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Chen ZJ, Wei W, Jiang GM, Liu H, Wei WD, Yang X, Wu YM, Liu H, Wong CKC, Du J, Wang HS. Activation of GPER suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition of triple negative breast cancer cells via NF-κB signals. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:775-88. [PMID: 26842883 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a great challenge due to our poor understanding on its molecular etiology. In the present study, our clinical data showed that the expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is negatively associated with lymph node metastasis, high-grade tumor and fibronectin (FN) expression while positively associated with the favorable outcome in 135 TNBC patients. In our experimental studies, both the in vitro migration and invasion of TNBC cells were inhibited by GPER specific agonist G-1, through the suppression of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). The G-1 treatment also reduced the phosphorylation, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activities of NF-κB. While over expression of NF-κB attenuated the action of G-1 in suppressing EMT. Our data further illustrated that the phosphorylation of GSK-3β by PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 mediated, at least partially, the inhibitory effect of G-1 on NF-κB activities. It was further confirmed in a study of MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in nude mice. The data showed that G-1 inhibited the in vivo growth and invasive potential of TNBC via suppression of EMT. Our present study demonstrated that an activation of GPER pathway elicits tumor suppressive actions on TNBC, and supports the use of G-1 therapeutics for TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Jia Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Wei-Dong Wei
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying-Min Wu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China; Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Vitamin D and the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6213872. [PMID: 26880977 PMCID: PMC4736588 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6213872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support reciprocal regulation between the active vitamin D derivative 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits EMT via the induction of a variety of target genes that encode cell adhesion and polarity proteins responsible for the epithelial phenotype and through the repression of key EMT inducers. Both direct and indirect regulatory mechanisms mediate these effects. Conversely, certain master EMT inducers inhibit 1,25(OH)2D3 action by repressing the transcription of VDR gene encoding the high affinity vitamin D receptor that mediates 1,25(OH)2D3 effects. Consequently, the balance between the strength of 1,25(OH)2D3 signaling and the induction of EMT defines the cellular phenotype in each context. Here we review the current understanding of the genes and mechanisms involved in the interplay between 1,25(OH)2D3 and EMT.
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The Combined Blockade of β-Adrenoceptor and COX-2 During the Perioperative Period to Improve Long-term Cancer Outcomes. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2016; 54:72-91. [DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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254
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Kubiliūtė R, Šulskytė I, Daniūnaitė K, Daugelavičius R, Jarmalaitė S. Molecular features of doxorubicin-resistance development in colorectal cancer CX-1 cell line. Medicina (B Aires) 2016; 52:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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A Switch in Akt Isoforms Is Required for Notch-Induced Snail1 Expression and Protection from Cell Death. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:923-40. [PMID: 26711268 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01074-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch activation in aortic endothelial cells (ECs) takes place at embryonic stages during cardiac valve formation and induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Using aortic ECs, we show here that active Notch expression promotes EndMT, resulting in downregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) and upregulation of mesenchymal genes such as those for fibronectin and Snail1/2. In these cells, transforming growth factor β1 exacerbates Notch effects by increasing Snail1 and fibronectin activation. When Notch-downstream pathways were analyzed, we detected an increase in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation and inactivation that facilitates Snail1 nuclear retention and protein stabilization. However, the total activity of Akt was downregulated. The discrepancy between Akt activity and GSK-3β phosphorylation is explained by a Notch-induced switch in the Akt isoforms, whereby Akt1, the predominant isoform expressed in ECs, is decreased and Akt2 transcription is upregulated. Mechanistically, Akt2 induction requires the stimulation of the β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional complex, which activates the Akt2 promoter. Active, phosphorylated Akt2 translocates to the nucleus in Notch-expressing cells, resulting in GSK-3β inactivation in this compartment. Akt2, but not Akt1, colocalizes in the nucleus with lamin B in the nuclear envelope. In addition to promoting GSK-3β inactivation, Notch downregulates Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), another Akt2 nuclear substrate. Moreover, Notch protects ECs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through an Akt2- and Snail1-dependent mechanism.
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256
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Inhibitory effects of Arhgap6 on cervical carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1411-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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257
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Su H, Jin X, Shen L, Fang Y, Fei Z, Zhang X, Xie C, Chen X. Inhibition of cyclin D1 enhances sensitivity to radiotherapy and reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition for esophageal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5355-63. [PMID: 26561473 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired radioresistance during radiotherapy has significantly affected the treatment efficacy in esophageal cancer. Many of radioresistant cancer cells demonstrated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).We found in previous study that a radioresistant cell line (KYSE-150R) possessed EMT characteristic with cyclin D1 overexpression. Cyclin D1 has been demonstrated to affect the radiation sensitivity in cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular functions of cyclin D1 on EMT phenotypes and esophageal cancer radiosensitivity, we treated the radioresistant esophageal cancer cells (KYSE-150R) and parental cells (KYSE-150) with cyclin D1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The cell proliferation rate of KYSE-150R and the radiation survival fraction were significantly decreased in cyclin D1 siRNA treatment group. Knocking down cyclin D1 resulted in G0/G1 arrest in KYSE-150R cells. The average number of irradiation-induced γ-H2AX foci increased in the cells treated with cyclin D1 siRNA, indicating impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in KYSE-150R cells. Cyclin D1 also reversed EMT phenotypes with significantly increased expression of E-cadherin in KYSE-150R cells. However, cyclin D1 siRNA have no radiosensitizing effects on KYSE-150 cells, with no obvious change in EMT marker expression .Our work showed that EMT phenotypes can be reduced and the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells can be enhanced by inhibiting cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Su
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiance Jin
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lanxiao Shen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ya Fang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhenghua Fei
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xuebang Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Congying Xie
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Heine P, Ehrlicher A, Käs J. Neuronal and metastatic cancer cells: Unlike brothers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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259
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Patil PU, D'Ambrosio J, Inge LJ, Mason RW, Rajasekaran AK. Carcinoma cells induce lumen filling and EMT in epithelial cells through soluble E-cadherin-mediated activation of EGFR. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4366-79. [PMID: 26483386 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cancers, carcinoma cells coexist with normal cells. Although it is known that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, it is not completely understood how the tumor influences adjacent normal epithelial cells. In this study, a three-dimensional co-culture system comprising non-transformed epithelial cells (MDCK) and transformed carcinoma cells (MSV-MDCK) was used to demonstrate that carcinoma cells sequentially induce preneoplastic lumen filling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cysts. MMP-9 secreted by carcinoma cells cleaves cellular E-cadherin (encoded by CDH1) from epithelial cells to generate soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad), a pro-oncogenic protein. We show that sE-cad induces EGFR activation, resulting in lumen filling in MDCK cysts. Long-term sE-cad treatment induced EMT. sE-cad caused lumen filling by induction of the ERK signaling pathway and triggered EMT through the sustained activation of the AKT pathway. Although it is known that sE-cad induces MMP-9 release and consequent EGFR activation in tumor cells, our results, for the first time, demonstrate that carcinoma cells can induce sE-cad shedding in adjacent epithelial cells, which leads to EGFR activation and the eventual transdifferentiation of the normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima U Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Julia D'Ambrosio
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Landon J Inge
- Thoracic and Esophageal disease, Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ayyappan K Rajasekaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Therapy Architects, LLC, 2700, Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
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261
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Wu YM, Chen ZJ, Liu H, Wei WD, Lu LL, Yang XL, Liang WT, Liu T, Liu HL, Du J, Wang HS. Inhibition of ERRα suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition of triple negative breast cancer cells by directly targeting fibronectin. Oncotarget 2015; 6:25588-601. [PMID: 26160845 PMCID: PMC4694852 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have poor prognosis due to the aggressive metastatic behaviors. Our study reveals that expression of estrogen related receptor α (ERRα) is significantly (p < 0.01) positively associated with high grade tumors and lymph node metastasis, while negatively correlated with overall survival (OS), in 138 TNBC patients. Targeted inhibition of ERRα by its inverse agonist XCT-790 or si-RNA obviously inhibits in vitro motility of TNBC cells. While over expression of ERRα triggers the invasion and migration of TNBC cells. Further, si-ERRα and XCT-790 inhibit the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of TNBC cells with increasing the expression of E-cadherin and decreasing fibronectin (FN) and vimentin. While XCT-790 has no effect on the expression of EMT related transcription factors such as Snail or Slug. Further, inhibitors of MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB signal molecules, which are activated by XCT-790, can not attenuate the suppression effects of XCT-790 on EMT. Alternatively, luciferase reporter gene assays and ChIP analysis indicate that ERRα can directly bind with FN promoter at ERR response element-3 (ERRE-1), ERRE-3, and ERRE-4, while XCT-790 reduces this bond. In vivo data show that ERRα expression is significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with FN in clinical TNBC patients. In MDA-MB-231 tumor xenograft models, XCT-790 decreases the expression of FN, inhibits the growth and lung metastasis, and suppresses the EMT. Our results demonstrate that ERRα functions as a metastasis stimulator and its targeted inhibition may be a new therapeutic strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Min Wu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo-Jia Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Wei-Dong Wei
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin-Lin Lu
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Ting Liang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huan-Liang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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262
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Kawano H, Ito Y, Kanai F, Nakamura E, Tada N, Takai S, Horie S, Kobayashi T, Hino O. Aberrant differentiation of Tsc2-deficient teratomas associated with activation of the mTORC1-TFE3 pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2251-8. [PMID: 26352760 PMCID: PMC4583534 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The model animal of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the Eker rat, has a germline mutation in the tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) gene. Heterozygous mutants develop RCCs by second hit in the wild-type Tsc2 allele, whereas homozygous mutants are embryonic lethal. In the present study, a new cell differentiation model was developed to study the mechanism of Tsc2 mutation-associated pathogenesis by generating Tsc2-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from Eker rats. Tsc2+/+, Tsc2+/− and Tsc2−/− ESCs were all capable of generating three germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. Interestingly, epithelial tumor-like abnormal ductal structures were reproducibly observed in Tsc2−/− teratomas from different ESC lines. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling was activated in abnormal ducts of Tsc2−/− teratomas, on the basis of positive staining for p-S6 and p-4EBP1. In these abnormal ducts, expression levels of epithelial markers (i.e., megalin and cubilin) and the cytoplasmic localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin were similar to those in Eker rat RCCs. Moreover, a transcription factor regulated by mTORC1, named TFE3, was located in the nuclei of abnormal ducts and Eker rat RCCs. As a negative regulator of ESC differentiation, TFE3 may result in tissue-specific differentiation defects related to tumorigenesis in Eker rats and Tsc2−/− teratomas. The present study suggests that ESCs derived from Eker rats constitute a novel experimental tool with which to analyze differentiation defects and cell-type specific pathogenesis associated with Tsc2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Kawano
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ito
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Fumio Kanai
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Setsuo Takai
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima 724-0695, Japan
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan
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263
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MircoRNA-33a inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis and could be a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13677. [PMID: 26330060 PMCID: PMC4556976 DOI: 10.1038/srep13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism by which epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated cancer metastasis and how microRNA (miRNA) regulates lung cancer progression via Twist1-activated EMT may provide potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. Here we found that miR-33a, an intronic miRNA located within the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) gene, is expressed at low levels in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and is inversely correlated with Twist1 expression. Conversely, miR-33a knockdown induces EMT and miR-33a overexpression blocks EMT by regulating of Twist1 expression in NSCLC cells. Bioinformatical prediction and luciferase reporter assay confirm that Twist1 is a direct target of miR-33a. Additionally, Twist1 knockdown blocks EMT-related metastasis and forced expression of miR-33a inhibits lung cancer metastasis in a xenograft animal model. Clinically, miR-33a is found to be at low levels in NSCLC patients and down-regulation of miR-33a predicts a poor prognosis. These findings suggest that miR-33a targets Twist1 and inhibits invasion and metastasis in NSCLC. Thus, miR-33a might be a potential prognostic marker and of therapeutic relevance for NSCLC metastasis intervention.
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264
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Li L, Liu C, Amato RJ, Chang JT, Du G, Li W. CDKL2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10840-53. [PMID: 25333262 PMCID: PMC4279414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers mesenchymal properties on epithelial cells and has been closely associated with the acquisition of aggressive traits by epithelial cancer cells. To identify novel regulators of EMT, we carried out cDNA screens that covered 500 human kinases. Subsequent characterization of candidate kinases led us to uncover cyclin-dependent kinase-like 2 (CDKL2) as a novel potent promoter for EMT and breast cancer progression. CDKL2-expressing human mammary gland epithelial cells displayed enhanced mesenchymal traits and stem cell-like phenotypes, which was acquired through activating a ZEB1/E-cadherin/β-catenin positive feedback loop and regulating CD44 mRNA alternative splicing to promote conversion of CD24high cells to CD44high cells. Furthermore, CDKL2 enhanced primary tumor formation and metastasis in a breast cancer xenograft model. Notably, CDKL2 is expressed significantly higher in mesenchymal human breast cancer cell lines than in epithelial lines, and its over-expression/amplification in human breast cancers is associated with shorter disease-free survival. Taken together, our study uncovered a major role for CDKL2 in promoting EMT and breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunping Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Amato
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Memorial Hermann Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey T Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Memorial Hermann Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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265
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Programmed death-1 ligand 1 and 2 are highly expressed in pleomorphic carcinomas of the lung: Comparison of sarcomatous and carcinomatous areas. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2698-707. [PMID: 26329973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) of the lung is a rare type of poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) that belongs to sarcomatoid carcinoma (SC). It exhibits aggressive behaviour and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recently, immunotherapy targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway has demonstrated favourable clinical outcomes in NSCLC. However, the expression patterns of PD-1-related molecules in pulmonary PC remain elusive. PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression was estimated in 41 cases of PC using immunohistochemistry. CD8(+) and PD-1(+) tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were also evaluated. PD-L1 and PD-L2 were highly expressed in pulmonary PCs (90.2% [37/41)]; 87.8% [36/41]). The amount of CD8(+) or PD-1(+) TILs and the ratio of PD-1(+)/CD8(+) TILs in PC were higher in males, smokers and older patients. PD-L1-positive PCs were infiltrated by higher numbers of CD8(+) TILs compared to PD-L1-negative cases (P=0.006). Of note, PD-L1 expression in pulmonary PCs was significantly higher in sarcomatous areas than in the carcinomatous portion (P=0.006). PC patients with a high ratio of PD-1(+)/CD8(+) TILs showed a shorter progression-free survival (P=0.036), whereas PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression had no prognostic implications. Our study demonstrates that pulmonary PCs very frequently express PD-L1 and PD-L2. Moreover, their expression is higher in sarcomatous cells than in carcinomatous areas. Thus, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may represent a potential therapeutic candidate for this aggressive tumour.
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266
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Li C, Li J, Wu D, Han G. The involvement of survivin in insulin-like growth factor 1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1091-6. [PMID: 26271669 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been identified that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activated various pathways of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a couple of tumors. At the same time, survivin is implicated in EMT of gastric cancer (GC). To date, the impact of survivin on IGF-1-mediated EMT of GC has not been featured. In this work, we used the immunohistochemistry and molecular and cellular experiments to investigate the existence and significance of IGF-1 and survivin. Our findings revealed that survivin protein can be observed in majority of samples in all GC samples. Importantly, survivin expression has an obvious association with GC stage, and metastasis. In vitro, GC cell line BGC823 was treated with different concentrations of IGF-1, resulting in the activation of p-ERK, p-AKT, survivin, and the expression of EMT biomarkers, including N-cadherin, MMP2, and Snail. However, the silencing of survivin eradicated the expression IGF-1-induced EMT biomarkers and affected the migration and invasion of BGC823 cells. In conclusion, IGF-1 signaling activated survivin expression and controlled the expression of EMT biomarkers in the development of GC. This study lays a new stage for the molecular therapy of GC patients in the clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38#, Wuyingshan Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinbao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guanzhuang Hospital of Anqiu City, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huimin County Hospital of Shandong Province, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 38#, Wuyingshan Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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267
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Sahu SK, Garding A, Tiwari N, Thakurela S, Toedling J, Gebhard S, Ortega F, Schmarowski N, Berninger B, Nitsch R, Schmidt M, Tiwari VK. JNK-dependent gene regulatory circuitry governs mesenchymal fate. EMBO J 2015; 34:2162-81. [PMID: 26157010 PMCID: PMC4557668 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process in which cells lose cell–cell contacts and become motile. EMT is used during development, for example, in triggering neural crest migration, and in cancer metastasis. Despite progress, the dynamics of JNK signaling, its role in genomewide transcriptional reprogramming, and involved downstream effectors during EMT remain largely unknown. Here, we show that JNK is not required for initiation, but progression of phenotypic changes associated with EMT. Such dependency resulted from JNK-driven transcriptional reprogramming of critical EMT genes and involved changes in their chromatin state. Furthermore, we identified eight novel JNK-induced transcription factors that were required for proper EMT. Three of these factors were also highly expressed in invasive cancer cells where they function in gene regulation to maintain mesenchymal identity. These factors were also induced during neuronal development and function in neuronal migration in vivo. These comprehensive findings uncovered a kinetically distinct role for the JNK pathway in defining the transcriptome that underlies mesenchymal identity and revealed novel transcription factors that mediate these responses during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neha Tiwari
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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268
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TGFβ1 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of bladder cancer cells through lncRNA-ZEB2NAT. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11924. [PMID: 26152796 PMCID: PMC4495469 DOI: 10.1038/srep11924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) patients at muscle invasive stage have poor clinical outcome, due to high propensity for metastasis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), one of the principal constituents of the tumor stroma, play an important role in tumor development. However, it is unclear whether CAFs from UBC induce cell invasion and which signaling pathway is involved. Herein, we found that conditional medium from UBC CAFs (CAF-CM) enhanced the invasion of UBC cells. CAF-CM induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating expression levels of EMT-associated markers in UBC cells. Higher concentration of TGFβ1 in CAF-CM, comparing with the CM from adjacent normal fibroblast, led to phosphorylation of Smad2 in UBC cells. Additionally, inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling decreased the EMT-associated gene expression, and cancer cell invasion. Interestingly, a long non-coding RNA, ZEB2NAT, was demonstrated to be essential for this TGFβ1-dependent process. ZEB2NAT depletion reversed CAF-CM-induced EMT and invasion of cancer cells, as well as reduced the ZEB2 protein level. Consistently, TGFβ1 mRNA expression is positively correlated with ZEB2NAT transcript and ZEB2 protein levels in human bladder cancer specimens. Our data revealed a novel mechanism that CAFs induces EMT and invasion of human UBC cells through the TGFβ1-ZEB2NAT-ZEB2 axis.
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269
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Xuan Y, Luo Y, Jiao W. Loss expression of micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-200c induces adverse post-surgical prognosis of advanced stage non-small cell lung carcinoma and its potential relationship with ETAR messenger RNA. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:421-6. [PMID: 26273396 PMCID: PMC4511319 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. As micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-200 and ETAR may play an essential role in the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) simultaneously, the purpose of this study was to detect the expression of miRNA-200c and ETAR messenger (m)RNA and assess their prognostic significance in early stage NSCLC. METHODS Our study included 78 advanced stage (IIB, IIIA, IIIB) NSCLC patients. All patients were smokers. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, we detected the expression of miRNA-200c and ETAR mRNA and assessed their correlation by χ(2) test. Time to progression was used as the recurrent index and was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis in the Cox hazard model. RESULTS Both miRNA-200c and ETAR mRNA expression are associated with N stage and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in a series of advanced NSCLC patients. Among N stage and TNM stage patients, significant differences were found in IIB (P = 0.0126), IIIB (P = 0.0107) and N0 (P = 0.0023) and in N1 + N2 groups (P = 0.0133). Using both univariate and multivariate survival analyses, we found that miRNA-200c (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.352, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.187-0.662) and ETAR mRNA (HR = 2.500 95% CI: 1.345-4.647) were independent prognostic factors, independent of TNM stage (HR = 2.414, 95% CI: 1.600-3.642) and differentiation (HR = 1.530, 95% CI: 1.050-2230). CONCLUSIONS miRNA-200c induces an expedient surgical survival, whereas ETAR mRNA has the reverse prognosis in advanced stage NSCLC patients. A potential relationship exists in that miRNA-200c targets ETAR mRNA during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Yandong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Zizong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Yunpeng Xuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Yiren Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Jiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
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270
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Nieh S, Jao SW, Yang CY, Lin YS, Tseng YH, Liu CL, Lee TY, Liu TY, Chu YH, Chen SF. Regulation of tumor progression via the Snail-RKIP signaling pathway by nicotine exposure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 37:1712-21. [PMID: 24986226 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that long-term exposure of the carcinogen 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK) found in tobacco smoke is involved in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The underlying nicotine-mediated mechanism remains unclear. METHODS An analysis of SCC-25 and Fadu cells with or without NNK exposure focusing on the evaluation of migration and invasion abilities, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, drug-resistance-related genes, properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and anti-apoptosis was performed. RESULTS Long-term NNK exposure enhances migration and invasion with morphological alterations in a dose-dependently manner. Furthermore, NNK exposure also upregulates Snail, promotes sphere-forming ability, and overexpresses aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), Nanog, OCT4, ABCG2, and MDR1. CONCLUSION The current study confirmed that long-term NNK exposure plays a role in HNSCC by increasing anti-apoptosis and therapeutic resistance via the Snail-RKIP signaling pathway. Our data also suggest that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) inhibition or targeting Snail may provide a feasible rationale for preventing the progression of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nieh
- Department and Graduate School of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Jao
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yuh Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Cheng Hsin Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaoh-Shiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Tseng
- Department and Graduate School of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Lee
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueng-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Center & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Feng Chen
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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271
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Li YC, Chang JT, Chiu C, Lu YC, Li YL, Chiang CH, You GR, Lee LY, Cheng AJ. Areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1012-23. [PMID: 26087469 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. Previous studies to examine the effects of this carcinogen often used short-term and high-dose treatment of area nut extract as a research model, which do not recapitulate the conditions of patients with long-term and habitual use of this substance. To approach authentic mechanism of areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis that occurs in human, we established four isogenic sublines of oral cells which were chronic exposed to areca nut extract. Without eliciting cytotoxicity or senescence, these four sublines cells exhibited significant increase in invasive ability, along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These cells also showed resistance to chemotherapeutic drug and irradiation, accompanying with the augmentation of ABCG2 protein efflux and increased ROS clearance. Moreover, these sublines possessed the characteristics of cancer stemness, as demonstrated by enriched CD24-/CD44+ and CD133+ sub-populations, enhanced spheroid cell formation, and induced expressions of pluripotent stemness regulators, including Gp96, Grp78, Slug, Sox9, Snail, and Foxc2. These stemness regulators were further shown up-regulations in oral cancer patients with areca nut-chewing habit, and were statistically correlated with CD44 expression, a stemness marker. In conclusion, our findings suggested that areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. This study may further contribute to clinical applications in disease prevention, risk assessment or molecular therapeutics on areca nut- associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Crystal Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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272
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Lee D, Na J, Ryu J, Kim HJ, Nam SH, Kang M, Jung JW, Lee MS, Song HE, Choi J, Lee GH, Kim TY, Chung JK, Park KH, Kim SH, Kim H, Seo H, Kim P, Youn H, Lee JW. Interaction of tetraspan(in) TM4SF5 with CD44 promotes self-renewal and circulating capacities of hepatocarcinoma cells. Hepatology 2015; 61:1978-97. [PMID: 25627085 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor metastasis involves circulating and tumor-initiating capacities of metastatic cancer cells. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is related to self-renewal capacity and circulating tumor cell (CTC) characteristics for tumor metastasis. Although tumor metastasis is a life-threatening, complicated process that occurs through circulation of tumor cells, mechanistic aspects of self-renewal and circulating capacities have been largely unknown. Hepatic transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) promotes EMT for malignant growth and migration, so it was rationalized that TM4SF5, as a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biomarker, might be important for metastatic potential. Here, self-renewal capacity by TM4SF5 was mechanistically explored using hepatocarcinoma cells with or without TM4SF5 expression, and we explored whether they became CTCs using mouse liver-orthotopic model systems. We found that TM4SF5-dependent sphere growth correlated with CD24(-) , aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, as well as a physical association between CD44 and TM4SF5. Interaction between TM4SF5 and CD44 was through their extracellular domains with N-glycosylation modifications. TM4SF5/CD44 interaction activated proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (c-Src)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/Twist-related protein 1 (Twist1)/B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi1) signaling for spheroid formation, whereas disturbing the interaction, expression, or activity of any component in this signaling pathway inhibited spheroid formation. In serial xenografts using 200∼5,000 cells per injection, TM4SF5-positive tumors exhibited subpopulations with locally increased CD44 expressions, supporting for tumor cell differentiation. TM4SF5-positive, but not TM4SF5- or CD44-knocked-down, cells were identified circulating in blood 4-6 weeks after orthotopic liver injection using in vivo laser scanning endomicroscopy. Anti-TM4SF5 reagent blocked their metastasis to distal intestinal organs. CONCLUSION TM4SF5 promotes self-renewal and CTC properties supported by TM4SF5(+) /CD44(+(TM4SF5-bound)) /ALDH(+) /CD24(-) markers during HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doohyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juri Na
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Nam
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeng Eun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungeun Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Key Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howon Seo
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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273
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Thakur R, Trivedi R, Rastogi N, Singh M, Mishra DP. Inhibition of STAT3, FAK and Src mediated signaling reduces cancer stem cell load, tumorigenic potential and metastasis in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10194. [PMID: 25973915 PMCID: PMC4431480 DOI: 10.1038/srep10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for aggressive tumor growth, metastasis and therapy resistance. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Shikonin (Shk) on breast cancer and found its anti-CSC potential. Shk treatment decreased the expression of various epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSC associated markers. Kinase profiling array and western blot analysis indicated that Shk inhibits STAT3, FAK and Src activation. Inhibition of these signaling proteins using standard inhibitors revealed that STAT3 inhibition affected CSCs properties more significantly than FAK or Src inhibition. We observed a significant decrease in cell migration upon FAK and Src inhibition and decrease in invasion upon inhibition of STAT3, FAK and Src. Combined inhibition of STAT3 with Src or FAK reduced the mammosphere formation, migration and invasion more significantly than the individual inhibitions. These observations indicated that the anti-breast cancer properties of Shk are due to its potential to inhibit multiple signaling proteins. Shk also reduced the activation and expression of STAT3, FAK and Src in vivo and reduced tumorigenicity, growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells. Collectively, this study underscores the translational relevance of using a single inhibitor (Shk) for compromising multiple tumor-associated signaling pathways to check cancer metastasis and stem cell load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Thakur
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, INDIA
| | - Rachana Trivedi
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, INDIA
| | - Namrata Rastogi
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, INDIA
| | - Manisha Singh
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, INDIA
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, INDIA
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274
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Bill R, Christofori G. The relevance of EMT in breast cancer metastasis: Correlation or causality? FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1577-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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275
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Meng J, Li P, Zhang Q, Yang Z, Fu S. A radiosensitivity gene signature in predicting glioma prognostic via EMT pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4683-93. [PMID: 24970813 PMCID: PMC4148091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-gene signature derived by integrating four different microarray experiments, has been found to have a potential for predicting radiosensitivity of cancer cells, but it was seldom validated in clinical cancer samples. We proposed that the gene signature may serve as a predictive biomarker for estimating the overall survival of radiation-treated patients. The significance of gene signature was tested in two previously published datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA), respectively. In GEO data set, patients predicted to be radiosensitive(RS) had an improved overall survival when compared with radioresistant(RR) patients in either radiotherapy(RT)-treated or non radiotherapy(RT)-treated subgroups(p<0.0001 in the RT-treated group). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the gene signature is the strongest predictor(p=0.0093) in the RT-treated subgroup of patients. However, it does not remain significant (p=0.7668) in non radiotherapy-treated group when adjusting for age and Karnofsky performance score (KPS) as covariates. Similarly, in the TCGA data set, radiotherapy-treated glioblastoma multiforme(GBM) patients assigned to RS group had an improved overall survival compared with RR group(p<0.0001). Geneset enrichment analysis(GSEA) analysis revealed that enrichment of epithelial mesenchymal transition(EMT) pathway was observed with radioresistant phenotype. These results suggest that the signature is a predictive biomarker for radiation-treated glioma patients' prognostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Radiation Oncology Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC), Shanghai, China. Radiation Oncology Dept, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangru Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Shen Fu
- Radiation Oncology Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC), Shanghai, China. Radiation Oncology Dept, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center (SPHIC), Shanghai, China
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276
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NANOG signaling promotes metastatic capability of immunoedited tumor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:429-39. [PMID: 25899063 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic recurrence after cancer treatments with radiation, cancer drugs, or even immunotherapeutic agents (cytokine, antibody, lymphocyte etc.) is often intractable and fatal for cancer patients. Therefore, molecular understanding of metastatic recurrence is necessary. Recently, these recurrent and metastatic tumor cells with resistance to cancer drugs have been reported to possess stem-like attributes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Previously, we also found that antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunotherapy conferred tumor cells with immune-resistant and stem-like phenotypes by hyper-activating NANOG/TCL1/AKT signaling axis. In this study, we report that these immunoedited cells have high metastatic capability and phenotypes. These cells exhibit enhanced migration, infiltration, and invasiveness in vitro as well as formation of metastatic lung nodules in vivo. Moreover, they display EMT-like features characterized by increased expression of BMI1 and TWIST1. Importantly, these pleiotropic phenotypes of metastasis through the expression of the EMT-associated molecules were critically dependent on the NANOG/TCL1A/AKT signaling axis, which was also conserved across multiple types of human cancer. Thus, we provide proof of the principle that inhibition of the NANOG axis is an effective strategy to control metastasis of immunoedited cancer, particularly, after CTL-based immunotherapy.
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277
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Kumar S, Lombard DB. Mitochondrial sirtuins and their relationships with metabolic disease and cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1060-77. [PMID: 25545135 PMCID: PMC4389911 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis is critical for cellular and organismal health. Proper regulation of mitochondrial functions represents a crucial element of overall metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondrial sirtuins (SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5) play pivotal roles in promoting this homeostasis by regulating numerous aspects of mitochondrial metabolism in response to environmental stressors. RECENT ADVANCES New work has illuminated multiple links between mitochondrial sirtuins and cancer. SIRT5 has been shown to regulate the recently described post-translational modifications succinyl-lysine, malonyl-lysine, and glutaryl-lysine. An understanding of these modifications is still in its infancy. Enumeration of SIRT3 and SIRT5 targets via advanced proteomic techniques promises to dramatically enhance insight into functions of these proteins. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial sirtuins and their targets in cellular and organismal metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, we discuss emerging roles for mitochondrial sirtuins in suppressing and/or promoting tumorigenesis, depending on the cellular and molecular context. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Currently, hundreds of potential SIRT3 and SIRT5 molecular targets have been identified in proteomic experiments. Future studies will need to validate the major targets of these enzymes, and elucidate how acetylation and/or acylation modulate their functionality. A great deal of interest exists in targeting sirtuins pharmacologically; this endeavor will require development of sirtuin-specific modulators (activators and inhibitors) as potential treatments for cancer and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder Kumar
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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278
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Zhou Z, Zhang L, Xie B, Wang X, Yang X, Ding N, Zhang J, Liu Q, Tan G, Feng D, Sun LQ. FOXC2 promotes chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinomas via induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:137-45. [PMID: 25896630 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is currently used as the front-line chemotherapeutic drug for many types of human cancers. However, the emergence of drug resistance has been a major obstacle to the effective treatment of cancers in clinical settings. The transcription factor Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) was recently demonstrated to activate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this article, we present a novel role of FOXC2 in regulating chemoresistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through the EMT. Using an EMT PCR array based on the screening of 84 genes, the expression of FOXC2 was notably upregulated in paclitaxel-resistant NPC cells (CNE2/t). We observed that the paclitaxel-resistant cells exhibited characteristic EMT phenotypes. The silencing of FOXC2 expression in the resistant cells can reverse the EMT molecular markers and chemoresistant phenotypes, such as cellular morphology, proliferation and anoikis. In an NPC xenograft mouse model, the downregulation of FOXC2 expression in the resistant NPC cells increased their sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment, resulting in reduced tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest that FOXC2-mediated EMT may be an alternative mechanism through which cancer cells can initiate and maintain drug resistance. Thus, targeting FOXC2 may provide a novel strategy for overcoming chemoresistance in NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiangpu Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xinhui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Nianhua Ding
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Respiration, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Guolin Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 3(rd) Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Deyun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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279
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miR-186 regulation of Twist1 and ovarian cancer sensitivity to cisplatin. Oncogene 2015; 35:323-32. [PMID: 25867064 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an established role in promoting tumor progression and the acquisition of therapeutic resistance. Here, the EMT phenotype was detected in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, and correlated with decreased miR-186 expression, increased Twist1 expression, chemoresistance and poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Introducing miR-186 into EOC cells led to a reduction in twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (Twist1) expression along with morphological, functional and molecular changes consistent with mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, G1 cell-cycle arrest and enhanced cell apoptosis, which consequently rendered the cells more sensitive to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, luciferase reporter and rescue assay results showed that the EMT and drug resistance reversal in response to miR-186 was mediated by Twist1. Collectively, these findings implicate miR-186 as an attractive candidate for overcoming chemoresistance in ovarian cancer therapy.
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280
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Su H, Jin X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Lin B, Li L, Fei Z, Shen L, Fang Y, Pan H, Xie C. FH535 increases the radiosensitivity and reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of radioresistant esophageal cancer cell line KYSE-150R. J Transl Med 2015; 13:104. [PMID: 25888911 PMCID: PMC4384308 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired radioresistance has significantly compromised the efficacy of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the roles of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the acquirement of radioresistance during the radiation treatment of esophageal cancer. METHODS We previously established a radioresistant cell line (KYSE-150R) from the KYSE-150 cell line (a human cell line model for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) with a gradient cumulative irradiation dose. In this study, the expression of EMT phenotypes and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins were examined by real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence in the KYSE-150R cells. The KYSE-150R cells were then treated with a β-Catenin/Tcf inhibitor FH535. The expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin and EMT markers in KYSE-150R cells were assessed at both mRNA and protein level after FH535 treatment. The radiosensitization effect of FH535 on KYSE-150R was evaluated by CCK8 analysis and a colony forming assay. DNA repair capacities was detected by the neutral comet assays. RESULTS KYSE-150R cell line displayed obvious radiation resistance and had a stable genetic ability. EMT phenotype was presented in the KYSE-150R cells with decreased E-cadherin and increased snail and twist expressions. The up-regulated expressions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins (Wnt1, FZD1-4, GSK3β, CTNNB1 and Cyclin D1), the increased phosphorylation of GSK3β, and the decreased phosphorylation of β-catenin were observed in KYSE-150R cells compared with KYSE-150 cells, implicating the activation of the Wnt pathway in KYSE-150R cells. The expression of nuclear β-catenin and nuclear translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm was decreased after FH535 treatment. FH535 also reversed EMT phenotypes by increasing E-cadherin expression. The cell proliferation rates of KYSE-150R were dose-dependent and the radiation survival fraction was significantly decreased upon FH535 treatment. Neutral comet assays indicated that FH535 impairs DNA double stranded break repair in KYSE-150R cells. CONCLUSIONS Acquisition of radioresistance and EMT in esophageal cancer cells is associated with the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. EMT phenotypes can be reduced and the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells can be enhanced by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with FH535 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Su
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xiance Jin
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xuebang Zhang
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lihao Zhao
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Baochai Lin
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lili Li
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Zhenghua Fei
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Lanxiao Shen
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Ya Fang
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Huanle Pan
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Congying Xie
- Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Deparment, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No.2 Fuxue Lane, 325000, Wenzhou, China.
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281
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XU PEIYUAN, CAI FEI, LIU XIAOFEI, GUO LELE. Sesamin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation and invasion through the p38-MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3117-23. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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282
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Zhang Z, Yang C, Gao W, Chen T, Qian T, Hu J, Tan Y. FOXA2 attenuates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition by regulating the transcription of E-cadherin and ZEB2 in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:240-50. [PMID: 25779673 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Forkhead Box A2 (FOXA2) transcription factor is required for embryonic development and for normal functions of multiple adult tissues, in which the maintained expression of FOXA2 is usually related to preventing the progression of malignant transformation. In this study, we found that FOXA2 prevented the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human breast cancer. We observed a strong correlation between the expression levels of FOXA2 and the epithelial phenotype. Knockdown of FOXA2 promoted the mesenchymal phenotype, whereas stable overexpression of FOXA2 attenuated EMT in breast cancer cells. FOXA2 was found to endogenously bind to and stimulate the promoter of E-cadherin that is crucial for epithelial phenotype of the tumor cells. Meanwhile, FOXA2 prevented EMT of breast cancer cells by repressing the expression of EMT-related transcription factor ZEB2 through recruiting a transcriptional corepressor TLE3 to the ZEB2 promoter. The stable overexpression of FOXA2 abolished metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo. This study confirmed that FOXA2 inhibited EMT in breast cancer cells by regulating the transcription of EMT-related genes such as E-cadherin and ZEB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tuanhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yongjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
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283
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YU CHAO, CHEN LILI, YIE LIN, WEI LEI, WEN TAOYU, LIU YANAN, CHEN HONGYAN. Targeting FoxM1 inhibits proliferation, invasion and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathway. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2402-10. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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284
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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285
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Cojoc M, Peitzsch C, Kurth I, Trautmann F, Kunz-Schughart LA, Telegeev GD, Stakhovsky EA, Walker JR, Simin K, Lyle S, Fuessel S, Erdmann K, Wirth MP, Krause M, Baumann M, Dubrovska A. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Is Regulated by β-Catenin/TCF and Promotes Radioresistance in Prostate Cancer Progenitor Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1482-94. [PMID: 25670168 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a curative treatment option in prostate cancer. Nevertheless, patients with high-risk prostate cancer are prone to relapse. Identification of the predictive biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of radioresistance bears promise to improve cancer therapies. In this study, we show that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is indicative of radioresistant prostate progenitor cells with an enhanced DNA repair capacity and activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Gene expression profiling of prostate cancer cells, their radioresistant derivatives, ALDH(+) and ALDH(-) cell populations revealed the mechanisms, which link tumor progenitors to radioresistance, including activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. We found that expression of the ALDH1A1 gene is regulated by the WNT signaling pathway and co-occurs with expression of β-catenin in prostate tumor specimens. Inhibition of the WNT pathway led to a decrease in ALDH(+) tumor progenitor population and to radiosensitization of cancer cells. Taken together, our results indicate that ALDH(+) cells contribute to tumor radioresistance and their molecular targeting may enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cojoc
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Peitzsch
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ina Kurth
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Trautmann
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gennady D Telegeev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| | - Karl Simin
- UMass Cancer Center Tissue Bank, Department of Cancer Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Lyle
- UMass Cancer Center Tissue Bank, Department of Cancer Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P Wirth
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mechthild Krause
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany. Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany. Institute of Radiation Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, Bautzner Landstrasse, Dresden, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Baumann
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany. Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany. Institute of Radiation Oncology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany, Bautzner Landstrasse, Dresden, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Fetscherstrasse, Dresden, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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286
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Yamashita R, Sato M, Kakumu T, Hase T, Yogo N, Maruyama E, Sekido Y, Kondo M, Hasegawa Y. Growth inhibitory effects of miR-221 and miR-222 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Med 2015; 4:551-64. [PMID: 25641933 PMCID: PMC4402070 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both pro- and anti-oncogenic roles of miR-221 and miR-222 microRNAs are reported in several types of human cancers. A previous study suggested their oncogenic role in invasiveness in lung cancer, albeit only one cell line (H460) was used. To further evaluate involvement of miR-221 and miR-222 in lung cancer, we investigated the effects of miR-221 and miR-222 overexpression on six lung cancer cell lines, including H460, as well as one immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cell line, HBEC4. miR-221 and miR-222 induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like changes in a minority of HBEC4 cells but, unexpectedly, both the microRNAs rather suppressed their invasiveness. Consistent with the prior report, miR-221 and miR-222 promoted growth in H460; however, miR-221 suppressed growth in four other cell lines with no effects in one, and miR-222 suppressed growth in three cell lines but promoted growth in two. These are the first results to show tumor-suppressive effects of miR-221 and miR-222 in lung cancer cells, and we focused on clarifying the mechanisms. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses revealed that growth suppression by miR-221 and miR-222 occurred through intra-S-phase arrest and/or apoptosis. Finally, lung cancer cell lines transfected with miR-221 or miR-222 became more sensitive to the S-phase targeting drugs, possibly due to an increased S-phase population. In conclusion, our data are the first to show tumor-suppressive effects of miR-221 and miR-222 on lung cancer, warranting testing their potential as therapeutics for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamashita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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287
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Cieply B, Carstens RP. Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2015; 6:311-26. [PMID: 25630614 PMCID: PMC4671264 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism used to generate greater transcriptomic and proteomic diversity from a finite genome. Nearly all human gene transcripts are alternatively spliced and can produce protein isoforms with divergent and even antagonistic properties that impact cell functions. Many AS events are tightly regulated in a cell-type or tissue-specific manner, and at different developmental stages. AS is regulated by RNA-binding proteins, including cell- or tissue-specific splicing factors. In the past few years, technological advances have defined genome-wide programs of AS regulated by increasing numbers of splicing factors. These splicing regulatory networks (SRNs) consist of transcripts that encode proteins that function in coordinated and related processes that impact the development and phenotypes of different cell types. As such, it is increasingly recognized that disruption of normal programs of splicing regulated by different splicing factors can lead to human diseases. We will summarize examples of diseases in which altered expression or function of splicing regulatory proteins has been implicated in human disease pathophysiology. As the role of AS continues to be unveiled in human disease and disease risk, it is hoped that further investigations into the functions of numerous splicing factors and their regulated targets will enable the development of novel therapies that are directed at specific AS events as well as the biological pathways they impact. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:311–326. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1276 For further resources related to this article, please visit the http://wires.wiley.com/remdoi.cgi?doi=10.1002/wrna.1276WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cieply
- Departments of Medicine (Renal) and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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288
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Translationally controlled tumor protein induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition and promotes cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8061. [PMID: 25622969 PMCID: PMC4306963 DOI: 10.1038/srep08061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), is a highly conserved protein involved in fundamental processes, such as cell proliferation and growth, tumorigenesis, apoptosis, pluripotency, and cell cycle regulation. TCTP also inhibits Na,K-ATPase whose subunits have been suggested as a marker of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial step during tumor invasiveness, metastasis and fibrosis. We hypothesized that, TCTP might also serve as an EMT inducer. This study attempts to verify this hypothesis. We found that overexpression of TCTP in a porcine renal proximal tubule cell line, LLC-PK1, induced EMT-like phenotypes with the expected morphological changes and appearance of EMT related markers. Conversely, depletion of TCTP reversed the induction of these EMT phenotypes. TCTP overexpression also enhanced cell migration via activation of mTORC2/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin, and invasiveness by activating MMP-9. Moreover, TCTP depletion in melanoma cells significantly reduced pulmonary metastasis by inhibiting the development of mesenchymal-like phenotypes. Overall, these findings support our hypothesis that TCTP is a positive regulator of EMT and suggest that modulation of TCTP expression is a potential approach to inhibit the invasiveness and migration of cancer cells and the attendant pathologic processes including metastasis.
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289
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The aberrant overexpression of vimentin is linked to a more aggressive status in tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2015; 10:7-11. [PMID: 25960808 PMCID: PMC4411408 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2014.47502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein normally expressed in cells of mesenchymal origin, e.g. myofibroblasts, chondrocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. The expression of vimentin, which has been thought of as the main mesenchymal marker, is also detected in tumour tissue. In tumours of the gastrointestinal tract vimentin expression is usually correlated with advanced stage of tumour, lymph node metastasis, and patient survival.
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290
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, Jin Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Ren H. Matrine inhibits the invasive properties of human glioma cells by regulating epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3682-6. [PMID: 25572156 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine is reported to be effective in tumor therapies; however, the anti‑metastatic effect and molecular mechanism(s) of matrine on glioma remain poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of matrine on glioma and the associated mechanism(s). In the study, we demonstrated that matrine inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells. We also observed that matrine inhibited the migration and invasion of glioma cells at non‑toxic concentrations. Matrine also decreased the expression of E‑cadherin and increased the expression of N‑cadherin. These results suggest that the anti‑metastatic effect of matrine may be correlated with epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, matrine could reduce the phosphorylation levels of p38 and AKT proteins. In conclusion, these results suggest matrine may be a potential alternative against invasive glioma cells via the p38 MAPK and AKT signaling‑dependent inhibition of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiulong Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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291
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Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are lethal. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that bolster the conversion from benign to malignant progression is key for treating these heterogeneous and resistant neoplasms. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a conserved cellular program that alters cell shape, adhesion and movement. The shift to a more mesenchymal-like phenotype can promote tumor cell intravasation of surrounding blood vessels and emigration to a new organ, yet may not be necessary for extravasation or colonization into that environment. Lymphatic dissemination, on the other hand, may not require EMT. This review presents emerging data on the modes by which tumor cells promote EMT/MET via microRNA and prepare the pre-metastatic niche via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Banyard
- a Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane R Bielenberg
- a Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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292
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Lim SHS, Becker TM, Chua W, Ng WL, de Souza P, Spring KJ. Circulating tumour cells and the epithelial mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:848-53. [PMID: 25008452 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) hold great potential as liquid biopsies to prognosticate disease and guide treatment in colorectal cancer. However, their emerging role in determining the molecular phenotype of tumour metastasis carries even more promising clinical use in the provision of comprehensive biomarker detection for targeted therapies and determination of drug resistance. The isolation of CTCs is technology dependent, and in the case of epithelial cell adhesion molecule-based platforms, the ability to detect cells that have undergone the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is ineffective. CTCs displaying a mesenchymal phenotype are believed to have an increased metastatic potential. The rarity of CTCs provides another challenge in the enumeration of these cells. The future will likely involve the analysis of individual CTCs at any stage of the EMT in order to provide real-time phenotypic and molecular snapshots capable of tracking the dynamic evolution of tumour progression over time.
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293
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Hirt C, Papadimitropoulos A, Mele V, Muraro MG, Mengus C, Iezzi G, Terracciano L, Martin I, Spagnoli GC. "In vitro" 3D models of tumor-immune system interaction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:145-54. [PMID: 24819215 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between cancer cells and immune system critically affects development, progression and treatment of human malignancies. Experimental animal models and conventional "in vitro" studies have provided a wealth of information on this interaction, currently used to develop immune-mediated therapies. Studies utilizing three-dimensional culture technologies have emphasized that tumor architecture dramatically influences cancer cell-immune system interaction by steering cytokine production and regulating differentiation patterns of myeloid cells, and decreasing the sensitivity of tumor cells to lymphocyte effector functions. Hypoxia and increased production of lactic acid by tumor cells cultured in 3D architectures appear to be mechanistically involved. 3D culture systems could be further developed to (i) include additional cell partners potentially influencing cancer cell-immune system interaction, (ii) enable improved control of hypoxia, and (iii) allow the use of freshly derived clinical cancer specimens. Such advanced models will represent new tools for cancer immunobiology studies and for pre-clinical assessment of innovative treatments.
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294
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Hypoxia promotes 786-O cells invasiveness and resistance to sorafenib via HIF-2α/COX-2. Med Oncol 2014; 32:419. [PMID: 25487445 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidences indicated that hypoxia-induced factors and COX-2 play a important role in tumorigenesis in various human cancer. Yet, the relationship between HIFs and COX-2 in human renal cancer remains unclear. The present study was to examine the role of HIFs and COX-2 in the invasiveness and the resistance to target agent in renal cancer cell line (786-O). In 786-O cells, hypoxia induced the increase in the protein expression of HIF1 and HIF2. We also demonstrate that hypoxia up-regulated the protein expression of COX-2 and Snail, but down-regulation of E-cadherin expression in 786-O cells promoted the invasiveness of 786-O cells and enhanced the resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib. siRNA target to HIF1α, HIF2α and NS398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, were used in this study. Only siRNA-HIF2α significantly suppressed the protein expression of HIF2 and COX-2, then decreased the invasive ability and resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib under hypoxia. NS398 attenuated the increase in invasive cells number and the IC50 value of sorafenib induced by hypoxia. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that hypoxia promoted the invasiveness and resistance of 786-O cells to sorafenib via HIF2 and COX-2 and induced the activation of Snail/E-cadherin, suggesting that a signalling mechanism involving HIF2/COX2 modulates invasiveness and resistance to sorafenib in 786-O cells under hypoxia.
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295
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Liu J, Zeng L, Zhao Y, Zhu B, Ren W, Wu C. Selenium suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced fibrosis in peritoneal mesothelial cells through inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161:202-9. [PMID: 25108639 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis resulting from long-term clinical peritoneal dialysis has been the main reason of dropout from peritoneal dialysis. Peritonitis as a common complication of peritoneal dialysis treatment may lead to the occurrences of peritoneal fibrosis. We cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in order to stimulate the environment of peritonitis and investigate whether lipopolysaccharides could induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Oxidative stress could stimulate fibrogenesis while selenium has antioxidant properties. So, this study also explored whether selenium supplementation affects lipopolysaccharide-induced EMT and fibrosis. We found that lipopolysaccharides could activate EMT changes such as the loss of E-cadherin and the increase of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I, vimentin, and fibronectin (FN), while selenium inhibits EMT by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS/MMP-9 signaling pathways in peritoneal mesothelial cells. Moreover, it was revealed that selenium decreased the EMT events of peritoneal mesothelial cells via inhibition of PI3k/AKT pathways. In conclusion, these findings enable a better understanding of the mechanism of peritoneal fibrosis and explore a new idea for the prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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296
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Zhao X, Sun B, Sun D, Liu T, Che N, Gu Q, Dong X, Li R, Liu Y, Li J. Slug promotes hepatocellular cancer cell progression by increasing sox2 and nanog expression. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:149-56. [PMID: 25339068 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor Slug plays an important role in the tumor invasion and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to explore the mechanism involved in the promotion of HCC progression by Slug. In the precent study, we demonstrated that Slug expression was significantly associated with metastasis and shorter survival time of HCC patients. Using ChIP-on-chip and microarray analysis, we identified the molecular profile of Slug downstream targets in HCC cells with Slug overexpression. The Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways were identified to promote pluripotency maintaining overexpression factors sox2 and nanog. Importantly, Slug showed a close relationship with sox2 and nanog expression in HCC patients and in HCC xenografts in vivo. Notably, the DNA damaging reagent hydroxyurea had no effect on Slug, sox2 and nanog expression in HCC cells with Slug overexpression; however knockdown of Slug by the short hairpin RNA approach markedly reduced sox2 and nanog expression and inhibited HCC cell migration in vitro. The results of this study indicate that Slug promotes progression of HCC by promoting sox2 and nanog overexpression. The related molecular pathways may be used as novel therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tieju Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Na Che
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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297
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Xu Y, Lu S. Transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition increases mitochondrial content in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:417-21. [PMID: 25323156 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome DNA copy number is critical for the functional maintenance of the mitochondria and energy acquisition for cell metabolism. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process during embryonic development and has also been hypothesized to exhibit a significant role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In the present study, EMT was induced in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, using transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and changes in mitochondrial content, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. mtDNA copy number and Cyt c protein levels were observed to increase following the induction of EMT in NSCLC cells. Results of the current study indicate that energy metabolism is adapted to facilitate EMT in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Xu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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298
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Yan XB, Zhu QC, Chen HQ, Peng JY, Chao HL, Du HX, Wang ZG, Jin ZM. Knockdown of Y‑box‑binding protein‑1 inhibits the malignant progression of HT‑29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells by reversing epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2720-8. [PMID: 25201740 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Y‑box binding protein‑1 (YB‑1) has been identified as an oncoprotein in various malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological role of YB‑1 and its association with epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression of YB‑1 and three EMT‑related proteins (E‑cadherin, N‑cadherin and vimentin) was analyzed in 80 CRC and matched normal tissue samples, by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that the expression of YB‑1 was higher in CRC tissue samples than that in matched normal controls and was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastases. Furthermore, analysis showed that YB‑1 expression was negatively correlated with E‑cadherin and positively correlated with N‑cadherin and vimentin expression. In vitro assays showed that knockdown of YB‑1 inhibited the proliferation, apoptosis resistance, invasion and migration of the HT‑29 CRC cell line. Of note, following knockdown of YB‑1, E‑cadherin expression was elevated whereas N‑cadherin and vimentin expression was reduced. Taken together, these results suggest that YB‑1 promotes the malignant progression of CRC in part through the induction of EMT, and YB‑1 may therefore be a potential novel target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bing Yan
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Chao Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Qi Chen
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yuan Peng
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Lei Chao
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hang-Xiang Du
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Jin
- Department of Surgery, Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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299
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Gallegos LL, Brugge JS. Live free or die: cell-cell adhesion regulates sensitivity to trail-induced apoptosis. Dev Cell 2014; 30:3-4. [PMID: 25026030 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the death ligand TRAIL to induce tumor cell apoptosis has led to the development of TRAIL-based cancer therapies. Reporting recently in Molecular Cell, Lu et al. (2014) show that the basis for differential TRAIL responses involves clustering of death receptor complexes by E-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Gallegos
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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300
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Carmona FJ, Davalos V, Vidal E, Gomez A, Heyn H, Hashimoto Y, Vizoso M, Martinez-Cardus A, Sayols S, Ferreira HJ, Sánchez-Mut JV, Morán S, Margelí M, Castella E, Berdasco M, Stefansson OA, Eyfjord JE, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Dopazo J, Orozco M, Gut IG, Esteller M. A comprehensive DNA methylation profile of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5608-19. [PMID: 25106427 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a plastic process in which fully differentiated epithelial cells are converted into poorly differentiated, migratory and invasive mesenchymal cells, and it has been related to the metastasis potential of tumors. This is a reversible process and cells can also eventually undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. The existence of a dynamic EMT process suggests the involvement of epigenetic shifts in the phenotype. Herein, we obtained the DNA methylomes at single-base resolution of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells undergoing EMT and translated the identified differentially methylated regions to human breast cancer cells undergoing a gain of migratory and invasive capabilities associated with the EMT phenotype. We noticed dynamic and reversible changes of DNA methylation, both on promoter sequences and gene-bodies in association with transcription regulation of EMT-related genes. Most importantly, the identified DNA methylation markers of EMT were present in primary mammary tumors in association with the epithelial or the mesenchymal phenotype of the studied breast cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Carmona
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Veronica Davalos
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Vidal
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Holger Heyn
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Vizoso
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Martinez-Cardus
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sayols
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose V Sánchez-Mut
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Morán
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Castella
- Pathology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olafur A Stefansson
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorunn E Eyfjord
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain. CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain. Functional Genomics Node (INB) at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain. Joint IRB-BSC Research Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain. Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo G Gut
- Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmica (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Barcelona, Spain. Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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