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Sun X, Xu J, Lu H, Liu W, Miao Z, Sui X, Liu H, Su L, Du W, He Q, Chen F, Shi Y, Deng H. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into thymic epithelial progenitor-like cells reconstitutes the thymic microenvironment in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:230-6. [PMID: 23910085 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymus transplantation has great clinical potential for treating immunological disorders, but the shortage of transplant donors limits the progress of this therapy. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are promising cell sources for generating thymic epithelial cells. Here, we report a stepwise protocol to direct the differentiation of hESCs into thymic epithelial progenitor-like cells (TEPLCs) by mimicking thymus organogenesis with sequential regulation of Activin, retinoic acid, BMP, and WNT signals. The hESC-derived TEPLCs expressed the key thymic marker gene FOXN1 and could further develop in vivo into thymic epithelium expressing the functional thymic markers MHC II and AIRE upon transplantation. Moreover, the TEPLC-derived thymic epithelium could support mouse thymopoiesis in T-cell-deficient mice and promote human T cell generation in NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs). These findings could facilitate hESC-based replacement therapy and provide a valuable in vitro platform for studying human thymus organogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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252
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Wagner DE, Fenn SL, Bonenfant NR, Marks ER, Borg Z, Saunders P, Floreani RA, Weiss DJ. Design and Synthesis of an Artificial Pulmonary Pleura for High Throughput Studies in Acellular Human Lungs. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014; 7:184-195. [PMID: 25750684 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole organ decellularization of complex organs, such as lungs, presents a unique opportunity for use of acellular scaffolds for ex vivo tissue engineering or for studying cell-extracellular matrix interactions ex vivo. A growing body of literature investigating decellularizing and recellularizing rodent lungs has provided important proof of concept models and rodent lungs are readily available for high throughput studies. In contrast, comparable progress in large animal and human lungs has been impeded owing to more limited availability and difficulties in handling larger tissue. While the use of smaller segments of acellular large animal or human lungs would maximize usage from a single lung, excision of small acellular segments compromises the integrity of the pleural layer, leaving the terminal ends of blood vessels and airways exposed. We have developed a novel pleural coating using non-toxic ionically crosslinked alginate or photocrosslinked methacrylated alginate which can be applied to excised acellular lung segments, permits inflation of small segments, and significantly enhances retention of cells inoculated through cannulated airways or blood vessels. Further, photocrosslinking methacrylated alginate, using eosin Y and triethanolamine (TEOA) at 530nm wavelength, results in a mechanically stable pleural coating that permits effective cyclic 3-dimensional stretch, i.e. mechanical ventilation, of individual segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy E Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Spencer L Fenn
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, 109 Votey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Nicholas R Bonenfant
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Elliot R Marks
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Zachary Borg
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Patrick Saunders
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Rachael A Floreani
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, 109 Votey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 226 Health Sciences Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
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253
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Tabar V, Studer L. Pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: challenges and recent progress. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:82-92. [PMID: 24434846 PMCID: PMC4539940 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After years of incremental progress, several recent studies have succeeded in deriving disease-relevant cell types from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources. The prospect of an unlimited cell source, combined with promising preclinical data, indicates that hPSC technology may be on the verge of clinical translation. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in directed differentiation, some of the new technologies that have facilitated the success of hPSC therapies and the remaining hurdles on the road towards developing hPSC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Tabar
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
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254
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Wagner DE, Bonenfant NR, Sokocevic D, DeSarno MJ, Borg ZD, Parsons CS, Brooks EM, Platz JJ, Khalpey ZI, Hoganson DM, Deng B, Lam YW, Oldinski RA, Ashikaga T, Weiss DJ. Three-dimensional scaffolds of acellular human and porcine lungs for high throughput studies of lung disease and regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2664-79. [PMID: 24411675 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acellular scaffolds from complex whole organs such as lung are being increasingly studied for ex vivo organ generation and for in vitro studies of cell-extracellular matrix interactions. We have established effective methods for efficient de and recellularization of large animal and human lungs including techniques which allow multiple small segments (∼ 1-3 cm(3)) to be excised that retain 3-dimensional lung structure. Coupled with the use of a synthetic pleural coating, cells can be selectively physiologically inoculated via preserved vascular and airway conduits. Inoculated segments can be further sliced for high throughput studies. Further, we demonstrate thermography as a powerful noninvasive technique for monitoring perfusion decellularization and for evaluating preservation of vascular and airway networks following human and porcine lung decellularization. Collectively, these techniques are a significant step forward as they allow high throughput in vitro studies from a single lung or lobe in a more biologically relevant, three-dimensional acellular scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy E Wagner
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Nicholas R Bonenfant
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Dino Sokocevic
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Michael J DeSarno
- University of Vermont, Department of Medical Biostatistics, 27 Hills Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Zachary D Borg
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Charles S Parsons
- University of Vermont, Department of Surgery, Fletcher House 301, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Elice M Brooks
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Joseph J Platz
- University of Vermont, Department of Surgery, Fletcher House 301, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Zain I Khalpey
- University of Arizona, Department of Surgery, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - David M Hoganson
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Surgery, 1 Barnes Jewish Plaza, 3108 Queeny Tower, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Bin Deng
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, 311 Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Ying W Lam
- University of Vermont, Department of Biology, 311 Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Rachael A Oldinski
- University of Vermont, College of Engineering and Mathematics, 301 Votey Hall, 33 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Takamaru Ashikaga
- University of Vermont, Department of Medical Biostatistics, 27 Hills Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- University of Vermont, Department of Medicine, 226 Health Sciences, Research Facility Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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255
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Hynds RE, Giangreco A. Concise review: the relevance of human stem cell-derived organoid models for epithelial translational medicine. Stem Cells 2014. [PMID: 23203919 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial organ remodeling is a major contributing factor to worldwide death and disease, costing healthcare systems billions of dollars every year. Despite this, most fundamental epithelial organ research fails to produce new therapies and mortality rates for epithelial organ diseases remain unacceptably high. In large part, this failure in translating basic epithelial research into clinical therapy is due to a lack of relevance in existing preclinical models. To correct this, new models are required that improve preclinical target identification, pharmacological lead validation, and compound optimization. In this review, we discuss the relevance of human stem cell-derived, three-dimensional organoid models for addressing each of these challenges. We highlight the advantages of stem cell-derived organoid models over existing culture systems, discuss recent advances in epithelial tissue-specific organoids, and present a paradigm for using organoid models in human translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Hynds
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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256
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Leeman KT, Fillmore CM, Kim CF. Lung stem and progenitor cells in tissue homeostasis and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:207-233. [PMID: 24439808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lung is a complex organ containing numerous putative stem/progenitor cell populations that contribute to region-specific tissue homeostasis and repair. In this review, we discuss recent advances in identifying and studying these cell populations in the context of lung homeostasis and disease. Genetically engineered mice now allow for lineage tracing of several lung stem and progenitor cell populations in vivo during different types of lung injury repair. Using specific sets of cell surface markers, these cells can also be isolated from murine and human lung and tested in 3D culture systems and in vivo transplant assays. The pathology of devastating lung diseases, including lung cancers, is likely in part due to dysregulation and dysfunction of lung stem cells. More precise characterization of stem cells with identification of new, unique markers; improvement in isolation and transplant techniques; and further development of functional assays will ultimately lead to new therapies for a host of human lung diseases. In particular, lung cancer biology may be greatly informed by findings in normal lung stem cell biology as evidence suggests that lung cancer is a disease that begins in, and may be driven by, neoplastic lung stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T Leeman
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine M Fillmore
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla F Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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257
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Ghaedi M, Mendez JJ, Bove PF, Sivarapatna A, Raredon MSB, Niklason LE. Alveolar epithelial differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a rotating bioreactor. Biomaterials 2014; 35:699-710. [PMID: 24144903 PMCID: PMC3897000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional stem cell differentiation protocols make use of a variety of cytokines including growth factors (GFs) and inhibitors in an effort to provide appropriate signals for tissue specific differentiation. In this study, iPSC-derived type II pneumocytes (iPSC-ATII) as well as native isolated human type II pneumocytes (hATII) were differentiated toward a type I phenotype using a unique air-liquid interface (ALI) system that relies on a rotating apparatus that mimics in vivo respiratory conditions. A relatively homogenous population of alveolar type II-like cells from iPSC was first generated (iPSC-ATII cells), which had phenotypic properties similar to mature human alveolar type II cells. iPSC-ATII cells were then cultured in a specially designed rotating culture apparatus. The effectiveness of the ALI bioreactor was compared with the effectiveness of small molecule-based differentiation of type II pneumocytes toward type 1 pneumocytes. The dynamics of differentiation were examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. iPSC-ATII and hATII cells cultured in the ALI bioreactor had higher levels of type I markers, including aquaporin-5(AQ5), caveolin-1, and T1α, at both the RNA and protein levels as compared with the flask-grown iPSC-ATII and hATII that had been treated with small molecules to induce differentiation. In summary, this study demonstrates that a rotating bioreactor culture system that provides an air-liquid interface is a potent inducer of type I epithelial differentiation for both iPS-ATII cells and hATII cells, and provides a method for large-scale production of alveolar epithelium for tissue engineering and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julio J. Mendez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter F. Bove
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Micha Sam B. Raredon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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258
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Zane M, Catalano V, Scavo E, Bonanno M, Pelizzo MR, Todaro M, Stassi G. Estrogens and stem cells in thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:124. [PMID: 25120531 PMCID: PMC4110518 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries highlight the emerging role of estrogens in the initiation and progression of different malignancies through their interaction with stem cell (SC) compartment. Estrogens play a relevant role especially for those tumors bearing a gender disparity in incidence and aggressiveness, as occurs for most thyroid diseases. Although several experimental lines suggest that estrogens promote thyroid cell proliferation and invasion, their precise contribution in SC compartment still remains unclear. This review underlines the interplay between hormones and thyroid function, which could help to complete the puzzle of gender discrepancy in thyroid malignancies. Defining the association between estrogen receptors' status and signaling pathways by which estrogens exert their effects on thyroid cells is a potential tool that provides important insights in pathogenetic mechanisms of thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Zane
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Catalano
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scavo
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Bonanno
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Pelizzo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giorgio Stassi, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Liborio Giuffrè 5, Palermo 90127, Italy e-mail:
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259
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Sewell W, Lin RY. Generation of thyroid follicular cells from pluripotent stem cells: potential for regenerative medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:96. [PMID: 24995001 PMCID: PMC4062909 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 12% of the population in the United States will be afflicted with a thyroid related disorder during their lifetime. Common treatment approaches are tailored to the specific disorder and include surgery, radioactive iodine ablation, antithyroid drugs, thyroid hormone replacement, external beam radiation, and chemotherapy. Regenerative medicine endeavors to combat disease by replacing or regenerating damaged, diseased, or dysfunctional body parts. A series of achievements in pluripotent stem cell research have transformed regenerative medicine in many ways by demonstrating "repair" of a number of body parts in mice, of which, the thyroid has now been inducted into this special group. Seminal work in pluripotent cells, namely embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have made possible their path to becoming key tools and biological building blocks for cell-based regenerative medicine to combat the gamut of human diseases, including those affecting the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sewell
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reigh-Yi Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Reigh-Yi Lin, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA e-mail:
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260
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McIntyre BAS, Alev C, Mechael R, Salci KR, Lee JB, Fiebig-Comyn A, Guezguez B, Wu Y, Sheng G, Bhatia M. Expansive generation of functional airway epithelium from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:7-17. [PMID: 24300555 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived lung progenitors has broad applicability for drug screening and cell therapy; however, this is complicated by limitations in demarcating phenotypic changes with functional validation of airway cell types. In this paper, we reveal the potential of hESCs to produce multipotent lung progenitors using a combined growth factor and physical culture approach, guided by the use of novel markers LIFRα and NRP1. Lung specification of hESCs was achieved by priming differentiation via matrix-specific support, followed by air-liquid interface to allow generation of lung progenitors capable of in vitro maturation into airway epithelial cell types, resulting in functional characteristics such as secretion of pulmonary surfactant, ciliation, polarization, and acquisition of innate immune activity. This approach provided a robust expansion of lung progenitors, allowing in vivo assessment, which demonstrated that only fully differentiated hESC-derived airway cells were retained in the distal airway, where they aided in physiological recovery in immunocompromised mice receiving airway injury. Our study provides a basis for translational applications of hESCs for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A S McIntyre
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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261
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer incidence is rising annually largely related to enhanced detection and early stage well-differentiated primary tumors. The prognosis for patients with early stage thyroid cancer is outstanding with most patients being cured with surgery. In selected cases, I-131 is administered to treat known or suspected residual or metastatic disease. Even patients with loco-regional metastases typically have an outstanding long-term prognosis, albeit with monitoring and occasional intervention for residual or recurrent disease. By contrast, individuals with distant metastases from thyroid cancer, particularly older patients with larger metastatic burdens and those with poorly differentiated tumors, have a poor prognosis. Patients with metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer have a particularly poor prognosis. Published clinical trials indicate that transient disease control and partial remissions can be achieved with kinase inhibitor therapy directed toward angiogenic targets and that in some cases I-131 uptake can be enhanced. However, the direct targets of activity in metastatic lesions are incompletely defined and clear evidence that these treatments increase the duration or quality of life of patients is lacking, underscoring the need for improved knowledge regarding the metastatic process to inform the development of new therapies. In this review, we will focus on current data and hypotheses regarding key regulators of metastatic dormancy, metastatic progression, and the role of putative cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Phay
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210
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262
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Huang SXL, Islam MN, O'Neill J, Hu Z, Yang YG, Chen YW, Mumau M, Green MD, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Bhattacharya J, Snoeck HW. Efficient generation of lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 32:84-91. [PMID: 24291815 PMCID: PMC4101921 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would have applications in regenerative medicine, drug screening and modeling of lung disease, and studies of human lung development. We established, based on developmental paradigms, a highly efficient method for directed differentiation of hPSCs into lung and airway epithelial cells. Long-term differentiation in vivo and in vitro yielded basal, goblet, Clara, ciliated, type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. Type II alveolar epithelial cells generated were capable of surfactant protein-B uptake and stimulated surfactant release, providing evidence of specific function. Inhibiting or removing agonists to signaling pathways critical for early lung development in the mouse—retinoic acid, Wnt and BMP—recapitulated defects in corresponding genetic mouse knockouts. The capability of this protocol to generate most cell types of the respiratory system suggests its utility for deriving patient-specific therapeutic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah X L Huang
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - John O'Neill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zheng Hu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melanie Mumau
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael D Green
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- 1] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- 1] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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263
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Brafman DA, Moya N, Allen-Soltero S, Fellner T, Robinson M, McMillen ZL, Gaasterland T, Willert K. Analysis of SOX2-expressing cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:464-78. [PMID: 24286033 PMCID: PMC3841266 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX2 is involved in several cell and developmental processes, including maintenance of embryonic stem cells, differentiation of neural progenitor cells, and patterning of gut endoderm. To study its role in a human system, we generated a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line harboring a reporter gene encoding GFP in the SOX2 locus. This SOX2 reporter line faithfully recapitulates expression of the SOX2 gene in undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and anterior foregut endoderm (AFE). In undifferentiated hESCs, GFP expression corresponds to those cells with highest levels of expression of genes associated with the pluripotent state. In NPCs, expression of GFP can be employed to isolate cells expressing markers associated with NPC multipotency. In AFE, we used transcriptome-wide expression analysis to identify cell surface markers with elevated expression in this population, thereby facilitating isolation and purification of this hPSC-derived cell population. A SOX2-GFP hESC line is used to isolate and characterize multiple cell types A cell surface marker signature allows for the purification of endodermal progeny Targeted gene insertion with adeno-associated virus (AAV) is highly efficient
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brafman
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
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264
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Gilpin SE, Guyette JP, Gonzalez G, Ren X, Asara JM, Mathisen DJ, Vacanti JP, Ott HC. Perfusion decellularization of human and porcine lungs: bringing the matrix to clinical scale. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 33:298-308. [PMID: 24365767 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ engineering is a theoretical alternative to allotransplantation for end-stage organ failure. Whole-organ scaffolds can be created by detergent perfusion via the native vasculature, generating an acellular matrix suitable for recellularization with selected cell types. We aimed to up-scale this process, generating biocompatible scaffolds of a clinically relevant scale. METHODS Rat, porcine, and human lungs were decellularized by detergent perfusion at constant pressures. Collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan content of scaffolds were quantified by colorimetric assays. Proteomic analysis was performed by microcapillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Extracellular matrix (ECM) slices were cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), small airway epithelial cells (SAEC), or pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (PAECs) and evaluated by time-lapse live cell microscopy and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Whole-organ culture was maintained under constant-pressure media perfusion after seeding with PAECs. RESULTS Rat lungs were decellularized using: (1) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), (2) sodium deoxycholate (SDC), or (3) 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). Resulting scaffolds showed comparable loss of DNA but greatest preservation of ECM components in SDS-decellularized lungs. Porcine (n = 10) and human (n = 7) lungs required increased SDS concentration, perfusion pressures, and time to achieve decellularization as determined by loss of DNA, with preservation of intact matrix composition and lung architecture. Proteomic analysis of human decellularized lungs further confirmed ECM preservation. Recellularization experiments confirmed scaffold biocompatibility when cultured with mature cell phenotypes and scaffold integrity for the duration of biomimetic culture. CONCLUSIONS SDS-based perfusion decellularization can be applied to whole porcine and human lungs to generate biocompatible organ scaffolds with preserved ECM composition and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elizabeth Gilpin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Jacques P Guyette
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Xi Ren
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - John M Asara
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Douglas J Mathisen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Joseph P Vacanti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Division of Pediatric Surgery
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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265
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Royce SG, Moodley Y, Samuel CS. Novel therapeutic strategies for lung disorders associated with airway remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:250-60. [PMID: 24513131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine release, epithelial damage, airway/lung remodelling and fibrosis are central features of inflammatory lung disorders, which include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although the lung has some ability to repair itself from acute injury, in the presence of ongoing pathological stimuli and/or insults that lead to chronic disease, it no longer retains the capacity to heal, resulting in fibrosis, the final common pathway that causes an irreversible loss of lung function. Despite inflammation, genetic predisposition/factors, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mechanotransduction being able to independently contribute to airway remodelling and fibrosis, current therapies for inflammatory lung diseases are limited by their ability to only target the inflammatory component of the disease without having any marked effects on remodelling (epithelial damage and fibrosis) that can cause lung dysfunction independently of inflammation. Furthermore, as subsets of patients suffering from these diseases are resistant to currently available therapies (such as corticosteroids), novel therapeutic approaches are required to combat all aspects of disease pathology. This review discusses emerging therapeutic approaches, such as trefoil factors, relaxin, histone deacetylase inhibitors and stem cells, amongst others that have been able to target airway inflammation and airway remodelling while improving related lung dysfunction. A better understanding of the mode of action of these therapies and their possible combined effects may lead to the identification of their clinical potential in the setting of lung disease, either as adjunct or alternative therapies to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Royce
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Departments of Pathology and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Yuben Moodley
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Fibrosis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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266
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Ghaedi M, Calle EA, Mendez JJ, Gard AL, Balestrini J, Booth A, Bove PF, Gui L, White ES, Niklason LE. Human iPS cell-derived alveolar epithelium repopulates lung extracellular matrix. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4950-62. [PMID: 24135142 DOI: 10.1172/jci68793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been postulated to be the most effective strategy for developing patient-specific respiratory epithelial cells, which may be valuable for lung-related cell therapy and lung tissue engineering. We generated a relatively homogeneous population of alveolar epithelial type II (AETII) and type I (AETI) cells from human iPSCs that had phenotypic properties similar to those of mature human AETII and AETI cells. We used these cells to explore whether lung tissue can be regenerated in vitro. Consistent with an AETII phenotype, we found that up to 97% of cells were positive for surfactant protein C, 95% for mucin-1, 93% for surfactant protein B, and 89% for the epithelial marker CD54. Additionally, exposing induced AETII to a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor (IWR-1) changed the iPSC-AETII-like phenotype to a predominantly AETI-like phenotype. We found that of induced AET1 cells, more than 90% were positive for type I markers, T1α, and caveolin-1. Acellular lung matrices were prepared from whole rat or human adult lungs treated with decellularization reagents, followed by seeding these matrices with alveolar cells derived from human iPSCs. Under appropriate culture conditions, these progenitor cells adhered to and proliferated within the 3D lung tissue scaffold and displayed markers of differentiated pulmonary epithelium.
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267
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Murphy SV, Atala A. Cell therapy for cystic fibrosis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:210-23. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean V. Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences; Winston-Salem NC USA
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268
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Generation of organized anterior foregut epithelia from pluripotent stem cells using small molecules. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1003-12. [PMID: 23917481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior foregut endoderm (AFE) gives rise to therapeutically relevant cell types in tissues such as the esophagus, salivary glands, lung, thymus, parathyroid and thyroid. Despite its importance, reports describing the generation of AFE from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by directed differentiation have mainly focused on the Nkx2.1(+) lung and thyroid lineages. Here, we describe a novel protocol to derive a subdomain of AFE, identified by expression of Pax9, from PSCs using small molecules and defined media conditions. We generated a reporter PSC line for isolation and characterization of Pax9(+) AFE cells, which when transplanted in vivo, can form several distinct complex AFE-derived epithelia, including mucosal glands and stratified squamous epithelium. Finally, we show that the directed differentiation protocol can be used to generate AFE from human PSCs. Thus, this work both broadens the range of PSC-derived AFE tissues and creates a platform enabling the study of AFE disorders.
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269
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Asselin-Labat ML, Filby CE. Adult lung stem cells and their contribution to lung tumourigenesis. Open Biol 2013; 2:120094. [PMID: 22977734 PMCID: PMC3438537 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of lung stem and progenitor cells represent an important step towards the understanding of lung repair after injury, lung disease pathogenesis and the identification of the target cells of transformation in lung carcinogenesis. Different approaches using prospective isolation of progenitor cells by flow cytometry or lineage-tracing experiments in mouse models of lung injury have led to the identification of distinct progenitor subpopulations in different morphological regions of the adult lung. Genetically defined mouse models of lung cancer are offering new perspectives on the cells of origin of different subtypes of lung cancer. These mouse models pave the way to further investigate human lung progenitor cells at the origin of lung cancers, as well as to define the nature of the lung cancer stem cells. It will be critical to establish the link between oncogenic driver mutations recently discovered in lung cancers, target cells of transformation and subtypes of lung cancers to enable better stratification of patients for improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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270
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Wong AP, Rossant J. Generation of Lung Epithelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:137-145. [PMID: 23662247 PMCID: PMC3646155 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of key processes and signaling mechanisms in lung development has been mainly demonstrated through gain and loss of function studies in mice, while human lung development remains largely unexplored due to inaccessibility. Several recent reports have exploited the identification of key signaling mechanisms that regulate lineage commitment and restriction in mouse lung development, to direct differentiation of both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells towards lung epithelial cells. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the generation of respiratory epithelia from pluripotent stem cells and the potential of these engineered cells for novel scientific discoveries in lung diseases and future translation into regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P. Wong
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
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271
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Parent AV, Russ HA, Khan IS, LaFlam TN, Metzger TC, Anderson MS, Hebrok M. Generation of functional thymic epithelium from human embryonic stem cells that supports host T cell development. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:219-29. [PMID: 23684540 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inducing immune tolerance to prevent rejection is a key step toward successful engraftment of stem-cell-derived tissue in a clinical setting. Using human pluripotent stem cells to generate thymic epithelial cells (TECs) capable of supporting T cell development represents a promising approach to reach this goal; however, progress toward generating functional TECs has been limited. Here, we describe a robust in vitro method to direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs) by precise regulation of TGFβ, BMP4, RA, Wnt, Shh, and FGF signaling. The hESC-derived TEPs further mature into functional TECs that support T cell development upon transplantation into thymus-deficient mice. Importantly, the engrafted TEPs produce T cells capable of in vitro proliferation as well as in vivo immune responses. Thus, hESC-derived TEP grafts may have broad applications for enhancing engraftment in cell-based therapies as well as restoring age- and stress-related thymic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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272
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Cheng X, Tiyaboonchai A, Gadue P. Endodermal stem cell populations derived from pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:265-71. [PMID: 23452824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of functional endodermal lineages, such as hepatocytes and pancreatic endocrine cells, from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) remains a challenge. One strategy to enhance the purity, yield and maturity of endodermal derivatives is to expand endoderm committed stem or progenitor cell populations derived from PSCs before final differentiation. Recent studies have shown that this is in fact a viable option both for expanding pure populations of endodermal cells as well as for generating more mature derivative tissues, as highlighted in the case of pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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273
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Li Y, Eggermont K, Vanslembrouck V, Verfaillie CM. NKX2-1 activation by SMAD2 signaling after definitive endoderm differentiation in human embryonic stem cell. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1433-42. [PMID: 23259454 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of NKX2-1 is required to specify definitive endoderm to respiratory endoderm. However, the transcriptional regulation of NKX2-1 is not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that aside from specifying undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell (hESC) to definitive endoderm, high concentrations of Activin-A are also necessary and sufficient to induce hESC-derived definitive endodermal progeny to a FOXA2/NKX2-1/GATA6/PAX9 positive respiratory epithelial fate. Activin-A directly mediates the induction of NKX2-1 by interacting with ALK4, leading to phosphorylation of SMAD2, which binds directly to the NKX2-1 promoter and activates its expression. Activin-A can be replaced by GDF11 but not transforming growth factor β1. Addition of Wnt3a, SHH, FGF2, or BMP4 failed to induce NKX2-1. These results suggest that direct binding of Activin-A-responsive SMAD2 to the NKX2-1 promoter plays essential role during respiratory endoderm specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Interdepartmentaal Stamcelinstituut, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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274
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Kotton DN. The 2012 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine: democratizing pluripotency for lung researchers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013. [PMID: 23204376 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201210-1857oe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell N Kotton
- The Pulmonary Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine CReM, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, 72 East Concord Street, R-304, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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275
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Holland JD, Klaus A, Garratt AN, Birchmeier W. Wnt signaling in stem and cancer stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:254-64. [PMID: 23347562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The functional versatility of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be seen by its ability to act in stem cells of the embryo and of the adult as well as in cancer stem cells. During embryogenesis, stem cells demonstrate a requirement for β-catenin in mediating the response to Wnt signaling for their maintenance and transition from a pluripotent state. In adult stem cells, Wnt signaling functions at various hierarchical levels to contribute to specification of different tissues. This has raised the possibility that the tightly regulated self-renewal mediated by Wnt signaling in stem and progenitor cells is subverted in cancer cells to allow malignant progression. Intensive work is currently being performed to resolve how intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling coordinate the stem and cancer stem cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane D Holland
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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276
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Schmeckebier S, Mauritz C, Katsirntaki K, Sgodda M, Puppe V, Duerr J, Schubert SC, Schmiedl A, Lin Q, Paleček J, Draeger G, Ochs M, Zenke M, Cantz T, Mall MA, Martin U. Keratinocyte growth factor and dexamethasone plus elevated cAMP levels synergistically support pluripotent stem cell differentiation into alveolar epithelial type II cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:938-51. [PMID: 23176317 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type II (ATII)-like cells can be generated from murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs), although to date, no robust protocols applying specific differentiation factors are established. We hypothesized that the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), an important mediator of lung organogenesis and primary ATII cell maturation and proliferation, together with dexamethasone, 8-bromoadenosine-cAMP, and isobutylmethylxanthine (DCI), which induce maturation of primary fetal ATII cells, also support the alveolar differentiation of murine ESCs. Here we demonstrate that the above stimuli synergistically potentiate the alveolar differentiation of ESCs as indicated by increased expression of the surfactant proteins (SP-) C and SP-B. This effect is most profound if KGF is supplied not only in the late stage, but at least also during the intermediate stage of differentiation. Our results indicate that KGF most likely does not enhance the generation of (mes)endodermal or NK2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2.1) expressing progenitor cells but rather, supported by DCI, accelerates further differentiation/maturation of respiratory progeny in the intermediate phase and maturation/proliferation of emerging ATII cells in the late stage of differentiation. Ultrastructural analyses confirmed the presence of ATII-like cells with intracellular composite and lamellar bodies. Finally, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from transgenic mice with ATII cell-specific lacZ reporter expression. Again, KGF and DCI synergistically increased SP-C and SP-B expression in iPSC cultures, and lacZ expressing ATII-like cells developed. In conclusion, ATII cell-specific reporter expression enabled the first reliable proof for the generation of murine iPSC-derived ATII cells. In addition, we have shown KGF and DCI to synergistically support the generation of ATII-like cells from ESCs and iPSCs. Combined application of these factors will facilitate more efficient generation of stem cell-derived ATII cells for future basic research and potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schmeckebier
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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277
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Nilsson M, Fagman H. Mechanisms of thyroid development and dysgenesis: an analysis based on developmental stages and concurrent embryonic anatomy. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:123-70. [PMID: 24290349 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysgenesis is the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism that affects 1 in 3000 newborns. Although a number of pathogenetic mutations in thyroid developmental genes have been identified, the molecular mechanism of disease is unknown in most cases. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of normal thyroid development and puts the different developmental stages in perspective, from the time of foregut endoderm patterning to the final shaping of pharyngeal anatomy, for understanding how specific malformations may arise. At the cellular level, we will also discuss fate determination of follicular and C-cell progenitors and their subsequent embryonic growth, migration, and differentiation as the different thyroid primordia evolve and merge to establish the final size and shape of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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278
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Green MD, Huang SXL, Snoeck HW. Stem cells of the respiratory system: from identification to differentiation into functional epithelium. Bioessays 2012; 35:261-70. [PMID: 23175215 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review recent progress in the stem cell biology of the respiratory system, and discuss its scientific and translational ramifications. Several studies have defined novel stem cells in postnatal lung and airways and implicated their roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. In addition, significant advances in the generation of respiratory epithelium from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) now provide a novel and powerful platform for understanding lung development, modeling pulmonary diseases, and implementing drug screening. Finally, breakthroughs have been made in the generation of decellularized lung matrices that can serve as a scaffold for repopulation with respiratory cells derived from either postnatal or PSCs. These studies are a critical step forward towards the still distant goal of stem cell-based regenerative medicine for diseases of lung and airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Green
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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279
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Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells. Nature 2012; 491:66-71. [PMID: 23051751 DOI: 10.1038/nature11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of the thyroid gland is to metabolize iodide by synthesizing thyroid hormones, which are critical regulators of growth, development and metabolism in almost all tissues. So far, research on thyroid morphogenesis has been missing an efficient stem-cell model system that allows for the in vitro recapitulation of the molecular and morphogenic events regulating thyroid follicular-cell differentiation and subsequent assembly into functional thyroid follicles. Here we report that a transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 is sufficient to direct mouse embryonic stem-cell differentiation into thyroid follicular cells that organize into three-dimensional follicular structures when treated with thyrotropin. These in vitro-derived follicles showed appreciable iodide organification activity. Importantly, when grafted in vivo into athyroid mice, these follicles rescued thyroid hormone plasma levels and promoted subsequent symptomatic recovery. Thus, mouse embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells in vitro and generate functional thyroid tissue.
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280
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Kadzik RS, Morrisey EE. Directing lung endoderm differentiation in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:355-61. [PMID: 22482501 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is composed of numerous epithelial lineages that arise from the anterior foregut endoderm. This review discusses how insights into the signaling mechanisms that regulate lung endoderm specification and subsequent differentiation have recently been exploited to direct differentiation of hESCs/iPSCs into expandable lung progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Kadzik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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281
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282
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Recipes for making lung cells. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/484290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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283
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Longmire TA, Ikonomou L, Kotton DN. Mouse ESC Differentiation to Nkx2.1+ Lung and Thyroid Progenitors. Bio Protoc 2012; 2:e295. [PMID: 27453901 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo derivation of lung progenitors from pluripotent stem cells provides the opportunity to model early lung development in vitro and allows easy access to cells for tissue engineering or basic cell biology studies. This detailed protocol allows the generation of lung and thyroid progenitors from mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. When used together with a published Nkx2.1-GFP knock-in ESC line, the protocol allows tracking and purification of lung and thyroid progenitors by sorting on the GFP reporter based on the induction of the earliest known marker of lung and thyroid cell fate, Nkx2.1. After sorting, a pure population of Nkx2.1+ cells can then be replated for further expansion, differentiation, and maturation in culture in serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Longmire
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
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