251
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Luan J, Ju D. Inflammasome: A Double-Edged Sword in Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2201. [PMID: 30319645 PMCID: PMC6167446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes have emerged as critical innate sensors of host immune that defense against pathogen infection, metabolism syndrome, cellular stress and cancer metastasis in the liver. The assembly of inflammasome activates caspase-1, which promotes the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), and initiates pyroptotic cell death (pyroptosis). IL-18 exerts pleiotropic effects on hepatic NK cells, priming FasL-mediated cytotoxicity, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-dependent responses to prevent the development of liver diseases. However, considerable attention has been attracted to the pathogenic role of inflammasomes in various acute and chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, nanoparticle-induced liver injury, alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, we summarize the latest advances on the physiological and pathological roles of inflammasomes for further development of inflammasome-based therapeutic strategies for human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Luan
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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252
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Farhood B, Goradel NH, Mortezaee K, Khanlarkhani N, Najafi M, Sahebkar A. Melatonin and cancer: From the promotion of genomic stability to use in cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5613-5627. [PMID: 30238978 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains among the most challenging human diseases. Several lines of evidence suggest that carcinogenesis is a complex process that is initiated by DNA damage. Exposure to clastogenic agents such as heavy metals, ionizing radiation (IR), and chemotherapy drugs may cause chronic mutations in the genomic material, leading to a phenomenon named genomic instability. Evidence suggests that genomic instability is responsible for cancer incidence after exposure to carcinogenic agents, and increases the risk of secondary cancers following treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Melatonin as the main product of the pineal gland is a promising hormone for preventing cancer and improving cancer treatment. Melatonin can directly neutralize toxic free radicals more efficiently compared with other classical antioxidants. In addition, melatonin is able to regulate the reduction/oxidation (redox) system in stress conditions. Through regulation of mitochondrial nction and inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes, melatonin suppresses chronic oxidative stress. Moreover, melatonin potently stimulates DNA damage responses that increase the tolerance of normal tissues to toxic effect of IR and may reduce the risk of genomic instability in patients who undergo radiotherapy. Through these mechanisms, melatonin attenuates several side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Interestingly, melatonin has shown some synergistic properties with IR and chemotherapy, which is distinct from classical antioxidants that are mainly used for the alleviation of adverse events of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this review, we describe the anticarcinogenic effects of melatonin and also its possible application in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Neda Khanlarkhani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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253
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Singh A, Kendall SL, Campanella M. Common Traits Spark the Mitophagy/Xenophagy Interplay. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1172. [PMID: 30294276 PMCID: PMC6158333 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy contributes to the wellbeing of eukaryotic cells by recycling cellular components, disposing damaged organelles, and removing pathogens, amongst others. Both the quality control process of selective mitochondrial autophagy (Mitophagy) and the defensive process of intracellular pathogen-engulfment (Xenophagy) are facilitated via protein assemblies which have shared molecules, a prime example being the Tank-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 plays a central role in the immunity response driven by Xenophagy and was recently shown to be an amplifying mechanism in Mitophagy, bring to attention the potential cross talk between the two processes. Here we draw parallels between Xenophagy and Mitophagy, speculating on the inhibitory mechanisms of specific proteins (e.g., the 18 kDa protein TSPO), how the preferential sequestering toward one of the two pathways may undermine the other, and in this way impair cellular response to pathogens and cellular immunity. We believe that an in depth understanding of the commonalities may present an opportunity to design novel therapeutic strategies targeted at both the autonomous and non-autonomous processes of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Singh
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L Kendall
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, United Kingdom
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254
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Muscle-derived autologous mitochondrial transplantation: A novel strategy for treating cerebral ischemic injury. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:322-331. [PMID: 30213662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The available evidence showed that mitochondrial transfer by releasing the extracellular vesicles containing mitochondria from astrocytes to neurons exerted a neuroprotective effect after stroke. Whether extracellular mitochondrial replenishment could rescue the tissues from cerebral ischemic injury still needs to be explored completely. It was hypothesized that the augmentation of mitochondrial damage after cerebral ischemia could be resolved by timely replenishment of exogenous mitochondria. A stroke model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used in this study to verify this hypothesis. This study found that the number of extracellular mitochondria increased in rat cerebrospinal fluid after MCAO, and a higher proportion of mitochondria were associated with good neurological outcomes. Following 90-min ischemia, autologously derived mitochondria (isolated from autologous pectoralis major) or vehicle alone was infused directly into the lateral ventricles, and the rats were allowed to recover for 4 weeks. A plenty of infused mitochondria were found to be distributed in the boundary and ischemic penumbra areas. Furthermore, the transplantation of mitochondria reduced cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis, attenuated reactive astrogliosis, and promoted neurogenesis after stroke. Moreover, the transplantation of mitochondria decreased brain infarct volume and reversed neurological deficits. The findings suggested that the delivery of mitochondria through the lateral ventricles resulted in their widespread distribution throughout the brain and exerted a neuroprotective effect after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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255
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Zhang X, Wang T, Yuan ZC, Dai LQ, Zeng N, Wang H, Liu L, Wen FQ. Mitochondrial peptides cause proinflammatory responses in the alveolar epithelium via FPR-1, MAPKs, and AKT: a potential mechanism involved in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L775-L786. [PMID: 30188748 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00466.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by alveolar epithelial damage and uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including mitochondrial peptides [ N-formyl peptides (NFPs)], are released during cell injury and death and induce inflammation by unclear mechanisms. In this study, we have investigated the role of mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs), especially NFPs, in alveolar epithelial injury and lung inflammation. In murine models of ALI, high levels of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were associated with lung injury scores and increased formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-1 expression in the alveolar epithelium. Cyclosporin H (CsH), a specific inhibitor of FPR1, inhibited lung inflammation in the ALI models. Both MTDs and NFPs upon intratracheal challenge caused accumulation of neutrophils into the alveolar space with elevated BALF levels of mouse chemokine KC, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide and increased pulmonary FPR-1 levels. CsH significantly attenuated MTDs or NFP-induced inflammatory lung injury and activation of MAPK and AKT pathways. FPR1 expression was present in rat primary alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECIIs) and was increased by MTDs. CsH inhibited MTDs or NFP-induced CINC-1/IL-8 release and phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and AKT in rat AECII and human cell line A549. Inhibitors of MAPKs and AKT also suppressed MTD-induced IL-8 release and NF-κB activation. Collectively, our data indicate an important role of the alveolar epithelium in initiating immune responses to MTDs released during ALI. The potential mechanism may involve increase of IL-8 production in MTD-activated AECII through FPR-1 and its downstream MAPKs, AKT, and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province , Luoyang , China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lu-Qi Dai
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lian Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Fu-Qiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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256
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Pollara J, Edwards RW, Lin L, Bendersky VA, Brennan TV. Circulating mitochondria in deceased organ donors are associated with immune activation and early allograft dysfunction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121622. [PMID: 30089724 PMCID: PMC6129133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain death that occurs in the setting of deceased organ donation for transplantation is associated with systemic inflammation of unknown origin. It has recently been recognized that mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) released into the circulation in the setting of trauma and tissue injury are associated with a systemic inflammatory response. We examined the blood of deceased organ donors and found elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that correlated with levels of mtDAMPs. We also found that donor neutrophils are activated and that donor plasma contains a neutrophil-activating factor that is blocked by cyclosporin H, a formyl peptide receptor-1 antagonist. Examination of donor plasma by electron microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that free- and membrane-bound mitochondria are elevated in donor plasma. Interestingly, we demonstrated a correlation between donor plasma mitochondrial DNA levels and early allograft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients, suggesting a role for circulating mtDAMPs in allograft outcomes. Current approaches to prolong allograft survival focus on immune suppression in the transplant recipient; our data indicate that targeting inflammatory factors in deceased donors prior to organ procurement is another potential strategy for improving transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Whitney Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liwen Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria A. Bendersky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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257
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Arguello T, Köhrer C, RajBhandary UL, Moraes CT. Mitochondrial methionyl N-formylation affects steady-state levels of oxidative phosphorylation complexes and their organization into supercomplexes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15021-15032. [PMID: 30087118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Formylation of the Met-tRNAMet by the nuclearly encoded mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (MTFMT) has been found to be a key determinant of protein synthesis initiation in mitochondria. In humans, mutations in the MTFMT gene result in Leigh syndrome, a progressive and severe neurometabolic disorder. However, the absolute requirement of formylation of Met-tRNAMet for protein synthesis in mammalian mitochondria is still debated. Here, we generated a Mtfmt-KO mouse fibroblast cell line and demonstrated that N-formylation of the first methionine via fMet-tRNAMet by MTFMT is not an absolute requirement for initiation of protein synthesis. However, it differentially affected the efficiency of synthesis of mtDNA-coded polypeptides. Lack of methionine N-formylation did not compromise the stability of these individual subunits but had a marked effect on the assembly and stability of the OXPHOS complexes I and IV and on their supercomplexes. In summary, N-formylation is not essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis but is critical for efficient synthesis of several mitochondrially encoded peptides and for OXPHOS complex stability and assembly into supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Arguello
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 and
| | - Caroline Köhrer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Uttam L RajBhandary
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136 and
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258
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Abstract
The biological basis of human aging remains one of the greatest unanswered scientific questions. Increasing evidence, however, points to a role for alterations in mitochondrial function as a potential central regulator of the aging process. Here, we focus primarily on three aspects of mitochondrial biology that link this ancient organelle to how and why we age. In particular, we discuss the role of mitochondria in regulating the innate immune system, the mechanisms linking mitochondrial quality control to age-dependent pathology, and the possibility that mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling might regulate the rate of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Jang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arnon Blum
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Jie Liu
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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259
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Inflammation: friend or foe for animal production? Poult Sci 2018; 97:510-514. [PMID: 29126317 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response that seeks to contain microbial infection and repair damaged tissue. Increased pro-inflammatory mediators have been associated with enhanced resistance to a range of important poultry and pig pathogens. However, inflammation may also have undesirable consequences, including potentially exacerbating tissue damage and diverting nutrients away from productive purposes. The negative effects of inflammation have led to the active pursuit of anti-inflammatory feed additives and/or strategies. These approaches may, however, impair the ability of an animal to respond appropriately and effectively to the array of pathogens that are likely to be encountered in commercial production, and specifically young animals who may be particularly reliant on innate immune responses. Thus, promoting an animal's capacity to mount a rapid, acute inflammatory response to control and contain the infection and the timely transition to anti-inflammatory, tissue repair processes, and a homeostatic state are suggested as the optimum scenario to maintain an animal's resistance to pathogens and minimize non-productive nutrient losses. Important future studies will help to unravel the trade-offs, and relevant metabolic pathways, between robust immune defense and optimum productive performance, and thus provide real insight into methods to appropriately influence this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845
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260
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Hill S, Sataranatarajan K, Van Remmen H. Role of Signaling Molecules in Mitochondrial Stress Response. Front Genet 2018; 9:225. [PMID: 30042784 PMCID: PMC6048194 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are established essential regulators of cellular function and metabolism. Mitochondria regulate redox homeostasis, maintain energy (ATP) production through oxidative phosphorylation, buffer calcium levels, and control cell death through apoptosis. In addition to these critical cell functions, recent evidence supports a signaling role for mitochondria. For example, studies over the past few years have established that peptides released from the mitochondria mediate stress responses such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT) through signaling to the nucleus. Mitochondrial damage or danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) provide a link between mitochondria, inflammation and inflammatory disease processes. Additionally, a new class of peptides generated by the mitochondria affords protection against age-related diseases in mammals. In this short review, we highlight the role of mitochondrial signaling and regulation of cellular activities through the mitochondrial UPRMT that signals to the nucleus to affect homeostatic responses, DAMPs, and mitochondrial derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Hill
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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261
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Falconer J, Murphy AN, Young S, Clark AR, Tiziani S, Guma M, Buckley CD. Review: Synovial Cell Metabolism and Chronic Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:984-999. [PMID: 29579371 PMCID: PMC6019623 DOI: 10.1002/art.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic studies of body fluids show that immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are associated with metabolic disruption. This is likely to reflect the increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of sustained inflammation and changes in nutrient and oxygen availability in damaged tissue. The synovial membrane lining layer is the principal site of inflammation in RA. Here, the resident cells are fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and synovial tissue macrophages, which are transformed toward overproduction of enzymes that degrade cartilage and bone and cytokines that promote immune cell infiltration. Recent studies have shown metabolic changes in both FLS and macrophages from RA patients, and these may be therapeutically targetable. However, because the origins and subset-specific functions of synoviocytes are poorly understood, and the signaling modules that control metabolic deviation in RA synovial cells are yet to be explored, significant additional research is needed to translate these findings to clinical application. Furthermore, in many inflamed tissues, different cell types can forge metabolic collaborations through solute carriers in their membranes to meet a high demand for energy or biomolecules. Such relationships are likely to exist in the synovium and have not been studied. Finally, it is not yet known whether metabolic change is a consequence of disease or whether primary changes to cellular metabolism might underlie or contribute to the pathogenesis of early-stage disease. In this review article, we collate what is known about metabolism in synovial tissue cells and highlight future directions of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Falconer
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Stephen Young
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Clark
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX
| | - Monica Guma
- Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford. UK
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262
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Willeford A, Suetomi T, Nickle A, Hoffman HM, Miyamoto S, Heller Brown J. CaMKIIδ-mediated inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome activation in cardiomyocytes initiate inflammation and induce fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97054. [PMID: 29925681 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation accompanies heart failure and is a mediator of cardiac fibrosis. CaMKIIδ plays an essential role in adverse remodeling and decompensation to heart failure. We postulated that inflammation is the mechanism by which CaMKIIδ contributes to adverse remodeling in response to nonischemic interventions. We demonstrate that deletion of CaMKIIδ in the cardiomyocyte (CKO) significantly attenuates activation of NF-κB, expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, and macrophage accumulation induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. The inflammasome was activated by Ang II, and this response was also diminished in CKO mice. These events occurred prior to any evidence of Ang II-induced cell death. In addition, CaMKII-dependent inflammatory gene expression and inflammasome priming were observed as early as the third hour of infusion, a time point at which macrophage recruitment was not evident. Inhibition of either the inflammasome or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) signaling attenuated macrophage accumulation, and these interventions, like cardiomyocyte CaMKIIδ deletion, diminished the fibrotic response to Ang II. Thus, activation of CaMKIIδ in the cardiomyocyte represents what we believe to be a novel mechanism for initiating inflammasome activation and an inflammatory gene program that leads to macrophage recruitment and ultimately to development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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263
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Gkikas I, Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. The Role of Mitophagy in Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1283. [PMID: 29951054 PMCID: PMC6008576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for multiple biological processes, including energy production, metabolites biosynthesis, cell death, and immunological responses among others. Recent advances in the field of immunology research reveal the pivotal role of energy metabolism in innate immune cells fate and function. Therefore, the maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity and activity is a prerequisite for immune system homeostasis. Mitochondrial selective autophagy, known as mitophagy, surveils mitochondrial population eliminating superfluous and/or impaired organelles and mediating cellular survival and viability in response to injury/trauma and infection. Defective removal of damaged mitochondria leads to hyperactivation of inflammatory signaling pathways and subsequently to chronic systemic inflammation and development of inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy and highlight its critical role in the innate immune system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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264
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Krysko O, Aaes TL, Kagan VE, D'Herde K, Bachert C, Leybaert L, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV. Necroptotic cell death in anti-cancer therapy. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:207-219. [PMID: 29027225 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is one the best-characterized forms of regulated necrosis. Necroptosis is mediated by the kinase activities of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 and receptor interacting protein kinase-3, which eventually lead to the activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like. Necroptosis is characterized by rapid permeabilization of the plasma membrane, which is associated with the release of the cell content and subsequent exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines/chemokines. This release underlies the immunogenic nature of necroptotic cancer cells and their ability to induce efficient anti-tumor immunity. Triggering necroptosis has become especially important in experimental cancer treatments as an alternative to triggering apoptosis because one of the hallmarks of cancer is the blockade or evasion of apoptosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in necroptosis research and the functional consequences of necroptotic cancer cell death, with focus on its immunogenicity and its role in the activation of anti-tumor immunity. Next, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure during necroptosis and its role in the recognition of necroptotic cells. We also highlight the complex role of the necroptotic pathway in tumor promotion and suppression and in metastasis. Future studies will show whether necroptosis is truly a better strategy to overcome apoptosis resistance and provide the insights needed for development of novel treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Løve Aaes
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katharina D'Herde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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265
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Danger signals from mitochondrial DAMPS in trauma and post-injury sepsis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44:317-324. [PMID: 29797026 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-018-0963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In all multicellular organisms, immediate host responses to both sterile and infective threat are initiated by very primitive systems now grouped together under the general term 'danger responses'. Danger signals are generated when primitive 'pattern recognition receptors' (PRR) encounter activating 'alarmins'. These molecular species may be of pathogenic infective origin (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) or of sterile endogenous origin (danger-associated molecular patterns). There are many sterile and infective alarmins and there is considerable overlap in their ability to activate PRR, but in all cases the end result is inflammation. It is the overlap between sterile and infective signals acting via a relatively limited number of PRR that generally underlies the great clinical similarity we see between sterile and infective systemic inflammatory responses. Mitochondria (MT) are evolutionarily derived from bacteria, and thus they sit at the crossroads between sterile and infective danger signal pathways. Many of the molecular species in mitochondria are alarmins, and so the release of MT from injured cells results in a wide variety of inflammatory events. This paper discusses the known participation of MT in inflammation and reviews what is known about how the major.
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266
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Gut immunity: its development and reasons and opportunities for modulation in monogastric production animals. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:46-52. [PMID: 29704909 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestine performs the critical roles of nutrient acquisition, tolerance of innocuous and beneficial microorganisms, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to undesirable microbes or microbial products and preventing their translocation to more sterile body compartments. Various components contribute to antimicrobial defenses in the intestine. The mucus layer(s), antimicrobial peptides and IgA provide the first line of defense, and seek to trap and facilitate the removal of invading microbes. If breached, invading microbes next encounter a single layer of epithelial cells and, below this, the lamina propria with its associated immune cells. The gut immune system has developmental stages, and studies from different species demonstrate that innate capability develops earlier than acquired. In addition, various factors may influence the developmental process; for example, the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, antimicrobials, maternally derived antibodies, host genetics, and various stressors (e.g. feed deprivation). Therefore, it is clear that particularly younger (meat-producing) animals are reliant on innate immune responses (as well as passive immunity) for a considerable period of their productive life, and thus focusing on modulating appropriate innate responses should be an intervention priority. The gut microbiota is probably the most influential factor for immune development and capability. Interventions (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, antibodies, etc.) that appropriately modulate the composition or activity of the intestinal microbiota can play an important role in shaping the desired functionality of the innate (and acquired) response. In addition, innate immune mediators, such as toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, etc., may provide more specific ways to suitably modulate the response. A better understanding of mucosal immunology, signaling pathways, and processes, etc., will provide even more precise methods in the future to boost innate immune capability and minimize any associated (e.g. nutrient) costs. This will provide the livestock industry with more effective options to promote robust and efficient productivity.
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267
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Luo M, Shi L, Zhang F, Zhou F, Zhang L, Wang B, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yang D, Zhang G, Chen WR, Wang X. Laser immunotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with optimal thermal effects to enhance tumour immunogenicity. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:1337-1350. [PMID: 29482392 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1446221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser immunotherapy is a new anti-cancer therapy combining photothermal therapy and immunostimulation. It can eliminate the tumours by damaging tumour cells directly and promoting the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to enhance tumour immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal effects of laser immunotherapy and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser immunotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). METHODS The cell viability and the DAMPs productions of heat-treated cSCC A431 cells in different temperatures were investigated. Laser immunotherapy with the optimal thermal effect for DAMPs production was performed on SKH-1 mice bearing ultraviolet-induced cSCC and a patient suffering from a large refractory cSCC. RESULTS The temperature in the range of 45-50 °C killing half of A431 cells had an optimal thermal effect for the productions of DAMPs. The thermal effect could be further enhanced by local application of imiquimod, an immunoadjuvant. Laser immunotherapy eliminated most tumours and improved the survival rate of the ultraviolet-induced cSCC-bearing SKH-1 mice (p < 0.05). The patient with cSCC treated by laser immunotherapy experienced a significant tumour reduction after laser immunotherapy increased the amounts of infiltrating lymphocytes in the tumour. No obviously adverse effect was observed in the mice experiment or in the clinical application. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly indicate that laser immunotherapy with optimal thermal effects is an effective and safe treatment modality for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Fuhe Zhang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- b Biophotonics Research Laboratory , Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research University of Central Oklahoma , Edmond , OK , USA
| | - Linglin Zhang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Peiru Wang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Degang Yang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Wei R Chen
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China.,b Biophotonics Research Laboratory , Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research University of Central Oklahoma , Edmond , OK , USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- a Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
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268
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Rozmus J, Ivison S, Kariminia A, Leung VM, Sung S, Subrt P, Lee SJ, Boilard E, Walker I, Foley R, Lipton J, Gallagher G, Couban S, Schultz KR. Higher levels of free plasma mitochondrial DNA are associated with the onset of chronic GvHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1263-1269. [PMID: 29563589 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) responsive B cells have previously been associated with the onset of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD). We hypothesized that the onset of cGvHD associated with a higher level of plasma-free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a putative TLR9 agonist. Plasma cell-free mtDNA levels were measured in 39 adult patients post-HSCT with and without cGvHD. mtDNA was isolated from plasma and quantified by Q-PCR amplification. We correlated B cell responsiveness to CpG-DNA, a prototypical TLR9 agonist, and previously identified cGVHD biomarkers with mtDNA levels. Free plasma mtDNA were elevated in patients post-HSCT without cGvHD compared to normal non-HSCT adults. There was a significantly higher level of free plasma mtDNA associated with the onset of cGvHD (3080 ± 1586 versus 1834 ± 1435 copies/μL; p = 0.02) compared to 6 months post-HSCT controls. Free mtDNA levels post-HSCT correlated with B cell responsiveness to CpG-DNA and known cGvHD biomarkers: CXCL10 (p = 0.003), ICAM-1 (p = 0.007), CXCL9 (p = 0.03), sCD25 (p = 0.05) and sBAFF (p = 0.05), and percentage of CD21low B cells. Plasma levels of free mtDNA are increased in cGvHD and may represent an endogenous inflammatory stimulus for TLR9 expressing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rozmus
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- CFRI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amina Kariminia
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vivian M Leung
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susanna Sung
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Subrt
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Lee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Irwin Walker
- Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ronan Foley
- Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Lipton
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephen Couban
- Capital District Health Authority and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NB, Canada
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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269
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Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:329. [PMID: 29491386 PMCID: PMC5832426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are tightly associated with very dynamic platforms termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). MAMs provide an excellent scaffold for crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria and play a pivotal role in different signaling pathways that allow rapid exchange of biological molecules to maintain cellular health. However, dysfunctions in the ER–mitochondria architecture are associated with pathological conditions and human diseases. Inflammation has emerged as one of the various pathways that MAMs control. Inflammasome components and other inflammatory factors promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that sustain pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the critical role of MAMs in initiating inflammation in the cellular defense against pathogenic infections and the association of MAMs with inflammation-mediated diseases.
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270
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HMGB1 silencing in macrophages prevented their functional skewing and ameliorated EAM development: Nuclear HMGB1 may be a checkpoint molecule of macrophage reprogramming. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:277-284. [PMID: 29414662 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory factor, plays significant roles in CD4+T cell differentiation, cancer and autoimmune disease development. Our previous data have demonstrated that HMGB1 contributes to macrophage reprogramming and is involved in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) development. In contrast to the well-explored function of HMGB1, little is known about the nuclear function. Whether HMGB1 can serve as an architectural factor and control functional skewing of macrophages remains unclear. Therefore, the present work was performed to address the above speculation. The adenovirus-mediated shRNA (Ad-shRNA) was employed to knock down HMGB1 in RAW264.7 and monocytes/macrophages of EAM mice. Our data showed that in vitro HMGB1 silencing limited functional skewing of macrophages and down-regulated inflammatory factors secretion, which can't be reversed by the exogenous HMGB1. In M1 polarization system, the phosphorylations of NF-κB, p38 and Erk1/2 were inhibited following HMGB1 silencing. In vivo, HMGB1 silencing could effectively ameliorate EAM development. Our data suggest that HMGB1 may be a checkpoint nuclear factor of macrophage reprogramming. Our findings also provide an exciting therapeutic method for inflammatory disorders.
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271
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Robicsek O, Ene HM, Karry R, Ytzhaki O, Asor E, McPhie D, Cohen BM, Ben-Yehuda R, Weiner I, Ben-Shachar D. Isolated Mitochondria Transfer Improves Neuronal Differentiation of Schizophrenia-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Rescues Deficits in a Rat Model of the Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:432-442. [PMID: 28586483 PMCID: PMC5814822 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of mitochondria, key players in various essential cell processes, has been repeatedly reported in schizophrenia (SZ). Recently, several studies have reported functional recovery and cellular viability following mitochondrial transplantation, mostly in ischemia experimental models. Here, we aimed to demonstrate beneficial effects of isolated active normal mitochondria (IAN-MIT) transfer in vitro and in vivo, using SZ-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiating into glutamatergic neuron, as well as a rodent model of SZ. First, we show that IAN-MIT enter various cell types without manipulation. Next, we show that IAN-MIT transfer into SZ-derived lymphoblasts induces long-lasting improvement in various mitochondrial functions including cellular oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ ψ m). We also demonstrate improved differentiation of SZ-derived iPSCs into neurons, by increased expression of neuronal and glutamatergic markers β3-tubulin, synapsin1, and Tbr1 and by an activation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. In the animal model, we show that intra-prefrontal cortex injection of IAN-MIT in adolescent rats exposed prenatally to a viral mimic prevents mitochondrial Δ ψ m and attentional deficit at adulthood. Our results provide evidence for a direct link between mitochondrial function and SZ-related deficits both in vitro and in vivo and suggest a therapeutic potential for IAN-MIT transfer in diseases with bioenergetic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities such as SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Robicsek
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hila M Ene
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Karry
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Ytzhaki
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Asor
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - Donna McPhie
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Rotem Ben-Yehuda
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ina Weiner
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in Medical Sciences, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion ITT, POB 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel; tel: +972-4-8295224, fax: +972-4-8295220, e-mail:
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272
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Rajaee A, Barnett R, Cheadle WG. Pathogen- and Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns and the Cytokine Response in Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19:107-116. [DOI: 10.1089/sur.2017.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rajaee
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Rebecca Barnett
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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273
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Update on mitochondria and muscle aging: all wrong roads lead to sarcopenia. Biol Chem 2018; 399:421-436. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a well-known geriatric syndrome that has been endorsed over the years as a biomarker allowing for the discrimination, at a clinical level, of biological from chronological age. Multiple candidate mechanisms have been linked to muscle degeneration during sarcopenia. Among them, there is wide consensus on the central role played by the loss of mitochondrial integrity in myocytes, secondary to dysfunctional quality control mechanisms. Indeed, mitochondria establish direct or indirect contacts with other cellular components (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes/vacuoles) as well as the extracellular environment through the release of several biomolecules. The functional implications of these interactions in the context of muscle physiology and sarcopenia are not yet fully appreciated and represent a promising area of investigation. Here, we present an overview of recent findings concerning the interrelation between mitochondrial quality control processes, inflammation and the metabolic regulation of muscle mass in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia highlighting those pathways that may be exploited for developing preventive and therapeutic interventions against muscle aging.
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274
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Pharmacologic Protection of Mitochondrial DNA Integrity May Afford a New Strategy for Suppressing Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 14:S210-S215. [PMID: 28945469 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201706-438mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury contributes to post-transplant complications, including primary graft dysfunction. Decades of reports show that reactive oxygen species generated during lung IR contribute to pulmonary vascular endothelial barrier disruption and edema formation, but the specific target molecule(s) that "sense" injury-inducing oxidant stress to activate signaling pathways culminating in pathophysiologic changes have not been established. This review discusses evidence that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may serve as a molecular sentinel wherein oxidative mtDNA damage functions as an upstream trigger for lung IR injury. First, the mitochondrial genome is considerably more sensitive than nuclear DNA to oxidant stress. Multiple studies suggest that oxidative mtDNA damage could be transduced to physiologic dysfunction by pathways that are either a direct consequence of mtDNA damage per se or involve formation of proinflammatory mtDNA damage-associated molecular patterns. Second, transgenic animals or cells overexpressing components of the base excision DNA repair pathway in mitochondria are resistant to oxidant stress-mediated pathophysiologic effects. Finally, published and preliminary studies show that pharmacologic enhancement of mtDNA repair or mtDNA damage-associated molecular pattern degradation suppresses reactive oxygen species-induced or IR injury in multiple organs, including preclinical models of lung procurement for transplant. Collectively, these findings point to the interesting prospect that pharmacologic enhancement of DNA repair during procurement or ex vivo lung perfusion may increase the availability of lungs for transplant and reduce the IR injury contributing to primary graft dysfunction.
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275
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Ueki R, Liu L, Kashiwagi S, Kaneki M, Khan MAS, Hirose M, Tompkins RG, Martyn JAJ, Yasuhara S. Role of Elevated Fibrinogen in Burn-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Protective Effects of Glycyrrhizin. Shock 2018; 46:382-9. [PMID: 27172157 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle wasting and weakness with mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) are major pathological problems in burn injury (BI) patients. Fibrinogen levels elevated in plasma is an accepted risk factor for poor prognosis in many human diseases, and is also designated one of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs) proteins. The roles of upregulated fibrinogen on muscle changes of critical illness including BI are unknown. The hypothesis tested was that BI-upregulated fibrinogen plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory responses and MD in muscles, and that DAMPs inhibitor, glycyrrhizin mitigates the muscle changes. METHODS After third degree BI to mice, fibrinogen levels in the plasma and at skeletal muscles were compared between BI and sham-burn (SB) mice. Fibrinogen effects on inflammatory responses and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss were analyzed in C2C12 myotubes. In addition to survival, the anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial protective effects of glycyrrhizin were tested using in vivo microscopy of skeletal muscles of BI and SB mice. RESULTS Fibrinogen in plasma and its extravasation to muscles significantly increased in BI versus SB mice. Fibrinogen applied to myotubes evoked inflammatory responses (increased MCP-1 and TNF-α; 32.6 and 3.9-fold, respectively) and reduced MMP; these changes were ameliorated by glycyrrhizin treatment. In vivo MMP loss and superoxide production in skeletal muscles of BI mice were significantly attenuated by glycyrrhizin treatment, together with improvement of BI survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory responses and MMP loss in myotubes induced by fibrinogen were reversed by glycyrrhizin. Anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial protective effect of glycyrrhizin in vivo leads to amelioration of muscle MD and improvement of BI survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Ueki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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276
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Abstract
The nephrons of the kidney are independent functional units harboring cells of a low turnover during homeostasis. As such, physiological renal cell death is a rather rare event and dead cells are flushed away rapidly with the urinary flow. Renal cell necrosis occurs in acute kidney injuries such as thrombotic microangiopathies, necrotizing glomerulonephritis, or tubular necrosis. All of these are associated with intense intrarenal inflammation, which contributes to further renal cell loss, an autoamplifying process referred to as necroinflammation. But how does renal cell necrosis trigger inflammation? Here, we discuss the role of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), mitochondrial (mito)-DAMPs, and alarmins, as well as their respective pattern recognition receptors. The capacity of DAMPs and alarmins to trigger cytokine and chemokine release initiates the recruitment of leukocytes into the kidney that further amplify necroinflammation. Infiltrating neutrophils often undergo neutrophil extracellular trap formation associated with neutrophil death or necroptosis, which implies a release of histones, which act not only as DAMPs but also elicit direct cytotoxic effects on renal cells, namely endothelial cells. Proinflammatory macrophages and eventually cytotoxic T cells further drive kidney cell death and inflammation. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of necroinflammation may help to identify the best therapeutic targets to limit nephron loss in kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant R Mulay
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Santhosh V Kumar
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jyaysi Desai
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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277
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Picca A, Lezza AMS, Leeuwenburgh C, Pesce V, Calvani R, Bossola M, Manes-Gravina E, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Circulating Mitochondrial DNA at the Crossroads of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation During Aging and Muscle Wasting Disorders. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:350-359. [PMID: 29125070 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial structural and functional integrity is maintained through the coordination of several processes (e.g., biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy), collectively referred to as mitochondrial quality control (MQC). Dysfunctional MQC and inflammation are hallmarks of aging and are involved in the pathogenesis of muscle wasting disorders, including sarcopenia and cachexia. One of the consequences of failing MQC is the release of mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). By virtue of their bacterial ancestry, these molecules can trigger an inflammatory response by interacting with receptors similar to those involved in pathogen-associated responses. Mitochondria-derived DAMPs, especially cell-free mitochondrial DNA, have recently been associated with conditions characterized by chronic inflammation, such as aging and degenerative diseases. Yet, their actual implication in the aging process and muscle wasting disorders is at an early stage of investigation. Here, we review the contribution of mitochondria-derived DAMPs to age-related systemic inflammation. We also provide arguments in support of the exploitation of such signaling pathways for the management of muscle wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- 3 Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Vito Pesce
- 2 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bossola
- 4 Department of Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Manes-Gravina
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- 1 Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital "Agostino Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine , Rome, Italy
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278
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Li L, Yang S, Song L, Zeng Y, He T, Wang N, Yu C, Yin T, Liu L, Wei X, Wu Q, Wei Y, Yang L, Gong C. An Endogenous Vaccine Based on Fluorophores and Multivalent Immunoadjuvants Regulates Tumor Micro-Environment for Synergistic Photothermal and Immunotherapy. Theranostics 2018; 8:860-873. [PMID: 29344312 PMCID: PMC5771099 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, near-infrared (NIR) light-based photothermal therapy (PTT) has been widely applied in cancer treatment. However, in most cases, the tissue penetration depth of NIR light is not sufficient and thus photothermal therapy is unable to completely eradicate deep, seated tumors inevitably leading to recurrence of the tumor. Due to this significant limitation of NIR, improved therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Methods: We developed an endogenous vaccine based on a novel nanoparticle platform for combinatorial photothermal ablation and immunotherapy. The design was based on fluorophore-loaded liposomes (IR-7-lipo) coated with a multivalent immunoadjuvant (HA-CpG). In vitro PTT potency was assessed in cells by LIVE/DEAD and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays. The effect on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) maturation and antigen presentation was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) with specific antibodies. After treatment, the immune cell populations in tumor micro-environment and the cytokines in the serum were detected by FCM and Elisa assay, respectively. Finally, the therapeutic outcome was investigated in an animal model. Results: Upon irradiation with 808 nm laser, IR-7-lipo induced tumor cell necrosis and released tumor-associated antigens, while the multivalent immunoadjuvant improved the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on BMDC and promoted antigen presentation. The combination therapy of PTT and immunotherapy regulated the tumor micro-environment, decreased immunosuppression, and potentiated host antitumor immunity. Most significantly, due to an enhanced antitumor immune response, combined photothermal immunotherapy was effective in eradicating tumors in mice and inhibiting tumor metastasis. Conclusion: This endogenous vaccination strategy based on synergistic photothermal and immunotherapy may provide a potentially effective approach for treatment of cancers, especially those difficult to be surgically removed.
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279
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Culmsee C, Michels S, Scheu S, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Alferink J. Mitochondria, Microglia, and the Immune System-How Are They Linked in Affective Disorders? Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:739. [PMID: 30687139 PMCID: PMC6333629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mood disorder and frequently associated with alterations of the immune system characterized by enhanced levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in the brain. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction of mitochondria may play a key role in the pathogenesis of MDD. Mitochondria are regulators of numerous cellular functions including energy metabolism, maintenance of redox and calcium homeostasis, and cell death and therefore modulate many facets of the innate immune response. In depression-like behavior of rodents, mitochondrial perturbation and release of mitochondrial components have been shown to boost cytokine production and neuroinflammation. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokines may influence mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, production of adenosine triphosphate, and reactive oxygen species, thereby aggravating inflammation. There is strong interest in a better understanding of immunometabolic pathways in MDD that may serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Here, we review the interaction between mitochondrial metabolism and innate immunity in the pathophysiology of MDD. We specifically focus on immunometabolic processes that govern microglial and peripheral myeloid cell functions, both cellular components involved in neuroinflammation in depression-like behavior. We finally discuss microglial polarization and associated metabolic states in depression-associated behavior and in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - CMBB, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Michels
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - CMBB, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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280
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The release of microparticles and mitochondria from RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells undergoing necroptotic cell death in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:151-159. [PMID: 29291399 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles released from activated or dying cells. As shown previously, LPS stimulation of the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line can induce MP release, with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD increasing the extent of this process. Since combined treatment of cells with LPS and Z-VAD can induce necroptosis, we explored particle release during this form of cell death using flow cytometry to assess particle size, binding of annexin V and staining for DNA with propidium iodide (PI) and SYTO 13. The role of necroptosis was assessed by determining the effects of necrostatin, an inhibitor of RIP1, a kinase regulating this form of cell death. These studies demonstrated that, during necroptosis, RAW 264.7 cells release MPs that resemble those released from cells treated with staurosporine to induce apoptosis. The particles contained DNA as determined by binding of PI and SYTO 13, with PCR analysis demonstrating both chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA. The presence of mitochondria in the MP preparations was demonstrated by staining with MitoTracker Green. Flow cytometry indicated that purified mitochondria have properties of MPs. Together, these studies indicate that cells undergoing necroptosis can release MPs and that mitochondria can be components of MP preparations.
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281
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Hultström M, Becirovic-Agic M, Jönsson S. Comparison of acute kidney injury of different etiology reveals in-common mechanisms of tissue damage. Physiol Genomics 2017; 50:127-141. [PMID: 29341864 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00037.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome of reduced glomerular filtration rate and urine production caused by a number of different diseases. It is associated with renal tissue damage. This tissue damage can cause tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis that leads to nephron loss and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review describes the in-common mechanisms behind tissue damage in AKI caused by different underlying diseases. Comparing six high-quality microarray studies of renal gene expression after AKI in disease models (gram-negative sepsis, gram-positive sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, malignant hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, and cisplatin toxicity) identified 5,254 differentially expressed genes in at least one of the AKI models; 66% of genes were found only in one model, showing that there are unique features to AKI depending on the underlying disease. There were in-common features in the form of four genes that were differentially expressed in all six models, 49 in at least five, and 215 were found in common between at least four models. Gene ontology enrichment analysis could be broadly categorized into the injurious processes hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as the cellular outcomes of cell death and tissue remodeling in the form of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Pathway analysis showed that MYC is a central connection in the network of activated genes in-common to AKI, which suggests that it may be a central regulator of renal gene expression in tissue injury during AKI. The outlining of this molecular network may be useful for understanding progression from AKI to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hultström
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mediha Becirovic-Agic
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sofia Jönsson
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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282
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Noll F, Behnke J, Leiting S, Troidl K, Alves GT, Müller-Redetzky H, Preissner KT, Fischer S. Self-extracellular RNA acts in synergy with exogenous danger signals to promote inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190002. [PMID: 29261777 PMCID: PMC5738100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-extracellular RNA (eRNA), released from stressed or injured cells upon various pathological situations such as ischemia-reperfusion-injury, has been shown to act as an alarmin by inducing procoagulatory and proinflammatory responses. In particular, M1-polarization of macrophages by eRNA resulted in the expression and release of a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin-6 (IL-6). The present study now investigates in which way self-eRNA may influence the response of macrophages towards various Toll-like receptor (TLR)-agonists. Isolated agonists of TLR2 (Pam2CSK4), TLR3 (PolyIC), TLR4 (LPS), or TLR7 (R848) induced the release of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner in murine macrophages, differentiated from bone marrow-derived stem cells by mouse colony stimulating factor. Here, the presence of eRNA shifted the dose-response curve for Pam2CSK4 (Pam) considerably to the left, indicating that eRNA synergistically enhanced the cytokine liberation from macrophages even at very low Pam-levels. The synergistic activation of TLR2 by eRNA/Pam was duplicated by other TLR2-agonists such as FSL-1 or Pam3CSK4. In contrast, for TLR4-agonists such as LPS a synergistic effect of eRNA was much weaker, and was not existent for TLR3-, or TLR7-agonists. The synergistic eRNA/Pam action was dependent on the NFκB-signaling pathway as well as on p38MAP- and MEK1/ERK-kinases and was prevented by predigestion of eRNA with RNase1 or by antibodies against TLR2. Thus, the presence of self-eRNA as alarming molecule sensitizes innate immune responses towards pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in a synergistic way and may thereby contribute to the differentiated outcome of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Noll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Max-Planck-Instiute for Heart and Lung research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gustavo Teixeira Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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283
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Dela Cruz CS, Kang MJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:37-44. [PMID: 29221810 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation represents a comprehensive host response to external stimuli for the purpose of eliminating the offending agent, minimizing injury to host tissues and fostering repair of damaged tissues back to homeostatic levels. In normal physiologic context, inflammatory response culminates with the resolution of infection and tissue damage response. However, in a pathologic context, persistent or inappropriately regulated inflammation occurs that can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent scientific advances have integrated the role of innate immune response to be an important arm of the inflammatory process. Accordingly, the dysregulation of innate immunity has been increasingly recognized as a driving force of chronic inflammatory diseases. Mitochondria have recently emerged as organelles which govern fundamental cellular functions including cell proliferation or differentiation, cell death, metabolism and cellular signaling that are important in innate immunity and inflammation-mediated diseases. As a natural consequence, mitochondrial dysfunction has been highlighted in a myriad of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, the similarities between mitochondrial and bacterial constituents highlight the intrinsic links in the innate immune mechanisms that control chronic inflammation in diseases where mitochondrial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) have been involved. Here in this review, the role of mitochondria in innate immune responses is discussed and how it pertains to the mitochondrial dysfunction or DAMPs seen in chronic inflammatory diseases is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, United States.
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, United States.
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284
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Li S, Zhao H, Wang Y, Shao Y, Li J, Liu J, Xing M. The inflammatory responses in Cu-mediated elemental imbalance is associated with mitochondrial fission and intrinsic apoptosis in Gallus gallus heart. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:489-497. [PMID: 28957766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for organism of function properly. Overexposure to Cu causes chronic cardiac impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of 28-trace element, inflammatory response, the possible mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis under Cu exposure in the heart of chickens. Cupric sulfate (CuSO4) (300 mg/kg) was administered in a basal diet to male Hy-line chickens (one-day-old) for 90 days. Results showed the concentrations of Cu in the Cu group were increased by 57.8%, 27.57% and 57.2% at 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively. The Cu supplement caused trace elements imbalance, including reduced concentrations of B, Al, Ni, Ba, Pb and increased Li, Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Mo in the heart of chickens. Exposure to Cu induced the TUNEL positive nuclei, histopathological alterations and ultrastructural apoptotic features. Moreover, Cu exposure activated the NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased the mRNA levels of opa1, mfn1, mfn2, Bcl-2, increased the mRNA levels of drp1, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, P53, while not altered Fas and caspase-8 compared with the control group. Similarly, western blot results showed the same trend of mRNA. Correlation analysis indicated that mitochondrial fission and intrinsic apoptosis might function synergistic. Moreover, mitochondrial network seem to function as cytosolic sensors for the induction of NF-κB mediated inflammatory responses. In summary, we speculated that Cu-induced redistribution of trace elements contributed to inflammatory response and disrupted the mitochondrial network via fission and intrinsic apoptosis in the heart of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jinglun Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- Department of Physiology, College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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285
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Butler RE, Krishnan N, Garcia-Jimenez W, Francis R, Martyn A, Mendum T, Felemban S, Locker N, Salguero FJ, Robertson B, Stewart GR. Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected host cells to phospho-MLKL driven necroptosis is dependent on cell type and presence of TNFα. Virulence 2017; 8:1820-1832. [PMID: 28892415 PMCID: PMC5750806 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1377881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis is the ability to control cell death in infected host cells, including inhibition of apoptosis and stimulation of necrosis. Recently an alternative form of programmed cell death, necroptosis, has been described where necrotic cell death is induced by apoptotic stimuli under conditions where apoptotic execution is inhibited. We show for the first time that M. tuberculosis and TNFα synergise to induce necroptosis in murine fibroblasts via RIPK1-dependent mechanisms and characterized by phosphorylation of Ser345 of the MLKL necroptosis death effector. However, in murine macrophages M. tuberculosis and TNFα induce non-necroptotic cell death that is RIPK1-dependent but independent of MLKL phosphorylation. Instead, M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages undergo RIPK3-dependent cell death which occurs both in the presence and absence of TNFα and involves the production of mitochondrial ROS. Immunocytochemical staining for MLKL phosphorylation further demonstrated the occurrence of necroptosis in vivo in murine M. tuberculosis granulomas. Phosphorylated-MLKL immunoreactivity was observed associated with the cytoplasm and nucleus of fusiform cells in M. tuberculosis lesions but not in proximal macrophages. Thus whereas pMLKL-driven necroptosis does not appear to be a feature of M. tuberculosis-infected macrophage cell death, it may contribute to TNFα-induced cytotoxicity of the lung stroma and therefore contribute to necrotic cavitation and bacterial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Butler
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Nitya Krishnan
- b MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection , Department of Medicine, Flowers Building, Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , UK
| | - Waldo Garcia-Jimenez
- c Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Robert Francis
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Abbe Martyn
- c Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Tom Mendum
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Shaza Felemban
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Nicolas Locker
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- c Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
| | - Brian Robertson
- b MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection , Department of Medicine, Flowers Building, Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , UK
| | - Graham R Stewart
- a Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey , UK
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286
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Roedder S, Sigdel T, Hsieh SC, Cheeseman J, Metes D, Macedo C, Reed EF, Gritsch HA, Zeevi A, Shapiro R, Kirk AD, Sarwal MM. Expression of Mitochondrial-Encoded Genes in Blood Differentiate Acute Renal Allograft Rejection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:185. [PMID: 29164120 PMCID: PMC5671971 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite potent immunosuppression, clinical and biopsy confirmed acute renal allograft rejection (AR) still occurs in 10-15% of recipients, ~30% of patients demonstrate subclinical rejection on biopsy, and ~50% of them can show molecular inflammation, all which increase the risk of chronic dysfunction and worsened allograft outcomes. Mitochondria represent intracellular endogenous triggers of inflammation, which can regulate immune cell differentiation, and expansion and cause antigen-independent graft injury, potentially enhancing the development of acute rejection. In the present study, we investigated the role of mitochondrial DNA encoded gene expression in biopsy matched peripheral blood (PB) samples from kidney transplant recipients. Quantitative PCR was performed in 155 PB samples from 115 unique pediatric (<21 years) and adult (>21 years) renal allograft recipients at the point of AR (n = 61) and absence of rejection (n = 94) for the expression of 11 mitochondrial DNA encoded genes. We observed increased expression of all genes in adult recipients compared to pediatric recipients; separate analyses in both cohorts demonstrated increased expression during rejection, which also differentiated borderline rejection and showed an increasing pattern in serially collected samples (0-3 months prior to and post rejection). Our results provide new insights on the role of mitochondria during rejection and potentially indicate mitochondria as targets for novel immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Roedder
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Transplantation Research, Immucor Inc., Norcross, GA, United States
| | - Tara Sigdel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Szu-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Cheeseman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Diana Metes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Immunogenetics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - H A Gritsch
- Immunogenetics Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ron Shapiro
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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287
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Abstract
Ruptured and intact plasma membranes are classically considered as hallmarks of necrotic and apoptotic cell death, respectively. As such, apoptosis is usually considered a non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depends on non-selective gasdermin D (GSDMD) pores during pyroptosis. Importantly, the morphology of dying cells executed by MLKL channels can be distinguished from that executed by GSDMD pores. Interestingly, it was found recently that secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, a previously believed non-regulated form of cell lysis that occurs after apoptosis, can be programmed and executed by plasma membrane pore formation like that of pyroptosis. In addition, pyroptosis is associated with pyroptotic bodies, which have some similarities to apoptotic bodies. Therefore, different cell death programs induce distinctive reshuffling processes of the plasma membrane. Given the fact that the nature of released intracellular contents plays a crucial role in dying/dead cell-induced immunogenicity, not only membrane rupture or integrity but also the nature of plasma membrane breakdown would determine the fate of a cell as well as its ability to elicit an immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the field of apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying plasma membrane changes observed on dying cells and their implication in cell death-elicited immunogenicity.
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288
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Rongvaux A. Innate immunity and tolerance toward mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:14-20. [PMID: 29054471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that originate from a bacterial symbiont, and they retain multiple features of this bacterial ancestry. The immune system evolved to detect the presence of invading pathogens, including bacteria, to eliminate them by a diversity of antimicrobial mechanisms and to mount long-term protective immunity. Due to their bacterial ancestry, mitochondria are sensed by the innate immune system, and trigger inflammatory responses comparable to those induced by pathogenic bacteria. In both cases, innate sensing mechanisms involve Toll-Like Receptors, Formyl Peptide Receptors, inflammasomes or the cGAS/STING pathway. Stressed mitochondria release mitochondrial molecules, such as cardiolipin and mitochondrial DNA, which are sensed as cellular damage potentially caused by infections. Recent research has identified several conditions in which mitochondrial stress-induced immunity is essential to effective antimicrobial defenses. But, in pathological conditions, the abnormal activation of the innate immune system by damaged mitochondria results in auto-inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. To prevent undesirable mitochondria-targeted responses, immune tolerance toward mitochondria must be established, involving regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial permeability, as well as activation of specific nucleases and pro-apoptotic caspases. Overall, recent findings identify mitochondria as central in the induction of innate immunity, and provide new insights as to how immune responses to these multi-functional organelles might be exploited therapeutically in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rongvaux
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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289
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiz Rivera Vargas
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Centre de Recherche; INSERM U1231; Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie; Dijon France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université de Bourgogne Franche comté; Dijon France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc; Dijon France
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290
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NLRX1 modulates differentially NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling during Fusobacterium nucleatum infection. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:615-625. [PMID: 29024797 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) play a large role in regulation of host innate immunity, yet their role in periodontitis remains to be defined. NLRX1, a member of the NLR family that localizes to mitochondria, enhances mitochondrial ROS (mROS) generation. mROS can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, yet the role of NLRX1 in NLRP3 inflammasome activation has not been examined. In this study, we revealed the mechanism by which NLRX1 positively regulates ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mROS in gingival epithelial cells (GECs). We found that depletion of NLRX1 by shRNA attenuated ATP-induced mROS generation and redistribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome adaptor protein, ASC. Furthermore, depletion of NLRX1 inhibited Fusobacterium nucleatum infection-activated caspase-1, suggesting that it also inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome. Conversely, NLRX1 also acted as a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling and IL-8 expression. Thus, NLRX1 stimulates detection of the pathogen F. nucleatum via the inflammasome, while dampening cytokine production. We expect that commensals should not activate the inflammasome, and NLRX1 should decrease their ability to stimulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8. Therefore, NLRX1 may act as a potential switch with regards to anti-microbial responses in healthy or diseased states in the oral cavity.
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291
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Necroptotic debris including damaged mitochondria elicits sepsis-like syndrome during late-phase tularemia. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17056. [PMID: 28955505 PMCID: PMC5611684 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis (Ft) strain SchuS4 causes an often lethal disease known as tularemia in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. Ft subverts host cell death programs to facilitate their exponential replication within macrophages and other cell types during early respiratory infection (⩽72 h). The mechanism(s) by which cell death is triggered remains incompletely defined, as does the impact of Ft on mitochondria, the host cell’s organellar ‘canary in a coal mine’. Herein, we reveal that Ft infection of host cells, particularly macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, drives necroptosis via a receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3-mediated mechanism. During necroptosis mitochondria and other organelles become damaged. Ft-induced mitochondrial damage is characterized by: (i) a decrease in membrane potential and consequent mitochondrial oncosis or swelling, (ii) increased generation of superoxide radicals, and (iii) release of intact or damaged mitochondria into the lung parenchyma. Host cell recognition of and response to released mitochondria and other damage-associated molecular patterns engenders a sepsis-like syndrome typified by production of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IFN-γ during late-phase tularemia (⩾72 h), but are absent early during infection.
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292
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Mitochondrial DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Oligodendrocytes Cause Demyelination, Axonal Injury, and CNS Inflammation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10185-10199. [PMID: 28931570 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1378-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, the investigation of mitochondrial dysfunction in MS has focused exclusively on neurons, with no studies exploring whether dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and/or genetics in oligodendrocytes might be associated with the etiopathogenesis of MS and other demyelinating syndromes. To address this question, we established a mouse model where mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) double-strand breaks (DSBs) were specifically induced in myelinating oligodendrocytes (PLP:mtPstI mice) by expressing a mitochondrial-targeted endonuclease, mtPstI, starting at 3 weeks of age. In both female and male mice, DSBs of oligodendroglial mtDNA caused impairment of locomotor function, chronic demyelination, glial activation, and axonal degeneration, which became more severe with time of induction. In addition, after short transient induction of mtDNA DSBs, PLP:mtPstI mice showed an exacerbated response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Together, our data demonstrate that mtDNA damage can cause primary oligodendropathy, which in turn triggers demyelination, proving PLP:mtPstI mice to be a useful tool to study the pathological consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in oligodendrocytes. In addition, the demyelination and axonal loss displayed by PLP:mtPstI mice recapitulate some of the key features of chronic demyelinating syndromes, including progressive MS forms, which are not accurately reproduced in the models currently available. For this reason, the PLP:mtPstI mouse represents a unique and much needed platform for testing remyelinating therapies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this study, we show that oligodendrocyte-specific mitochondrial DNA double-strand breaks in PLP:mtPstI mice cause oligodendrocyte death and demyelination associated with axonal damage and glial activation. Hence, PLP:mtPstI mice represent a unique tool to study the pathological consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in oligodendrocytes, as well as an ideal platform to test remyelinating and neuroprotective agents.
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293
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Dugbartey GJ, Hardenberg MC, Kok WF, Boerema AS, Carey HV, Staples JF, Henning RH, Bouma HR. Renal Mitochondrial Response to Low Temperature in Non-Hibernating and Hibernating Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:599-617. [PMID: 28322600 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Therapeutic hypothermia is commonly applied to limit ischemic injury in organ transplantation, during cardiac and brain surgery and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In these procedures, the kidneys are particularly at risk for ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), likely due to their high rate of metabolism. Although hypothermia mitigates ischemic kidney injury, it is not a panacea. Residual mitochondrial failure is believed to be a key event triggering loss of cellular homeostasis, and potentially cell death. Subsequent rewarming generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species that aggravate organ injury. Recent Advances: Hibernators are able to withstand periods of profoundly reduced metabolism and body temperature ("torpor"), interspersed by brief periods of rewarming ("arousal") without signs of organ injury. Specific adaptations allow maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, limit oxidative stress, and protect against cell death. These adaptations consist of active suppression of mitochondrial function and upregulation of anti-oxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES Unraveling the precise molecular mechanisms that allow hibernators to cycle through torpor and arousal without precipitating organ injury may translate into novel pharmacological approaches to limit IRI in patients. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although the precise signaling routes involved in natural hibernation are not yet fully understood, torpor-like hypothermic states with increased resistance to ischemia/reperfusion can be induced pharmacologically by 5'-adenosine monophosphate (5'-AMP), adenosine, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in non-hibernators. In this review, we compare the molecular effects of hypothermia in non-hibernators with natural and pharmacologically induced torpor, to delineate how safe and reversible metabolic suppression may provide resistance to renal IRI. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 599-617.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Dugbartey
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands .,2 Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maarten C Hardenberg
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wendelinde F Kok
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ate S Boerema
- 3 Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands .,4 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah V Carey
- 5 Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - James F Staples
- 6 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Robert H Henning
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands .,7 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
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294
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Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Oxidative Implications in the Initiation and Resolution of the Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7393525. [PMID: 29057035 PMCID: PMC5625757 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7393525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction may complicate the course of severe sepsis and septic shock with significant implications for patient's survival. The basic pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to septic cardiomyopathy have not been fully clarified until now. Disease-specific treatment is lacking, and care is still based on supportive modalities. Septic state causes destruction of redox balance in many cell types, cardiomyocytes included. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is increased, and natural antioxidant systems fail to counterbalance the overwhelming generation of free radicals. Reactive species interfere with many basic cell functions, mainly through destruction of protein, lipid, and nucleic acid integrity, compromising enzyme function, mitochondrial structure and performance, and intracellular signaling, all leading to cardiac contractile failure. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may result from oxidative imbalance. This review will address the multiple aspects of cardiomyocyte bioenergetic failure in sepsis and discuss potential therapeutic interventions.
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295
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DeSimone AM, Pakula A, Lek A, Emerson CP. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1229-1279. [PMID: 28915324 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy is a common form of muscular dystrophy that presents clinically with progressive weakness of the facial, scapular, and humeral muscles, with later involvement of the trunk and lower extremities. While typically inherited as autosomal dominant, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) has a complex genetic and epigenetic etiology that has only recently been well described. The most prevalent form of the disease, FSHD1, is associated with the contraction of the D4Z4 microsatellite repeat array located on a permissive 4qA chromosome. D4Z4 contraction allows epigenetic derepression of the array, and possibly the surrounding 4q35 region, allowing misexpression of the toxic DUX4 transcription factor encoded within the terminal D4Z4 repeat in skeletal muscles. The less common form of the disease, FSHD2, results from haploinsufficiency of the SMCHD1 gene in individuals carrying a permissive 4qA allele, also leading to the derepression of DUX4, further supporting a central role for DUX4. How DUX4 misexpression contributes to FSHD muscle pathology is a major focus of current investigation. Misexpression of other genes at the 4q35 locus, including FRG1 and FAT1, and unlinked genes, such as SMCHD1, has also been implicated as disease modifiers, leading to several competing disease models. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of FSHD, including the application of MRI as a research and diagnostic tool, the genetic and epigenetic disruptions associated with the disease, and the molecular basis of FSHD. We discuss how these advances are leading to the emergence of new approaches to enable development of FSHD therapeutics. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1229-1279, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec M DeSimone
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Pakula
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Lek
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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296
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Marcoux G, Boilard E. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns in blood transfusion products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Marcoux
- Department of infectious diseases and immunity; Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier; Universitaire de Québec; Québec QC Canada
| | - E. Boilard
- Department of infectious diseases and immunity; Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier; Universitaire de Québec; Québec QC Canada
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297
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Horn A, Van der Meulen JH, Defour A, Hogarth M, Sreetama SC, Reed A, Scheffer L, Chandel NS, Jaiswal JK. Mitochondrial redox signaling enables repair of injured skeletal muscle cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaaj1978. [PMID: 28874604 PMCID: PMC5949579 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaj1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain and physical trauma to mechanically active cells, such as skeletal muscle myofibers, injures their plasma membranes, and mitochondrial function is required for their repair. We found that mitochondrial function was also needed for plasma membrane repair in myoblasts as well as nonmuscle cells, which depended on mitochondrial uptake of calcium through the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). Calcium uptake transiently increased the mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which locally activated the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA, triggering F-actin accumulation at the site of injury and facilitating membrane repair. Blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake or ROS production prevented injury-triggered RhoA activation, actin polymerization, and plasma membrane repair. This repair mechanism was shared between myoblasts, nonmuscle cells, and mature skeletal myofibers. Quenching mitochondrial ROS in myofibers during eccentric exercise ex vivo caused increased damage to myofibers, resulting in a greater loss of muscle force. These results suggest a physiological role for mitochondria in plasma membrane repair in injured cells, a role that highlights a beneficial effect of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Horn
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Jack H Van der Meulen
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Aurelia Defour
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Marshall Hogarth
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Sen Chandra Sreetama
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Aaron Reed
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Luana Scheffer
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Children's National Health System, Center for Genetic Medicine Research, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA.
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
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298
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Analysis of mitochondrial metabolism in situ: Combining stable isotope labeling with selective permeabilization. Metab Eng 2017; 43:147-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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299
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Proximate Mediators of Microvascular Dysfunction at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Neuroinflammatory Pathways to Neurodegeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1549194. [PMID: 28890893 PMCID: PMC5584365 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1549194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current projections are that by 2050 the numbers of people aged 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the US may increase threefold while dementia is projected to double every 20 years reaching ~115 million by 2050. AD is clinically characterized by progressive dementia and neuropathologically by neuronal and synapse loss, accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific brain regions. The preclinical or presymptomatic stage of AD-related brain changes may begin over 20 years before symptoms occur, making development of noninvasive biomarkers essential. Distinct from neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, plasma or serum biomarkers can be analyzed to assess (i) the presence/absence of AD, (ii) the risk of developing AD, (iii) the progression of AD, or (iv) AD response to treatment. No unifying theory fully explains the neurodegenerative brain lesions but neuroinflammation (a lethal stressor for healthy neurons) is universally present. Current consensus is that the earlier the diagnosis, the better the chance to develop treatments that influence disease progression. In this article we provide a detailed review and analysis of the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as well as coagulation molecules in the onset and progression of these neurodegenerative disorders.
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300
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Synthetic agonists of NOD-like, RIG-I-like, and C-type lectin receptors for probing the inflammatory immune response. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1345-1360. [PMID: 28776416 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic agonists of innate immune cells are of interest to immunologists due to their synthesis from well-defined materials, optimized activity, and monodisperse chemical purity. These molecules are used in both prophylactic and therapeutic contexts from vaccines to cancer immunotherapies. In this review we highlight synthetic agonists that activate innate immune cells through three classes of pattern recognition receptors: NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors. We classify these agonists by the receptor they activate and present them from a chemical perspective, focusing on structural components that define agonist activity. We anticipate this review will be useful to the medicinal chemist as a guide to chemical motifs that activate each receptor, ultimately illuminating a chemical space ripe for exploration.
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