251
|
Gorson J, Holford M. Small Packages, Big Returns: Uncovering the Venom Diversity of Small Invertebrate Conoidean Snails. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:962-972. [PMID: 27371389 PMCID: PMC6058754 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous organisms used in research were historically chosen based on size and availability. This opportunity-driven strategy created a species bias in which snakes, scorpions, and spiders became the primary subjects of venom research. Increasing technological advancements have enabled interdisciplinary studies using genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to expand venom investigation to animals that produce small amounts of venom or lack traditional venom producing organs. One group of non-traditional venomous organisms that have benefitted from the rise of -omic technologies is the Conoideans. The Conoidean superfamily of venomous marine snails includes, the Terebridae, Turridae (s.l), and Conidae. Conoidea venom is used for both predation and defense, and therefore under strong selection pressures. The need for conoidean venom peptides to be potent and specific to their molecular targets has made them important tools for investigating cellular physiology and bioactive compounds that are beneficial to improving human health. A convincing case for the potential of Conoidean venom is made with the first commercially available conoidean venom peptide drug Ziconotide (Prialt®), an analgesic derived from Conus magus venom that is used to treat chronic pain in HIV and cancer patients. Investigation of conoidean venom using -omics technology provides significant insights into predator-driven diversification in biodiversity and identifies novel compounds for manipulating cellular communication, especially as it pertains to disease and disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gorson
- *Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, Belfer Research Building, NY, 10021 USA
- Departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, The Graduate City, The City University of New York, NY, 10016 USA
- Invertebrate Zoology, Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, NY, 10024 USA
| | - M Holford
- *Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, Belfer Research Building, NY, 10021 USA
- Departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, The Graduate City, The City University of New York, NY, 10016 USA
- Invertebrate Zoology, Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, NY, 10024 USA
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
A Combined Molecular Cloning and Mass Spectrometric Method to Identify, Characterize, and Design Frenatin Peptides from the Skin Secretion of Litoria infrafrenata. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111429. [PMID: 27792198 PMCID: PMC6273206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions are unique sources of bioactive molecules, particularly bioactive peptides. In this study, the skin secretion of the white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) was obtained to identify peptides with putative therapeutic potential. By utilizing skin secretion-derived mRNA, a cDNA library was constructed, a frenatin gene was cloned and its encoded peptides were deduced and confirmed using RP-HPLC, MALDI-TOF and MS/MS. The deduced peptides were identified as frenatin 4.1 (GFLEKLKTGAKDFASAFVNSIKGT) and a post-translationally modified peptide, frenatin 4.2 (GFLEKLKTGAKDFASAFVNSIK.NH2). Antimicrobial activity of the peptides was assessed by determining their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using standard model microorganisms. Through studying structure–activity relationships, analogues of the two peptides were designed, resulting in synthesis of frenatin 4.1a (GFLEKLKKGAKDFASALVNSIKGT) and frenatin 4.2a (GFLLKLKLGAKLFASAFVNSIK.NH2). Both analogues exhibited improved antimicrobial activities, especially frenatin 4.2a, which displayed significant enhancement of broad spectrum antimicrobial efficiency. The peptide modifications applied in this study, may provide new ideas for the generation of leads for the design of antimicrobial peptides with therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
253
|
Sneha P, Doss CGP. Gliptins in managing diabetes - Reviewing computational strategy. Life Sci 2016; 166:108-120. [PMID: 27744054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pace of anti-diabetic drug discovery is very slow in spite of increasing rate of prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes which remains a major public health concern. Though extensive research steps are taken in the past decade, yet craves for better new treatment strategies to overcome the current scenario. One such general finding is the evolution of gliptins which discriminately inhibits DPP4 (Dipeptidyl peptidase-4) enzyme. Although the mechanism of action of gliptin is highly target oriented and accurate, still its long-term use stands unknown. This step calls for a fast, flexible, and cost-effective strategies to meet the demands of producing arrays of high-content lead compounds with improved efficiency for better clinical success. The present review highlights the available gliptins in the market and also other naturally occurring DPP4 enzyme inhibitors. Along with describing the known inhibitors and their origin in this review, we attempted to identify a probable new lead compounds using advanced computational techniques. In this context, computational methods that integrate the knowledge of proteins and drug responses were utilized in prioritizing targets and designing drugs towards clinical trials with better efficacy. The compounds obtained as a result of virtual screening were compared with the commercially available gliptin in the market to have better efficiency in the identification and validation of the potential DPP4 inhibitors. The combinatorial computational methods used in the present study identified Compound 1: 25022354 as promising inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sneha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Van der Poorten O, Knuhtsen A, Sejer Pedersen D, Ballet S, Tourwé D. Side Chain Cyclized Aromatic Amino Acids: Great Tools as Local Constraints in Peptide and Peptidomimetic Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10865-10890. [PMID: 27690430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constraining the conformation of flexible peptides is a proven strategy to increase potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability. The focus has mostly been on constraining the backbone dihedral angles; however, the correct orientation of the amino acid side chains (χ-space) that constitute the peptide pharmacophore is equally important. Control of χ-space utilizes conformationally constrained amino acids that favor, disfavor, or exclude the gauche (-), the gauche (+), or the trans conformation. In this review we focus on cyclic aromatic amino acids in which the side chain is connected to the peptide backbone to provide control of χ1- and χ2-space. The manifold applications for cyclized analogues of the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, Trp, and His within peptide medicinal chemistry are showcased herein with examples of enzyme inhibitors and ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Pellegrino S, Tonali N, Erba E, Kaffy J, Taverna M, Contini A, Taylor M, Allsop D, Gelmi ML, Ongeri S. β-Hairpin mimics containing a piperidine-pyrrolidine scaffold modulate the β-amyloid aggregation process preserving the monomer species. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1295-1302. [PMID: 28451272 PMCID: PMC5359901 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to oligomerization and fibrillization of amyloid β peptides, with Aβ1-42 being the most aggregative and neurotoxic one. We report herein the synthesis and conformational analysis of Aβ1-42-amyloid related β-hairpin peptidomimetics, built on a piperidine-pyrrolidine semi rigid β-turn inducer and bearing two small recognition peptide sequences, designed on oligomeric and fibril structures of Aβ1-42. According to these peptide sequences, a stable β-hairpin or a dynamic equilibrium between two possible architectures was observed. These original constructs are able to greatly delay the kinetics of Aβ1-42 aggregation process as demonstrated by thioflavin-T fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Capillary electrophoresis indicates their ability to preserve the monomer species, inhibiting the formation of toxic oligomers. Furthermore, compounds protect against toxic effects of Aβ on neuroblastoma cells even at substoichiometric concentrations. This study is the first example of acyclic small β-hairpin mimics possessing such a highly efficient anti-aggregation activity. The protective effect is more pronounced than that observed with molecules which have undergone clinical trials. The structural elements made in this study provide valuable insights in the understanding of the aggregation process and insights to explore the design of novel acyclic β-hairpin targeting other types of amyloid-forming proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pellegrino
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini" , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , via Venezian 21 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - N Tonali
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale , BioCIS , Univ. Paris-Sud , CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex , France .
| | - E Erba
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini" , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , via Venezian 21 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - J Kaffy
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale , BioCIS , Univ. Paris-Sud , CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex , France .
| | - M Taverna
- Protéines et Nanotechnologies en Sciences Séparatives , Institut Galien Paris-Sud , Univ. Paris-Sud , CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex , France
| | - A Contini
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini" , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , via Venezian 21 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - M Taylor
- Lancaster University , Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medicine , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , UK
| | - D Allsop
- Lancaster University , Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medicine , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , UK
| | - M L Gelmi
- DISFARM-Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica "A. Marchesini" , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , via Venezian 21 , 20133 Milano , Italy .
| | - S Ongeri
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale , BioCIS , Univ. Paris-Sud , CNRS , Université Paris Saclay , 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex , France .
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Senthilkumar B, Rajasekaran R. In Silico Template Selection of Short Antimicrobial Peptide Viscotoxin for Improving Its Antimicrobial Efficiency in Development of Potential Therapeutic Drugs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:898-913. [PMID: 27696138 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid increase in antibiotic resistance has posed a worldwide threat, due to increased mortality, morbidity, and expenditure caused by antibiotic-resistant microbes. Recent development of the antimicrobial peptides like viscotoxin (Vt) has been successfully comprehended as a substitute for classical antibiotics. A structurally stable peptide, Vt can enhance antimicrobial property and can be used for various developmental purposes. Thus, structural stability among the antimicrobial peptides, Vt A1 (3C8P), A2 (1JMN), A3 (1ED0), B (1JMP), and C (1ORL) of Viscus album was computationally analyzed. In specific, the static confirmation of VtA3 showed high number of intramolecular interactions, along with an increase in hydrophobicity than others comparatively. Further, conformational sampling was used to analyze various geometrical parameters such as root mean square deviation, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration, and ovality which also revealed the structural stability of VtA3. Moreover, the statistically validated contours of surface area, lipophilicity, and distance constraints of disulfide bonds also supported the priority of VtA3 with respect to stability. Finally, the functional activity of peptides was accessed by computing their free energy of membrane association and membrane interactions, which defined VtA3 as functionally stable. Currently, peptide-based antibiotics and nanoparticles have attracted the pharmaceutical industries for their potential therapeutic applications. Thereby, it is proposed that viscotoxin A3 (1ED0) could be used as a preeminent template for scaffolding potentially efficient antimicrobial peptide-based drugs and nanomaterials in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Senthilkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - R Rajasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Parr MK, Montacir O, Montacir H. Physicochemical characterization of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:366-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
258
|
Mittal A, Tandon S, Singla SK, Tandon C. Mechanistic Insights into the Antilithiatic Proteins from Terminalia arjuna: A Proteomic Approach in Urolithiasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162600. [PMID: 27649531 PMCID: PMC5029924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stone formation during hyperoxaluric condition is inherently dependent on the interaction between renal epithelial cells and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Although modern medicine has progressed in terms of removal of these stones, recurrence and persistent side effects restricts their use. Strategies involving plant based agents which could be used as adjunct therapy is an area which needs to be explored. Plant proteins having antilithiatic activity is a hitherto unexplored area and therefore, we conducted a detailed identification and characterization of antilithiatic proteins from Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna). Proteins were isolated from the dried bark of T. arjuna and those having molecular weights > 3 kDa were subjected to anion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography. Four proteins were identified exhibiting inhibitory activity against CaOx crystallization and crystal growth kinetics The cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic efficacy of these purified proteins was further investigated on oxalate injured renal epithelial cells (MDCK and NRK-52E) wherein, injury due to oxalate was significantly attenuated and led to a dose dependent increase in viability of these cells. These proteins also prevented the interaction of the CaOx crystals to the cell surface and reduced the number of apoptotic cells. Identification of these 4 anionic proteins from the bark of T. arjuna was carried out by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This was followed by database search with the MASCOT server and sequence similarity was found with Nuclear pore anchor, DEAD Box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 45, Lon protease homolog 1 and Heat shock protein 90–3. These novel proteins isolated from T. arjuna have the potential to inhibit CaOx crystallization and promote cell survival and therefore, offer novel avenues which need to be explored further for the medical management of urolithiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amisha Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chanderdeep Tandon
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Centipedes are one of the oldest and most successful lineages of venomous terrestrial predators. Despite their use for centuries in traditional medicine, centipede venoms remain poorly studied. However, recent work indicates that centipede venoms are highly complex chemical arsenals that are rich in disulfide-constrained peptides that have novel pharmacology and three-dimensional structure. Areas covered: This review summarizes what is currently known about centipede venom proteins, with a focus on disulfide-rich peptides that have novel or unexpected pharmacology that might be useful from a therapeutic perspective. The authors also highlight the remarkable diversity of constrained three-dimensional peptide scaffolds present in these venoms that might be useful for bioengineering of drug leads. Expert opinion: Like most arthropod predators, centipede venoms are rich in peptides that target neuronal ion channels and receptors, but it is also becoming increasingly apparent that many of these peptides have novel or unexpected pharmacological properties with potential applications in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eivind A B Undheim
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia.,b Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Ronald A Jenner
- c Department of Life Sciences , Natural History Museum , London , UK
| | - Glenn F King
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
Towards Biocontained Cell Factories: An Evolutionarily Adapted Escherichia coli Strain Produces a New-to-nature Bioactive Lantibiotic Containing Thienopyrrole-Alanine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33447. [PMID: 27634138 PMCID: PMC5025777 DOI: 10.1038/srep33447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic code engineering that enables reassignment of genetic codons to non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is a powerful strategy for enhancing ribosomally synthesized peptides and proteins with functions not commonly found in Nature. Here we report the expression of a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP), the 32-mer lantibiotic lichenicidin with a canonical tryptophan (Trp) residue replaced by the ncAA L-β-(thieno[3,2-b]pyrrolyl)alanine ([3,2]Tpa) which does not sustain cell growth in the culture. We have demonstrated that cellular toxicity of [3,2]Tpa for the production of the new-to-nature bioactive congener of lichenicidin in the host Escherichia coli can be alleviated by using an evolutionarily adapted host strain MT21 which not only tolerates [3,2]Tpa but also uses it as a proteome-wide synthetic building block. This work underscores the feasibility of the biocontainment concept and establishes a general framework for design and large scale production of RiPPs with evolutionarily adapted host strains.
Collapse
|
261
|
Design and Synthesis of Analogues of Marine Natural Product Galaxamide, an N-methylated Cyclic Pentapeptide, as Potential Anti-Tumor Agent in Vitro. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090161. [PMID: 27598177 PMCID: PMC5039532 DOI: 10.3390/md14090161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report design and synthesis of novel 26 galaxamide analogues with N-methylated cyclo-pentapeptide, and their in vitro anti-tumor activity towards the panel of human tumor cell line, such as, A549, A549/DPP, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 using MTT assay. We have also investigated the effect of galaxamide and its representative analogues on growth, cell-cycle phases, and induction of apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Reckon with the significance of conformational space and N-Me aminoacid (aa) comprising this compound template, we designed the analogues with modification in N-Me-aa position, change in aa configuration from l to d aa and substitute one Leu-aa to d/l Phe-aa residue with respective to the parent structure. The efficient solid phase parallel synthesis approach is employed for the linear pentapeptide residue containing N-Me aa, followed by solution phase macrocyclisation to afford target cyclo pentapeptide compounds. In the present study, all galaxamide analogues exhibited growth inhibition in A549, A549/DPP, SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cell lines. Compounds 6, 18, and 22 exhibited interesting activities towards all cell line tested, while Compounds 1, 4, 15, and 22 showed strong activity towards SMMC-7221 cell line in the range of 1–2 μg/mL IC50. Flow cytometry experiment revealed that galaxamide analogues namely Compounds 6, 18, and 22 induced concentration dependent SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis after 48 h. These compounds induced G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and morphological changes indicating induction of apoptosis. Thus, findings of our study suggest that the galaxamide and its analogues 6, 18 and 22 exerted growth inhibitory effect on SMMC-7721 cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis. Compound 1 showed promising anti-tumor activity towards SMMC-7721 cancer cell line, which is 9 and 10 fold higher than galaxamide and reference DPP (cisplatin), respectively.
Collapse
|
262
|
Abstract
In recent years, the increase of invasive fungal infections and the emergence of antifungal resistance stressed the need for new antifungal drugs. Peptides have shown to be good candidates for the development of alternative antimicrobial agents through high-throughput screening, and subsequent optimization according to a rational approach. This review presents a brief overview on antifungal natural peptides of different sources (animals, plants, micro-organisms), peptide fragments derived by proteolytic cleavage of precursor physiological proteins (cryptides), synthetic unnatural peptides and peptide derivatives. Antifungal peptides are schematically reported based on their structure, antifungal spectrum and reported effects. Natural or synthetic peptides and their modified derivatives may represent the basis for new compounds active against fungal infections.
Collapse
|
263
|
Identification of Peptide Leads to Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus: Inhibitory Effect of Plectasin Peptide Against Hepatitis C Serine Protease. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
264
|
Guérin D, Dez I, Gaumont AC, Pannecoucke X, Couve-Bonnaire S. Access to Constrained Fluoropseudopeptides via Ring-Closing Metathesis of Fluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:3606-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guérin
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, Unicaen, CNRS,
LCMT, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Dez
- Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, Unicaen, CNRS,
LCMT, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN,
CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
265
|
Ovando CA, Carvalho JCD, Vinícius de Melo Pereira G, Jacques P, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Functional properties and health benefits of bioactive peptides derived fromSpirulina: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1210632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Anahite Ovando
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar de Carvalho
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Philippe Jacques
- ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Terra Research Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
Baltikinin: A New Myotropic Tryptophyllin-3 Peptide Isolated from the Skin Secretion of the Purple-Sided Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa baltea. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070213. [PMID: 27399779 PMCID: PMC4963846 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the identification of a novel tryptophyllin-3 peptide with arterial smooth muscle relaxation activity from the skin secretion of the purple-sided leaf frog, Phyllomedusa baltea. This new peptide was named baltikinin and had the following primary structure, pGluDKPFGPPPIYPV, as determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation sequencing and from cloned skin precursor-encoding cDNA. A synthetic replicate of baltikinin was found to have a similar potency to bradykinin in relaxing arterial smooth muscle (half maximal effective concentration (EC50) is 7.2 nM). These data illustrate how amphibian skin secretions can continue to provide novel potent peptides that act through functional targets in mammalian tissues.
Collapse
|
267
|
|
268
|
Harjani JR, Yap BK, Norton RS, Baell JB. An alternative approach to the synthesis of peptides containing a cystathionine bridge. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
269
|
Silva JP, Appelberg R, Gama FM. Antimicrobial peptides as novel anti-tuberculosis therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:924-940. [PMID: 27235189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has recently joined HIV/AIDS as the world's deadliest infectious disease, affecting around 9.6 million people worldwide in 2014. Of those, about 1.2 million died from the disease. Resistance acquisition to existing antibiotics, with the subsequent emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant mycobacteria strains, together with an increasing economic burden, has urged the development of new anti-TB drugs. In this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small, cationic and amphipathic peptides that make part of the innate immune system, now arise as promising candidates for TB treatment. In this review, we analyze the potential of AMPs for this application. We address the mechanisms of action, advantages and disadvantages over conventional antibiotics and how problems associated with its use may be overcome to boost their therapeutic potential. Additionally, we address the challenges of translational development from benchside to bedside, evaluate the current development pipeline and analyze the expected global impact from a socio-economic standpoint. The quest for more efficient and more compliant anti-TB drugs, associated with the great therapeutic potential of emerging AMPs and the rising peptide market, provide an optimal environment for the emergence of AMPs as promising therapies. Still, their pharmacological properties need to be enhanced and manufacturing-associated issues need to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Department of Immunophysiology, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Miguel Gama
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
270
|
Killing of Trypanozoon Parasites by the Equine Cathelicidin eCATH1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2610-9. [PMID: 26824936 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01127-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanozoon parasites infect both humans, causing sleeping sickness, and animals, causing nagana, surra, and dourine. Control of nagana and surra depends to a great extent on chemotherapy. However, drug resistance to several of the front-line drugs is rising. Furthermore, there is no official treatment for dourine. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop antiparasitic agents with novel modes of action. Host defense peptides have recently gained attention as promising candidates. We have previously reported that one such peptide, the equine antimicrobial peptide eCATH1, is highly active against equine Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, without cytotoxicity against mammalian cells at bacteriolytic concentrations. In the present study, we show that eCATH1 exhibits an in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.5 μM against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma evansi, and Trypanosoma equiperdum Its trypanocidal mechanism involves plasma membrane permeabilization and mitochondrial alteration based on the following data: (i) eCATH1 induces the rapid influx of the vital dye SYTOX Green; (ii) it rapidly disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, as revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy using the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123; (iii) it severely damages the membrane and intracellular structures of the parasites as early as 15 min after exposure at 9.5 μM and 5 min after exposure at higher concentrations (19 μM), as evidenced by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We also demonstrate that administration of eCATH1 at a dose of 10 mg/kg to T. equiperdum-infected mice delays mortality. Taken together, our findings suggest that eCATH1 is an interesting template for the development of novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of trypanosome infections.
Collapse
|
271
|
Lafarga T, Hayes M. Bioactive protein hydrolysates in the functional food ingredient industry: Overcoming current challenges. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1175013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
272
|
Böttger R, Knappe D, Hoffmann R. Readily adaptable release kinetics of prodrugs using protease-dependent reversible PEGylation. J Control Release 2016; 230:88-94. [PMID: 27067364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein and peptide therapeutics with good in vitro activities often fail due to poor bioavailability, circulation lifetime, and immunogenicity. PEGylation, i.e. conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG), significantly improves serum stability and renal clearance besides reducing the immunogenicity and thus enhances pharmacokinetics and tolerance in vivo. Several PEGylated drugs are marketed including several top-selling blockbusters. However, PEGylation can mask the binding site, especially in peptides, and thereby reduce the activity drastically, which is only rarely compensated by the improved bioavailability. Prodrug strategies using temporary PEGylation, i.e. the authentic drug is released from a PEG-linked precursor by hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation, can overcome these weaknesses. Recently, we reported a strategy coupling PEG via a peptide linker cleaved C-terminally by trypsin-like proteases in blood to release the unmasked therapeutic peptide. Here, we designed twelve short peptide linkers (four or five residues) to tune the release-rates of oncocin Onc112, a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide. In 25% aqueous mouse serum, Onc112 was released with half-life times from 0.5 to 12h. When elongated N-terminally with 5kDa ɑ-methoxy-ω-mercapto PEG as thioether, the half-life times of the prodrugs ranged from 7 to 42h in full mouse serum. Conjugation of a 20kDa instead of the 5kDa PEG increased the half-life times more than twofold, whereas longer peptide linkers up to twelve residues increased them only slightly. In all cases, Onc112 was released continuously providing stable peptide levels for at least 16h. The kinetics will allow the specific design of PEG-linker-drug-combinations for optimizing the pharmacokinetics of promising peptide therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Böttger
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Knappe
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
273
|
Singh P, Kaur S, Kaur J, Singh G, Bhatti R. Rational Design of Small Peptides for Optimal Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2: Development of a Highly Effective Anti-Inflammatory Agent. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3920-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palwinder Singh
- UGC
Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies - Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Sukhmeet Kaur
- UGC
Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies - Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Jagroop Kaur
- UGC
Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies - Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- UGC
Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies - Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- UGC
Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies - Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Solstad RG, Li C, Isaksson J, Johansen J, Svenson J, Stensvåg K, Haug T. Novel Antimicrobial Peptides EeCentrocins 1, 2 and EeStrongylocin 2 from the Edible Sea Urchin Echinus esculentus Have 6-Br-Trp Post-Translational Modifications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151820. [PMID: 27007817 PMCID: PMC4805251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics has resulted in an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents. Natural antimicrobial peptides are considered promising candidates for drug development. Echinoderms, which rely on innate immunity factors in the defence against harmful microorganisms, are sources of novel antimicrobial peptides. This study aimed to isolate and characterise antimicrobial peptides from the Edible sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Using bioassay-guided purification and cDNA cloning, three antimicrobial peptides were characterised from the haemocytes of the sea urchin; two heterodimeric peptides and a cysteine-rich peptide. The peptides were named EeCentrocin 1 and 2 and EeStrongylocin 2, respectively, due to their apparent homology to the published centrocins and strongylocins isolated from the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. The two centrocin-like peptides EeCentrocin 1 and 2 are intramolecularly connected via a disulphide bond to form a heterodimeric structure, containing a cationic heavy chain of 30 and 32 amino acids and a light chain of 13 amino acids. Additionally, the light chain of EeCentrocin 2 seems to be N-terminally blocked by a pyroglutamic acid residue. The heavy chains of EeCentrocins 1 and 2 were synthesised and shown to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the natural peptides. EeStrongylocin 2 contains 6 cysteines engaged in 3 disulphide bonds. A fourth peptide (Ee4635) was also discovered but not fully characterised. Using mass spectrometric and NMR analyses, EeCentrocins 1 and 2, EeStrongylocin 2 and Ee4635 were all shown to contain post-translationally brominated Trp residues in the 6 position of the indole ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runar Gjerp Solstad
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chun Li
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, the Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jostein Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, the Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, the Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tor Haug
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Sabatino G, Guryanov I, Rombecchi A, Zanon J, Ricci A, Cabri W, Papini AM, Rovero P. Production of peptides as generic drugs: a patent landscape of octreotide. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:485-95. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1158810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
276
|
Muciño G, Castro-Obregón S, Hernandez-Pando R, Del Rio G. Autophagy as a target for therapeutic uses of multifunctional peptides. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:259-67. [PMID: 26968336 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of complex diseases is promoting a change from one-target to multitarget drugs and peptides are ideal molecules to fulfill this polypharmacologic role. Here we review current status in the design of polypharmacological peptides aimed to treat complex diseases, focusing on tuberculosis. In this sense, combining multiple activities in single molecules is a two-sided sword, as both positive and negative side effects might arise. These polypharmacologic compounds may be directed to regulate autophagy, a catabolic process that enables cells to eliminate intracellular microbes (xenophagy), such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT). Here we review some strategies to control MBT infection and propose that a peptide combining both antimicrobial and pro-autophagic activities would have a greater potential to limit MBT infection. This endeavor may complement the knowledge gained in understanding the mechanism of action of antibiotics and may lead to the design of better polypharmacological peptides to treat complex diseases such as tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Muciño
- Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Instituto De Fisiología Celular, UNAM, México, D.F, México
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Instituto De Fisiología Celular, UNAM, México, D.F, México
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán,", Mexico
| | - Gabriel Del Rio
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto De Fisiología Celular, UNAM, México, D.F, México
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Nanotechnology Formulations for Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides. Molecules 2016; 21:305. [PMID: 26950108 PMCID: PMC6273827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids and monoglycerides have long been known to possess broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that is based on lytic behavior against bacterial cell membranes. Considering the growing challenges of drug-resistant bacteria and the need for new classes of antibiotics, the wide prevalence, affordable cost, and broad spectrum of fatty acids and monoglycerides make them attractive agents to develop for healthcare and biotechnology applications. The aim of this review is to provide a brief introduction to the history of antimicrobial lipids and their current status and challenges, and to present a detailed discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop nanotechnology formulations of fatty acids and monoglycerides that enable superior in vitro and in vivo performance. Examples of nano-emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and controlled release hydrogels are presented in order to highlight the potential that lies ahead for fatty acids and monoglycerides as next-generation antibacterial solutions. Possible application routes and future directions in research and development are also discussed.
Collapse
|
278
|
Dinca A, Chien WM, Chin MT. Intracellular Delivery of Proteins with Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Therapeutic Uses in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:263. [PMID: 26907261 PMCID: PMC4783992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapy exhibits several advantages over small molecule drugs and is increasingly being developed for the treatment of disorders ranging from single enzyme deficiencies to cancer. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), a group of small peptides capable of promoting transport of molecular cargo across the plasma membrane, have become important tools in promoting the cellular uptake of exogenously delivered proteins. Although the molecular mechanisms of uptake are not firmly established, CPPs have been empirically shown to promote uptake of various molecules, including large proteins over 100 kiloDaltons (kDa). Recombinant proteins that include a CPP tag to promote intracellular delivery show promise as therapeutic agents with encouraging success rates in both animal and human trials. This review highlights recent advances in protein-CPP therapy and discusses optimization strategies and potential detrimental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dinca
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Michael T Chin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
279
|
|
280
|
Sinha S, Singh A, Medhi B, Sehgal R. Systematic Review: Insight into Antimalarial Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
281
|
Hapău D, Rémond E, Fanelli R, Vivancos M, René A, Côté J, Besserer-Offroy É, Longpré JM, Martinez J, Zaharia V, Sarret P, Cavelier F. Stereoselective Synthesis of β-(5-Arylthiazolyl) α-Amino Acids and Use in Neurotensin Analogues. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
282
|
Gabernet G, Müller AT, Hiss JA, Schneider G. Membranolytic anticancer peptides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action of membranolytic anticancer peptides could help them advance to therapeutic success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Gabernet
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - A. T. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - J. A. Hiss
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - G. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
283
|
Helmer D, Schmitz K. Peptides and Peptide Analogs to Inhibit Protein-Protein Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:147-83. [PMID: 27236556 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are governed by relatively few amino acid residues at the binding interface. Peptides derived from these protein regions may serve as mimics of one of the interaction partners in structural studies or as inhibitors to disrupt the respective interaction and investigate its biological consequences. Inhibitory peptides may also be lead structures for drug development if the respective protein-protein interaction is essential for a pathogen or disease mechanism. Binding peptides may be systematically derived from one of the binding partners or found in the screen of combinatorial peptide libraries. Molecular modelling based on structural data helps to refine existing peptides or even design novel binding peptides. This chapter gives an outline of the binding peptide discovery process and subsequent chemical modifications to further enhance affinity and specificity and to increase stability against degradation in vivo. Examples from the past three decades illustrate the great diversity of applications for protein binding peptides and peptide analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Helmer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
284
|
Collet C, Maskali F, Clément A, Chrétien F, Poussier S, Karcher G, Marie PY, Chapleur Y, Lamandé-Langle S. Development of 6-[18F]fluoro-carbohydrate-based prosthetic groups and their conjugation to peptides via click chemistry. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 59:54-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Collet
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Fatiha Maskali
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Alexandra Clément
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Françoise Chrétien
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- CNRS; UMR 7565; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Sylvain Poussier
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Gilles Karcher
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire; CHU-Nancy; Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
| | - Pierre-Yves Marie
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire; CHU-Nancy; Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
| | - Yves Chapleur
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- Nancyclotep, Plateforme d'imagerie moléculaire; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- CNRS; UMR 7565; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| | - Sandrine Lamandé-Langle
- Université de Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
- CNRS; UMR 7565; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy France
| |
Collapse
|
285
|
Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2013-middle 2015). Electrophoresis 2015; 37:162-88. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
286
|
van Oosten LN, Pieterse M, Pinkse MWH, Verhaert PDEM. Screening Method for the Discovery of Potential Bioactive Cysteine-Containing Peptides Using 3D Mass Mapping. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2039-2050. [PMID: 26552389 PMCID: PMC4654750 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal venoms and toxins are a valuable source of bioactive peptides with pharmacologic relevance as potential drug leads. A large subset of biologically active peptides discovered up till now contain disulfide bridges that enhance stability and activity. To discover new members of this class of peptides, we developed a workflow screening specifically for those peptides that contain inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds by means of three-dimensional (3D) mass mapping. Two intrinsic properties of the sulfur atom, (1) its relatively large negative mass defect, and (2) its isotopic composition, allow for differentiation between cysteine-containing peptides and peptides lacking sulfur. High sulfur content in a peptide decreases the normalized nominal mass defect (NMD) and increases the normalized isotopic shift (NIS). Hence in a 3D plot of mass, NIS, and NMD, peptides with sulfur appear in this plot with a distinct spatial localization compared with peptides that lack sulfur. In this study we investigated the skin secretion of two frog species; Odorrana schmackeri and Bombina variegata. Peptides from the crude skin secretions were separated by nanoflow LC, and of all eluting peptides high resolution zoom scans were acquired in order to accurately determine both monoisotopic mass and average mass. Both the NMD and the NIS were calculated from the experimental data using an in-house developed MATLAB script. Candidate peptides exhibiting a low NMD and high NIS values were selected for targeted de novo sequencing, and this resulted in the identification of several novel inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bond containing peptides. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk N van Oosten
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mervin Pieterse
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn W H Pinkse
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D E M Verhaert
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- CEBMMS (Center of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry), Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
287
|
Abstract
During the last decades increasing attention has been paid to peptides as potential therapeutics. However, clinical applications of peptide drugs suffer from susceptibility to degradation, rather short circulation half-life, limited ability to cross physiological barriers and potential immunogenicity. These challenges can be addressed by using polymeric materials as peptide delivery systems, owing to their versatile structures and properties. A number of polymer-based vehicles have been developed to stabilize the peptides and to control their release rates. Unfortunately, no single polymer or formulation strategy has been considered ideal for all types of peptide drugs. In this review, currently used and potential polymer-based systems for the peptide delivery will be discussed.
Collapse
|
288
|
Qureshi A, Tandon H, Kumar M. AVP-IC50 Pred: Multiple machine learning techniques-based prediction of peptide antiviral activity in terms of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Biopolymers 2015; 104:753-63. [PMID: 26213387 PMCID: PMC7161829 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based antiviral therapeutics has gradually paved their way into mainstream drug discovery research. Experimental determination of peptides' antiviral activity as expressed by their IC50 values involves a lot of effort. Therefore, we have developed "AVP-IC50 Pred," a regression-based algorithm to predict the antiviral activity in terms of IC50 values (μM). A total of 759 non-redundant peptides from AVPdb and HIPdb were divided into a training/test set having 683 peptides (T(683)) and a validation set with 76 independent peptides (V(76)) for evaluation. We utilized important peptide sequence features like amino-acid compositions, binary profile of N8-C8 residues, physicochemical properties and their hybrids. Four different machine learning techniques (MLTs) namely Support vector machine, Random Forest, Instance-based classifier, and K-Star were employed. During 10-fold cross validation, we achieved maximum Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) of 0.66, 0.64, 0.56, 0.55, respectively, for the above MLTs using the best combination of feature sets. All the predictive models also performed well on the independent validation dataset and achieved maximum PCCs of 0.74, 0.68, 0.59, 0.57, respectively, on the best combination of feature sets. The AVP-IC50 Pred web server is anticipated to assist the researchers working on antiviral therapeutics by enabling them to computationally screen many compounds and focus experimental validation on the most promising set of peptides, thus reducing cost and time efforts. The server is available at http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/ic50avp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Qureshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
| | - Himani Tandon
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial TechnologyCouncil of Scientific and Industrial ResearchSector 39‐AChandigarh160036India
| |
Collapse
|
289
|
Maffucci I, Clayden J, Contini A. Origin of Helical Screw Sense Selectivity Induced by Chiral Constrained Cα-Tetrasubstituted α-Amino Acids in Aib-based Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14003-13. [PMID: 26457452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the propensity of chiral constrained Cα-tetrasubstituted amino acids (cCTAAs) to induce one particular helical screw sense, when included in the Ac-Aib2-cCTAA-Aib2-NHMe peptide model, were studied through replica exchange molecular dynamics, potential of mean force, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules calculations. We observed that cCTAAs exert their effect on helical screw sense selectivity through the positioning of the side chain to generate steric hindrance in either the (-x, +y, +z) or (+x, +y, -z) sectors of a right-handed 3D Cartesian space, where the z axis corresponds to the axis of the helix and the Cα lies on the +y semiaxis (0, +y, 0). The different strengthening of the noncovalent interactions, also comprising C-H···O interactions, exerted by the cCTAA in the right-handed or left-handed helix was also found important to define the preference of a cCTAA for a particular helix screw sense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maffucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "Alessandro Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche - Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica "Alessandro Marchesini", Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Hayes M, Tiwari BK. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Peptides in Foods: An Overview of Sources, Downstream Processing Steps and Associated Bioactivities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22485-508. [PMID: 26393573 PMCID: PMC4613320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides and carbohydrates are sourced from a myriad of plant, animal and insects and have huge potential for use as food ingredients and pharmaceuticals. However, downstream processing bottlenecks hinder the potential use of these natural bioactive compounds and add cost to production processes. This review discusses the health benefits and bioactivities associated with peptides and carbohydrates of natural origin and downstream processing methodologies and novel processes which may be used to overcome these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hayes
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- The Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Hashimoto C, Eichler J. Turning Peptide Ligands into Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1855-1856. [PMID: 26147884 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proline makeover: Truncation and extensive chemical modification of a peptide ligand yielded a biologically active, cell-permeable, peptidomimetic, small-molecule inhibitor of a protein-protein interaction. A key step in this transformation was the replacement of a tetraproline motif by two conformationally constrained diproline units that retain the molecule's PPII helix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashimoto
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
292
|
Toward greener analytical techniques for the absolute quantification of peptides in pharmaceutical and biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
293
|
Leonaviciute G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems in oral (poly)peptide drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1703-16. [PMID: 26477549 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1068287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral administration of most therapeutic peptides and proteins is mainly restricted due to the enzymatic and absorption membrane barrier of the GI tract. In order to overcome these barriers, various technologies have been explored. Among them, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) received considerable attention as potential carriers to facilitate oral peptide and protein delivery in recent years. AREAS COVERED This review article intends to summarize physiological barriers which limit the bioavailability of orally administrated peptide and protein drugs. Furthermore, the potential of SEDDS to protect incorporated peptides and proteins towards peptidases and proteases and to penetrate the mucus layer is reviewed. Their permeation-enhancing properties and their ability to release the drug in a controlled way are described. Moreover, this review covers the results of in vivo studies providing evidence for this promising approach. EXPERT OPINION As SEDDS can: i) provide a protective effect towards a presystemic metabolism; ii) efficiently permeate the intestinal mucus gel layer in order to reach the absorption membrane; and iii) be produced in a very simple and cost-effective manner, they are a promising tool for oral peptide and protein drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Leonaviciute
- a Leopold - Franzens University Innsbruck, Institut of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Austria +43 512 507 58601 ; +43 512 507 58699 ;
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- a Leopold - Franzens University Innsbruck, Institut of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Austria +43 512 507 58601 ; +43 512 507 58699 ;
| |
Collapse
|
294
|
Hatty CR, Banati RB. Protein-ligand and membrane-ligand interactions in pharmacology: the case of the translocator protein (TSPO). Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:58-63. [PMID: 26238176 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The targets of many small molecule drugs are membrane proteins, and traditionally the focus of pharmacology is on the interaction between such receptors and their small molecule drug ligands. However, the lipid membranes of cells and organelles are increasingly appreciated as diverse and dynamic structures that also specifically interact with small molecule drugs and peptides, causing profound changes in the properties of these membranes, and modulating the function of the membrane and the proteins within it. Drug-membrane interactions are likely to have a role in both the therapeutic and toxic activity of a variety of compounds, and their role in the overall pharmacological effect of a drug needs to be understood more clearly. This is the case for the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) and its ligands, where functions that were established based on pharmacological studies are being called into question. Re-examining the putative functions of the TSPO and the effects of its ligands reveals a need to consider in more detail the interplay between protein-ligand and membrane-ligand interactions, and the modulatory relationship between TSPO and the lipid membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Hatty
- Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Research Institute, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Richard B Banati
- Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Research Institute, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
295
|
de Castro RJS, Sato HH. Biologically active peptides: Processes for their generation, purification and identification and applications as natural additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Food Res Int 2015; 74:185-198. [PMID: 28411983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have created great interest in the use of biologically active peptides. Bioactive peptides can be defined as specific portions of proteins with 2 to 20 amino acids that have desirable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antithrombotic, anti-adipogenic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific characteristics, including low toxicity and high specificity, make these molecules of particular interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on the production of bioactive peptides, with special emphasis on fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. The combination of different technologies and the use of auxiliary processes are also addressed. A survey of isolation, purification and peptide characterization methods was conducted to identify the major techniques used to determine the structures of bioactive peptides. Finally, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, anti-adipogenic activities and probiotic-bacterial growth-promoting aspects of various peptides are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruann Janser Soares de Castro
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Hélia Harumi Sato
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 80 Rua Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
296
|
|
297
|
Lee CL, Lam HY, Li X. Serine/threonine ligation for natural cyclic peptide syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1274-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of Ser/Thr ligation-mediated peptide cyclization has been demonstrated by the synthesis of cyclic peptide natural products, such as daptomycin, cyclomontanin B, yunnanin C and mahafacyclin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lung Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation of The University of Hong Kong
| | - Hiu Yung Lam
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation of The University of Hong Kong
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|