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Wanasuntronwong A, Tantisira MH, Tantisira B, Watanabe H. Anxiolytic effects of standardized extract of Centella asiatica (ECa 233) after chronic immobilization stress in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:579-585. [PMID: 22841896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica has long been used for various neurological disturbances in Southeast Asian countries. The present study aims to demonstrate the anxiolytic effect of ECa 233, a standardized extract of C. asiatica containing triterpenoids not less than 80%, in comparison to diazepam. MATERIALS AND METHODS The test compound was given orally to non-stressed mice and mice subjected to chronic immobilization stress. Anxiolytic effect was assessed by an elevated plus maze (EPM), a dark-light box and an open-field tests. RESULTS Anxiolytic effect of ECa 233 was clearly demonstrated in non-stressed mice subjected to acute stress in all behavioral tests employed. In the EPM test, chronically stressed mice showed significant decrease in the number of open arm entries, shortening the time spent in open arms and an increase of the latency to leave the central area, suggesting their release from the stress. In addition, ameliorating effect of ECa 233 was observed on the body weight and serum corticosterone which were adversely affected by immobilization stress. Madecassoside and asiaticoside, equal to their respective contents of the effective doses of ECa 233, exclusively presented anxiolytic effects in EPM, while no distinct effect was observed on the body weight and serum corticosterone. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated anxiolytic effect of ECa 233 in both acutely and chronically stressed animals. These effects could be mainly accounted by madecassoside and asiaticoside, suggesting a possible use of ECa 233 for the treatment of both acute and chronic anxiety in the pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aree Wanasuntronwong
- Program of Inter-department of Physiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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252
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Green MR, Barnes B, McCormick CM. Social instability stress in adolescence increases anxiety and reduces social interactions in adulthood in male long-evans rats. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:849-59. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Green
- Department of Psychology; Brock University; 500 Glenridge Ave St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Brittany Barnes
- Centre for Neuroscience; Brock University; 500 Glenridge Ave St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Cheryl M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology; Brock University; 500 Glenridge Ave St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
- Centre for Neuroscience; Brock University; 500 Glenridge Ave St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
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253
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From the stressed adolescent to the anxious and depressed adult: investigations in rodent models. Neuroscience 2012; 249:242-57. [PMID: 22967838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent of the psychiatric disorders. The average age of onset of these disorders is in adolescence, and stressful experiences are recognized as an important pathway to such dysfunction. Until recently, however, most animal models of these disorders involved adult males. We provide a brief overview of anxiety and depression and the extent to which adolescent rodents are a valid model for their investigation, and briefly review the main measures of anxiety-like and depressive behaviour in rodents. The focus of the review is investigations in which adolescent rodents were exposed to chronic stressors, describing our research using social instability stress and that of other researchers using various social and non-social stressors. The evidence to date suggests stress in adolescence alters the trajectory of brain development, and particularly that of the hippocampus, increasing anxiety and depressive behaviour in adulthood.
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254
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Macrì S, Ceci C, Canese R, Laviola G. Prenatal stress and peripubertal stimulation of the endocannabinoid system differentially regulate emotional responses and brain metabolism in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41821. [PMID: 22848620 PMCID: PMC3405010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis mediate individual responses to emotionally salient stimuli. Their altered developmental adjustment may relate to the emergence of emotional disturbances. Although environmental influences regulate the individual phenotype throughout the entire lifespan, their effects may result particularly persistent during plastic developmental stages (e.g. prenatal life and adolescence). Here, we investigated whether prenatal stress – in the form of gestational exposure to corticosterone supplemented in the maternal drinking water (100 mg/l) during the last week of pregnancy – combined with a pharmacological stimulation of the ECS during adolescence (daily fatty acid amide hydrolase URB597 i.p. administration - 0.4 mg/kg - between postnatal days 29–38), influenced adult mouse emotional behaviour and brain metabolism measured through in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared to control mice, URB597-treated subjects showed, in the short-term, reduced locomotion and, in the long term, reduced motivation to execute operant responses to obtain palatable rewards paralleled by reduced levels of inositol and taurine in the prefrontal cortex. Adult mice exposed to prenatal corticosterone showed increased behavioural anxiety and reduced locomotion in the elevated zero maze, and altered brain metabolism (increased glutamate and reduced taurine in the hippocampus; reduced inositol and N-Acetyl-Aspartate in the hypothalamus). Present data further corroborate the view that prenatal stress and pharmacological ECS stimulation during adolescence persistently regulate emotional responses in adulthood. Yet, whilst we hypothesized these factors to be interactive in nature, we observed that the consequences of prenatal corticosterone administration were independent from those of ECS drug-induced stimulation during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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255
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Goeldner C, Spooren W, Wichmann J, Prinssen EP. Further characterization of the prototypical nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor agonist Ro 64-6198 in rodent models of conflict anxiety and despair. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:203-14. [PMID: 22249359 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ro 64-6198, the prototypical non-peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor agonist, has potent anxiolytic-like effects in several preclinical models and species. However the effects of Ro 64-6198 on distinctive anxiety-provoking conditions related to unconditioned conflict behavior as well as its role in despair-like behavior remain to be addressed. OBJECTIVE Here we examined the effects of Ro 64-6198 on unconditioned conflict anxiety using stimuli with different salience and on regulation of autonomic reactivity and compared these to the effects of benzodiazepine receptor agonists. We also addressed the potential effects of Ro 64-6198 on despair-like behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ro 64-6198 (0.1 to 10 mg/kg i.p.) and either diazepam or chlordiazepoxide were tested in the Vogel conflict punished drinking test (VCT) in Sprague Dawley rats, in the social approach-avoidance (SAA) test in Lewis rats, in the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) in C57BL/6J mice, and in stress-induced hyperthermia in NMRI mice, as well as in the forced swim test (FST) in Sprague Dawley rats and the tail suspension test (TST) in C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS Ro 64-6198 (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) dose-dependently produced anxiolytic-like effects in the VCT, SAA, NIH, and SIH, similar to benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Ro 64-6198 did not alter immobility time in the FST and TST. CONCLUSIONS Ro 64-6198 produced marked anxiolytic-like effects in response to a variety of mild to strong anxiogenic stimuli, whereas it did not facilitate depression-related behaviors. This data extend previous literature suggesting that NOP receptors are a viable target for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Goeldner
- CNS Research, CNS Discovery, pRED, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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256
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Wang XD, Labermaier C, Holsboer F, Wurst W, Deussing JM, Müller MB, Schmidt MV. Early-life stress-induced anxiety-related behavior in adult mice partially requires forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2360-7. [PMID: 22672268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress may lead to persistent changes in central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) system that modulates anxiety-related behavior. However, it remains unknown whether CRH-CRHR1 signaling is involved in early-life stress-induced anxiety-related behavior in adult animals. In the present study, we used conditional forebrain CRHR1 knockout (CRHR1-CKO) mice and examined the potential role of forebrain CRHR1 in the anxiogenic effects of early-life stress. As adults, wild-type mice that received unstable maternal care during the first postnatal week showed reduced body weight gain and increased anxiety levels in the open field test, which were prevented in stressed CRHR1-CKO mice. In the light-dark box test, control CRHR1-CKO mice were less anxious, but early-life stress increased anxiety levels in both wild-type and CRHR1-CKO mice. In the elevated plus maze test, early-life stress had only subtle effects on anxiety-related behavior. Moreover, early-life stress did not alter the basal home cage activity and gene expression levels of key hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulators in adult wild-type and CRHR1-CKO mice, but enhanced neuroendocrine reactivity to acute immobilization stress in CRHR1-CKO mice. Our findings highlight the importance of forebrain CRHR1 in modulating some of the anxiogenic effects of early-life stress, and suggest that other neural circuits are also involved in the programming effects of early-life stress on anxiety-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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257
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Del Boca C, Lutz PE, Le Merrer J, Koebel P, Kieffer BL. Cholecystokinin knock-down in the basolateral amygdala has anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 218:185-95. [PMID: 22613736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the mammalian brain. This peptide regulates many physiological functions and behaviors, such as cardio-respiratory control, thermoregulation, nociception, feeding, memory processes and motivational responses, and plays a prominent role in emotional responses including anxiety and depression. CCK-expressing brain regions involved in these functions remain unclear and their identification represents an important step towards understanding CCK function in the brain. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is strongly involved in emotional processing and expresses high levels of CCK. In this study we examined the contribution of CCK expressed in this brain region to emotional responses in mice. To knockdown CCK specifically in the BLA, we used stereotaxic delivery of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors expressing a CCK-targeted shRNA. This procedure efficiently reduced CCK levels locally. shCCK-treated animals showed reduced levels of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze, and lower despair-like behavior in the forced swim test. Our data demonstrate that CCK expressed in the BLA represents a key brain substrate for anxiogenic and depressant effects of the peptide. The study also suggests that elevated amygdalar CCK could contribute to panic and major depressive disorders that have been associated with CCK dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Del Boca
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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258
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Measures of anxiety in zebrafish (Danio rerio): dissociation of black/white preference and novel tank test. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36931. [PMID: 22615849 PMCID: PMC3355173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of wall color stimuli on diving, and the effects of depth stimuli on scototaxis, were assessed in zebrafish. Three groups of fish were confined to a black, a white, or a transparent tank, and tested for depth preference. Two groups of fish were confined to a deep or a shallow tank, and tested for black-white preference. As predicted, fish preferred the deep half of a split-tank over the shallow half, and preferred the black half of a black/white tank over the white half. Results indicated that the tank wall color significantly affected depth preference, with the transparent tank producing the strongest depth preference and the black tank producing the weakest preference. Tank depth, however, did not significantly affect color preference. Additionally, wall color significantly affected shuttling and immobility, while depth significantly affected shuttling and thigmotaxis. These results are consistent with previous indications that the diving response and scototaxis may reflect dissociable mechanisms of behavior. We conclude that the two tests are complementary rather than interchangeable, and that further research on the motivational systems underlying behavior in each of the two tests is needed.
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259
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Spiteri T, Ogawa S, Musatov S, Pfaff DW, Ågmo A. The role of the estrogen receptor α in the medial preoptic area in sexual incentive motivation, proceptivity and receptivity, anxiety, and wheel running in female rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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260
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Harte-Hargrove LC, Dow-Edwards DL. Withdrawal from THC during adolescence: sex differences in locomotor activity and anxiety. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:48-59. [PMID: 22421367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that the use and abuse of marijuana can be especially harmful if it occurs during adolescence, a period of vast developmental changes throughout the brain. Due to the localization of cannabinoid receptors within the limbic system and the established effects of cannabinoids on emotional states and anxiety levels of rats and humans, we studied the sex- and dose-related effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the main psychoactive component in marijuana) on behavior and anxiety during spontaneous withdrawal. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were administered 2, 7.5 or 15 mg/kg THC or vehicle from postnatal day 35-41 (approximating mid-adolescence in humans). Locomotor activity and anxiety-related behaviors were measured during drug administration and abstinence. THC caused significant dose-dependent locomotor depression during drug administration. Locomotor depression initially abated upon drug cessation, but re-emerged by the end of the abstinence period and was greater in female than male rats. We found sensitization to the locomotor-depressing effects of THC in middle- and high-dose rats and the subsequent development of tolerance in high-dose rats. The high dose of THC increased anxiety-like behaviors while the low dose decreased anxiety-like behaviors during drug administration, with females more sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of THC than males. During abstinence, females were again especially sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of THC. This study demonstrates sexually-dimorphic effects of THC on anxiety-related behaviors and locomotor activity during and after THC administration during adolescence. This information may be useful in the development of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of marijuana withdrawal in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Harte-Hargrove
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Program in Neural and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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261
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Vázquez DM, Neal CR, Patel PD, Kaciroti N, López JF. Regulation of corticoid and serotonin receptor brain system following early life exposure of glucocorticoids: long term implications for the neurobiology of mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:421-37. [PMID: 21855221 PMCID: PMC3273653 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Potent glucocorticoids (GC) administered early in life have improved premature infant survival dramatically. However, these agents may increase the risk for physical, neurological and behavior alterations. Anxiety, depression and attention difficulties are commonly described in adolescent and young adult survivors of prematurity. In the present study we administered vehicle, dexamethasone, or hydrocortisone to Sprague-Dawley rat pups on postnatal days 5 and 6, mimicking a short term clinical protocol commonly used in human infants. Two systems that are implicated in the regulation of stress and behavior were assessed: the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [LHPA; glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors within] and the Serotonin (5-HT) system. We found that as adults, male Sprague-Dawley pups treated with GC showed agent specific altered growth, anxiety-related behavior, changes in corticoid response to novelty and gene expression changes within LHPA and 5-HT-related circuitry. The data suggest that prolonged GC-receptor stimulation during the early neonatal period can contribute to the development of individual differences in stress response and anxiety-related behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia M Vázquez
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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262
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Trent S, Dennehy A, Richardson H, Ojarikre OA, Burgoyne PS, Humby T, Davies W. Steroid sulfatase-deficient mice exhibit endophenotypes relevant to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:221-9. [PMID: 21723668 PMCID: PMC3242075 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterised by inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity; it is frequently co-morbid with anxiety and conduct disorders, sleep perturbation and abnormal consummatory behaviours. Recent studies have implicated the neurosteroid-modulating enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS) as a modulator of ADHD-related endophenotypes. The effects of steroid sulfatase deficiency on homecage activity, feeding/drinking behaviours, anxiety-related behaviours (assayed in light-dark box and open field paradigms), social dominance and serum steroid hormone levels were determined by comparing 40,XY and 39,X(Y*)O mice. Subsequently, mice administered the steroid sulfatase inhibitor COUMATE acutely were compared to vehicle-treated mice on behavioural tasks sensitive to enzyme deficiency to dissociate between its developmental and ongoing effects. 39,X(Y*)O mice exhibited heightened reactivity to a novel environment, hyperactivity in the active phase, and increased water (but not food) consumption relative to 40,XY mice during a 24h period; the former group also demonstrated evidence for heightened emotional reactivity. There was no difference in social dominance between the 40,XY and 39,X(Y*)O mice. COUMATE administration had no effect on homecage activity, water consumption or anxiety measures in the open field. 39,X(Y*)O mice exhibited significantly lower dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) serum levels than 40,XY mice, but equivalent corticosterone levels. Together with previous data, the present results suggest that steroid sulfatase may influence core and associated ADHD behavioural endophenotypes via both developmental and ongoing mechanisms, and that the 39,X(Y*)O model may represent a useful tool for elucidating the neurobiological basis of these endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trent
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Trevor Humby
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Corresponding author at: Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. Tel.: +44 0 29 2068 7047; fax: +44 0 29 2068 7068.
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263
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Behaviour and hormonal status in healthy rats on a diet rich in Maillard reaction products with or without solvent extractable aroma compounds. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:693-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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264
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Pre- and/or postnatal protein restriction developmentally programs affect and risk assessment behaviors in adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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265
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Smith JS, Schindler AG, Martinelli E, Gustin RM, Bruchas MR, Chavkin C. Stress-induced activation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system in the amygdala potentiates nicotine conditioned place preference. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1488-95. [PMID: 22279233 PMCID: PMC3677733 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2980-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many smokers describe the anxiolytic and stress-reducing effects of nicotine, the primary addictive component of tobacco, as a principal motivation for continued drug use. Recent evidence suggests that activation of the stress circuits, including the dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor system, modulates the rewarding effects of addictive drugs. In the present study, we find that nicotine produced dose-dependent conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. κ-receptor activation, either by repeated forced swim stress or U50,488 (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) administration, significantly potentiated the magnitude of nicotine CPP. The increase in nicotine CPP was blocked by the κ-receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) either systemically (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or by local injection in the amygdala (2.5 μg) without affecting nicotine reward in the absence of stress. U50,488 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated-plus maze and novel object exploration assays, and the anxiety-like behaviors were attenuated both by systemic nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and local injection of norBNI into the amygdala. Local norBNI injection in the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus (an adjacent brain region) did not block the potentiation of nicotine CPP or the anxiogenic-like effects of κ-receptor activation. These results suggest that the rewarding effects of nicotine may include a reduction in the stress-induced anxiety responses caused by activation of the dynorphin/κ-opioid system. Together, these data implicate the amygdala as a key region modulating the appetitive properties of nicotine, and suggest that κ-opioid antagonists may be useful therapeutic tools to reduce stress-induced nicotine craving.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Conditioning, Operant/physiology
- Dynorphins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dynorphins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Swimming/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Abigail G. Schindler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Emma Martinelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Richard M. Gustin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
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266
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Parent AJ, Beaudet N, Beaudry H, Bergeron J, Bérubé P, Drolet G, Sarret P, Gendron L. Increased anxiety-like behaviors in rats experiencing chronic inflammatory pain. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:160-7. [PMID: 22245257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For many patients, chronic pain is often accompanied, and sometimes amplified, by co-morbidities such as anxiety and depression. Although it represents important challenges, the establishment of appropriate preclinical behavioral models contributes to drug development for treating chronic inflammatory pain and associated psychopathologies. In this study, we investigated whether rats experiencing persistent inflammatory pain induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) developed anxiety-like behaviors, and whether clinically used analgesic and anxiolytic drugs were able to reverse CFA-induced anxiety-related phenotypes. These behaviors were evaluated over 28 days in both CFA- and saline-treated groups with a variety of behavioral tests. CFA-induced mechanical allodynia resulted in increased anxiety-like behaviors as evidenced by: (1) a significant decrease in percentage of time spent and number of entries in open arms of the elevated-plus maze (EPM), (2) a decrease in number of central squares visited in the open field (OF), and (3) a reduction in active social interactions in the social interaction test (SI). The number of entries in closed arms in the EPM and the distance traveled in the OF used as indicators of locomotor performance did not differ between treatments. Our results also reveal that in CFA-treated rats, acute administration of morphine (3mg/kg, s.c.) abolished tactile allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors, whereas acute administration of diazepam (1mg/kg, s.c) solely reversed anxiety-like behaviors. Therefore, pharmacological treatment of anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic inflammatory pain can be objectively evaluated using multiple behavioral tests. Such a model could help identify/validate alternative potential targets that influence pain and cognitive dimensions of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J Parent
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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267
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Rodriguez J, Rodríguez‐González G, Reyes‐Castro L, Ibáñez C, Ramírez A, Chavira R, Larrea F, Nathanielsz P, Zambrano E. Maternal obesity in the rat programs male offspring exploratory, learning and motivation behavior: prevention by dietary intervention pre‐gestation or in gestation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Rodriguez
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Sciences CenterSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - G.L. Rodríguez‐González
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - L.A. Reyes‐Castro
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - C. Ibáñez
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - A. Ramírez
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - R. Chavira
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - F. Larrea
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
| | - P.W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn ResearchDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Texas Health Sciences CenterSan AntonioTX78229USA
| | - E. Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive BiologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City14000Mexico
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268
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Dereje S, Sawyer S, Oxendine SE, Zhou L, Kezios ZD, Wong RY, Godwin J, Perrin F. Comparing behavioral responses across multiple assays of stress and anxiety in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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269
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van der Staay FJ, Gieling ET, Pinzón NE, Nordquist RE, Ohl F. The appetitively motivated “cognitive” holeboard: A family of complex spatial discrimination tasks for assessing learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:379-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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270
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Maximino C, de Oliveira DL, Broock Rosemberg D, de Jesus Oliveira Batista E, Herculano AM, Matos Oliveira KR, Benzecry R, Blaser R. A comparison of the light/dark and novel tank tests in zebrafish. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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271
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Pietrelli A, Lopez-Costa J, Goñi R, Brusco A, Basso N. Aerobic exercise prevents age-dependent cognitive decline and reduces anxiety-related behaviors in middle-aged and old rats. Neuroscience 2011; 202:252-66. [PMID: 22183054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent research involving human and animals has shown that aerobic exercise of moderate intensity produces the greatest benefit on brain health and behavior. In this study we investigated the effects on cognitive function and anxiety-related behavior in rats at different ages of aerobic exercise, performed regularly throughout life. We designed an aerobic training program with the treadmill running following the basic principles of human training, and assuming that rats have the same physiological adaptations. The intensity was gradually adjusted to the fitness level and age, and maintained at 60-70% of maximum oxygen consumption (max.VO(2)). In middle age (8 months) and old age (18 months), we studied the cognitive response with the radial maze (RM), and anxiety-related behaviors with the open field (OF) and the elevated plus maze (EPM). Aerobically trained (AT) rats had a higher cognitive performance measured in the RM, showing that exercise had a cumulative and amplifier effect on memory and learning. The analysis of age and exercise revealed that the effects of aerobic exercise were modulated by age. Middle-aged AT rats were the most successful animals; however, the old AT rats met the criteria more often than the middle-aged sedentary controls (SC), indicating that exercise could reverse the negative effects of sedentary life, partially restore the cognitive function, and protect against the deleterious effects of aging. The results in the OF and EPM showed a significant decrease in key indicators of anxiety, revealing that age affected most of the analyzed variables, and that exercise had a prominent anxiolytic effect, particularly strong in old age. In conclusion, our results indicated that regular and chronic aerobic exercise has time and dose-dependent, neuroprotective and restorative effects on physiological brain aging, and reduces anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrelli
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences Research, University of Business and Social Sciences (UCES), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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272
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Xiao Z, Jaiswal MK, Deng PY, Matsui T, Shin HS, Porter JE, Lei S. Requirement of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in cholecystokinin-mediated facilitation of NMDA channel function and anxiety-like behavior. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1438-50. [PMID: 22072552 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cholecystokinin (CCK) has long been known to exert anxiogenic effects in both animal anxiety models and humans, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are ill-defined. CCK interacts with CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors resulting in up-regulation of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). However, the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-mediated anxiogenic effects have not been determined. We have shown previously that CCK facilitates glutamate release in the hippocampus especially at the synapses formed by the perforant path and dentate gyrus granule cells via activations of PLC and PKC. Here we further demonstrated that CCK enhanced NMDA receptor function in dentate gyrus granule cells via activation of PLC and PKC pathway. At the single-channel level, CCK increased NMDA single-channel open probability and mean open time, reduced the mean close time, and had no effects on the conductance of NMDA channels. Because elevation of glutamatergic functions results in anxiety, we explored the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-induced anxiogenic actions using the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT). Our results from both pharmacological approach and knockout mice demonstrated that microinjection of CCK into the dentate gyrus concentration-dependently increased anxiety-like behavior via activation of PLC and PKC. Our results provide a novel unidentified signaling mechanism whereby CCK increases anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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273
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Hayton SJ, Mahoney MK, Olmstead MC. Behavioral traits predicting alcohol drinking in outbred rats: an investigation of anxiety, novelty seeking, and cognitive flexibility. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:594-603. [PMID: 22004189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most adults in Western society consume alcohol regularly without negative consequences. For a small subpopulation, however, drinking can quickly progress to excessive and chronic intake. Given the dangers associated with alcohol abuse, it is critical to identify traits that may place an individual at risk for developing these behaviors. To that end, we used a rat model to determine whether anxiety-related behaviors, novelty seeking, or cognitive flexibility predict excessive alcohol drinking under both limited and continuous access conditions. METHODS Adult male rats were assessed in a series of behavioral tasks (elevated plus maze [EPM], locomotor activity, and discrimination/reversal learning in a Y-maze) followed by 6 weeks of daily, 1-hour access to alcohol in a free-choice, 2-bottle paradigm (10% alcohol vs. tap water). Next, subjects were given the opportunity to consume alcohol for 72 hours in drinking chambers that permit separate measures of each drinking bout. Half of the animals experienced a 2-week deprivation period between the limited and continuous access sessions. RESULTS Time spent on the open arms of the EPM, but not novelty seeking or discrimination/reversal learning, predicted alcohol consumption during limited, 1-h/d access sessions to alcohol. Anxiety-related behavior also predicted the escalation of intake when animals were given 72 hours of continuous access to alcohol. Bout size, but not frequency, was responsible for the increased consumption by high-anxiety subjects during this period. Finally, intake during limited access sessions predicted intake during continuous access, but only in subjects with low intake during limited access. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that preexisting anxiety-related behavior predicts alcohol intake under several schedules of alcohol access. Moreover, when access is unlimited, the high-anxiety-related group exhibited an increase in bout size, but not frequency, of drinking. In addition, we show that modest intake when alcohol is restricted may or may not progress to excessive intake when the drug is freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Hayton
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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274
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Roni MA, Rahman S. Neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice. Neurosci Lett 2011. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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275
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Roni MA, Rahman S. Neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist reduces anxiety-like behavior in mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:237-41. [PMID: 21964392 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain cholinergic neurotransmission has been implicated in the modulation of anxiety in humans and evidence suggests that drugs targeting neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) could have potential for the treatment of anxiety. The objective of present study was to examine anxiolytic effects of lobeline (0.04 or 0.1 mg/kg), a nAChR antagonist, in C57BL/6J mice using elevated plus-maze (EPM) and marble-burying test. Lobeline (0.04 mg/kg) significantly increased open arm time on EPM and reduced number of marbles buried. Similarly, mecamylamine (0.3 mg/kg) produced anxiolytic effects, while peripherally acting hexamethonium (0.3 mg/kg) failed to produce any response. These results provide evidence that lobeline has anxiolytic potential and nAChR antagonists may represent a new class of anxiolytics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monzurul Amin Roni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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276
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Fairless AH, Shah RY, Guthrie AJ, Li H, Brodkin ES. Deconstructing sociability, an autism-relevant phenotype, in mouse models. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1713-25. [PMID: 21905241 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reduced sociability is a core feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and is highly disabling, poorly understood, and treatment refractory. To elucidate the biological basis of reduced sociability, multiple laboratories are developing ASD-relevant mouse models in which sociability is commonly assessed using the Social Choice Test. However, various measurements included in that test sometimes support different conclusions. Specifically, measurements of time the "test" mouse spends near a confined "stimulus" mouse (chamber scores) sometimes support different conclusions from measurements of time the test mouse sniffs the cylinder containing the stimulus mouse (cylinder scores). This raises the question of which type of measurements are best for assessing sociability. We assessed the test-retest reliability and ecological validity of chamber and cylinder scores. Compared with chamber scores, cylinder scores showed higher correlations between test and retest measurements, and cylinder scores showed higher correlations with time spent in social interaction in a more naturalistic phase of the test. This suggests that cylinder scores are more reliable and valid measures of sociability in mouse models. Cylinder scores are reported less commonly than chamber scores, perhaps because little work has been done to establish automated software systems for measuring the former. In this study, we found that a particular automated software system performed at least as well as human raters at measuring cylinder scores. Our data indicate that cylinder scores are more reliable and valid than chamber scores, and that the former can be measured very accurately using an automated video analysis system in ASD-relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Fairless
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Translational Research Laboratory, Philadelphia, USA
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277
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Williams SK, Lauder JM, Johns JM. Prenatal Cocaine Disrupts Serotonin Signaling-Dependent Behaviors: Implications for Sex Differences, Early Stress and Prenatal SSRI Exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:478-511. [PMID: 22379462 PMCID: PMC3151602 DOI: 10.2174/157015911796557957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine (PC) exposure negatively impacts the developing nervous system, including numerous changes in serotonergic signaling. Cocaine, a competitive antagonist of the serotonin transporter, similar to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), also blocks dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, leaving the direct mechanism through which cocaine disrupts the developing serotonin system unclear. In order to understand the role of the serotonin transporter in cocaine's effect on the serotonergic system, we compare reports concerning PC and prenatal antidepressant exposure and conclude that PC exposure affects many facets of serotonergic signaling (serotonin levels, receptors, transporters) and that these effects differ significantly from what is observed following prenatal SSRI exposure. Alterations in serotonergic signaling are dependent on timing of exposure, test regimens, and sex. Following PC exposure, behavioral disturbances are observed in attention, emotional behavior and stress response, aggression, social behavior, communication, and like changes in serotonergic signaling, these effects depend on sex, age and developmental exposure. Vulnerability to the effects of PC exposure can be mediated by several factors, including allelic variance in serotonergic signaling genes, being male (although fewer studies have investigated female offspring), and experiencing the adverse early environments that are commonly coincident with maternal drug use. Early environmental stress results in disruptions in serotonergic signaling analogous to those observed with PC exposure and these may interact to produce greater behavioral effects observed in children of drug-abusing mothers. We conclude that based on past evidence, future studies should put a greater emphasis on including females and monitoring environmental factors when studying the impact of PC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Williams
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jean M Lauder
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josephine M Johns
- Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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278
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Miller SM, Piasecki CC, Lonstein JS. Use of the light-dark box to compare the anxiety-related behavior of virgin and postpartum female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:130-7. [PMID: 21851834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum female rodents are less anxious than diestrous virgins and this difference contributes to dams' ability to adequately care for pups and defend the nest. Low postpartum anxiety has been observed in many behavioral paradigms but the results of previous studies using the light-dark box have been inconsistent. We here reexamined the usefulness of the light-dark box to assess differences between postpartum and diestrous virgin female rats in their anxiety-related behavior. We found a significant effect of reproductive state, such that dams spent more time in the light chamber than did diestrous virgins. This difference required recent physical contact with pups because a four-hour separation from pups reduced dams' time spent in the light chamber by half, similar to what we previously found for litter-separated dams tested in an elevated plus maze. We then examined if dams' low-anxiety behavior in the light-dark box depends on high GABA(A) receptor activity by inhibiting the receptor at different binding sites using (+)-Bicuculline to target the GABA site, FG-7142 to target the benzodiazepine site, and pentylenetetrazol to target the picrotoxin site. Only pentylenetetrazol was consistently anxiogenic in dams, while having little effect in diestrous virgins. Thus, the light-dark box can be a useful paradigm to study differences between postpartum and diestrous virgin female rats in their anxiety-related behaviors, and this difference is influenced by dams' recent contact with pups and GABA(A) receptor neurotransmission particularly affected by activity at the picrotoxin site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Miller
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, 108 Giltner Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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279
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Kalueff AV, Schmidt MV. Novel experimental models and paradigms for neuropsychiatric disorders: Editorial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1355-6. [PMID: 21184793 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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280
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Optogenetic disruption of sleep continuity impairs memory consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13305-10. [PMID: 21788501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015633108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation has been proposed as a function of sleep. However, sleep is a complex phenomenon characterized by several features including duration, intensity, and continuity. Sleep continuity is disrupted in different neurological and psychiatric conditions, many of which are accompanied by memory deficits. This finding has raised the question of whether the continuity of sleep is important for memory consolidation. However, current techniques used in sleep research cannot manipulate a single sleep feature while maintaining the others constant. Here, we introduce the use of optogenetics to investigate the role of sleep continuity in memory consolidation. We optogenetically targeted hypocretin/orexin neurons, which play a key role in arousal processes. We used optogenetics to activate these neurons at different intervals in behaving mice and were able to fragment sleep without affecting its overall amount or intensity. Fragmenting sleep after the learning phase of the novel object recognition (NOR) task significantly decreased the performance of mice on the subsequent day, but memory was unaffected if the average duration of sleep episodes was maintained at 62-73% of normal. These findings demonstrate the use of optogenetic activation of arousal-related nuclei as a way to systematically manipulate a specific feature of sleep. We conclude that regardless of the total amount of sleep or sleep intensity, a minimal unit of uninterrupted sleep is crucial for memory consolidation.
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281
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Stewart A, Gaikwad S, Hart P, Kyzar E, Roth A, Kalueff AV. Experimental models for anxiolytic drug discovery in the era of omes and omics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:755-69. [PMID: 22650981 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.586028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal behavioral models have become an indispensable tool for studying anxiety disorders and testing anxiety-modulating drugs. However, significant methodological and conceptual challenges affect the translational validity and accurate behavioral dissection in such models. They are also often limited to individual behavioral domains and fail to target the disorder's real clinical picture (its spectrum or overlap with other disorders), which hinder screening and development of novel anxiolytic drugs. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors discuss and emphasize the importance of high-throughput multi-domain neurophenotyping based on the latest developments in video-tracking and bioinformatics. Additionally, the authors also explain how bioinformatics can provide new insight into the neural substrates of brain disorders and its benefit for drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION The throughput and utility of animal models of anxiety and other brain disorders can be markedly increased by a number of ways: i) analyzing systems of several domains and their interplay in a wider spectrum of model species; ii) using a larger number of end points generated by video-tracking tools; iii) correlating behavioral data with genomic, proteomic and other physiologically relevant markers using online databases and iv) creating molecular network-based models of anxiety to identify new targets for drug design and discovery. Experimental models utilizing bioinformatics tools and online databases will not only improve our understanding of both gene-behavior interactions and complex trait interconnectivity but also highlight new targets for novel anxiolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stewart
- Tulane University Medical School, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program , Tulane Neurophenotyping Platform, SL-83, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112 , USA +1 504 988 3354 ;
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282
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Chirumbolo S. Gelsemine and Gelsemium sempervirens L. Extracts in Animal Behavioral Test: Comments and Related Biases. Front Neurol 2011; 2:31. [PMID: 21647210 PMCID: PMC3098419 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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283
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Izídio GS, Oliveira LC, Oliveira LFG, Pereira E, Wehrmeister TD, Ramos A. The influence of sex and estrous cycle on QTL for emotionality and ethanol consumption. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:329-40. [PMID: 21516450 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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284
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Mann PE, Gervais KJ. Environmental enrichment delays pup-induced maternal behavior in rats. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:371-82. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.20526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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285
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Integrated behavioral z-scoring increases the sensitivity and reliability of behavioral phenotyping in mice: relevance to emotionality and sex. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 197:21-31. [PMID: 21277897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Defining anxiety- and depressive-like states in mice (emotionality) is best characterized by the use of complementary tests, leading sometimes to puzzling discrepancies and lack of correlation between similar paradigms. To address this issue, we hypothesized that integrating measures along the same behavioral dimensions in different tests would reduce the intrinsic variability of single tests and provide a robust characterization of the underlying "emotionality" of individual mouse, similarly as mood and related syndromes are defined in humans through various related symptoms over time. We describe the use of simple mathematical and integrative tools to help phenotype animals across related behavioral tests (syndrome diagnosis) and experiments (meta-analysis). We applied z-normalization across complementary measures of emotionality in different behavioral tests after unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) or prolonged corticosterone exposure - two approaches to induce anxious-/depressive-like states in mice. Combining z-normalized test values, lowered the variance of emotionality measurement, enhanced the reliability of behavioral phenotyping, and increased analytical opportunities. Comparing integrated emotionality scores across studies revealed a robust sexual dimorphism in the vulnerability to develop high emotionality, manifested as higher UCMS-induced emotionality z-scores, but lower corticosterone-induced scores in females compared to males. Interestingly, the distribution of individual z-scores revealed a pattern of increased baseline emotionality in female mice, reminiscent of what is observed in humans. Together, we show that the z-scoring method yields robust measures of emotionality across complementary tests for individual mice and experimental groups, hence facilitating the comparison across studies and refining the translational applicability of these models.
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286
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Behavioral indices of ongoing pain are largely unchanged in male mice with tissue or nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Pain 2011; 152:990-1000. [PMID: 21256675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the impact of chronic pain on the quality of life in patients, including changes to affective state and daily life activities, rodent preclinical models rarely address this aspect of chronic pain. To better understand the behavioral consequences of the tissue and nerve injuries typically used to model neuropathic and inflammatory pain in mice, we measured home cage and affective state behaviors in animals with spared nerve injury, chronic constriction injury (CCI), or intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant. Mechanical hypersensitivity is prominent in each of these conditions and persists for many weeks. Home cage behavior was continuously monitored for 16 days in a system that measures locomotion, feeding, and drinking, and allows for precise analysis of circadian patterns. When monitored after injury, animals with spared nerve injury and complete Freund's adjuvant behaved no differently from controls in any aspect of daily life. Animals with CCI were initially less active, but the difference between CCI and controls disappeared by 2 weeks after injury. Further, in all pain models, there was no change in any measure of affective state. We conclude that in these standard models of persistent pain, despite the development of prolonged hypersensitivity, the mice do not have significantly altered "quality of life." As alteration in daily life activities is the feature that is so disrupted in patients with chronic pain, our results suggest that the models used here do not fully reflect the human conditions and point to a need for development of a murine chronic pain model in which lifestyle changes are manifest.
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287
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Zhang Q, Yu YP, Ye YL, Zhang JT, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Spatiotemporal properties of locomotor activity after administration of central nervous stimulants and sedatives in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:577-85. [PMID: 20863845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the spatiotemporal properties of locomotor activity after administration of CNS sedatives (pentobarbital and diazepam) and stimulants (theophylline and caffeine) in an open field test. The absolute and relative distances traveled in central or peripheral regions within 2 h were analyzed. We found that both pentobarbital and diazepam increased total travel distances, especially within the initial 30 min, when traveling was mainly in the peripheral region. Pentobarbital induced this hyperactivity at higher doses (maximum at 30 mg/kg); while diazepam at higher doses (4 and 8 mg/kg) mainly decreased the traveled distance during 0-1 h but increased that in the periphery during 1-2 h. On the other hand, both theophylline and caffeine generally increased the traveled distance in the central region; this effect lasted longer with increasing dose. Caffeine increased the traveled distance at lower doses (maximum at 10 mg/kg) but decreased it at higher doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) during the initial 1 h. Theophylline exhibited a similar but smaller decrease at higher doses. Thus, we revealed the spatiotemporal properties that sedatives decrease central locomotion but induce a dose-related peripheral hyperactivity while stimulants induce central hyperactivity with a bell-shaped dose-response relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
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288
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Taming anxiety in laboratory mice. Nat Methods 2010; 7:825-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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289
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Absence of repeated-trial tolerance to the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide in the rat triple test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:301-9. [PMID: 20817009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The triple test, recently developed to assess anxiety-related behaviors in rodents, combines three widely used behavioral tests: the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark box (LDB). The EPM and LDB, individually, are normally sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines only in the first trial, due to the phenomenon of one-trial tolerance, which limits their use in longitudinal studies. The main objective of the present investigation was to verify whether the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDZ), previously observed in naive animals submitted to the triple test, would persist after repeated testing. To this end, three experiments were carried out where male Wistar rats received CDZ (10mg/kg) 30min before the triple test for 2, 3 or 20 consecutive days. Except for the first day of drug treatment following a previous test experience in an undrugged state, CDZ had enduring anxiolytic-like effects under all schedules, promoting an increase in the exploration of the EPM open arms (and in some cases of the white compartment of the LDB), without affecting the number of closed-arm entries. The finding that rats did not develop tolerance to CDZ even with chronic treatment and repeated exposures to the triple test suggests that this new device is a promising tool to be used in longitudinal studies involving pharmacological manipulations of anxiety-related behaviors.
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290
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Fraser LM, Brown RE, Hussin A, Fontana M, Whittaker A, O'Leary TP, Lederle L, Holmes A, Ramos A. Measuring anxiety- and locomotion-related behaviours in mice: a new way of using old tests. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:99-112. [PMID: 20454890 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Batteries of tests that are thought to measure different aspects of anxiety-related behaviour are used to characterise mice after genetic or pharmacological manipulation. However, because of the potentially confounding effects of repeated testing and natural intra-individual variations in behaviour over time, subjecting mice to a succession of tests is not ideal. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate, in mice, the utility of an integrated apparatus that combines three classical tests of anxiety, the open field, elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark box. METHODS Mice from four different strains (CD-1, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J) were used in a series of five experiments where their behaviour was observed for 15 min in the integrated apparatus. Responses to anxiety-modulating drugs and 2-day repeated testing were evaluated. RESULTS CD-1 mice explored the apparatus thoroughly, providing measures from all areas throughout the entire testing session. Factor analysis showed that measures of locomotion and anxiety-related behaviour were dissociable. BALB/cJ, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J showed markedly different behavioural profiles, largely consistent with previous studies examining individual tests. Avoidance of aversive environments did not increase with repeated testing. In CD-1 mice, the anxiolytics diazepam and alprazolam (4 and 2 mg/kg, respectively) increased the approach towards the EPM open arms. Alprazolam also had sedative effects, whereas the anxiogenic pentylenetetrazole had no effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the triple test is sensitive to genetic/pharmacological influences on anxiety and locomotion and that, by providing quasi-simultaneous measures from three different apparatuses, it may represent an alternative to the use of test batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Fraser
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4J1
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291
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Sciolino NR, Bortolato M, Eisenstein SA, Fu J, Oveisi F, Hohmann AG, Piomelli D. Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats. Neuroscience 2010; 168:371-86. [PMID: 20394803 PMCID: PMC2882942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Social deprivation in early life disrupts emotionality and attentional processes in humans. Rearing rats in isolation reproduces some of these abnormalities, which are attenuated by daily handling. However, the neurochemical mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that post-weaning social isolation alters the endocannabinoid system, a neuromodulatory system that controls emotional responding. We characterized behavioral consequences of social isolation and evaluated whether handling would reverse social isolation-induced alterations in behavioral reactivity to context and the endocannabinoid system. At weaning, pups were single or group housed and concomitantly handled or not handled daily until adulthood. Rats were tested in emotionality- and attentional-sensitive behavioral assays (open field, elevated plus maze, startle and prepulse inhibition). Cannabinoid receptor densities and endocannabinoid levels were quantified in a separate group of rats. Social isolation negatively altered behavioral responding. Socially-isolated rats that were handled showed less deficits in the open field, elevated plus maze, and prepulse inhibition tests. Social isolation produced site-specific alterations (supraoptic nucleus, ventrolateral thalamus, rostral striatum) in cannabinoid receptor densities compared to group rearing. Handling altered the endocannabinoid system in neural circuitry controlling emotional expression. Handling altered endocannabinoid content (prefrontal and piriform cortices, nucleus accumbens) and cannabinoid receptor densities (lateral globus pallidus, cingulate and piriform cortices, hippocampus) in a region-specific manner. Some effects of social isolation on the endocannabinoid system were moderated by handling. Isolates were unresponsive to handling-induced increases in cannabinoid receptor densities (caudal striatum, anterior thalamus), but were sensitive to handling-induced changes in endocannabinoid content (piriform, prefrontal cortices), compared to group-reared rats. Our findings suggest alterations in the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the abnormal isolate phenotype. Handling modifies the endocannabinoid system and behavioral reactivity to context, but surmounts only some effects of social isolation. These data implicate a pivotal role for the endocannabinoid system in stress adaptation and emotionality-related disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R. Sciolino
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30622 USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarah A. Eisenstein
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30622 USA
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Fariba Oveisi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30622 USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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292
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Iñiguez SD, Warren BL, Bolaños-Guzmán CA. Short- and long-term functional consequences of fluoxetine exposure during adolescence in male rats. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1057-66. [PMID: 20172503 PMCID: PMC2868075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorder in young populations. Here, we explore the short- and long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to FLX on behavioral reactivity to emotion-eliciting stimuli. METHODS Adolescent male rats received FLX (10 mg/kg) twice daily for 15 consecutive days (postnatal days 35-49). The influence of FLX on behavioral reactivity to rewarding and aversive stimuli was assessed 24 hours (short-term) or 3 weeks after FLX treatment (long-term). A separate group of adult rats was also treated with FLX (postnatal days 65-79) and responsiveness to forced swimming was assessed at identical time intervals as with the adolescents. RESULTS Fluoxetine exposure during adolescence resulted in long-lasting decreases in behavioral reactivity to forced swimming stress and enhanced sensitivity to sucrose and to anxiety-eliciting situations in adulthood. The FLX-induced anxiety-like behavior was alleviated by re-exposure to FLX in adulthood. Fluoxetine treatment during adolescence also impaired sexual copulatory behaviors in adulthood. Fluoxetine-treated adult rats did not show changes in behavioral reactivity to forced swim stress as observed in those treated during adolescence and tested in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Treating adolescent rats with FLX results in long-lived complex outputs regulated by the emotional valence of the stimulus, the environment in which it is experienced, and the brain circuitry likely being engaged by it. Our findings highlight the need for further research to improve our understanding of the alterations that psychotropic exposure may induce on the developing nervous system and the potential enduring effects resulting from such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA
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293
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Bordukalo-Niksic T, Mokrovic G, Stefulj J, Zivin M, Jernej B, Cicin-Sain L. 5HT-1A receptors and anxiety-like behaviours: studies in rats with constitutionally upregulated/downregulated serotonin transporter. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:238-45. [PMID: 20457184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Altered activity of brain serotonergic (5HT) system has been implicated in a wide range of behaviours and behavioural disorders, including anxiety. Functioning of 5HT-1A receptor has been suggested as a modulator of emotional balance in both, normal and pathological forms of anxiety. Here, we studied serotonergic modulation of anxiety-like behaviour using a genetic rat model with constitutional differences in 5HT homeostasis, named Wistar-Zagreb 5HT (WZ-5HT) rats. The model, consisting of high-5HT and low-5HT sublines, was developed by selective breeding of animals for extreme activities of peripheral (platelet) 5HT transporter, but selection process had affected also central 5HT homeostasis, as evidenced from neurochemical and behavioural studies. Anxiety-like behaviour in WZ-5HT rats was evaluated by two commonly used paradigms: open field and elevated-plus maze. The involvement of 5HT-1A receptors in behavioural response was assessed by measuring mRNA expression in cell bodies (raphe nuclei) and projection regions (frontal cortex, hippocampus) by use of RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, and by measuring functionality of cortical 5HT-1A receptors by use of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT radioligand binding. Animals from the high-5HT subline exhibit increased anxiety-like behaviour and decreased exploratory activity when exposed to novel environment. No measurable differences in constitutional (baseline) functionality or expression of 5HT-1A receptors between sublines were found. The results support contribution of increased serotonergic functioning to the anxiety-like behaviour. They also validate the high-5HT subline of WZ-5HT rats as a potential model to study mechanisms of anxiety, especially of its nonpathological form, while the low-5HT subline may be useful to model sensation seeking phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Niksic
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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294
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Fendt M, Imobersteg S, Bürki H, McAllister KH, Sailer AW. Intra-amygdala injections of neuropeptide S block fear-potentiated startle. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:154-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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295
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Curio M, Jacone H, Perrut J, Pinto ÂC, Filho VFV, Silva RCB. Acute effect of Copaifera reticulata Ducke copaiba oil in rats tested in the elevated plus-maze: an ethological analysis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Copaiba oil oleoresin exuded from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (CRD) is commonly used in anti-inflammatory, healing and anti-tumoral folk medicines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative anxiolytic effect of acute administration of CRD.
Methods
CRD was administered (100, 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) to male Wistar rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety using an ethopharmacological analysis.
Key findings
In comparison with control rats, CRD increased the percentage of entries in the open arms over the entire dose range tested (vehicle, 33.6 ± 4.5; CRD 100 mg/kg, 44.67 ± 3.68; CRD 400 mg/kg, 47.2 ± 2.3; CRD 800 mg/kg, 50.7 ± 2.2) and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze at the highest dose (800 mg/kg) (vehicle, 26.4 ± 5.7; CRD 800 mg/kg, 52.0 ± 2.7). A standard anxiolytic, diazepam (3 mg/kg, p.o.), was used as a positive control. In a similar way, diazepam increased the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms when compared with vehicle (% open entries: vehicle, 45.4 ± 1.3; diazepam, 50.7 ± 1.9; % time spent in open arms: vehicle, 28.2 ± 0.9; diazepam, 38.9 ± 1.2). Regarding ethological measures, CRD at the highest dose (800 mg/kg) reduced peeping out (anxiety-related behaviour) (vehicle, 3.1 ± 0.6; CRD, 0.9 ± 0.2) and increased end-arm activity (vehicle, 0.2 ± 0.2; CRD, 2.0 ± 0.4), indicating an enhanced tendency of the rats to explore actively the potentially dangerous areas of the maze. Diazepam decreased peeping out (vehicle, 3.3 ± 0.3; diazepam, 1.0 ± 0.2) and flat-back approach (vehicle, 0.8 ± 0.2; diazepam, 0.2 ± 0.1) and increased end-arm activity (vehicle, 0.3 ± 0.1; diazepam, 2.5 ± 0.3) and head-dipping (vehicle, 8.2 ± 0.4; diazepam, 12.0 ± 0.5).
Conclusions
These data showed, for the first time, that acute treatment with CRD copaiba oil produced a dose-dependent anxiolytic-like effect over the dose range tested, on conventional and ethological parameters, without adversely affecting general activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Curio
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hellena Jacone
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaime Perrut
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Âengelo C Pinto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdir F Veiga Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Regina C B Silva
- Laboratório de Psicologia Experimental, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Villégier AS, Gallager B, Heston J, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Age influences the effects of nicotine and monoamine oxidase inhibition on mood-related behaviors in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:593-601. [PMID: 20069419 PMCID: PMC2813528 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a comorbidity of smoking with depression and anxiety, particularly during adolescence. However, few animal studies have considered possible synergistic interactions between nicotine and other tobacco smoke constituents, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, in the regulation of mood. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that nicotine combined with the irreversible MAO inhibitor, tranylcypromine, will differentially affect depression- and anxiety-related behaviors in adolescent and adult rats. METHODS Nicotine (0, 0.05, 0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) and tranylcypromine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were tested separately, or together, on male rats aged postnatal days 30 and 68, in three mood-related behavioral tests: forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field. RESULTS Nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) in adults significantly decreased floating time in the FST and increased time spent in the open arm of the EPM, with no change in locomotor activity. Tranylcypromine pretreatment combined with nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity and time spent in the center of the open field. Whereas nicotine alone had no significant effect on adolescents, it significantly increased locomotor activity and decreased floating time in the FST when combined with tranylcypromine pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS There is an age-dependent effect of nicotine, alone and in combination with MAO inhibition, on mood-related behaviors. Whereas nicotine alone induces mood improvement in adults, it has no effect on adolescents. Nicotine combined with tranylcypromine has unique, age-dependent effects. Thus, experimental studies of smoking should consider both age and other tobacco constituents, such as MAO inhibitors, as critical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Villégier
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Brittney Gallager
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Jon Heston
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - James D. Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Frances M. Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA ,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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297
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector W H Tsang
- Neuropsychiatric Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Honk Kong.
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298
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Bruchas MR, Land BB, Lemos JC, Chavkin C. CRF1-R activation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid system in the mouse basolateral amygdala mediates anxiety-like behavior. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8528. [PMID: 20052275 PMCID: PMC2795205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a complex human experience and having both rewarding and aversive motivational properties. The adverse effects of stress are well documented, yet many of underlying mechanisms remain unclear and controversial. Here we report that the anxiogenic properties of stress are encoded by the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin acting in the basolateral amygdala. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that the anxiogenic-like effects of Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) were triggered by CRF1-R activation of the dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system. Central CRF administration significantly reduced the percent open-arm time in the elevated plus maze (EPM). The reduction in open-arm time was blocked by pretreatment with the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), and was not evident in mice lacking the endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin. The CRF1-R agonist stressin 1 also significantly reduced open-arm time in the EPM, and this decrease was blocked by norBNI. In contrast, the selective CRF2-R agonist urocortin III did not affect open arm time, and mice lacking CRF2-R still showed an increase in anxiety-like behavior in response to CRF injection. However, CRF2-R knockout animals did not develop CRF conditioned place aversion, suggesting that CRF1-R activation may mediate anxiety and CRF2-R may encode aversion. Using a phosphoselective antibody (KORp) to identify sites of dynorphin action, we found that CRF increased KORp-immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of wildtype, but not in mice pretreated with the selective CRF1-R antagonist, antalarmin. Consistent with the concept that acute stress or CRF injection-induced anxiety was mediated by dynorphin release in the BLA, local injection of norBNI blocked the stress or CRF-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior; whereas norBNI injection in a nearby thalamic nucleus did not. The intersection of stress-induced CRF and the dynorphin/KOR system in the BLA was surprising, and these results suggest that CRF and dynorphin/KOR systems may coordinate stress-induced anxiety behaviors and aversive behaviors via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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299
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van der Staay FJ, Schuurman T, van Reenen CG, Korte SM. Emotional reactivity and cognitive performance in aversively motivated tasks: a comparison between four rat strains. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2009; 5:50. [PMID: 20003525 PMCID: PMC2805679 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive function might be affected by the subjects' emotional reactivity. We assessed whether behavior in different tests of emotional reactivity is correlated with performance in aversively motivated learning tasks, using four strains of rats generally considered to have a different emotional reactivity. METHODS The performance of male Brown Norway, Lewis, Fischer 344, and Wistar Kyoto rats in open field (OF), elevated plus-maze (EPM), and circular light-dark preference box (cLDB) tasks, which are believed to provide measures of emotional reactivity, was evaluated. Spatial working and reference memory were assessed in two aversively motivated learning and memory tasks: the standard and the "repeated acquisition" versions of the Morris water maze escape task, respectively. All rats were also tested in a passive avoidance task. At the end of the study, levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-HT turnover in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were determined. RESULTS Strain differences showed a complex pattern across behavioral tests and serotonergic measures. Fischer 344 rats had the poorest performance in both versions of the Morris water escape task, whereas Brown Norway rats performed these tasks very well but the passive avoidance task poorly. Neither correlation analysis nor principal component analysis provided convincing support for the notion that OF, EPM, and cLDB tasks measure the same underlying trait. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the level of emotional reactivity modulates cognitive performance in aversively motivated tasks. Concepts such as "emotional reactivity" and "learning and memory" cannot adequately be tapped with only one behavioral test. Our results emphasize the need for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Josef van der Staay
- Programme Emotion & Cognition, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
- BioMedical Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Schuurman
- BioMedical Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis G van Reenen
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Center, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - S Mechiel Korte
- Programme Emotion & Cognition, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP), a polyherbal preparation, ameliorates PTSD-like behavior and cognitive impairments in stressed rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1458-63. [PMID: 19665511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has been shown to be effective in treating various mood disorders. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether FEWP could ameliorate stress-associated behavior in rats. Following the exposure to enhanced single prolonged stress (ESPS) paradigm, consisting of 2-hr constraint, 20-min forced swimming, ether-induced loss of consciousness, and an electric foot shock, animals were administered orally with FEWP (2.5, 5, or 10mg/kg daily) or vehicle for 2 weeks. Animals were then tested in the open field, elevated plus-maze, and Morris water maze. ESPS exposure resulted in pronounced anxiety-like behavior, without impairing locomotor activity, as indicated by significant decreases of time spent and number of entries into open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, and unaltered distance traveled in the open field test compared to unexposed animals. ESPS-exposed animals also displayed marked cognitive impairments, with significant increases of distance traveled and the escape latency to the underwater platform, and a striking decrease of time spent in the target quadrant with and without the removal of the platform in the water maze test. However, repeated treatment with FEWP, particularly at higher doses, reversed the aforementioned behavioral values in the elevated plus-maze and water maze tests to the levels similar to unexposed animals. These results indicate that FEWP possesses anxiolytic and cognition-improving effects and may be an effective herbal preparation for the treatment of stress-associated conditions, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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