251
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Akbari S, Arslan N, Senturk S, Erdal E. Next-Generation Liver Medicine Using Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:345. [PMID: 31921856 PMCID: PMC6933000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
"Liver medicine" refers to all diagnostic and treatment strategies of diseases and conditions that cause liver failure directly or indirectly. Despite significant advances in the field of liver medicine in recent years, improved tools are needed to efficiently define the pathophysiology of liver diseases and provide effective therapeutic options to patients. Recently, organoid technology has been established as the state-of-the-art cell culture tool for studying human biology in health and disease. In general, organoids are simplified three-dimensional (3D) mini-organ structures that can be grown in a 3D matrix where the structural and functional aspects of real organs are efficiently recapitulated. The generation of organoids is facilitated by exogenous factors that regulate multiple signaling pathways and promote the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of the cells to promote spontaneous self-organization and tissue-specific organogenesis. Newly established protocols suggest that liver-specific organoids can be derived from either pluripotent stem cells or liver-specific stem/progenitor cells. Today, robust and long-term cultures of organoids with the closest physiology to in vivo liver, in terms of cellular composition and function, open a new era in studying and understanding the disease pathology as well as high-throughput drug screening. Of note, these next-generation cell culture systems have immense potential to be further improved by genome editing and bioengineering technologies to foster the development of patient-specific therapeutic options for clinical applications. Here, we will discuss recent advances and challenges in the generation of human liver organoids and highlight emerging concepts for their potential applications in liver medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur Arslan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serif Senturk
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
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252
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Elsayed HRH, El Nashar EM, Abd-Elmonem MM. Is the hepatocyte ultrastructural zonal heterogeneity changed by overnight (16 h) fasting? Morphometric study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2019; 43:290-300. [PMID: 31791174 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2019.1696906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Hepatocyte ultra-structure is influenced by feeding status, circadian rhythm, and zone location. The goal of the present study was to study the effect of overnight fasting on the hepatocyte ultrastructure and the zonal heterogeneity and to discuss the functional correlation.Methods: A total of 14 male albino rats were divided into two groups: negative control group fed ad libitum and overnight fasting rats for 16 hours. The different subcellular structures of both centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes in both control and fasted groups were compared by transmission electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis of the electron micrographs was also done using imageJ software.Results: The lysosomes surface density, mitochondrial volume and surface densities were significantly higher in periportal hepatocytes however surface density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and peroxisomes were significantly higher in centrilobular hepatocytes of the control group. Fasting caused a significant decrease in the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen volume density but with significant increase in SER surface density with more mitochondrial fusion and stronger mitochondrial ER contacts, isolation membranes, and autophagosomes. The zonal differences were maintained after fasting. The organelles appeared normal with no signs of degeneration.Conclusion: The organelles appeared normal with no signs of degeneration and the zonal differences were maintained after fasting. The change in hepatocyte ultrastructure after fasting may be related to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman Mohammad El Nashar
- College of Medicine, Anatomy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Histology and cell biology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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253
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Emerging trends in modeling human liver disease in vitro. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:040902. [PMID: 31893256 PMCID: PMC6930139 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver executes 500+ functions, such as protein synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism, bile production, and metabolism of carbohydrates/fats/proteins. Such functions can be severely degraded by drug-induced liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis B and viral infections, and hepatocellular carcinoma. These liver diseases, which represent a significant global health burden, are the subject of novel drug discovery by the pharmaceutical industry via the use of in vitro models of the human liver, given significant species-specific differences in disease profiles and drug outcomes. Isolated primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are a physiologically relevant cell source to construct such models; however, these cells display a rapid decline in the phenotypic function within conventional 2-dimensional monocultures. To address such a limitation, several engineered platforms have been developed such as high-throughput cellular microarrays, micropatterned cocultures, self-assembled spheroids, bioprinted tissues, and perfusion devices; many of these platforms are being used to coculture PHHs with liver nonparenchymal cells to model complex cell cross talk in liver pathophysiology. In this perspective, we focus on the utility of representative platforms for mimicking key features of liver dysfunction in the context of chronic liver diseases and liver cancer. We further discuss pending issues that will need to be addressed in this field moving forward. Collectively, these in vitro liver disease models are being increasingly applied toward the development of new therapeutics that display an optimal balance of safety and efficacy, with a focus on expediting development, reducing high costs, and preventing harm to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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254
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Lemos FDO, Florentino RM, Lima Filho ACM, Santos MLD, Leite MF. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the liver: Expression and function. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6483-6494. [PMID: 31802829 PMCID: PMC6886013 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i44.6483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complex organ that performs several functions to maintain homeostasis. These functions are modulated by calcium, a second messenger that regulates several intracellular events. In hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, which are the epithelial cell types in the liver, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptors (ITPR) are the only intracellular calcium release channels. Three isoforms of the ITPR have been described, named type 1, type 2 and type 3. These ITPR isoforms are differentially expressed in liver cells where they regulate distinct physiological functions. Changes in the expression level of these receptors correlate with several liver diseases and hepatic dysfunctions. In this review, we highlight how the expression level, modulation, and localization of ITPR isoforms in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes play a role in hepatic homeostasis and liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Oliveira Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Florentino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Melo Lima Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcone Loiola dos Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M Fatima Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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255
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Damm G, Schicht G, Zimmermann A, Rennert C, Fischer N, Kießig M, Wagner T, Kegel V, Seehofer D. Effect of glucose and insulin supplementation on the isolation of primary human hepatocytes. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:1071-1091. [PMID: 31839763 PMCID: PMC6909377 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) remain the gold standard for in vitro investigations of xenobiotic metabolism and hepatotoxicity. However, scarcity of liver tissue and novel developments in liver surgery has limited the availability and quality of tissue samples. In particular, warm ischemia shifts the intracellular metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, which increases glycogenolysis, glucose depletion and energy deficiency. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation with glucose and insulin during PHH isolation could reconstitute intracellular glycogen storage and beneficially affect viability and functionality. Furthermore, the study elucidated whether the susceptibility of the tissue's energy status correlates with body mass index (BMI). PHHs from 12 donors were isolated from human liver tissue obtained from partial liver resections using a two-step EDTA/collagenase perfusion technique. For a direct comparison of the influence of glucose/insulin supplementation, we modified the setup, enabling the parallel isolation of two pieces of one tissue sample with varying perfusate. Independent of the BMI of the patient, the glycogen content in liver tissue was notably low in the majority of samples. Furthermore, supplementation with glucose and insulin had no beneficial effect on the glycogen concentration of isolated PHHs. However, an indirect improvement of the availability of energy was shown by increased viability, plating efficiency and partial cellular activity after supplementation. The plating efficiency showed a striking inverse correlation with increasing lipid content of PHHs. However, 60 h of cultivation time revealed no significant impact on the maintenance of albumin and urea synthesis or xenobiotic metabolism after supplementation. In conclusion, surgical procedures and tissue handling may decrease hepatic energy resources and lead to cell stress and death. Consequently, PHHs with low energy resources die during the isolation process without supplementation of glucose/insulin or early cell culture, while their survival rates are improved with glucose/insulin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerda Schicht
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Zimmermann
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Rennert
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Kießig
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Kegel
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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256
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Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Henderson BEP, Smith JR, Matchett KP, Portman JR, Wallenborg K, Picelli S, Zagorska A, Pendem SV, Hudson TE, Wu MM, Budas GR, Breckenridge DG, Harrison EM, Mole DJ, Wigmore SJ, Ramachandran P, Ponting CP, Teichmann SA, Marioni JC, Henderson NC. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncovers Zonation of Function in the Mesenchyme during Liver Fibrosis. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1832-1847.e8. [PMID: 31722201 PMCID: PMC6856722 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iterative liver injury results in progressive fibrosis disrupting hepatic architecture, regeneration potential, and liver function. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major source of pathological matrix during fibrosis and are thought to be a functionally homogeneous population. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to deconvolve the hepatic mesenchyme in healthy and fibrotic mouse liver, revealing spatial zonation of HSCs across the hepatic lobule. Furthermore, we show that HSCs partition into topographically diametric lobule regions, designated portal vein-associated HSCs (PaHSCs) and central vein-associated HSCs (CaHSCs). Importantly we uncover functional zonation, identifying CaHSCs as the dominant pathogenic collagen-producing cells in a mouse model of centrilobular fibrosis. Finally, we identify LPAR1 as a therapeutic target on collagen-producing CaHSCs, demonstrating that blockade of LPAR1 inhibits liver fibrosis in a rodent NASH model. Taken together, our work illustrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics to resolve the key collagen-producing cells driving liver fibrosis with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John R Wilson-Kanamori
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Beth E P Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - James R Smith
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jordan R Portman
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Karolina Wallenborg
- Karolinska Institutet (KI), Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Simone Picelli
- Karolinska Institutet (KI), Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ewen M Harrison
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Damian J Mole
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Theory of Condensed Matter Group, The Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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257
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Leedale J, Colley HE, Gaskell H, Williams DP, Bearon RN, Chadwick AE, Murdoch C, Webb SD. In silico-guided optimisation of oxygen gradients in hepatic spheroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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258
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Kobliakov VA. The Mechanisms of Regulation of Aerobic Glycolysis (Warburg Effect) by Oncoproteins in Carcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1117-1128. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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259
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Sun S, Hanzawa F, Kim D, Umeki M, Nakajima S, Sakai K, Ikeda S, Mochizuki S, Oda H. Circadian rhythm-dependent induction of hepatic lipogenic gene expression in rats fed a high-sucrose diet. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15206-15217. [PMID: 31481463 PMCID: PMC6802514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has become a global health challenge and was recently reported to be positively correlated with increased sucrose consumption. Mechanistic analyses of excess sucrose-induced progression of metabolic syndrome have been focused mainly on abnormal hepatic lipogenesis, and the exact contribution of excess sucrose to metabolic disorders remains controversial. Considering that carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms exhibit clear circadian rhythms, here we investigated the possible contribution of diurnal oscillations to responses of hepatic lipid metabolism to excess sucrose. We found that excess sucrose dose-dependently promotes fatty liver and hyperlipidemia in in rats fed a high-sucrose diet (HSD). We observed that excess sucrose enhances the oscillation amplitudes of the expression of clock genes along with the levels of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism-related mRNAs that increase lipogenesis. We did not observe similar changes in the levels of the transcription factors regulating the expression of these genes. This suggested that the excess sucrose-induced, circadian rhythm-dependent amplification of lipogenesis is post-transcriptionally regulated via the stability of metabolic gene transcripts. Of note, our findings also provide evidence that fructose causes some of the HSD-induced, circadian rhythm-dependent alterations in lipogenic gene expression. Our discovery of HSD-induced circadian rhythm-dependent alterations in lipogenesis at the post-transcriptional level may inform future studies investigating the complex relationships among sucrose uptake, circadian rhythm, and metabolic enzyme expression. Our findings could contribute to the design of chrono-nutritional interventions to prevent or manage the development of fatty liver and hyperlipidemia in sucrose-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Sun
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Hanzawa
- Department of Nutritional Science, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin 470-0196, Japan
| | - Daeun Kim
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miki Umeki
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Beppu University, Beppu 874-8501, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Nakajima
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai
- Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Saiko Ikeda
- Department of Nutritional Science, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin 470-0196, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Oda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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260
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Kryou C, Leva V, Chatzipetrou M, Zergioti I. Bioprinting for Liver Transplantation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E95. [PMID: 31658719 PMCID: PMC6956058 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting techniques can be used for the in vitro fabrication of functional complex bio-structures. Thus, extensive research is being carried on the use of various techniques for the development of 3D cellular structures. This article focuses on direct writing techniques commonly used for the fabrication of cell structures. Three different types of bioprinting techniques are depicted: Laser-based bioprinting, ink-jet bioprinting and extrusion bioprinting. Further on, a special reference is made to the use of the bioprinting techniques for the fabrication of 2D and 3D liver model structures and liver on chip platforms. The field of liver tissue engineering has been rapidly developed, and a wide range of materials can be used for building novel functional liver structures. The focus on liver is due to its importance as one of the most critical organs on which to test new pharmaceuticals, as it is involved in many metabolic and detoxification processes, and the toxicity of the liver is often the cause of drug rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kryou
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - Valentina Leva
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | | | - Ioanna Zergioti
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
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261
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Aller MA, Arias N, Blanco-Rivero J, Arias J. Metabolism in Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure: The Solution More than the Problem. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:271-284. [PMID: 31593852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory liver disease with an acute deterioration of liver function is named acute-on-chronic inflammation and could be regulated by the metabolic impairments related to the liver dysfunction. In this way, the experimental cholestasis model is excellent for studying metabolism in both types of inflammatory responses. Along the evolution of this model, the rats develop biliary fibrosis and an acute-on-chronic decompensation. The acute decompensation of the liver disease is associated with encephalopathy, ascites, acute renal failure, an acute phase response and a splanchnic increase of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This multiorgan inflammatory dysfunction is mainly associated with a splanchnic and systemic metabolic switch with dedifferentiation of the epithelial, endothelial and mesothelial splanchnic barriers. Furthermore, a splanchnic infiltration by mast cells occurs, which suggests that these cells could carry out a compensatory metabolic role, especially through the modulation of hepatic and extrahepatic mitochondrial-peroxisome crosstalk. For this reason, we propose the hypothesis that mastocytosis in the acute-on-chronic hepatic insufficiency could represent the development of a survival metabolic mechanisms that mitigates the noxious effect of the hepatic functional deficit. A better understanding the pathophysiological response of the mast cells in liver insufficiency and portal hypertension would help to find new pathways for decreasing the high morbidity and mortality rate of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; INEUROPA (Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica La Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (Ciber) de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, España
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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262
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Zhou Y, Shen JX, Lauschke VM. Comprehensive Evaluation of Organotypic and Microphysiological Liver Models for Prediction of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 31616302 PMCID: PMC6769037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry and constitutes one of the most important reasons for the termination of promising drug development projects. Reliable prediction of DILI liability in preclinical stages is difficult, as current experimental model systems do not accurately reflect the molecular phenotype and functionality of the human liver. As a result, multiple drugs that passed preclinical safety evaluations failed due to liver toxicity in clinical trials or postmarketing stages in recent years. To improve the selection of molecules that are taken forward into the clinics, the development of more predictive in vitro systems that enable high-throughput screening of hepatotoxic liabilities and allow for investigative studies into DILI mechanisms has gained growing interest. Specifically, it became increasingly clear that the choice of cell types and culture method both constitute important parameters that affect the predictive power of test systems. In this review, we present current 3D culture paradigms for hepatotoxicity tests and critically evaluate their utility and performance for DILI prediction. In addition, we highlight possibilities of these emerging platforms for mechanistic evaluations of selected drug candidates and present current research directions towards the further improvement of preclinical liver safety tests. We conclude that organotypic and microphysiological liver systems have provided an important step towards more reliable DILI prediction. Furthermore, we expect that the increasing availability of comprehensive benchmarking studies will facilitate model dissemination that might eventually result in their regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker M. Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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263
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Wong WW, Jackson RK, Liew LP, Dickson BD, Cheng GJ, Lipert B, Gu Y, Hunter FW, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Hypoxia-selective radiosensitisation by SN38023, a bioreductive prodrug of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor IC87361. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113641. [PMID: 31541630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a key role in repair of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB) by non-homologous end-joining. DNA-PK inhibitors (DNA-PKi) are therefore efficient radiosensitisers, but normal tissue radiosensitisation represents a risk for their use in radiation oncology. Here we describe a novel prodrug, SN38023, that is metabolised to a potent DNA-PKi (IC87361) selectively in radioresistant hypoxic cells. DNA-PK inhibitory potency of SN38023 was 24-fold lower than IC87361 in cell-free assays, consistent with molecular modelling studies suggesting that SN38023 is unable to occupy one of the predicted DNA-PK binding modes of IC87361. One-electron reduction of the prodrug by radiolysis of anoxic formate solutions, and by metabolic reduction in anoxic HCT116/POR cells that overexpress cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), generated IC87361 efficiently as assessed by LC-MS. SN38023 inhibited radiation-induced Ser2056 autophosphorylation of DNA-PK catalytic subunit and radiosensitised HCT116/POR and UT-SCC-54C cells selectively under anoxia. SN38023 was an effective radiosensitiser in anoxic HCT116 spheroids, demonstrating potential for penetration into hypoxic tumour tissue, but in spheroid co-cultures of high-POR and POR-null cells it showed no evidence of bystander effects resulting from local diffusion of IC87361. Pharmacokinetics of IC87361 and SN38023 at maximum achievable doses in NIH-III mice demonstrated sub-optimal exposure of UT-SCC-54C tumour xenografts and did not provide significant tumour radiosensitisation. In conclusion, SN38023 has potential for exploiting hypoxia for selective delivery of a potent DNA-PKi to the most radioresistant subpopulation of cells in tumours. However, prodrugs providing improved systemic pharmacokinetics and that release DNA-PKi that elicit bystander effects are needed to maximise therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Wua Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosanna K Jackson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gary J Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Francis W Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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264
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Bulutoglu B, Rey-Bedón C, Kang YBA, Mert S, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. A microfluidic patterned model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: applications to disease progression and zonation. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3022-3031. [PMID: 31465069 PMCID: PMC6736752 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) affect 25% of the world population. NAFLD is predicted to soon become the main cause of liver morbidity and transplantation. The disease is characterized by a progressive increase of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, which eventually induce fibrosis and inflammation, and can ultimately cause cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma. Here, we created a patterned model of NAFLD on a chip using free fatty acid gradients to recapitulate a spectrum of disease conditions in a single continuous liver tissue. We established the NAFLD progression via quantification of intracellular lipid accumulation and transcriptional levels of fatty acid transporters and NAFLD pathogenesis markers. We then used this platform to create oxygen driven steatosis zonation mimicking the sinusoidal lipid distribution on a single continuous tissue and showed that this fat zonation disappears under progressed steatosis, in agreement with in vivo observations and recent computational studies. While we focus on free fatty acids and oxygen as the drivers of NAFLD, the microfluidic platform here is extensible to simultaneous use of other drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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265
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Franiatte S, Clarke R, Ho H. A computational model for hepatotoxicity by coupling drug transport and acetaminophen metabolism equations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 35:e3234. [PMID: 31254976 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distributions of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione (GSH) in liver lobules determine the heterogeneous hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen (APAP). Their interplay in conjunction with blood flow is not well understood. In this paper, we integrate a cellular APAP metabolism model with a sinusoidal blood flow to simulate the temporal-spatial patterns of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The heterogeneous distribution of CYP450 and GSH is modeled by linearly varying their reaction rates along the portal triad to the central vein axis of a sinusoid. We found that the spatial distribution of GSH, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and CYP450 all contributes to the high acetaminophen protein adduct formation at zone 3 of the lobules. The reversed spatial gradients of CYP450 and GSH cause quick depletion of GSH, which is further accelerated by the distribution of GST. The hepatic flow congestion and hyperperfusion however do not seem to play a significant role in the zonal hepatotoxicity. The simulation results may be useful for understanding the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and associated pharmaceutical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Franiatte
- ENSEEIHT, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Richard Clarke
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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266
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Matsumoto S, Safitri AR, Danoy M, Maekawa T, Kinoshita H, Shinohara M, Sakai Y, Fujii T, Leclerc E. Investigation of the hepatic respiration and liver zonation on rat hepatocytes using an integrated oxygen biosensor in a microscale device. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2854. [PMID: 31131557 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of an in vitro functional liver zonation model is a major issue to reproduce physiological liver features. Oxygen concentration is one of the potential explanations of a primary regulating factor of zonation. In this frame, we investigated the oxygen gradient inside a microfluidic device containing rat hepatocyte cultures. The device integrated a platinum (Pt) (II) octaethylporphyrin sensor, allowing a 2D mapping of the oxygen concentration. After 3 hr adhesion of the hepatocytes, the sensor indicated an intense oxygen depletion, leading to an oxygen shortage in the center of the device. After a 30 min perfusion of the culture medium, we monitored the formation of the oxygen gradient along the culture due to cellular respiration. The profile of the oxygen gradient was modulated and controlled by increasing either the perfusion flow rate or the device thickness. In addition, the oxygen gradient was time dependent as far as it decreased with the time of culture. Perivenous and periportal liver patterns were characterized by the immunostaining of the hepatic markers. We put in evidence a spatio temporal hepatic organization. We observed the overexpression since 24 hr of perfusion of the APC and PCK1 proteins upstream in the oxygen-rich area of the device. The overexpression of GS, GCK, CYP1A, and HIFα proteins were observed downstream in the oxygen-poor area. Then, CYP3A2 and β-catenin spatial reorganization was achieved after 48 hr of culture. The results presented a partial zonation-like pattern that was superimposed with an oxygen gradient profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Matsumoto
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Applied Microfluidic Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Astia R Safitri
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Organ Biosystem Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Organ Biosystem Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI 2820), Laboratory for Integrated Micro-Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Maekawa
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Applied Microfluidic Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Kinoshita
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Applied Microfluidic Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Organ Biosystem Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Organ Biosystem Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- CIBiS, Center for International Research on Integrative Biomedical Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Applied Microfluidic Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Organ Biosystem Laboratory, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI 2820), Laboratory for Integrated Micro-Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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267
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Peng WC, Logan CY, Fish M, Anbarchian T, Aguisanda F, Álvarez-Varela A, Wu P, Jin Y, Zhu J, Li B, Grompe M, Wang B, Nusse R. Inflammatory Cytokine TNFα Promotes the Long-Term Expansion of Primary Hepatocytes in 3D Culture. Cell 2019; 175:1607-1619.e15. [PMID: 30500539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the healthy adult liver, most hepatocytes proliferate minimally. However, upon physical or chemical injury to the liver, hepatocytes proliferate extensively in vivo under the direction of multiple extracellular cues, including Wnt and pro-inflammatory signals. Currently, liver organoids can be generated readily in vitro from bile-duct epithelial cells, but not hepatocytes. Here, we show that TNFα, an injury-induced inflammatory cytokine, promotes the expansion of hepatocytes in 3D culture and enables serial passaging and long-term culture for more than 6 months. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals broad expression of hepatocyte markers. Strikingly, in vitro-expanded hepatocytes engrafted, and significantly repopulated, the injured livers of Fah-/- mice. We anticipate that tissue repair signals can be harnessed to promote the expansion of otherwise hard-to-culture cell-types, with broad implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Chuan Peng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Catriona Y Logan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matt Fish
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Teni Anbarchian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis Aguisanda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrián Álvarez-Varela
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yinhua Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bruce Wang
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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268
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Lasli S, Kim HJ, Lee K, Suurmond CAE, Goudie M, Bandaru P, Sun W, Zhang S, Zhang N, Ahadian S, Dokmeci MR, Lee J, Khademhosseini A. A Human Liver-on-a-Chip Platform for Modeling Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1900104. [PMID: 32648699 PMCID: PMC7473489 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver possesses a unique microenvironment with a complex internal vascular system and cell-cell interactions. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease, and although much effort has been dedicated to building models to target NAFLD, most in vitro systems rely on simple models failing to recapitulate complex liver functions. Here, an in vitro system is presented to study NAFLD (steatosis) by coculturing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into spheroids. Analysis of colocalization of HepG2-HUVECs along with the level of steatosis reveals that the NAFLD pathogenesis could be better modeled when 20% of HUVECs are presented in HepG2 spheroids. Spheroids with fat supplements progressed to the steatosis stage on day 2, which could be maintained for more than a week without being harmful for cells. Transferring spheroids onto a chip system with an array of interconnected hexagonal microwells proves helpful for monitoring functionality through increased albumin secretions with HepG2-HUVEC interactions and elevated production of reactive oxygen species for steatotic spheroids. The reversibility of steatosis is demonstrated by simply stopping fat-based diet or by antisteatotic drug administration, the latter showing a faster return of intracellular lipid levels to the basal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufian Lasli
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ceri-Anne E Suurmond
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Technologies, University of Twente, 7522, NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Goudie
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Praveen Bandaru
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Niyuan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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269
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Strowitzki MJ, Ritter AS, Kimmer G, Schneider M. Hypoxia-adaptive pathways: A pharmacological target in fibrotic disease? Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104364. [PMID: 31376431 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing responses are physiological reactions to injuries and share common characteristics and phases independently of the injured organ or tissue. A major hallmark of wound healing responses is the formation of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), mainly consisting of collagen fibers, to restore the initial organ architecture and function. Overshooting wound healing responses result in unphysiological accumulation of ECM and collagen deposition, a process called fibrosis. Importantly, hypoxia (oxygen demand exceeds supply) plays a significant role during wound healing responses and fibrotic diseases. Under hypoxic conditions, cells activate a gene program, including the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induces the expression of HIF target genes counteracting hypoxia. In contrast, in normoxia, so-called HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) oxygen-dependently hydroxylate HIF-α, which marks it for proteasomal degradation. Importantly, PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited (PHI) by so-called PHD inhibitors. There is mounting evidence that the HIF-pathway is continuously up-regulated during the development of tissue fibrosis, and that pharmacological (HIFI) or genetic inhibition of HIF can prevent organ fibrosis. By contrast, initial (short-term) activation of the HIF pathway via PHI during wound healing seems to be beneficial in several models of inflammation or acute organ injury. Thus, timing and duration of PHI and HIFI treatment seem to be crucial. In this review, we will highlight the role of hypoxia-adaptive pathways during wound healing responses and development of fibrotic disease. Moreover, we will discuss whether PHI and HIFI might be a promising treatment option in fibrotic disease, and consider putative pitfalls that might result from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Kimmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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270
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Immune-Deficient Pfp/Rag2 -/- Mice Featured Higher Adipose Tissue Mass and Liver Lipid Accumulation with Growing Age than Wildtype C57BL/6N Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080775. [PMID: 31349725 PMCID: PMC6721582 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a risk factor for adipose tissue dysfunction, which is associated with inflammatory innate immune mechanisms. Since the adipose tissue/liver axis contributes to hepatosteatosis, we sought to determine age-related adipose tissue dysfunction in the context of the activation of the innate immune system fostering fatty liver phenotypes. Using wildtype and immune-deficient mice, we compared visceral adipose tissue and liver mass as well as hepatic lipid storage in young (ca. 14 weeks) and adult (ca. 30 weeks) mice. Adipocyte size was determined as an indicator of adipocyte function and liver steatosis was quantified by hepatic lipid content. Further, lipid storage was investigated under normal and steatosis-inducing culture conditions in isolated hepatocytes. The physiological age-related increase in body weight was associated with a disproportionate increase in adipose tissue mass in immune-deficient mice, which coincided with higher triglyceride storage in the liver. Lipid storage was similar in isolated hepatocytes from wildtype and immune-deficient mice under normal culture conditions but was significantly higher in immune-deficient than in wildtype hepatocytes under steatosis-inducing culture conditions. Immune-deficient mice also displayed increased inflammatory, adipogenic, and lipogenic markers in serum and adipose tissue. Thus, the age-related increase in body weight coincided with an increase in adipose tissue mass and hepatic steatosis. In association with a (pro-)inflammatory milieu, aging thus promotes hepatosteatosis, especially in immune-deficient mice.
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271
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A human liver cell atlas reveals heterogeneity and epithelial progenitors. Nature 2019; 572:199-204. [PMID: 31292543 PMCID: PMC6687507 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human liver is an essential multifunctional organ. The incidence of liver diseases is rising and there are limited treatment options. However, the cellular composition of the liver remains poorly understood. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of about 10,000 cells from normal liver tissue from nine human donors to construct a human liver cell atlas. Our analysis identified previously unknown subtypes of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatocytes, with transcriptome-wide zonation of some of these populations. We show that the EPCAM+ population is heterogeneous, comprising hepatocyte-biased and cholangiocyte populations as well as a TROP2int progenitor population with strong potential to form bipotent liver organoids. As a proof-of-principle, we used our atlas to unravel the phenotypic changes that occur in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and in human hepatocytes and liver endothelial cells engrafted into a mouse liver. Our human liver cell atlas provides a powerful resource to enable the discovery of previously unknown cell types in normal and diseased livers.
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272
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Cavero I, Guillon JM, Holzgrefe HH. Human organotypic bioconstructs from organ-on-chip devices for human-predictive biological insights on drug candidates. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:651-677. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1634689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Icilio Cavero
- Independent Consultant in Safety Pharmacology, Paris, France
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273
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Nakai S, Shibata I, Shitamichi T, Yamaguchi H, Takagi N, Inoue T, Nakagawa T, Kiyokawa J, Wakabayashi S, Miyoshi T, Higashi E, Ishida S, Shiraki N, Kume S. Collagen vitrigel promotes hepatocytic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into functional hepatocyte-like cells. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.042192. [PMID: 31182631 PMCID: PMC6679405 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells to hepatocytes provides an unlimited supply of human hepatocytes and therefore has been vigorously studied. However, to date, the stem cell-derived hepatocytes were suggested to be of immature features. To obtain matured hepatocytes from stem cells, we tested the effect of culturing human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell-derived endoderm cells on collagen vitrigel membrane and compared with our previous reported nanofiber matrix. We cultured hiPS cell-derived endoderm cells on a collagen vitrigel membrane and examined the expression profiles, and tested the activity of metabolic enzymes. Gene expression profile analysis of hepatocytic differentiation markers revealed that upon culture on collagen vitrigel membrane, immature markers of AFP decreased, with a concomitant increase in the expression of mature hepatocyte transcription factors and mature hepatocyte markers such as ALB, ASGR1. Mature markers involved in liver functions, such as transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase II metabolic enzymes were also upregulated. We observed the upregulation of the liver markers for at least 2 weeks. Gene array profiling analysis revealed that hiPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hiPS-hep) resemble those of the primary hepatocytes. Functions of the CYP enzyme activities were tested in multi-institution and all revealed high CYP1A, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A activity, which could be maintained for at least 2 weeks in culture. Taken together, the present approach identified that collagen vitrigel membrane provides a suitable environment for the generation of hepatocytes from hiPS cells that resemble many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. Summary: We found that collagen vitrigel membrane used as scaffold potentiates differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into mature hepatocyte-like cells that exhibit mature functions of the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Nakai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ima Shibata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shitamichi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takagi
- Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 2-1, Nihonbashi Muromachi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Inoue
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kiyokawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakabayashi
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoya Miyoshi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Eriko Higashi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 6-10-1 Tebiro, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomati, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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274
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McKimpson WM, Accili D. A fluorescent reporter assay of differential gene expression response to insulin in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C143-C151. [PMID: 31091147 PMCID: PMC6689749 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00504.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin regulates multiple hepatic metabolic pathways in a seemingly heterogeneous manner. To understand this heterogeneity, we hypothesized that different subpopulations of hepatocytes have different sensitivity to insulin. To test this hypothesis, we developed a fluorescent reporter in which the insulin-responsive fatty acid synthase (FAS) promoter drove expression of a time-dependent fluorescent protein ("timer") and characterized timer expression in flow-sorted cell populations. In Hepa1c1c7 and AML12 hepatocytes, we found that different cell populations express distinct timer fluorescence following insulin treatment, consistent with cellular heterogeneity in the response to insulin. RNA measurements indicated an enrichment of forkhead box O transcription factors in cells with a greater response to insulin. Moreover, we found evidence of increased Akt activation. These data are consistent with a heterogeneous cellular response to insulin and raise the possibility that these different subpopulations underlie the peculiar pathophysiology of hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M McKimpson
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Columbia University , New York, New York
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275
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Abstract
Hepatocytes operate in highly structured repeating anatomical units termed liver lobules. Blood flow along the lobule radial axis creates gradients of oxygen, nutrients and hormones, which, together with morphogenetic fields, give rise to a highly variable microenvironment. In line with this spatial variability, key liver functions are expressed non-uniformly across the lobules, a phenomenon termed zonation. Technologies based on single-cell transcriptomics have constructed a global spatial map of hepatocyte gene expression in mice revealing that ~50% of hepatocyte genes are expressed in a zonated manner. This broad spatial heterogeneity suggests that hepatocytes in different lobule zones might have not only different gene expression profiles but also distinct epigenetic features, regenerative capacities, susceptibilities to damage and other functional aspects. Here, we present genomic approaches for studying liver zonation, describe the principles of liver zonation and discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that dictate zonation patterns. We also explore the challenges and solutions for obtaining zonation maps of liver non-parenchymal cells. These approaches facilitate global characterization of liver function with high spatial resolution along physiological and pathological timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Ben-Moshe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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276
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Abou-Beih S, Masson S, Saunders R, Haugk B, Oakley F, Tiniakos D. Sinusoidal and pericellular fibrosis in adult post-transplant liver biopsies: association with hepatic stellate cell activation and patient outcome. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:233-243. [PMID: 31201503 PMCID: PMC6647882 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant sinusoidal fibrosis (SF) and pericellular fibrosis (PCF) have not been extensively investigated in adults. Fifty-two post-transplant liver biopsies from 28 consented patients (12 men, mean age 49, range 33–67 years) were studied. Tissue morphology, including an arbitrary summative fibrosis score was assessed in detail. Collagen proportionate area (CPA) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunostain were evaluated by digital image analysis (DIA). Anti-keratin 7, anti-C4d and anti-sonic hedgehog (Shh) immunostains were scored semi-quantitatively. SF was observed in 36/52 (69.2%) biopsies and most of these (20/36, 55.6%) had centrilobular fibrosis (CLF). PCF was seen in 7/52 (13.5%) biopsies exclusively in cases with CLF. CPA was significantly correlated with time since liver transplantation (p = 0.043), summative fibrosis score and its main components but not with α-SMA. α-SMA-positive area significantly correlated with the Banff rejection score (p = 0.022) and centrilobular inflammatory changes were more severe in cases with CLF (p = 0.003). Hepatocyte ballooning of cholestatic type was associated with PCF (p = 0.016) and Shh expression (p < 0.001). Sinusoidal fibrosis is a frequent occurrence in post-transplant adult livers, with predilection toward centrilobular areas. Graft age and oxidative stress may contribute to SF development, while hepatocyte ballooning may be implicated in PCF development. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is likely affected by centrilobular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Abou-Beih
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Steven Masson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Liver Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachael Saunders
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Beate Haugk
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, NUTH NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. .,Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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277
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Ribeiro AJS, Yang X, Patel V, Madabushi R, Strauss DG. Liver Microphysiological Systems for Predicting and Evaluating Drug Effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:139-147. [PMID: 30993668 PMCID: PMC6771674 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver plays a major role in drug metabolism and is one of the main sites of drug adverse effects. Microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as organs‐on‐a‐chip, are a class of microfluidic platforms that recreate properties of tissue microenvironments. Among different properties, the liver microenvironment is three‐dimensional, fluid flows around its cells, and different cell types regulate its function. Liver MPS aim to recreate these properties and enable drug testing and measurement of functional endpoints. Tests with these systems have demonstrated their potential for predicting clinical drug effects. Properties of liver MPS that improve the physiology of cell culture are reviewed, specifically focusing on the importance of recreating a physiological microenvironment to evaluate and model drug effects. Advances in modeling hepatic function by leveraging MPS are addressed, noting the need for standardization in the use, quality control, and interpretation of data from these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikram Patel
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rajnikanth Madabushi
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - David G Strauss
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Translational Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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278
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Abstract
Polyploid cells contain more than two homologous sets of chromosomes. The original observations of liver polyploidy date back to the 1940s, but functional roles for polyploid cells are still unclear. Liver polyploidy may influence regeneration, stress response, and cancer, although little evidence has established direct causal links between polyploidy and these biological phenotypes. In this review, we will introduce broad concepts about polyploidy including its distribution in nature and how polyploids form in normal and pathological situations. Then we will examine recent discoveries that have begun to clarify functionality and disease relevance of liver polyploidy. Finally, we will discuss implications and future directions of research about polyploidy in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
| | - Branden Tarlow
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- a Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , USA
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279
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Liver Zonation in Health and Disease: Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors as Concert Masters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092347. [PMID: 31083568 PMCID: PMC6540308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and its zonation contribute to whole body homeostasis. Acute and chronic, not always liver, diseases impair proper metabolic zonation. Various underlying pathways, such as β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, and the Hippo pathway, along with the physiologically occurring oxygen gradient, appear to be contributors. Interestingly, hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible transcription factors can orchestrate those pathways. In the current review, we connect novel findings of liver zonation in health and disease and provide a view about the dynamic interplay between these different pathways and cell-types to drive liver zonation and systemic homeostasis.
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280
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Li Y, Zuo H, Wang H, Hu A. Decrease of MLK4 prevents hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through reducing metastasis and inducing apoptosis regulated by ROS/MAPKs signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108749. [PMID: 31071576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) results in large amounts of deaths each year worldwide. To develop more effective treatments for HCC, it is very necessary to define the molecular mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis. Mixed lineage kinase (MLK)-4 is a member of the MLK family of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases, and modulates different cellular responses. However, its role in the meditation of HCC progression remains unclear. In the study, we found that MLK4 was over-expressed in tumor samples of HCC patients. High MLK4 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in HCC. Knockdown of MLK4 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and metastasis, which was partly through reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, MMP2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and Vimentin expressions. Apoptosis was significantly induced by MLK4 knockdown in HCC cells via decreasing Bcl-2 and increasing cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Caspase-7 and -3 expression levels. In addition, MLK4 silence led to a significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in liver cancer cells, accompanied with elevated expression of phosphorylated p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and ERK1/2. Notably, reducing ROS generation and blocking MAPKs (p38/JNK/ERK1/2) signaling markedly abrogated MLK4 knockdown-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. Moreover, MLK4 silence-prevented metastasis was also rescued by scavenging ROS generation and repressing MAPKs pathway. In vivo, injection of MLK4 siRNA markedly inhibited liver tumor growth in xenograft models, and MLK4 knockdown reduced HCC lung metastasis. Together, our study indicated the essential function of MLK4 in HCC progression, providing crucial therapeutic hypothesis for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Haibo Zuo
- Department of Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas & Spleen Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Hongjian Wang
- Second Cancer Subjects, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Anxiang Hu
- Second Cancer Subjects, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, China.
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281
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Morsiani C, Bacalini MG, Santoro A, Garagnani P, Collura S, D'Errico A, de Eguileor M, Grazi GL, Cescon M, Franceschi C, Capri M. The peculiar aging of human liver: A geroscience perspective within transplant context. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:24-34. [PMID: 30772626 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An appraisal of recent data highlighting aspects inspired by the new Geroscience perspective are here discussed. The main findings are summarized as follows: i) liver has to be considered an immunological organ, and new studies suggest a role for the recently described cells named telocytes; ii) the liver-gut axis represents a crucial connection with environment and life style habits and may influence liver diseases onset; iii) the physiological aging of liver shows relatively modest alterations. Nevertheless, several molecular changes appear to be relevant: a) an increase of microRNA-31-5p; -141-3p; -200c-3p expressions after 60 years of age; b) a remodeling of genome-wide DNA methylation profile evident until 60 years of age and then plateauing; c) changes in transcriptome including the metabolic zones of hepatocyte lobules; d) liver undergoes an accelerated aging in presence of chronic inflammation/liver diseases in a sort of continuum, largely as a consequence of unhealthy life styles and exposure to environmental noxious agents. We argue that chronic liver inflammation has all the major characteristics of "inflammaging" and likely sustains the onset and progression of liver diseases. Finally, we propose to use a combination of parameters, mostly obtained by omics such as transcriptomics and epigenomics, to evaluate in deep both the biological age of liver (in comparison with the chronological age) and the effects of donor-recipient age-mismatches in the context of liver transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Collura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia D'Errico
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- DBSV-Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Cescon
- DIMEC-Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Applied Mathematics of the Institute of ITMM, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CIG-Interdepartmental Center "Galvani", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; CSR-Centro di Studio per la Ricerca dell'Invecchiamento, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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282
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Annamalai RT, Matthew HWT. Transport Analysis of Engineered Liver Tissue Fabricated Using a Capsule-Based, Modular Approach. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1223-1236. [PMID: 30796550 PMCID: PMC10766109 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bioinspired, microscale tissue engineering approach has emerged in recent years as a promising alternative to preformed scaffolds. Using this approach, complex tissues and organs can be efficiently engineered from microscale modules to replicate the intricate architecture and physiology of vascularized organs and tissues. Previously, we demonstrated assembly of a prototype, engineered liver tissue, formed by the fusion of hepatocyte-containing capsules. Here, we analyzed the effects of various controllable system parameters with the aim of predicting the operating limits of our modular tissue in high cell density, perfused cultures. Both the capsule diameter and construct height were limited by mass transfer requirements, while the shear stress on the capsule wall and the pressure drop across the packed capsule bed were dictated by the capsule diameter and permissible flow rates of the system. Our analysis predicts that capsules with a 200 µm radius can efficiently maintain hepatocytes at cell densities comparable to liver tissue. Some model predictions were validated by packed bed perfusion cultures. Flow-induced bed compaction hysteresis was tested experimentally and found to have minimal effect on flow characteristics. The effectiveness factor (η) for the overall oxygen transfer within packed beds of capsule modules was estimated to be 0.72 for all conditions. Primary hepatocytes encapsulated in the capsules exhibited normal metabolism and formed spheroids during a 7-day culture. The model predictions can be useful to study mass transfer and shear stress in high-density perfusion cultures. Overall, analysis of a perfused, capsule-based, modular tissue demonstrated the feasibility of the technology as a platform for fabrication of highly metabolic solid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar T Annamalai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Howard W T Matthew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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283
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Brown GE, Khetani SR. Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0225. [PMID: 29786560 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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284
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Ding HR, Wang JL, Tang ZT, Wang Y, Zhou G, Liu Y, Ren HZ, Shi XL. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Glycometabolism and Liver Regeneration in the Treatment of Post-hepatectomy Liver Failure. Front Physiol 2019; 10:412. [PMID: 31024348 PMCID: PMC6468048 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mortality rate of post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) remains very high, and liver transplantation is the only effective treatment regimen for PHLF. Cell transplantation is a potential treatment for liver diseases. Previous studies have proved that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory functions. In the present study, we found that MSCs promoted glycogen synthesis and liver regeneration in the treatment of PHLF. MSC transplantation also improved the survival rate of rats after 90% partial hepatectomy (PH). In our current study, we aimed to determine the efficacy and mechanism of MSC transplantation in the treatment of PHLF. Methods Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured using a standardized protocol. The MSCs were transplanted to treat acute liver failure induced by 90% PH. The therapeutic efficacy of MSCs on PHLF was verified through measuring alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), international normalized ratio (INR), serum ammonia, liver weight to body weight ratio, blood glucose, and histology. To further study the mechanism of MSC transplantation in treatment for PHLF, we assessed the changes in the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/β-catenin pathway. A-674563 (AKT inhibitor) and SB216763 (GSK-3β inhibitor) were employed to validate our findings. SPSS version 19.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the independent-samples t-test was carried out to analyze the collected data. Results Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuated the liver injury in acute liver failure induced by 90% PH. MSC transplantation improved the glucose metabolism and survival rate in the PHLF model. The effect of MSC transplantation on hepatocyte proliferation might be related to AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. Conclusion Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation could be use as a potential treatment for PHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Ting Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Zhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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285
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Li Z, Di L, Maurer TS. Theoretical Considerations for Direct Translation of Unbound Liver-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient from In Vitro to In Vivo. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:43. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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286
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Ahn J, Ahn JH, Yoon S, Nam YS, Son MY, Oh JH. Human three-dimensional in vitro model of hepatic zonation to predict zonal hepatotoxicity. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:22. [PMID: 30886645 PMCID: PMC6404355 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various hepatic models mimicking liver lobules have been investigated to evaluate the potential hepatotoxic effects of chemicals and drugs, but in vitro hepatic models of zonal hepatotoxicity have not yet been established. Herein, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) hepatic zonal channel to evaluate zone-specific hepatotoxicity. Based on the perivenous zone-3-like cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression patterns in metabolically active HepaRG cells treated with CHIR99021 (CHIR), which is an inducer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, this culture model represents a novel tool for exploring hepatic zonation. Results We generated and validated a 3D hepatic zonal channel model in which 3D HepaRG cells were well distributed in agarose hydrogel channels, and a linear gradient of CHIR was generated according to the zonal distance. According to the results from imaging analyses and bioanalytical experiments, acetaminophen (APAP) caused cytotoxicity in the zone-3 region of the 3D hepatic zonal channel, and the levels of nonphosphorylated β-catenin, CYP2E, and apoptotic proteins were remarkably increased in the zone-3-like region. Finally, the applicability of the 3D hepatic zonal channel model for the high-throughput screening of zonal hepatotoxicity was successfully evaluated using hepatotoxic drugs, including tamoxifen, bromobenzene, and APAP. Conclusions The results indicated that tamoxifen induced cytotoxic effects, regardless of the zonal distance, while the zone-3-specific hepatotoxic drugs bromobenzene and APAP induced greater cytotoxic effects on cells in the zone-3-like region. This finding highlights the potential of our 3D hepatic zonation model as a valuable tool for replicating and evaluating zonal hepatotoxicity by mimicking the spatial features of liver lobules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Ahn
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Ahn
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- 3Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
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287
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Donato MT, Tolosa L. Stem-cell derived hepatocyte-like cells for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury. Differentiation 2019; 106:15-22. [PMID: 30844688 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of drug discovery failure in clinical trials and a leading cause of liver disease. Current preclinical drug testing does not predict hepatotoxicity which highlights the importance of developing highly predictive cell-based models. The use of stem cell technology and differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) could provide a stable source of hepatocytes for multiple applications, including drug screening. HLCs derived from both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells have been used to accurately predict hepatotoxicity as well as to test individual-specific toxicity. Although there are still many limitations, mainly related to the lack of fully maturity of the HLCs derived from pluripotent stem cells, they could provide a relative unlimited and consistent supply of cells with stable phenotype, that could be obtained from different donors, enabling the generation of a library of HLCs representative of the variability of human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, 46026, Spain
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288
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Tomlinson L, Hyndman L, Firman JW, Bentley R, Kyffin JA, Webb SD, McGinty S, Sharma P. In vitro Liver Zonation of Primary Rat Hepatocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:17. [PMID: 30834246 PMCID: PMC6387900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the liver to simultaneously carry out multiple functions is dependent on the metabolic heterogeneity of hepatocytes spatially located within a liver lobule spanning from the portal triad to the central vein. This complex zonal architecture of the liver, however, makes accurate in vitro modeling a challenge and often standard culture systems assume a homogenous model which may lead to inaccurate translatability of results. Here, we use a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental data to demonstrate a readily constructible in vitro flow system capable of liver zonation in primary rat hepatocytes. We show the differential expression of zonation markers, enhanced functionality when compared to standard static cultures and zone-specific metabolism and cell damage in the presence of paracetamol, a known zone-specific toxin. This type of advanced system provides a more in-depth and essential understanding of liver physiology and pathophysiology as well as the accurate evaluation of pharmacological interventions at a zone-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tomlinson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Hyndman
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Firman
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bentley
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A. Kyffin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sean McGinty
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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289
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Grove KJ, Hoque S, Rudewicz PJ. Investigation of amodiaquine localization in liver lobules using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:252-258. [PMID: 30394607 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High mass and high spatial resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) opens new possibilities for the detailed study of the hepatic metabolism of drugs. The spatial and temporal distribution of drug metabolites within liver lobules, anatomical subunits of the liver, may aid in the understanding of the formation of reactive metabolites that bind to liver proteins and cause drug-induced liver injury. METHODS Frozen livers obtained from rats dosed orally with amodiaquine (100 mg/kg) were sectioned at 10 μm and coated with a MALDI matrix. The liver sections were then analyzed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Images corresponding to amodiaquine and its metabolites were obtained at a spatial resolution of 25 μm. RESULTS Molecular images of amodiaquine within liver lobules have higher intensities near the portal triad and lower intensities near the central vein. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that MALDI IMS can be used to investigate the metabolism of drugs within liver lobules. The results are consistent with existing knowledge of amodiaquine metabolism and reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Grove
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Shaila Hoque
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
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290
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Abstract
The essential liver exocrine and endocrine functions require a precise spatial arrangement of the hepatic lobule consisting of the central vein, portal vein, hepatic artery, intrahepatic bile duct system, and hepatocyte zonation. This allows blood to be carried through the liver parenchyma sampled by all hepatocytes and bile produced by the hepatocytes to be carried out of the liver through the intrahepatic bile duct system composed of cholangiocytes. The molecular orchestration of multiple signaling pathways and epigenetic factors is required to set up lineage restriction of the bipotential hepatoblast progenitor into the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte cell lineages, and to further refine cell fate heterogeneity within each cell lineage reflected in the functional heterogeneity of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition to the complex molecular regulation, there is a complicated morphogenetic choreography observed in building the refined hepatic epithelial architecture. Given the multifaceted molecular and cellular regulation, it is not surprising that impairment of any of these processes can result in acute and chronic hepatobiliary diseases. To enlighten the development of potential molecular and cellular targets for therapeutic options, an understanding of how the intricate hepatic molecular and cellular interactions are regulated is imperative. Here, we review the signaling pathways and epigenetic factors regulating hepatic cell lineages, fates, and epithelial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey S Huppert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Makiko Iwafuchi-Doi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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291
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Silberman A, Goldman O, Boukobza Assayag O, Jacob A, Rabinovich S, Adler L, Lee JS, Keshet R, Sarver A, Frug J, Stettner N, Galai S, Persi E, Halpern KB, Zaltsman-Amir Y, Pode-Shakked B, Eilam R, Anikster Y, Nagamani SCS, Ulitsky I, Ruppin E, Erez A. Acid-Induced Downregulation of ASS1 Contributes to the Maintenance of Intracellular pH in Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 79:518-533. [PMID: 30573518 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) by either promoter methylation or by HIF1α is associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in multiple cancers. We have previously shown that in normoxic conditions, ASS1 downregulation facilitates cancer cell proliferation by increasing aspartate availability for pyrimidine synthesis by the enzyme complex CAD. Here we report that in hypoxia, ASS1 expression in cancerous cells is downregulated further by HIF1α-mediated induction of miR-224-5p, making the cells more invasive and dependent on upstream substrates of ASS1 for survival. ASS1 was downregulated under acidic conditions, and ASS1-depleted cancer cells maintained a higher intracellular pH (pHi), depended less on extracellular glutamine, and displayed higher glutathione levels. Depletion of substrates of urea cycle enzymes in ASS1-deficient cancers decreased cancer cell survival. Thus, ASS1 levels in cancer are differentially regulated in various environmental conditions to metabolically benefit cancer progression. Understanding these alterations may help uncover specific context-dependent cancer vulnerabilities that may be targeted for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells in an acidic or hypoxic environment downregulate the expression of the urea cycle enzyme ASS1, which provides them with a redox and pH advantage, resulting in better survival.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/3/518/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Silberman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Omer Goldman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Adi Jacob
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiran Rabinovich
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lital Adler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rom Keshet
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alona Sarver
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Frug
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Stettner
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sivan Galai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Persi
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Branch (CBB), National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keren Bahar Halpern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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292
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Characterisation of a functional rat hepatocyte spheroid model. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 55:160-172. [PMID: 30578835 PMCID: PMC6361770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many in vitro liver cell models, such as 2D systems, that are used to assess the hepatotoxic potential of xenobiotics suffer major limitations arising from a lack of preservation of physiological phenotype and metabolic competence. To circumvent some of these limitations there has been increased focus on producing more representative 3D models. Here we have used a novel approach to construct a size-controllable 3D hepatic spheroid model using freshly isolated primary rat hepatocytes (PRH) utilising the liquid-overlay technique whereby PRH spontaneously self-assemble in to 3D microtissues. This system produces viable spheroids with a compact in vivo-like structure for up to 21 days with sustained albumin production for the duration of the culture period. F-actin was seen throughout the spheroid body and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) transporters had polarised expression on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes within the spheroids upon formation (day 3). The MRP2 transporter was able to functionally transport 5 μM 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) substrates into these canalicular structures. These PRH spheroids display in vivo characteristics including direct cell-cell contacts, cellular polarisation, 3D cellular morphology, and formation of functional secondary structures throughout the spheroid. Such a well-characterised system could be readily exploited for pre-clinical and non-clinical repeat-dose investigations and could make a significant contribution to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals for applied research.
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293
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases and Metabolism. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:1021-1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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294
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Gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis of chromatin architecture in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:75-83. [PMID: 30140953 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periportal hepatocytes (PPHs) and perivenous hepatocytes (PVHs) in standard optical microscopy appear to be morphologically identical. However, the functional properties of these two cell populations and their roles in liver lobules are not the same. Despite significant differences in gene expression between these two hepatocyte populations, it is still unclear whether the differences are present at the higher levels of chromatin organization. In this study, we present results, indicating that periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, when stained using toluidine blue histological dye, have different chromatin textural patterns quantified with gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) method. Hepatic tissue was obtained from ten male, healthy mice. Chromatin structures were analyzed using GLCM. For each structure, we measured the values of angular second moment, inverse difference moment, GLCM Contrast, GLCM Variance, and GLCM Sum Variance. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference in all GLCM mathematical parameters except the contrast. In addition, some chromatin GLCM features were in correlation with serum aminotransferase levels in perivenous, but not in periportal hepatocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to test the nuclear morphological differences between hepatocytes using GLCM and to investigate the respective relation with serum liver enzymes.
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295
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Advances in Engineered Human Liver Platforms for Drug Metabolism Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1626-1637. [PMID: 30135245 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism in the liver often determines the overall clearance rates of many pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, induction or inhibition of the liver drug metabolism enzymes by perpetrator drugs can influence the metabolism of victim drugs (drug-drug interactions). Therefore, determining liver-drug interactions is critical during preclinical drug development. Unfortunately, studies in animals are often of limited value because of significant differences in the metabolic pathways of the liver across different species. To mitigate such limitations, the pharmaceutical industry uses a continuum of human liver models, ranging from microsomes to transfected cell lines and cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Of these models, PHHs provide a balance of high-throughput testing capabilities together with a physiologically relevant cell type that exhibits all the characteristic enzymes, cofactors, and transporters. However, PHH monocultures display a rapid decline in metabolic capacity. Consequently, bioengineers have developed several tools, such as cellular microarrays, micropatterned cocultures, self-assembled and bioprinted spheroids, and perfusion devices, to enhance and stabilize PHH functions for ≥2 weeks. Many of these platforms have been validated for drug studies, whereas some have been adapted to include liver nonparenchymal cells that can influence hepatic drug metabolism in health and disease. Here, we focus on the design features of such platforms and their representative drug metabolism validation datasets, while discussing emerging trends. Overall, the use of engineered human liver platforms in the pharmaceutical industry has been steadily rising over the last 10 years, and we anticipate that these platforms will become an integral part of drug development with continued commercialization and validation for routine screening use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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296
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Knittelfelder O, Traikov S, Vvedenskaya O, Schuhmann A, Segeletz S, Shevchenko A, Shevchenko A. Shotgun Lipidomics Combined with Laser Capture Microdissection: A Tool To Analyze Histological Zones in Cryosections of Tissues. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9868-9878. [PMID: 30004672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun analysis provides a quantitative snapshot of the lipidome composition of cells, tissues, or model organisms; however, it does not elucidate the spatial distribution of lipids. Here we demonstrate that shotgun analysis could quantify low-picomole amounts of lipids isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of hundred micrometer-sized histological zones visualized at the cryosections of tissues. We identified metabolically distinct periportal (pp) and pericentral (pc) zones by immunostaining of 20 μm thick cryosections of a healthy mouse liver. LCM was used to ablate, catapult, and collect the tissue material from 10 to 20 individual zones covering a total area of 0.3-0.5 mm2 and containing ca. 500 cells. Top-down shotgun profiling relying upon computational stitching of 61 targeted selective ion monitoring ( t-SIM) spectra quantified more than 200 lipid species from 17 lipid classes including glycero- and glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol. Shotgun LCM revealed the overall commonality of the full lipidome composition of pp and pc zones along with significant ( p < 0.001) difference in the relative abundance of 13 lipid species. Follow-up proteomics analyses of pellets recovered from an aqueous phase saved after the lipid extraction identified 13 known and 7 new protein markers exclusively present in pp or in pc zones and independently validated the specificity of their visualization, isolation, and histological assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Olga Vvedenskaya
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andrea Schuhmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sandra Segeletz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
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297
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Ng SS, Saeb-Parsy K, Blackford SJI, Segal JM, Serra MP, Horcas-Lopez M, No DY, Mastoridis S, Jassem W, Frank CW, Cho NJ, Nakauchi H, Glenn JS, Rashid ST. Human iPS derived progenitors bioengineered into liver organoids using an inverted colloidal crystal poly (ethylene glycol) scaffold. Biomaterials 2018; 182:299-311. [PMID: 30149262 PMCID: PMC6131727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Generation of human organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers exciting possibilities for developmental biology, disease modelling and cell therapy. Significant advances towards those goals have been hampered by dependence on animal derived matrices (e.g. Matrigel), immortalized cell lines and resultant structures that are difficult to control or scale. To address these challenges, we aimed to develop a fully defined liver organoid platform using inverted colloid crystal (ICC) whose 3-dimensional mechanical properties could be engineered to recapitulate the extracellular niche sensed by hepatic progenitors during human development. iPSC derived hepatic progenitors (IH) formed organoids most optimally in ICC scaffolds constructed with 140 μm diameter pores coated with type I collagen in a two-step process mimicking liver bud formation. The resultant organoids were closer to adult tissue, compared to 2D and 3D controls, with respect to morphology, gene expression, protein secretion, drug metabolism and viral infection and could integrate, vascularise and function following implantation into livers of immune-deficient mice. Preliminary interrogation of the underpinning mechanisms highlighted the importance of TGFβ and hedgehog signalling pathways. The combination of functional relevance with tuneable mechanical properties leads us to propose this bioengineered platform to be ideally suited for a range of future mechanistic and clinical organoid related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and the Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel J I Blackford
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Joe M Segal
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Marta Horcas-Lopez
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Da Yoon No
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sotiris Mastoridis
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Wayel Jassem
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Curtis W Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nam Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - S Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Institute for Liver Studies, King's College London, England, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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298
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Sezgin S, Hassan R, Zühlke S, Kuepfer L, Hengstler JG, Spiteller M, Ghallab A. Spatio-temporal visualization of the distribution of acetaminophen as well as its metabolites and adducts in mouse livers by MALDI MSI. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2963-2977. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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299
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Ortega-Ribera M, Fernández-Iglesias A, Illa X, Moya A, Molina V, Maeso-Díaz R, Fondevila C, Peralta C, Bosch J, Villa R, Gracia-Sancho J. Resemblance of the human liver sinusoid in a fluidic device with biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2585-2594. [PMID: 29940068 PMCID: PMC6220781 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of the complex phenotype of primary hepatocytes in vitro represents a limitation for developing liver support systems and reliable tools for biomedical research and drug screening. We herein aimed at developing a biosystem able to preserve human and rodent hepatocytes phenotype in vitro based on the main characteristics of the liver sinusoid: unique cellular architecture, endothelial biodynamic stimulation, and parenchymal zonation. Primary hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) were isolated from control and cirrhotic human or control rat livers and cultured in conventional in vitro platforms or within our liver‐resembling device. Hepatocytes phenotype, function, and response to hepatotoxic drugs were analyzed. Results evidenced that mimicking the in vivo sinusoidal environment within our biosystem, primary human and rat hepatocytes cocultured with functional LSEC maintained morphology and showed high albumin and urea production, enhanced cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (CYP3A4) activity, and maintained expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (hnf4α) and transporters, showing delayed hepatocyte dedifferentiation. In addition, differentiated hepatocytes cultured within this liver‐resembling device responded to acute treatment with known hepatotoxic drugs significantly different from those seen in conventional culture platforms. In conclusion, this study describes a new bioengineered device that mimics the human sinusoid in vitro, representing a novel method to study liver diseases and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavi Illa
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moya
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Molina
- Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Maeso-Díaz
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantino Fondevila
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Liver Surgery and Transplantation Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Protective Strategies Against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Villa
- Biomedical Applications Group (GAB), Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBERBBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.,Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
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300
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Moya A, Ortega-Ribera M, Guimerà X, Sowade E, Zea M, Illa X, Ramon E, Villa R, Gracia-Sancho J, Gabriel G. Online oxygen monitoring using integrated inkjet-printed sensors in a liver-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2023-2035. [PMID: 29892739 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for real-time monitoring of cell functions and cell conditions has dramatically increased with the emergence of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems. However, the incorporation of co-cultures and microfluidic channels in OOC systems increases their biological complexity and therefore makes the analysis and monitoring of analytical parameters inside the device more difficult. In this work, we present an approach to integrate multiple sensors in an extremely thin, porous and delicate membrane inside a liver-on-a-chip device. Specifically, three electrochemical dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors were inkjet-printed along the microfluidic channel allowing local online monitoring of oxygen concentrations. This approach demonstrates the existence of an oxygen gradient up to 17.5% for rat hepatocytes and 32.5% for human hepatocytes along the bottom channel. Such gradients are considered crucial for the appearance of zonation of the liver. Inkjet printing (IJP) was the selected technology as it allows drop on demand material deposition compatible with delicate substrates, as used in this study, which cannot withstand temperatures higher than 130 °C. For the deposition of uniform gold and silver conductive inks on the porous membrane, a primer layer using SU-8 dielectric material was used to seal the porosity of the membrane at defined areas, with the aim of building a uniform sensor device. As a proof-of-concept, experiments with cell cultures of primary human and rat hepatocytes were performed, and oxygen consumption rate was stimulated with carbonyl-cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), accelerating the basal respiration of 0.23 ± 0.07 nmol s-1/106 cells up to 5.95 ± 0.67 nmol s-1/106 cells s for rat cells and the basal respiration of 0.17 ± 0.10 nmol s-1/106 cells by up to 10.62 ± 1.15 nmol s-1/106 cells for human cells, with higher oxygen consumption of the cells seeded at the outflow zone. These results demonstrate that the approach of printing sensors inside an OOC has tremendous potential because IJP is a feasible technique for the integration of different sensors for evaluating metabolic activity of cells, and overcomes one of the major challenges still remaining on how to tap the full potential of OOC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moya
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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