similar model may be relevant in human disease. Thus, we propose that the dLN TSL reservoir has a critical function in sustaining antitumor T cells during tumor development and in protecting them from the terminal differentiation that occurs in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Connolly
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Manik Kuchroo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aarthi Venkat
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ivana William
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Noah I Hornick
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Brittany L Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Martina Damo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Eric Fagerberg
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Isabel Monroy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Amanda Hutchins
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Julie F Cheung
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Gena G Foster
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Dylan L Mariuzza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Mursal Nader
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Genetics and Computer Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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265
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Kanda Y, Okazaki T, Katakai T. Motility Dynamics of T Cells in Tumor-Draining Lymph Nodes: A Rational Indicator of Antitumor Response and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4616. [PMID: 34572844 PMCID: PMC8465463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration status of T cells within the densely packed tissue environment of lymph nodes reflects the ongoing activation state of adaptive immune responses. Upon encountering antigen-presenting dendritic cells, actively migrating T cells that are specific to cognate antigens slow down and are eventually arrested on dendritic cells to form immunological synapses. This dynamic transition of T cell motility is a fundamental strategy for the efficient scanning of antigens, followed by obtaining the adequate activation signals. After receiving antigenic stimuli, T cells begin to proliferate, and the expression of immunoregulatory receptors (such as CTLA-4 and PD-1) is induced on their surface. Recent findings have revealed that these 'immune checkpoint' molecules control the activation as well as motility of T cells in various situations. Therefore, the outcome of tumor immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is assumed to be closely related to the alteration of T cell motility, particularly in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). In this review, we discuss the migration dynamics of T cells during their activation in TDLNs, and the roles of checkpoint molecules in T cell motility, to provide some insight into the effect of tumor immunotherapy via checkpoint blockade, in terms of T cell dynamics and the importance of TDLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kanda
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan;
| | - Taku Okazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 950-8510, Japan;
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266
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Abstract
Early engagement of the lymphatic system by solid tumors in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues is a clinical hallmark of cancer and often forecasts poor prognosis. The significance of lymph node metastasis for distant spread, however, has been questioned by large-scale lymph node dissection trials and the likely prevalence of direct hematogenous metastasis. Still, an emerging appreciation for the immunological role of the tumor-draining lymph node has renewed interest in its basic biology, role in metastatic progression, antitumor immunity, and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the early mechanisms through which tumors engage lymphatic transport and condition tumor-draining lymph nodes, the significance of these changes for both metastasis and immunity, and potential implications of the tumor-draining lymph node for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley du Bois
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016
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267
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Fransen MF, van Hall T, Ossendorp F. Immune Checkpoint Therapy: Tumor Draining Lymph Nodes in the Spotlights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9401. [PMID: 34502307 PMCID: PMC8431673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph nodes play a paradoxical role in cancer. Surgeons often resect these sentinel lymph nodes to determine metastatic spread, thereby enabling prognosis and treatment. However, lymph nodes are vital organs for the orchestration of immune responses, due to the close encounters of dedicated immune cells. In view of the success of immunotherapy, the removal of tumor-draining lymph nodes needs to be re-evaluated and viewed in a different light. Recently, an important role for tumor-draining lymph nodes has been proposed in the immunotherapy of cancer. This new insight can change the use of immune checkpoint therapy, particularly with respect to the use in neoadjuvant settings in which lymph nodes are still operational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke F. Fransen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
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268
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Chen CY, Ueha S, Ishiwata Y, Shichino S, Yokochi S, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ, Ogiwara H, Deshimaru S, Kanno Y, Aoki H, Ogawa T, Shibayama S, Matsushima K. Combining an Alarmin HMGN1 Peptide with PD-L1 Blockade Results in Robust Antitumor Effects with a Concomitant Increase of Stem-Like/Progenitor Exhausted CD8 + T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1214-1228. [PMID: 34344641 PMCID: PMC10087296 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of intratumoral stem-like/progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (Tstem/Tpex) cells provides a potential approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Thus, here we demonstrate a strategy to facilitate Tstem/Tpex cell expansion by combining an alarmin high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 1 (HMGN1) peptide with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. The antitumor effects of HMGN1, anti-PD-L1, and their combined treatment were monitored in the B16F10, LLC, Colon26, or EO771 tumor-bearing mice. The comprehensive immunologic analyses, such as high-dimensional flow cytometry, transcriptome analysis, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), were used to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of antitumor immune responses after treatments. We identified the immunostimulatory domain (EPKRR SARLS AKPPA KVEAK PKK) on HMGN1 and synthesized this domain as a therapeutic peptide (minP1). Combined treatment with minP1 and PD-L1 blockade induced durable tumor regression in tumor-bearing mice. minP1 increased the number of intratumoral mature DCs enriched in immunoregulatory molecules (mregDC) and enhanced their MHC class I antigen-presenting program. minP1 also synergized with PD-L1 blockade in augmenting intratumoral Tstem/Tpex cell number. Analysis of our scRNA-seq dataset by CellPhonDB suggested potential interactions between mregDCs and Tstem/Tpex cells in tumors. Our results indicate that HMGN1 peptide (minP1) serves as an immunoadjuvant to promote effective anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy with increased Tstem/Tpex cells in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Chen
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Ishiwata
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yokochi
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Haru Ogiwara
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shungo Deshimaru
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuka Kanno
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Aoki
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ogawa
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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269
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Borst J, Busselaar J, Bosma DMT, Ossendorp F. Mechanism of action of PD-1 receptor/ligand targeted cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1911-1920. [PMID: 34106465 PMCID: PMC8453912 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting the Programmed Death (PD-1) receptor/ligand (L) "checkpoint" rapidly gains ground in the treatment of many cancer types. To increase treatment scope and efficacy, predictive biomarkers and rational selection of co-treatments are required. To meet these demands, we must understand PD-1 function in detail. We here outline recent insights into the regulation of the CD8+ T cell response by PD-1. The prevailing view has been that blockade of PD-1/ligand (L) interaction "reinvigorates" cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that were rendered dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, this review stresses that tumors continuously communicate with adjacent draining lymph nodes (LNs) and that the PD-1 checkpoint also operates during T cell priming. We clarify the role of the PD-(L)1 system at the T cell/DC interface, where it regulates T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and CD28 costimulation and thus controls activation of tumor-specific T cells. We also highlight the importance of CD4+ T cell help during priming, which allows DCs to provide other costimulatory and cytokine signals required for optimal CTL differentiation and likely avoidance of a dysfunctional state. Therefore, we pose that PD-(L)1 blockade should exploit LN function and be combined with "help" signals to optimize CTL efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie Borst
- Department of Immunology and *Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Julia Busselaar
- Department of Immunology and *Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Douwe M. T. Bosma
- Department of Immunology and *Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology and *Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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270
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Chen J, Song Y, Miao F, Chen G, Zhu Y, Wu N, Pang L, Chen Z, Chen X. PDL1-positive exosomes suppress antitumor immunity by inducing tumor-specific CD8 + T cell exhaustion during metastasis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3437-3454. [PMID: 34152672 PMCID: PMC8409314 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in individuals with cancer. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can potentially reverse CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) dysfunction, leading to significant remission in multiple cancers. However, the mechanism underlying the development of CTL exhaustion during metastatic progression remains unclear. Here, we established an experimental pulmonary metastasis model with melanoma cells and discovered a critical role for melanoma‐released exosomes in metastasis. Using genetic knockdown of nSMase2 and Rab27a, 2 key enzymes for exosome secretion, we showed that high levels of effector‐like tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells with transitory exhaustion, instead of terminal exhaustion, were observed in mice without exosomes; these cells showed limited inhibitory receptors and strong proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, the immunosuppression of exosomes depends on exogenous PD‐L1, which can be largely rescued by pretreatment with antibody blockade. Notably, we also found that exosomal PD‐L1 acts as a promising predictive biomarker for ICB therapies during metastasis. Together, our findings suggest that exosomal PD‐L1 may be a potential immunotherapy target, suggesting a new curative therapy for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Miao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liewen Pang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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271
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Geuijen C, Tacken P, Wang LC, Klooster R, van Loo PF, Zhou J, Mondal A, Liu YB, Kramer A, Condamine T, Volgina A, Hendriks LJA, van der Maaden H, Rovers E, Engels S, Fransen F, den Blanken-Smit R, Zondag-van der Zande V, Basmeleh A, Bartelink W, Kulkarni A, Marissen W, Huang CY, Hall L, Harvey S, Kim S, Martinez M, O'Brien S, Moon E, Albelda S, Kanellopoulou C, Stewart S, Nastri H, Bakker ABH, Scherle P, Logtenberg T, Hollis G, de Kruif J, Huber R, Mayes PA, Throsby M. A human CD137×PD-L1 bispecific antibody promotes anti-tumor immunity via context-dependent T cell costimulation and checkpoint blockade. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4445. [PMID: 34290245 PMCID: PMC8295259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate clinical activity in many tumor types, however, only a fraction of patients benefit. Combining CD137 agonists with these inhibitors increases anti-tumor activity preclinically, but attempts to translate these observations to the clinic have been hampered by systemic toxicity. Here we describe a human CD137xPD-L1 bispecific antibody, MCLA-145, identified through functional screening of agonist- and immune checkpoint inhibitor arm combinations. MCLA-145 potently activates T cells at sub-nanomolar concentrations, even under suppressive conditions, and enhances T cell priming, differentiation and memory recall responses. In vivo, MCLA-145 anti-tumor activity is superior to immune checkpoint inhibitor comparators and linked to recruitment and intra-tumor expansion of CD8 + T cells. No graft-versus-host-disease is observed in contrast to other antibodies inhibiting the PD-1 and PD-L1 pathway. Non-human primates treated with 100 mg/kg/week of MCLA-145 show no adverse effects. The conditional activation of CD137 signaling by MCLA-145, triggered by neighboring cells expressing >5000 copies of PD-L1, may provide both safety and potency advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Zhou
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Soyeon Kim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marina Martinez
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaun O'Brien
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edmund Moon
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Albelda
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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272
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Dolina JS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Thomas GD, Salek-Ardakani S. CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715234. [PMID: 34354714 PMCID: PMC8330547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the understanding of the exhausted CD8+ T cell (Tex) lineage is underway. Originally thought to be a uniform population that progressively loses effector function in response to persistent antigen, single-cell analysis has now revealed that CD8+ Tex is composed of multiple interconnected subpopulations. The heterogeneity within the CD8+ Tex lineage is comprised of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) permissive and refractory subsets termed stem-like and terminally differentiated cells, respectively. These populations occupy distinct peripheral and intratumoral niches and are characterized by transcriptional processes that govern transitions between cell states. This review presents key findings in the field to construct an updated view of the spatial, transcriptional, and functional heterogeneity of anti-tumoral CD8+ Tex. These emerging insights broadly call for (re-)focusing cancer immunotherapies to center on the driver mechanism(s) underlying the CD8+ Tex developmental continuum aimed at stabilizing functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dolina
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
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273
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Anti-Cancer Immune Reaction and Lymph Node Macrophage; A Review from Human and Animal Studies. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that appear as bean-like nodules usually <1 cm in size, and they are localized throughout the body. Many antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages reside in lymph nodes, where they mediate host defense responses against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In cancers, antigen-presenting cells induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to react to cancer cell-derived antigens. Macrophages located in the lymph node sinus are of particular interest in relation to anti-cancer immune responses because many studies using both human specimens and animal models have suggested that lymph node macrophages expressing CD169 play a key role in activating anti-cancer CTLs. The regulation of lymph node macrophages therefore represents a potentially promising novel approach in anti-cancer therapy.
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274
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Garris CS, Wong JL, Ravetch JV, Knorr DA. Dendritic cell targeting with Fc-enhanced CD40 antibody agonists induces durable antitumor immunity in humanized mouse models of bladder cancer. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/594/eabd1346. [PMID: 34011627 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical immunotherapy using Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) attenuated bacteria delivered transurethrally to the bladder has been the standard of care for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for several decades. BCG therapy continues to be limited by high rates of disease recurrence and progression, and patients with BCG-unresponsive disease have few effective salvage therapy options besides radical cystectomy, highlighting a need for new therapies. We report that the immune-stimulatory receptor CD40 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) within the bladder tumor microenvironment of orthotopic bladder cancer mouse models, recapitulating CD40 expression by DCs found in human disease. We demonstrate that local CD40 agonism in mice with orthotopic bladder cancer through intravesical delivery of anti-CD40 agonist antibodies drives potent antitumor immunity and induces pharmacodynamic effects in the bladder tumor microenvironment, including a reduction in CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype. We further show that type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1) and CD8+ T cells are required for both bladder cancer immune surveillance and anti-CD40 agonist antibody responses. Using orthotopic murine models humanized for CD40 and Fcγ receptors, we demonstrate that intravesical treatment with a fully human, Fc-enhanced anti-CD40 agonist antibody (2141-V11) induces robust antitumor activity in both treatment-naïve and treatment-refractory settings, driving long-term systemic antitumor immunity with no evidence of systemic toxicity. These findings support targeting CD40-expressing DCs in the bladder cancer microenvironment through an intravesical agonistic antibody approach for the treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Garris
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - David A Knorr
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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275
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Wright Q, Gonzalez Cruz JL, Wells JW, Leggatt GR. PD-1 and beyond to Activate T Cells in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancers: The Case for 4-1BB and VISTA Antibodies in Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3310. [PMID: 34282763 PMCID: PMC8269268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) have a higher incidence than all other cancers combined with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), capable of metastasis, representing approximately 20% of NMSCs. Given the accessibility of the skin, surgery is frequently employed to treat localized disease, although certain localities, the delineation of clear margins, frequency and recurrence of tumors can make these cancers inoperable in a subset of patients. Other treatment modalities, including cryotherapy, are commonly used for individual lesions, with varying success. Immunotherapy, particularly with checkpoint antibodies, is increasingly a promising therapeutic approach in many cancers, offering the potential advantage of immune memory for protection against lesion recurrence. This review addresses a role for PD-1, 4-1BB and VISTA checkpoint antibodies as monotherapies, or in combination as a therapeutic treatment for both early and late-stage cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham R. Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (Q.W.); (J.L.G.C.); (J.W.W.)
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276
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Zouein J, Kesrouani C, Kourie HR. PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors: between a dream and a nightmare. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1053-1065. [PMID: 34190579 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 is an important predictive biomarker for treatment by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs are now indicated for the treatment of various cancer depending on the level of expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells. PD-L1 testing is done using immunohistochemistry with five different assays approved as companion diagnostic for ICIs. However, these assays have different score reporting methods and do not accurately measure PD-L1 expression. Exosomal PD-L1 testing has recently emerged as an alternative for cell-surface PD-L1 testing however studies are still premature and more extensive knowledge about this new potential biomarker is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zouein
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carole Kesrouani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hampig Raphael Kourie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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277
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PD-L1 regulation revisited: impact on immunotherapeutic strategies. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:868-881. [PMID: 34187739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A particularly promising cancer treatment is the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immune checkpoints (i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors; ICIs). However, many patients experience relapse and severe adverse events. To overcome these negative issues and improve efficiency, current approaches rely on combinatorial treatments, including some modulating the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoints directly. In this review, we examine the recently discovered pathways involved in PD-L1 expression and highlight the relevant druggable strategies that are being developed to both improve the response rate and avoid the onset of resistance. Altogether, these new strategies will pave the way for effective treatment combinations in future oncology clinical trials.
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278
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van Schaik TA, Chen KS, Shah K. Therapy-Induced Tumor Cell Death: Friend or Foe of Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2021; 11:678562. [PMID: 34141622 PMCID: PMC8204251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatory treatments using surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy together with immunotherapy have shown encouraging results for specific subsets of tumors, but a significant proportion of tumors remains unsusceptible. Some of these inconsistencies are thought to be the consequence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) caused by therapy-induced tumor cell death (TCD). An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing TCD has provided valuable insights in specific signaling cascades activated by treatment and the subsequent effects on the TME. Depending on the treatment variables of conventional chemo-, radio- and immunotherapy and the genetic composition of the tumor cells, particular cell death pathways are activated. Consequently, TCD can either have tolerogenic or immunogenic effects on the local environment and thereby affect the post-treatment anti-tumor response of immune cells. Thus, identification of these events can provide new rationales to increase the efficacy of conventional therapies combined with immunotherapies. In this review, we sought to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms initiated by conventional therapies and the impact of treatment-induced TCD on the TME. We also provide some perspectives on how we can circumvent tolerogenic effects by adequate treatment selection and manipulation of key signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs A van Schaik
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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279
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but efficacy remains limited in most clinical settings. Cancer is a systemic disease that induces many functional and compositional changes to the immune system as a whole. Immunity is regulated by interactions of diverse cell lineages across tissues. Therefore, an improved understanding of tumour immunology must assess the systemic immune landscape beyond the tumour microenvironment (TME). Importantly, the peripheral immune system is required to drive effective natural and therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. In fact, emerging evidence suggests that immunotherapy drives new immune responses rather than the reinvigoration of pre-existing immune responses. However, new immune responses in individuals burdened with tumours are compromised even beyond the TME. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline the current knowledge of systemic immunity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamir J Hiam-Galvez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Breanna M Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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280
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Meireson A, Tavernier SJ, Van Gassen S, Sundahl N, Demeyer A, Spaas M, Kruse V, Ferdinande L, Van Dorpe J, Hennart B, Allorge D, Haerynck F, Decaestecker K, Rottey S, Saeys Y, Ost P, Brochez L. Immune Monitoring in Melanoma and Urothelial Cancer Patients Treated with Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy and SBRT Discloses Tumor Specific Immune Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112630. [PMID: 34071888 PMCID: PMC8198315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently available biomarkers for response to checkpoint inhibitors are incomplete and predominantly focus on tumor tissue analysis e.g., tumor mutational burden, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Biomarkers in peripheral blood would allow a more dynamic monitoring and could offer a way for sequential adaptation of treatment strategy. We conducted an in-depth analysis of baseline and on-treatment systemic immune features in a cohort of stage III/IV melanoma and stage IV urothelial cancer (UC) patients treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy combined with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in a similar regimen/schedule. Baseline immunity was clearly different between these two cohorts, indicating a less active immune landscape in UC patients. This study also detected signatures of proliferation in the CD8+ T-cell compartment pre-treatment and early after anti-PD-1 initiation that were positively correlated with clinical outcome in both tumor types. In addition our data support the biological relevance of PD-1/PD-L1 expression on circulating immune cell subsets, especially in melanoma. Abstract (1) Background: Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has revolutionized the oncology field in the last decade. However, the proportion of patients experiencing a durable response is still limited. In the current study, we performed an extensive immune monitoring in patients with stage III/IV melanoma and stage IV UC who received anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with SBRT. (2) Methods: In total 145 blood samples from 38 patients, collected at fixed time points before and during treatment, were phenotyped via high-parameter flow cytometry, luminex assay and UPLC-MS/MS. (3) Results: Baseline systemic immunity in melanoma and UC patients was different with a more prominent myeloid compartment and a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in UC. Proliferation (Ki67+) of CD8+ T-cells and of the PD-1+/PD-L1+ CD8+ subset at baseline correlated with progression free survival in melanoma. In contrast a higher frequency of PD-1/PD-L1 expressing non-proliferating (Ki67−) CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells before treatment was associated with worse outcome in melanoma. In UC, the expansion of Ki67+ CD8+ T-cells and of the PD-L1+ subset relative to tumor burden correlated with clinical outcome. (4) Conclusion: This study reveals a clearly different immune landscape in melanoma and UC at baseline, which may impact immunotherapy response. Signatures of proliferation in the CD8+ T-cell compartment prior to and early after anti-PD-1 initiation were positively correlated with clinical outcome in both cohorts. PD-1/PD-L1 expression on circulating immune cell subsets seems of clinical relevance in the melanoma cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Meireson
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon J. Tavernier
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.J.T.); (F.H.)
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nora Sundahl
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Demeyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Spaas
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.H.); (D.A.)
- ULR 4483-IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS), Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.H.); (D.A.)
- ULR 4483-IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS), Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Primary Immune Deficiency Research Lab, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.J.T.); (F.H.)
| | - Karel Decaestecker
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Brochez
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (A.M.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (J.V.D.); (K.D.); (S.R.); (Y.S.); (P.O.)
- Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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281
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Goode EF, Roussos Torres ET, Irshad S. Lymph Node Immune Profiles as Predictive Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Response. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:674558. [PMID: 34141724 PMCID: PMC8205515 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.674558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for predictive biomarkers that can accurately predict patients who will respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapies remains a clinically unmet need. The majority of research efforts have focused on expression of immune-related markers on the tumour and its associated tumour microenvironment (TME). However, immune response to tumour neoantigens starts at the regional lymph nodes, where antigen presentation takes place and is regulated by multiple cell types and mechanisms. Knowledge of the immunological responses in bystander lymphoid organs following ICI therapies and their association with changes in the TME, could prove to be a valuable component in understanding the treatment response to these agents. Here, we review the emerging data on assessment of immunological responses within regional lymph nodes as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Goode
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Clinical Fellow, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evanthia T. Roussos Torres
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sheeba Irshad
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Clinician Scientist, London, United Kingdom
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282
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Peng L, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Immune Responses against Disseminated Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2515. [PMID: 34063848 PMCID: PMC8196619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths are a consequence of metastases, a series of linear events, notably the invasion-metastasis cascade. The current understanding of cancer immune surveillance derives from studies in primary tumors, but disseminated cancer cells acquire mutations and, in some cases, appear to progress independently after spreading from primary sites. An early step in this process is micrometastatic dissemination. As such, the equilibrium between the immune system and disseminated cancer cells controls the fate of the cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) exhibit significant clinical activity in patients, but the efficacy of ICIs depends on both the tumor and its microenvironment. Data often suggest that disseminated cancer cells are not adequately targeted by the immune system. In this review, we summarize the main basic findings of immune responses against disseminated tumor cells and their organ-specific characteristics. Such studies may provide new directions for cancer immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongchang Zhang
- Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, China;
| | - Zibing Wang
- Department of Immunotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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283
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Dumoulin DW, Cornelissen R, Bezemer K, Baart SJ, Aerts JGJV. Long-Term Follow-Up of Mesothelioma Patients Treated with Dendritic Cell Therapy in Three Phase I/II Trials. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050525. [PMID: 34069348 PMCID: PMC8158710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal neoplasm with, if untreated, poor survival of approximately nine months from diagnosis. Until recently, phase II–III immunotherapy trials did not show any significant benefit. The lack of immunotherapy efficacy can be explained by the fact that mesothelioma is a tumor with an “immune desert” phenotype, meaning a non-inflamed tumor characterized by low T-cell infiltration. By administration of DCs, which were ex-vivo cultured, exposed to (tumor-associated) antigens, and subsequently activated, this “immune desert” phenotype might be turned into an “inflamed” phenotype. Three phase I/II studies have been performed and published using activated DCs, which support this concept. We here report on the long-term survival of patients treated with DCs in three phase I/II studies. Methods: Survival data of the phase I/II trials using DC therapy in MPM patients were obtained and subsequently analyzed. In the first two trials, DCs were loaded with autologous tumor lysate. In the third trial, DCs were loaded with allogeneic mesothelioma tumor cell line lysate. Results: In the three studies combined, 29 patients with MPM were treated with DC vaccination between 2006 and 2015. At data cut-off, the median OS was 27 months (95% CI: 21–47 months). OS at 2 years was 55.2% (95% CI: 39.7–76.6%), and OS at 5 years was 20.7% (95% CI: 10.1–42.2%). Conclusions: The long-term survival of DC therapy in MPM in these three trials is promising, which is the basis for the randomized phase II/III DENIM study. This DENIM study is currently enrolling, and the results of which have to be awaited for definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W. Dumoulin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.); (K.B.); (J.G.J.V.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robin Cornelissen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.); (K.B.); (J.G.J.V.A.)
| | - Koen Bezemer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.); (K.B.); (J.G.J.V.A.)
| | - Sara J. Baart
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Joachim G. J. V. Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.C.); (K.B.); (J.G.J.V.A.)
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284
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Inamori K, Togashi Y, Fukuoka S, Akagi K, Ogasawara K, Irie T, Motooka D, Kobayashi Y, Sugiyama D, Kojima M, Shiiya N, Nakamura S, Maruyama S, Suzuki Y, Ito M, Nishikawa H. Importance of lymph node immune responses in MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2021; 6:137365. [PMID: 33755600 PMCID: PMC8262295 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with colorectal cancers (CRCs) generally exhibit improved survival through intensive lymph node (LN) dissection. However, recent progress in cancer immunotherapy revisits the potential importance of regional LNs, where T cells are primed to attack tumor cells. To elucidate the role of regional LN, we investigated the immunological status of nonmetastatic regional LN lymphocytes (LNLs) in comparison with those of the tumor microenvironment (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; TILs) using flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing. LNLs comprised an intermediate level of the effector T cell population between peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and TILs. Significant overlap of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was observed in microsatellite instability–high/mismatch repair–deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) CRCs with high tumor mutation burden (TMB), although limited TCRs were shared between nonmetastatic LNs and primary tumors in microsatellite stable/MMR proficient (MSS/pMMR) CRC patients with low TMB. In line with the overlap of the TCR repertoire, an excessive LN dissection did not provide a positive impact on long-term prognosis in our MSI-H/dMMR CRC cohort (n = 130). We propose that regional LNs play an important role in antitumor immunity, particularly in MSI-H/dMMR CRCs with high TMB, requiring care to be taken regarding excessive nonmetastatic LN dissection in MSI-H/dMMR CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Inamori
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East (NCCHE), Chiba, Japan.,Surgery 1, Divisions of cardiovascular, Thoracic, General Endoscopic and Breast Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Togashi
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Fukuoka
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Division of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center (SCC), Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuma Irie
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology and.,Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Norihiko Shiiya
- Surgery 1, Divisions of cardiovascular, Thoracic, General Endoscopic and Breast Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East (NCCHE), Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo/Chiba, Japan.,Department of Immunology and
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285
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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286
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Khalifa J, Mazieres J, Gomez-Roca C, Ayyoub M, Moyal ECJ. Radiotherapy in the Era of Immunotherapy With a Focus on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Time to Revisit Ancient Dogmas? Front Oncol 2021; 11:662236. [PMID: 33968769 PMCID: PMC8097090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced immune effects have been extensively deciphered over the last few years, leading to the concept of the dual immune effect of radiotherapy with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. This explains why radiotherapy alone is not able to drive a strong anti-tumor immune response in most cases, hence underlining the rationale for combining both radiotherapy and immunotherapy. This association has generated considerable interest and hundreds of trials are currently ongoing to assess such an association in oncology. However, while some trials have provided unprecedented results or shown much promise, many hopes have been dashed. Questions remain, therefore, as to how to optimize the combination of these treatment modalities. This narrative review aims at revisiting the old, well-established concepts of radiotherapy relating to dose, fractionation, target volumes and organs at risk in the era of immunotherapy. We then propose potential innovative approaches to be further assessed when considering a radio-immunotherapy association, especially in the field of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We finally propose a framework to optimize the association, with pragmatic approaches depending on the stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Khalifa
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1037, Centre de Recherche contre le Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Department of Pulmonology, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Larrey, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Gomez-Roca
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1037, Centre de Recherche contre le Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Maha Ayyoub
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1037, Centre de Recherche contre le Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan Moyal
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1037, Centre de Recherche contre le Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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287
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Lymphocytes T-CD8 et immunothérapie anti-tumorale : rôle et Ciblage thérapeutique. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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288
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Groeneveld CS, Fontugne J, Cabel L, Bernard-Pierrot I, Radvanyi F, Allory Y, de Reyniès A. Tertiary lymphoid structures marker CXCL13 is associated with better survival for patients with advanced-stage bladder cancer treated with immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2021; 148:181-189. [PMID: 33743486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have proved to be an effective treatment for up to 40% of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), but there is still a need for better performing biomarkers allowing to improve prediction of response to ICI. Response to immunotherapy in soft-tissue sarcoma, melanoma and renal cell carcinoma have been recently linked to the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the tumour. TLS are organised aggregates of T, B and dendritic cells, participating in adaptive antitumor immune response. The chemokine CXCL13 is involved in the formation of TLS, and is reported as a reliable transcriptomic marker of TLS. OBJECTIVES In this study, we sought to assess whether CXCL13 transcript expression can be a prognostic biomarker for ICI-treated MIBC patients and also investigated whether it can serve a biomarker of TLS in MIBC. METHODS We analysed transcriptomic data from three publicly available MIBC cohorts and evaluated pathological slides from the TCGA-BLCA cohort for TLS presence and stage of maturation. RESULTS We showed that CXCL13 was independently associated with both prolonged survival (HR = 0.8, 95% CI [0.68-0.94]) and objective response (p < 0.0001) in patients treated with ICI, at the difference of others immunological signatures. However, it was not a predictor for non-ICI-treated MIBC, suggesting a predictive effect of ICI efficacy. Finally, we validated that CXCL13 expression was correlated with tumour TLS in TCGA data set (p < 0.001), and can serve as a marker of TLS in bladder cancer. CONCLUSION These results support that CXCL13 expression, as a surrogate for tumour TLS, is a relevant candidate predictive biomarker of response to ICI for patients with advanced-stage bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice S Groeneveld
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Fontugne
- Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Luc Cabel
- Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard-Pierrot
- Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - François Radvanyi
- Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Molecular Oncology, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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289
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Veigas F, Mahmoud YD, Merlo J, Rinflerch A, Rabinovich GA, Girotti MR. Immune Checkpoints Pathways in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051018. [PMID: 33804419 PMCID: PMC7957692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the last decades, scientific advances in immuno-oncology and a better understanding of tumors’ immune profile led to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors. The blockade of PD-1 by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is the only immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint pathways approved for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. As only a small fraction of patients perceives clinical benefit, understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways activated by the immune checkpoints and other tumor intrinsic features that modulate the immune infiltrate is crucial to better select patients for immunotherapy treatment and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. We here review the immune escape mechanisms of head and neck tumors, with a particular focus on the immune checkpoints, their role as therapeutic targets, and the predictive biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. We also summarize the ongoing clinical trials testing several combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with other therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes. Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous group of tumors usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and characterized by a poor prognosis. The main risk factors associated with its development include tobacco and alcohol consumption and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The immune system has a significant role in the oncogenesis and evolution of this cancer type. Notably, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment triggers immune escape through several mechanisms. The improved understanding of the antitumor immune response in solid tumors and the role of the immune checkpoint molecules and other immune regulators have led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies that revolutionized the clinical management of HNSCC. However, the limited overall response rate to immunotherapy urges identifying predictive biomarkers of response and resistance to treatment. Here, we review the role of the immune system and immune checkpoint pathways in HNSCC, the most relevant clinical findings linked to immunotherapeutic strategies and predictive biomarkers of response and future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Veigas
- Laboratorio de Inmuno Oncología Traslacional, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (F.V.); (Y.D.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Yamil D. Mahmoud
- Laboratorio de Inmuno Oncología Traslacional, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (F.V.); (Y.D.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Joaquin Merlo
- Laboratorio de Inmuno Oncología Traslacional, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (F.V.); (Y.D.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Adriana Rinflerch
- Laboratorio GIGA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, CONICET, Posadas N3300NFK, Misiones, Argentina;
| | - Gabriel Adrian Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina;
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - María Romina Girotti
- Laboratorio de Inmuno Oncología Traslacional, Instituto of Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (F.V.); (Y.D.M.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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290
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van Pul KM, Fransen MF, van de Ven R, de Gruijl TD. Immunotherapy Goes Local: The Central Role of Lymph Nodes in Driving Tumor Infiltration and Efficacy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643291. [PMID: 33732264 PMCID: PMC7956978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has changed the therapeutic landscape of oncology but its impact is limited by primary or secondary resistance. ICB resistance has been related to a lack of T cells infiltrating into the tumor. Strategies to overcome this hurdle have so far focused on the tumor microenvironment, but have mostly overlooked the role of tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). Whereas for CTLA-4 blockade TDLN have long since been implicated due to its perceived mechanism-of-action involving T cell priming, only recently has evidence been emerging showing TDLN to be vital for the efficacy of PD-1 blockade as well. TDLN are targeted by developing tumors to create an immune suppressed pre-metastatic niche which can lead to priming of dysfunctional antitumor T cells. In this review, we will discuss the evidence that therapeutic targeting of TDLN may ensure sufficient antitumor T cell activation and subsequent tumor infiltration to facilitate effective ICB. Indeed, waves of tumor-specific, proliferating stem cell-like, or progenitor exhausted T cells, either newly primed or reinvigorated in TDLN, are vital for PD-1 blockade efficacy. Both tumor-derived migratory dendritic cell (DC) subsets and DC subsets residing in TDLN, and an interplay between them, have been implicated in the induction of these T cells, their imprinting for homing and subsequent tumor control. We propose that therapeutic approaches, involving local delivery of immune modulatory agents for optimal access to TDLN, aimed at overcoming hampered DC activation, will enable ICB by promoting T cell recruitment to the tumor, both in early and in advanced stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. van Pul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke F. Fransen
- Deparment of Pulmonary Diseases Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head-Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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291
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Stevens D, Ingels J, Van Lint S, Vandekerckhove B, Vermaelen K. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620374. [PMID: 33679709 PMCID: PMC7928408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. However, despite prolonged overall survival, only a minority of the patients derive clinical benefit from these treatments suggesting that the full anti-tumoral potential of the immune system is not being harnessed yet. One way to overcome this problem is to combine immune checkpoint blockade with different strategies aimed at inducing or restoring cellular immunity in a tumor-specific, robust, and durable way. Owing to their unique capacity to initiate and regulate T cell responses, dendritic cells have been extensively explored as tools for immunotherapy in many tumors, including lung cancer. In this review, we provide an update on the nearly twenty years of experience with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in lung cancer. We summarize the main results from the early phase trials and give an overview of the future perspectives within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Stevens
- Respiratory Medicine - Thoracic Oncology Cluster, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joline Ingels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,GMP Cell Therapy Unit, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karim Vermaelen
- Respiratory Medicine - Thoracic Oncology Cluster, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Respiratory Medicine - Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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292
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Eddy K, Shah R, Chen S. Decoding Melanoma Development and Progression: Identification of Therapeutic Vulnerabilities. Front Oncol 2021; 10:626129. [PMID: 33614507 PMCID: PMC7891057 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.626129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a cancer of the skin, arises from transformed melanocytes. Melanoma has the highest mutational burden of any cancer partially attributed to UV induced DNA damage. Localized melanoma is “curable” by surgical resection and is followed by radiation therapy to eliminate any remaining cancer cells. Targeted therapies against components of the MAPK signaling cascade and immunotherapies which block immune checkpoints have shown remarkable clinical responses, however with the onset of resistance in most patients, and, disease relapse, these patients eventually become refractory to treatments. Although great advances have been made in our understanding of the metastatic process in cancers including melanoma, therapy failure suggests that much remains to be learned and understood about the multi-step process of tumor metastasis. In this review we provide an overview of melanocytic transformation into malignant melanoma and key molecular events that occur during this evolution. A better understanding of the complex processes entailing cancer cell dissemination will improve the mechanistic driven design of therapies that target specific steps involved in cancer metastasis to improve clinical response rates and overall survival in all cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Raj Shah
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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293
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Marciscano AE, Anandasabapathy N. The role of dendritic cells in cancer and anti-tumor immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 52:101481. [PMID: 34023170 PMCID: PMC8545750 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key sentinels of the host immune response with an important role in linking innate and adaptive immunity and maintaining tolerance. There is increasing recognition that DC are critical determinants of initiating and sustaining effective T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Recent progress in immuno-oncology has led to the evolving insight that the presence and function of DC within the tumor microenvironment (TME) may dictate efficacy of cancer immunotherapies as well as conventional cancer therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. As such, improved understanding of dendritic cell immunobiology specifically focusing on their role in T-cell priming, migration into tissues and TME, and the coordinated in vivo responses of functionally specialized DC subsets will facilitate a better mechanistic understanding of how tumor-immune surveillance can be leveraged to improve patient outcomes and to develop novel DC-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Marciscano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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294
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Pauken KE, Torchia JA, Chaudhri A, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ. Emerging concepts in PD-1 checkpoint biology. Semin Immunol 2021; 52:101480. [PMID: 34006473 PMCID: PMC8545711 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The PD-1 pathway is a cornerstone in immune regulation. While the PD-1 pathway has received considerable attention for its role in contributing to the maintenance of T cell exhaustion in chronic infection and cancer, the PD-1 pathway plays diverse roles in regulating host immunity beyond T cell exhaustion. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in the PD-1 pathway, including (1) the impact of PD-1 inhibitors on diverse T cell differentiation states including effector and memory T cell development during acute infection, as well as T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer, (2) the role of PD-1 in regulating Treg cells, NK cells, and ILCs, and (3) the functions of PD-L1/B7-1 and PD-L2/RGMb/neogenin interactions. We then discuss the emerging use of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in the treatment of early-stage cancers and how the timing of PD-1 blockade may improve clinical outcomes. The diverse binding partners of PD-1 and its associated ligands, broad expression patterns of the receptors and ligands, differential impact of PD-1 modulation on cells depending on location and state of differentiation, and timing of PD-1 blockade add additional layers of complexity to the PD-1 pathway, and are important considerations for improving the efficacy and safety of PD-1 pathway therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James A Torchia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Apoorvi Chaudhri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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295
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Eddy K, Chen S. Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8984. [PMID: 33256089 PMCID: PMC7730443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer that develops from transformed melanocytes. It is crucial to identify melanoma at its early stages, in situ, as it is "curable" at this stage. However, after metastasis, it is difficult to treat and the five-year survival is only 25%. In recent years, a better understanding of the etiology of melanoma and its progression has made it possible for the development of targeted therapeutics, such as vemurafenib and immunotherapies, to treat advanced melanomas. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate melanoma development and progression, with a special focus on the immune evasion strategies utilized by melanomas, to evade host immune surveillances. The proposed mechanism of action and the roles of immunotherapeutic agents, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab, adoptive T- cell therapy plus T-VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma are discussed. In this review, we implore that a better understanding of the steps that mediate melanoma onset and progression, immune evasion strategies exploited by these tumor cells, and the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment response are critical in the design of improved strategies to improve clinical outcomes for patients with this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevinn Eddy
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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296
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Abstract
The mechanisms by which PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition elicits anti-tumor immunity are not fully understood. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Dammeijer et al. address the role of PD-L1 inhibition specifically within the tumor-draining lymph node, identifying a potential role for PD-L1 expressing dendritic cells within the lymph node in regulation of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysothemis C Brown
- Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Immunology Program, Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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297
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Shi LZ. Lymph nodes: The cradle for antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph nodes control tumor-specific immune responses induced by anti–PD-L1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Z. Shi
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Microbiology and Program in Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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