251
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Hagihara M, Yamagishi Y, Izumi K, Miyazaki N, Suzuki T, Kato H, Nishiyama N, Koizumi Y, Suematsu H, Mikamo H. Comparison of initial stream urine samples and cervical samples for detection of human papillomavirus. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:559-62. [PMID: 27342077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine cervical cancer is a treatable and preventable cancer. Medical efforts to reduce rates of cervical cancer focus on the promotion of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and the promotion of routine cervical cancer screening done by cervical cytology and cervical HPV testing. Urine-based HPV testing would be simple and noninvasive approach to screen for cervical cancer. METHODS Two biospecimens (clinician-taken sample from cervix and initial stream urine sample) were provided from a total of 240 healthy women attending for cancer screening provided for HPV testing. We have assessed the HPV detection rates among cervical samples and pellet fraction of urine samples using HPV test (Anyplex™ II HPV28 Detection kit, Seegene, Korea). RESULTS Among 240 samples screened, HPV prevalence was 42.9% in pellet fractions of urine samples. The agreement between the two kinds of samples was 98.4%, k = 0.792. Discordant results were observed in 27 cases; 5 were positive only by urine samples and 22 were positive only by smear samples. Sensitivity and specificity for all HPV DNA in pellet fractions of urine using cervical samples as reference was 68.4% and 99.9%. CONCLUSIONS Comparing methodologies of collection of samples for HPV detection, they showed the higher agreements for almost genotypes between cervical samples and pellet fractions of urine samples. These results suggest that urine could be a good noninvasive tool to monitor HPV infection in women. Additional research in a larger and general screening population would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Hagihara
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan; Izumi Ladies Clinic, Japan
| | | | - Narimi Miyazaki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hideo Kato
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishiyama
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Koizumi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suematsu
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan; Izumi Ladies Clinic, Japan.
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252
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Fischer S, Bettstetter M, Becher A, Lessel M, Bank C, Krams M, Becker I, Hartmann A, Jagla W, Gaumann A. Shift in prevalence of HPV types in cervical cytology specimens in the era of HPV vaccination. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:601-610. [PMID: 27347187 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present population-based cohort study was to analyze the association between the prevalence of 32 types of human papilloma virus (HPV) in 615 female patients with abnormal cervical cytopathology findings. In total, 32 HPV types were screened by DNA array technology. HPV infection was detected in 470 women (76.42%), 419 of whom (89.15%) were infected with ≥1 high-risk (HR)-HPV type. HPV16, which is recognized as the main HR-HPV type responsible for the development of cervical cancer, was observed in 32.98% of HPV+ participants, followed by HPV42 (18.09%), HPV31 (17.66%), HPV51 (13.83%), HPV56 (10.00%), HPV53 (8.72%) and HPV66 (8.72%). The prevalence of HR-HPV types, which may be suppressed directly (in the case of HPV16 and 18), or possibly via cross-protection (in the case of HPV31) following vaccination, was considerably lower in participants ≤22 years of age (HPV16, 28.57%; HPV18, 2.04%; HPV31, 6.12%), compared with participants 23-29 years of age (HPV16, 45.71%; HPV18, 7.86%; HPV31, 22.86%), who were less likely to be vaccinated. Consequently, the present study hypothesizes that there may be a continuous shift in the prevalence of HPV types as a result of vaccination. Furthermore, the percentage of non-vaccine HR-HPV types was higher than expected, considering that eight HPV types formerly classified as 'low-risk' or 'probably high-risk' are in fact HR-HPV types. Therefore, it may be important to monitor non-vaccine HPV types in future studies, and an investigation concerning several HR-HPV types as risk factors for the development of cervical cancer is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fischer
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Marcus Bettstetter
- Part Shared Practice Molecular Pathology South Bavaria, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Becher
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Marlene Lessel
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany; Part Shared Practice Molecular Pathology South Bavaria, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Cyril Bank
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Matthias Krams
- Institute of Pathology Rosenheim, D-83022 Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Ingrid Becker
- Institute of Pathology Rosenheim, D-83022 Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jagla
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Andreas Gaumann
- Institute of Pathology Kaufbeuren-Ravensburg, D-87600 Kaufbeuren, Germany; Part Shared Practice Molecular Pathology South Bavaria, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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253
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Stanley M. Preventing cervical cancer and genital warts - How much protection is enough for HPV vaccines? J Infect 2016; 72 Suppl:S23-8. [PMID: 27211079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HPV associated disease is a global health problem: 5.2% of all cancers are HPV associated with HPV 16 and 18 accounting for 70% of cases of cervical cancer. Genital warts caused by HPV 6 and 11 have a lifetime risk of acquisition of 10%. HPV vaccines are subunit vaccines consisting of virus like particles comprised of the L1 major capsid protein. Two vaccines have been licenced since 2006/2007 and are in the National Immunisation programmes in 62 countries. Both vaccines include HPV 16 and 18 VLPs and one also includes HPV 6 and 11. The vaccines are highly immunogenic and well tolerated. Genital HPV is a sexually transmitted infection with peak incidence occurring just after the onset of sexual activity and the routine cohort for immunisation in almost all countries are adolescent girls 9-15 years of age with or without catch up for older adolescents and young women. Population effectiveness is now being demonstrated for these vaccines in countries with high vaccine coverage. HPV vaccines are highly immunogenic and effective and the original 3 dose schedules have already been reduced, for those 14 years and under, to 2 for both licenced vaccines. There is preliminary evidence that 1 dose of vaccine is as effective as 2 or 3 in preventing persistent HPV infection in the cervix in young women and further reductions in dosage may be possible if supported by appropriate virological, immunological and modelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stanley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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254
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Xi LF, Schiffman M, Koutsky LA, Hughes JP, Hulbert A, Shen Z, Galloway DA, Kiviat NB. Variant-specific persistence of infections with human papillomavirus Types 31, 33, 45, 56 and 58 and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1098-105. [PMID: 27121353 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study of the etiologic role of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types other than HPV16 and 18, we observed a significantly higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grades 2-3 (CIN2/3) associated with certain lineages of HPV types 31/33/45/56/58 [called high-risk (HR) variants] compared with non-HR variants. This study was to examine whether these intra-type variants differ in persistence of the infection and persistence-associated risk of CIN2/3. Study subjects were women who had any of HPV types 31/33/45/56/58 newly detected during a 2-year follow-up with 6-month intervals. For each type, the first positive sample was used for variant characterization. The association of reverting-to-negativity with group of the variants and CIN2/3 with length of positivity was assessed using discrete Cox regression and logistic regression, respectively. Of the 598 newly detected, type-specific HPV infections, 312 became undetectable during follow-up. Infections with HR, compared with non-HR, variants were marginally more likely to become negative [adjusted hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9-1.8]. The adjusted odds ratio associating with the development of CIN2/3 was 3.0 (95% CI, 1.2-7.4) for persistent infections with HR variants for 6 months and 10.0 (95% CI, 3.8-38.0) for persistent infections with HR variants for 12-18 months as compared with the first positive detection of HR variants. Among women with non-HR variants, there were no appreciable differences in risk of CIN2/3 by length of positivity. Findings suggest that the lineage-associated risk of CIN2/3 was not mediated through a prolonged persistent infection, but oncogenic heterogeneity of the variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura A Koutsky
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - James P Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ayaka Hulbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Zhenping Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Denise A Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nancy B Kiviat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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255
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Fan X, Zhou Y, Chen JJ. Role of Cdc6 in re-replication in cells expressing human papillomavirus E7 oncogene. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:799-809. [PMID: 27207654 PMCID: PMC4967213 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The E7 oncoprotein of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types induces DNA re-replication that contributes to carcinogenesis; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. To better understand the mechanism by which E7 induces re-replication, we investigated the expression and function of cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6) in E7-expressing cells. Cdc6 is a DNA replication initiation factor and exhibits oncogenic activities when overexpressed. We found that in E7-expressing cells, the steady-state level of Cdc6 protein was upregulated and its half-life was increased. Cdc6 was localized to the nucleus and associated with chromatin, especially upon DNA damage. Importantly, downregulation of Cdc6 reduced E7-induced re-replication. Interestingly, the level of Cdc6 phosphorylation at serine 54 (S54P) was increased in E7-expressing cells. S54P was associated with an increase in the total amount of Cdc6 and chromatin-bound Cdc6. DNA damage-enhanced upregulation and chromatin binding of Cdc6 appeared to be due to downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) as Cdk1 knockdown increased Cdc6 levels. Furthermore, Cdk1 knockdown or inhibition led to re-replication. These findings shed light on the mechanism by which HPV induces genomic instability and may help identify potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Fan
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01532, USA, Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian 710032, China and
| | - Yunying Zhou
- The Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jason J Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01532, USA, The Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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256
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Bolatti EM, Chouhy D, Casal PE, Pérez GR, Stella EJ, Sanchez A, Gorosito M, Bussy RF, Giri AA. Characterization of novel human papillomavirus types 157, 158 and 205 from healthy skin and recombination analysis in genus γ-Papillomavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 42:20-9. [PMID: 27108808 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gammapapillomavirus (γ-PV) is a diverse and rapidly expanding genus, currently consisting of 79 fully characterized human PV (HPV) types. In this study, three novel types, HPV157, HPV158 and HPV205, obtained from healthy sun-exposed skin of two immunocompetent individuals, were amplified by the "Hanging droplet" long PCR technique, cloned, sequenced and characterized. HPV157, HPV158 and HPV205 genomes comprise 7154-bp, 7192-bp and 7298-bp, respectively, and contain four early (E1, E2, E6 and E7) and two late genes (L1 and L2). Phylogenetic analysis of the L1 ORF placed all novel types within the γ-PV genus: HPV157 was classified as a new member of species γ-12 while HPV158 and HPV205 belong to species γ-1. We then explored potential recombination events in genus γ-PV with the RDP4 program in a dataset of 74 viruses (71 HPV types with available full-length genomes and the 3 novel types). Two events, both located in the E1 ORF, met the inclusion criterion (p-values <0.05 with at least four methods) and persisted in different ORF combinations: an inter-species recombination in species γ-8 (major and minor parents: species γ-24 and γ-11, respectively), and an intra-species recombination in species γ-7 (recombinant strain: HPV170; major and minor parents: HPV-109 and HPV-149, respectively). These findings were confirmed by phylogenetic tree incongruence analysis. An additional incongruence was found in members of species γ-9 but it was not detected by the RDP4. This report expands our knowledge of the family Papillomaviridae and provides for the first time in silico evidence of recombination in genus γ-PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Bolatti
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Pablo E Casal
- Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Germán R Pérez
- Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Emma J Stella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Sanchez
- División de Dermatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Mario Gorosito
- División de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ramón Fernandez Bussy
- División de Dermatología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Adriana A Giri
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (CONICET), Suipacha 590, 2000 Rosario, Argentina; Area Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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257
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[HPV DNA genotyping: A study of anogenital, head and neck and skin cancers in a population from west Algerian. HPV detection in different cancers from an Algerian population]. Bull Cancer 2016; 103:455-60. [PMID: 27085765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in cancers located at different sites in patients from west Algerian and collected between 2010 and 2014. MATERIAL AND METHODS Extracted DNA from archival formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues was provided from 39 anogenital cancers, 10 head and neck cancers and 36 skin cancers. The viral DNA was detected using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra(®) kit. RESULTS The prevalence of HPV was 100% in cervical cancers, 40% in vaginal cancers, 17% in vulvar cancers, 33% in anal cancers, 0% in tonsil and larynx cancers and 6.4% in skin squamous cell carcinoma. In cervical cancers, the most prevalent genotypes were HPV16 (52%) and HPV18 (12%) as single infection. CONCLUSION The overall results agree partially with literature. Extensive research is necessary to promote HPV vaccine to reduce in particular the burden of cervical cancer in Algeria.
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258
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Alhamlan FS, Khayat HH, Ramisetty-Mikler S, Al-Muammar TA, Tulbah AM, Al-Badawi IA, Kurdi WI, Tulbah MI, Alkhenizan AA, Hussain AN, Ahmed M, Al-Ahdal MN. Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior as risk factors for human papillomavirus infection in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46:94-9. [PMID: 27062984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a hospital-based cohort of women in Saudi Arabia. METHODS Cervical specimens and questionnaire data were collected from women attending clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cervical specimens were examined for abnormal cytology using a standard Pap test and for the presence of HPV-DNA using PCR and reverse line blot hybridization tests. RESULTS Approximately 73% of the 400 women tested were Saudi nationals. Nearly 50% were under 40 years old (range 22-80 years, mean±standard deviation 41.20±10.43 years). Approximately 17% of the women were HPV-positive. The most commonly detected HPV types were HPV-18 (34%) and HPV-16 (19%), with multiple infections detected in 10% of positive specimens. Multivariate analyses revealed that smoking and multiple partners were significant risk factors for HPV infection (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Because of societal challenges and an unsubstantiated assumption of low HPV prevalence, few studies have examined sociodemographic characteristics or sexual behaviors associated with HPV in Saudi women. However, a high prevalence of HPV infection was found, with smoking and multiple partners as significant risk factors, in this hospital-based cohort of predominantly Saudi women.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H H Khayat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Ramisetty-Mikler
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Center for Computational Epidemiology and Response Analysis (CeCERA), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - T A Al-Muammar
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Tulbah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I A Al-Badawi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - W I Kurdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Tulbah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alkhenizan
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A N Hussain
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Ahmed
- Department of Family Medicine and Polyclinic, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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259
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Stanley M. HPV vaccines: how many doses are needed for protection? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HPV virus-like particle vaccines are highly immunogenic, well tolerated and are in the national immunization programs in more than 62 countries. Genital HPV is a sexually transmitted infection with first infection occurring just after the onset of sexual activity. The routine cohort for immunization in almost all countries are adolescent girls 9–15 years of age with or without catch-up for older adolescents and young women. In countries with vaccine coverage exceeding 50%, reductions in vaccine type HPV geno-prevalence and disease are being shown. The mechanism of protection is assumed to be via neutralizing antibody. Antibody concentration in adolescents less than 14 years of age after two doses of vaccine at 0 and 6 months are noninferior to women after three doses and in whom efficacy was demonstrated in randomized control trials. The original three-dose schedules have already been reduced in many countries, for those 14 years of age and under, to two doses at least 6 months apart for the licensed vaccines Cervarix® and GARDASIL®. There is preliminary evidence that one dose of vaccine is as effective as two or three doses at preventing persistent HPV infection in the cervix in young women and a one-dose schedule may be possible if supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Stanley
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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260
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Zhai L, Tumban E. Gardasil-9: A global survey of projected efficacy. Antiviral Res 2016; 130:101-9. [PMID: 27040313 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of human neoplasias such as warts and cancers. There are ∼19 HPV types associated with cancers, which has made it very challenging for first generation HPV vaccines to offer complete protection against all cancer-causing HPV types. Recently, a second generation HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, has been approved to protect against more HPV types. Worldwide, Gardasil-9 will protect against HPV types associated with ∼90% of cervical cancer case in women and 80-95% of other HPV-associated anogenital cancers in both men and women. However, due to variation in HPV-type specific prevalence and distribution, the vaccine will offer different percentages of protection in different geographical regions; Gardasil-9 will offer protection against HPV types associated with ∼87.7% of cervical cancers in Asia, 91.7% in Africa, 92% in North America, 90.9% in Europe, 89.5% in Latin America & the Caribbean, and 86.5% in Australia. Because of this, Pap smear screening and testing for HPV types not included in Gardasil-9 will need to continue, especially in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to achieve complete protection against all HPV types that cause cervical cancer, a third-generation HPV vaccine is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukai Zhai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states
| | - Ebenezer Tumban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states.
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261
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Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause essentially all cervical cancers, most anal and oropharyngeal cancers, and some vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of infection and the availability of newer tests are changing the approach to screening and diagnosis. Molecular tests to detect DNA from the most common high-risk HPVs are FDA approved for use in conjunction with cytology in cervical cancer screening programs. More-specific tests that detect RNA from high-risk HPV types are now also available. The use of molecular tests as the primary screening tests is being adopted in some areas. Genotyping to identify HPV16 and -18 has a recommended role in triaging patients for colposcopy who are high-risk HPV positive but have normal cytology. There are currently no recommended screening methods for anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, or oropharyngeal HPV infections. HPV testing has limited utility in patients at high risk for anal cancer, but p16 immunohistochemistry is recommended to clarify lesions in tissue biopsy specimens that show moderate dysplasia or precancer mimics. HPV testing is recommended for oropharyngeal squamous cell tumors as a prognostic indicator. Ongoing research will help to improve the content of future guidelines for screening and diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Burd
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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262
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Mangino G, Chiantore MV, Iuliano M, Fiorucci G, Romeo G. Inflammatory microenvironment and human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:103-11. [PMID: 27021827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 15% of the global cancer burden is attributable to infectious agents. Pathogens that cause persistent infections are strongly associated with cancer, inflammation being a major component of the chronic infections as revealed by basic, clinical and epidemiological studies. Persistent infection and viral oncoproteins induce specific cellular pathways modifications that promote tumorigenesis. Deregulated and continuous immune response leads to severe tissue and systemic damage, impaired tumor surveillance and consequent carcinogenesis promotion by selecting for metastatic and therapeutically resistant tumor phenotypes. In this review, the role of inflammatory microenvironment in the HPV-induced carcinogenesis is addressed, with a specific focus on the involvement of the immune molecules and microRNAs as well as their delivery through the microvesicle cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Chiantore
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Fiorucci
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
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263
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Gallagher KE, Baisley K, Grosskurth H, Vallely A, Kapiga S, Vandepitte J, Kamali A, De Sanjosé S, Changalucha J, Hayes R, Watson-Jones D. The Association Between Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection and Subsequent HIV Acquisition in Tanzanian and Ugandan Women: A Nested Case-Control Study. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:87-95. [PMID: 26951818 PMCID: PMC4907415 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to analyze the associations between cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, using cervical samples from previous studies in Tanzania and Uganda. METHODS A total of 161 adult women who acquired HIV infection during follow-up and 464 individually matched HIV-seronegative controls were selected from 5 cohorts of women working in bars and recreational facilities. Stored cervical samples were tested for 37 HPV genotypes, using a polymerase chain reaction assay (Roche Linear Array genotyping assay). Multivariate matched analysis using conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate HPV infection, persistence, and clearance as predictors of HIV acquisition. RESULTS HIV seroconverters were significantly more likely than controls to frequently drink alcohol and to be infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or herpes simplex virus type 2. There was no evidence of an association between HIV acquisition and any detectable HPV at the visit prior to HIV seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, .66-1.57) or between HIV acquisition and persistent HPV infection (defined as 2 positive HPV genotype-specific test results at least 6 months apart), cleared HPV infection (defined as a positive HPV test result followed by negative HPV genotype-specific test result), or newly acquired HPV infection, compared with HPV-negative women. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of association between HPV infection status and subsequent HIV acquisition. These results stand in contrast to other observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Gallagher
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | - Kathy Baisley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Heiner Grosskurth
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | - Andrew Vallely
- Public Health Interventions Research Group, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Saidi Kapiga
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
| | | | | | - Silvia De Sanjosé
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Changalucha
- Mwanza Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
| | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Watson-Jones
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit
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264
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Papillomavirus in Healthy Skin Specimens Collected from Rural Anyang, China, 2006-2008. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1191-1198. [PMID: 26916390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin infections with cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) have been linked to the development of non-melanoma skin cancer, in which mucosal HPV may also play a crucial role. However, systematic investigations of the distribution and associated factors of HPV infection in healthy skin of the general population are scarce. HPV DNA from palmar exfoliated cells of 2,087 individuals was detected by FAP6085/64 and SPF1/GP6+ primers followed by sequencing. A total of 338 papillomavirus types were detected, with HPV-3, HPV-57, and HPV-49 being the most dominant types. The overall prevalence for HPV DNA on skin was 79.92% and for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HPV were 27.07%, 38.76%, and 29.56%, respectively. Having multiple lifetime sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio 1.60), being a migrant worker (adjusted odds ratio 2.05, reference: farmers), and frequent bathing (Ptrend = 0.001) were associated with alpha-HPV DNA presence. Advancing age increased the detection risk of beta-HPV (Ptrend = 0.001). Higher education (Ptrend = 0.017) and frequent bathing (Ptrend = 0.001) were positively related to gamma-HPV positivity. This study demonstrates that alpha-HPV commonly exists on healthy skin of the general population in rural China, and alpha- and gamma-HPV infections are related to certain behaviors, different from beta-HPV infection. These findings are crucial to better understanding the biology of HPV infection and may be suggestive of the potential transmission of these viruses.
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265
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Luo H, Du H, Maurer K, Belinson JL, Wang G, Liu Z, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wang C, Tang J, Qu X, Wu R. An Evaluation of the Cobas4800 HPV Test on Cervico-Vaginal Specimens in Liquid versus Solid Transport Media. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148168. [PMID: 26828360 PMCID: PMC4734716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Determine the ability of the Cobas 4800 assay to detect high-risk human papillomavirus (HrHPV) and high-grade cervical lesions when using cervico-vaginal samples applied to liquid medium and solid media cards compared to a direct cervical sample. Methods Two cervico-vaginal specimens (pseudo self-collected) were obtained from 319 women. One was applied to an iFTA Card (FTA) then the brush placed in liquid-based medium (LSELF); the other was applied to a new solid media: POI card (POI). The clinical performance of Cobas4800 assay using the three aforementioned specimens was compared to direct collected endocervical specimens in liquid media (LDOC). Results The overall agreements of HrHPV detection were 84.2% (LSELF vs. LDOC), 81.0% (FTA vs. LDOC), and 82.3% (POI vs. LDOC). LSELF, FTA and POI identified 98.0%, 79.6%, and 97.5% positive cases of LDOC. Sensitivity to identify CIN2+ were 98.4% (LSELF), 73.8% (FTA), 95.1% (POI), and 93.4% (LDOC) respectively. FTA had 78.1% and 90.4% agreement with the LSELF samples for all HrHPV and HPV16/18 detection respectively, while POI had 91.6% for both. Conclusions Cobas4800 HPV test combined with cervico-vaginal specimens applied to both liquid media and POI solid card are accurate to detect HrHPV infection and high-grade cervical lesions as compared with direct endocervical samples in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Luo
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Kathryn Maurer
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jerome L. Belinson
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Preventive Oncology International, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Guixiang Wang
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Zhou
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jinlong Tang
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Qu
- Preventive Oncology International, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruifang Wu
- Department of obstetrics/gynaecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Technology for Early Diagnosis of Major Gynecological diseases, Shenzhen, PR China
- * E-mail:
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266
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Shen Z, Liu X, Morihara J, Hulbert A, Koutsky LA, Kiviat NB, Xi LF. Detection of Human Papillomavirus Infections at the Single-Cell Level. Intervirology 2016; 58:324-331. [PMID: 26820741 DOI: 10.1159/000442573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possibility of single-cell analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS Two hundred and twenty cells were isolated by laser capture microdissection from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cervical tissue blocks from 8 women who had HPV DNA detected in their cervical swab samples. The number of type-specific HPV copies in individual cells was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction with and without a prior reverse transcription. The cells were assayed and counted for more than once if the corresponding swab sample was positive for ≥2 HPV types. RESULTS Infection with HPV16, HPV39, HPV51, HPV52, HPV58, HPV59 and HPV73 was detected in 12 (5.5%) of 220, 3 (9.4%) of 32, 3 (5.8%) of 52, 11 (22.9%) of 48, 9 (18.8%) of 48, 3 (9.4%) of 32 and none of 20 cells, respectively. The numbers of HPV genome copies varied widely from cell to cell. The coexistence of multiple HPV types was detected in 6 (31.6%) of 19 positive cells from 1 of the 6 women who had 2 or 3 HPV types detected in their swab samples. CONCLUSION Given the heterogeneity of HPV status in individual cells, further clarification of HPV infection at the single-cell level may refine our understanding of HPV-related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Departments of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R.China
| | - Janice Morihara
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ayaka Hulbert
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Laura A Koutsky
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nancy B Kiviat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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267
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Vidal JPCB, Felix SP, Chaves CBP, Patury P, Franco VF, de Morais EA, de Carvalho NA, Carvalho ACL, Almeida Neto OF, Vieira LMTM, Correa FM, Martins LFL, Negrão A, de Almeida LM, Moreira MAM. Genetic diversity of HPV16 and HPV18 in Brazilian patients with invasive cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1279-87. [PMID: 26694554 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women, and ∼70-80% of these cancers are associated with two human papillomavirus types: HPV16 and HPV18. Several studies have reported that intra-type diversity is associated with the progression of infection to invasive cancer. Herein, we report the genetic diversity of HPV16 and HPV18 in a cohort of 594 Brazilian women with invasive cervical cancer and describe the prevalence of lineages and intra-type diversity prior to the implementation of the public immunization program in Brazil. HPV detection and genotyping were performed using PCR, PGMY/GP primers, and DNA extracted from fresh tumors. The HPV16 (378 women) and HPV18 (80 women) lineages were identified by PCR and sequencing of the LCR and E6 fragments, followed by SNV comparison and phylogenetic analysis. In our cohort, was found a higher frequency of the lineage A (in 217 women), followed by lineage D (in 97 women) and lineages B and C (in 10 women each) for HPV16; and a higher frequency of lineage A (in 56 women) followed by lineage B (in 15 women) in HPV18. The genetic diversity of HPV16 indicated a recent expansion of specific variants or a selective advantage that is associated with invasive cancer; this pattern was not observed for HPV18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Paulo C B Vidal
- Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Shayany Pinto Felix
- Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B P Chaves
- Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Patury
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Franco
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Evaneide A de Morais
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Neile A de Carvalho
- Populational Research Department, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Aurenice C L Carvalho
- Populational Research Department, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Olimpio F Almeida Neto
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Lina Maria T M Vieira
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Flavia Miranda Correa
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Cancer Hospital II, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Negrão
- Populational Research Department, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
| | - Liz Maria de Almeida
- Populational Research Department, National Cancer Institute José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brazil
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268
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Molecular Detection of Human Papillomaviruses. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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269
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Abstract
Cutaneous papillomaviruses are associated with specific skin diseases, such as extensive wart formation and the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), especially in immunosuppressed patients. Hence, clinical approaches are required that prevent such lesions. Licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines confer type-restricted protection against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18, responsible of 90% of genital warts and 70% of cervical cancers, respectively. However, they do not protect against less prevalent high-risk types or cutaneous HPVs. Over the past few years, several studies explored the potential of developing vaccines targeting cutaneous papillomaviruses. These vaccines showed to be immunogenic and prevent skin tumor formation in certain animal models. Furthermore, under conditions mimicking the ones found in the intended target population (i.e., immunosuppression and in the presence of an already established infection before vaccination), recent preclinical data shows that immunization can still be effective. Strategies are currently focused on finding vaccine formulations that can confer protection against a broad range of papillomavirus-associated diseases. The state-of-the-art of these approaches and the future directions in the field will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Vinzón
- a Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg , Germany
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270
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Kojic EM, Rana AI, Cu-Uvin S. Human papillomavirus vaccination in HIV-infected women: need for increased coverage. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:105-17. [PMID: 26599305 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women carry a significant burden on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated diseases. As HIV-infected individuals are living longer, the prevalence of HPV infection is rising and HPV-associated cytological abnormalities remain high despite successful treatments of HIV infection. Several HPV vaccines are currently available and recommended for adolescents and adults up to age 26. The vaccines are safe, immunogenic and effective in preventing diseases due to HPV types included in the vaccines, particularly among persons without prior HPV exposure. This review summarizes available data on the use of the HPV vaccines among HIV-infected women. The immunogenicity and safety of the vaccines are highlighted and in particular, barriers to vaccination among HIV-infected women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Milunka Kojic
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Aadia I Rana
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Susan Cu-Uvin
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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271
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New Type of Papillomavirus and Novel Circular Single Stranded DNA Virus Discovered in Urban Rattus norvegicus Using Circular DNA Enrichment and Metagenomics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141952. [PMID: 26559957 PMCID: PMC4641689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rattus norvegicus (R. norvegicus) are ubiquitous and their presence has several effects on the human populations in our urban areas on a global scale. Both historically and presently, this close interaction has facilitated the dissemination of many pathogens to humans, making screening for potentially zoonotic and emerging viruses in rats highly relevant. We have investigated faecal samples from R. norvegicus collected from urban areas using a protocol based on metagenomic enrichment of circular DNA genomes and subsequent sequencing. We found a new type of papillomavirus, with a L1 region 82% identical to that of the known R. norvegicus Papillomavirus 2. Additionally, we found 20 different circular replication associated protein (Rep)-encoding single stranded DNA (CRESS-DNA) virus-like genomes, one of which has homology to the replication-associated gene of Beak and feather disease virus. Papillomaviruses are a group of viruses known for their carcinogenic potential, and although they are known to infect several different vertebrates, they are mainly studied and characterised in humans. CRESS-DNA viruses are found in many different environments and tissue types. Both papillomaviruses and CRESS-DNA viruses are known to have pathogenic potential and screening for novel and known viruses in R. norvegicus could help identify viruses with pathogenic potential.
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272
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Fux R, Langenmayer MC, Jörgens D, Schubert C, Heckel JO, Sutter G. Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 - a novel deltapapillomavirus inducing endemic papillomatosis in the endangered Visayan spotted deer. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:128-133. [PMID: 26555294 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel papillomavirus - Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 (RalPV1) - which causes endemic fibropapillomatosis in the European conservation breeding population of the highly endangered Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi). Degenerated papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral DNA. Subsequently, the complete genomic DNA was cloned and the sequence was determined. The RalPV1 genome has a length of 8029 bp, encodes the early proteins E6, E7, E1, E2 and E5, the two late proteins L1 and L2 and contains an upstream regulatory region. Highest sequence identities were observed with two deltapapillomaviruses, the Capreolus capreolus PV1 and Cervus elaphus PV1. Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF L1 suggested that RalPV1 is a putative new type of the papillomavirus species Deltapapillomavirus 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Jörgens
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Christina Schubert
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jens-Ove Heckel
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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273
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da Fonseca AJ, Galvão RS, Miranda AE, Ferreira LCDL, Chen Z. Comparison of three human papillomavirus DNA detection methods: Next generation sequencing, multiplex-PCR and nested-PCR followed by Sanger based sequencing. J Med Virol 2015; 88:888-94. [PMID: 26496186 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To compare the diagnostic performance for HPV infection using three laboratorial techniques. Ninty-five cervicovaginal samples were randomly selected; each was tested for HPV DNA and genotypes using 3 methods in parallel: Multiplex-PCR, the Nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing, and the Next_Gen Sequencing (NGS) with two assays (NGS-A1, NGS-A2). The study was approved by the Brazilian National IRB (CONEP protocol 16,800). The prevalence of HPV by the NGS assays was higher than that using the Multiplex-PCR (64.2% vs. 45.2%, respectively; P = 0.001) and the Nested-PCR (64.2% vs. 49.5%, respectively; P = 0.003). NGS also showed better performance in detecting high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and HPV16. There was a weak interobservers agreement between the results of Multiplex-PCR and Nested-PCR in relation to NGS for the diagnosis of HPV infection, and a moderate correlation for HR-HPV detection. Both NGS assays showed a strong correlation for detection of HPVs (k = 0.86), HR-HPVs (k = 0.91), HPV16 (k = 0.92) and HPV18 (k = 0.91). NGS is more sensitive than the traditional Sanger sequencing and the Multiplex PCR to genotype HPVs, with promising ability to detect multiple infections, and may have the potential to establish an alternative method for the diagnosis and genotyping of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allex Jardim da Fonseca
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, University of State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Center of Infectious Diseases Research, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva Galvão
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, University of State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Epidemiology & Population Health, and Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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274
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Poljak M, Kocjan BJ, Oštrbenk A, Seme K. Commercially available molecular tests for human papillomaviruses (HPV): 2015 update. J Clin Virol 2015; 76 Suppl 1:S3-S13. [PMID: 26601820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial molecular tests for human papillomaviruses (HPV) are invaluable diagnostic tools in cervical carcinoma screening and management of women with cervical precancerous lesions as well as important research tools for epidemiological studies, vaccine development, and implementation and monitoring of vaccination programs. In this third inventory of commercial HPV tests, we identified 193 distinct commercial HPV tests and at least 127 test variants available on the market in 2015, which represents a 54% and 79% increase in the number of distinct HPV tests and variants, respectively, in comparison to our last inventory performed in 2012. Identified HPV tests were provisionally divided into eight main groups and several subgroups. Among the 193 commercial HPV tests, all but two target alpha-HPV types only. Although the number of commercial HPV tests with at least one published study in peer-reviewed literature has increased significantly in the last three years, several published performance evaluations are still not in line with agreed-upon standards in the HPV community. Manufacturers should invest greater effort into evaluating their products and publishing validation/evaluation results in peer-reviewed journals. To achieve this, more clinically oriented external quality-control panels and initiatives are required. For evaluating the analytical performance of the entire range of HPV tests currently on the market, more diverse and reliable external quality-control programs based on international standards for all important HPV types are indispensable. The performance of a wider range of HPV tests must be promptly evaluated on a variety of alternative clinical specimens. In addition, more complete HPV assays containing validated sample-extraction protocols and appropriate internal controls are urgently needed. Provision of a broader range of automated systems allowing large-scale HPV testing as well as the development of reliable, rapid, and affordable molecular point-of-care tests are priorities for the further improvement of HPV tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Boštjan J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Oštrbenk
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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275
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Initial amplification of the HPV18 genome proceeds via two distinct replication mechanisms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15952. [PMID: 26522968 PMCID: PMC4629122 DOI: 10.1038/srep15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the mechanism of HPV18 replication is paramount for identifying possible drug targets against HPV infection. We used two-dimensional and three-dimensional gel electrophoresis techniques to identify replication intermediates arising during the initial amplification of HPV18 episomal genomes. We determined that the first rounds of HPV18 replication proceed via bidirectional theta structures; however, a notable accumulation of almost fully replicated HPV18 genomes indicates difficulties with the completion of theta replication. We also observed intermediates that were created by a second replication mechanism during the initial amplification of HPV18 genomes. The second replication mechanism does not utilize specific initiation or termination sequences and proceeds via a unidirectional replication fork. We suggest a significant role for the second replication mechanism during the initial replication of the HPV18 genome and propose that the second replication mechanism is recombination-dependent replication.
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276
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Harari A, Chen Z, Rodríguez AC, Hildesheim A, Porras C, Herrero R, Wacholder S, Panagiotou OA, Befano B, Burk RD, Schiffman M. Cross-protection of the Bivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Against Variants of Genetically Related High-Risk HPV Infections. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:939-47. [PMID: 26518044 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Results from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT) demonstrated partial cross-protection by the bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which targets HPV-16 and HPV-18, against HPV-31, -33, and -45 infection and an increased incidence of HPV-51 infection. METHODS A study nested within the CVT intention-to-treat cohort was designed to assess high-risk HPV variant lineage-specific vaccine efficacy (VE). The 2 main end points were (1) long-term incident infections persisting for ≥2 years and/or progression to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ie, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 [CIN 2/3]) and (2) incident transient infections lasting for <2 years. For efficiency, incident infections due to HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35, -45, and -51 resulting in persistent infection and/or CIN 2/3 were matched (ratio, 1:2) to the more-frequent transient viral infections, by HPV type. Variant lineages were determined by sequencing the upstream regulatory region and/or E6 region. RESULTS VEs against persistent or transient infections with HPV-16, -18, -33, -35, -45, and -51 did not differ significantly by variant lineage. As the possible exception, VEs against persistent infection and/or CIN 2/3 due to HPV-31 A/B and HPV-31C variants were -7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], -33.9% to 0%) and 86.4% (95% CI, 65.1%-97.1%), respectively (P = .02 for test of equal VE). No difference in VE was observed by variant among transient HPV-31 infections (P = .68). CONCLUSIONS Overall, sequence variation at the variant level does not appear to explain partial cross-protection by the bivalent HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Carolina Porras
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Sholom Wacholder
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Orestis A Panagiotou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
| | - Brian Befano
- Information Management Services, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pediatrics Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville
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277
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Wang JW, Jiang R, Peng S, Chang YN, Hung CF, Roden RBS. Immunologic Control of Mus musculus Papillomavirus Type 1. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005243. [PMID: 26495972 PMCID: PMC4619818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent papillomas developed in ~10% of out-bred immune-competent SKH-1 mice following MusPV1 challenge of their tail, and in a similar fraction the papillomas were transient, suggesting potential as a model. However, papillomas only occurred in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice depleted of T cells with anti-CD3 antibody, and they completely regressed within 8 weeks after depletion was stopped. Neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cell depletion alone in BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice was sufficient to permit visible papilloma formation. However, low levels of MusPV1 were sporadically detected by either genomic DNA-specific PCR analysis of local skin swabs or in situ hybridization of the challenge site with an E6/E7 probe. After switching to CD3+ T cell depletion, papillomas appeared upon 14/15 of mice that had been CD4+ T cell depleted throughout the challenge phase, 1/15 of CD8+ T cell depleted mice, and none in mice without any prior T cell depletion. Both control animals and those depleted with CD8-specific antibody generated MusPV1 L1 capsid-specific antibodies, but not those depleted with CD4-specific antibody prior to T cell depletion with CD3 antibody. Thus, normal BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice eliminate the challenge dose, whereas infection is suppressed but not completely cleared if their CD4 or CD8 T cells are depleted, and recrudescence of MusPV1 is much greater in the former following treatment with CD3 antibody, possibly reflecting their failure to generate capsid antibody. Systemic vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with DNA vectors expressing MusPV1 E6 or E7 fused to calreticulin elicits potent CD8 T cell responses and these immunodominant CD8 T cell epitopes were mapped. Adoptive transfer of a MusPV1 E6-specific CD8+ T cell line controlled established MusPV1 infection and papilloma in RAG1-knockout mice. These findings suggest the potential of immunotherapy for HPV-related disease and the importance of host immunogenetics in the outcome of infection. While most patients clear human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, some develop persistent papillomas, especially if immunocompromised. Likewise, we find a fraction of outbred SKH-1 mice challenged with Mus musculus papillomavirus type 1 (MusPV1/MmuPV1) develop persistent papillomas, whereas most SKH-1 mice, as seen for the inbred C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains, clear the infection. Viral clearance requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and depletion of either subset permits persistent but subclinical infection. In C57BL/6 mice, CD8+ T cell epitopes were mapped to MusPV1 E6 and E7; however the CD8+ T cell response to E6 dominated and correlated with spontaneous regression. A MusPV1 E6-specific CD8+ T cell line was developed by vaccination and culture in vitro, and its systemic administration once was sufficient to effect papilloma clearance in an immunodeficient mouse. Our observations in inbred and outbred mice challenged with MusPV1 suggest promise for immunotherapy to treat HPV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yung-Nien Chang
- Research and Development Department, Papivax LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Immunotherapy Division, Papivax Biotech Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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278
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Flores-Miramontes MG, Torres-Reyes LA, Alvarado-Ruíz L, Romero-Martínez SA, Ramírez-Rodríguez V, Balderas-Peña LMA, Vallejo-Ruíz V, Piña-Sánchez P, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Human papillomavirus genotyping by Linear Array and Next-Generation Sequencing in cervical samples from Western Mexico. Virol J 2015; 12:161. [PMID: 26444975 PMCID: PMC4596464 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Linear Array® (LA) genotyping test is one of the most used methodologies for Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, in that it is able to detect 37 HPV genotypes and co-infections in the same sample. However, the assay is limited to a restricted number of HPV, and sequence variations in the detection region of the HPV probes could give false negatives results. Recently, 454 Next-Generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been efficiently used also for HPV genotyping; this methodology is based on massive sequencing of HPV fragments and is expected to be highly specific and sensitive. In this work, we studied HPV prevalence in cervixes of women in Western Mexico by LA and confirmed the genotypes found by NGS. METHODS Two hundred thirty three cervical samples from women Without cervical lesions (WCL, n = 48), with Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN I, n = 98), or with Cervical cancer (CC, n = 87) were recruited, DNA was extracted, and HPV positivity was determined by PCR amplification using PGMY09/11 primers. All HPV- positive samples were genotyped individually by LA. Additionally, pools of amplicons from the PGMY-PCR products were sequenced using 454 NGS technology. Results obtained by NGS were compared with those of LA for each group of samples. RESULTS We identified 35 HPV genotypes, among which 30 were identified by both technologies; in addition, the HPV genotypes 32, 44, 74, 102 and 114 were detected by NGS. These latter genotypes, to our knowledge, have not been previously reported in Mexican population. Furthermore, we found that LA did not detect, in some diagnosis groups, certain HPV genotypes included in the test, such as 6, 11, 16, 26, 35, 51, 58, 68, 73, and 89, which indicates possible variations at the species level. CONCLUSIONS There are HPV genotypes in Mexican population that cannot be detected by LA, which is, at present, the most complete commercial genotyping test. More studies are necessary to determine the impact of HPV-44, 74, 102 and 114 on the risk of developing CC. A greater number of samples must be analyzed by NGS for the most accurate determination of Mexican HPV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Flores-Miramontes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Luis Alberto Torres-Reyes
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Liliana Alvarado-Ruíz
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Luz María Adriana Balderas-Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO)-IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruíz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR)-IMSS, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas (UIMEO)-IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO)-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Sierra Mojada No. 800, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25 Suppl 1:2-23. [PMID: 25752814 PMCID: PMC5024016 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have evolved over millions of years to propagate themselves in a range of different animal species including humans. Viruses that have co‐evolved slowly in this way typically cause chronic inapparent infections, with virion production in the absence of apparent disease. This is the case for many Beta and Gamma HPV types. The Alpha papillomavirus types have however evolved immunoevasion strategies that allow them to cause persistent visible papillomas. These viruses activate the cell cycle as the infected epithelial cell differentiates in order to create a replication competent environment that allows viral genome amplification and packaging into infectious particles. This is mediated by the viral E6, E7, and E5 proteins. High‐risk E6 and E7 proteins differ from their low‐risk counterparts however in being able to drive cell cycle entry in the upper epithelial layers and also to stimulate cell proliferation in the basal and parabasal layers. Deregulated expression of these cell cycle regulators underlies neoplasia and the eventual progression to cancer in individuals who cannot resolve high‐risk HPV infection. Most work to date has focused on the study of high‐risk HPV types such as HPV 16 and 18, which has led to an understanding of the molecular pathways subverted by these viruses. Such approaches will lead to the development of better strategies for disease treatment, including targeted antivirals and immunotherapeutics. Priorities are now focused toward understanding HPV neoplasias at sites other than the cervix (e.g. tonsils, other transformation zones) and toward understanding the mechanisms by which low‐risk HPV types can sometimes give rise to papillomatosis and under certain situations even cancers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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280
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Towards cervical cancer eradication: joint force of HPV vaccination and HPV-based cervical cancer screening. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:806-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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281
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Tian YS, Kawashita N, Arai Y, Okamoto K, Takagi T. Pharmacophore Modeling and Molecular Docking Studies of potential inhibitors to E6 PBM-PDZ from Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Bioinformation 2015; 11:401-6. [PMID: 26420921 PMCID: PMC4574123 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to cause cervical cancer. Vaccines are now available to prevent HPV
infection. However, a clinically approved drug is yet not available to treat HPV. The PDZ(PSD−95/Dlg/ZO−1)−binding motif (PBM)
in the E6 protein of HPVs targets the PDZ domain (known to be associated with oncogenesis) for degradation. Therefore, it is of
interest to study PBM–PDZ interaction towards its possible inhibition with a potential inhibitor. Thus, four pharmocophore models
of PBM−PDZ complex were developed. In order to obtain potent small molecules for its inhibition, a commercial compound
database was screened using both these pharmacophore models and molecule docking method. These efforts identified four
potential compounds (1−4) towards its inhibition with the docking scores range -18.2 to -15.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shi Tian
- Gradute School of Information Science and Technology
| | - Norihito Kawashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | - Tatsuya Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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282
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Regulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Viruses 2015; 7:4734-55. [PMID: 26295406 PMCID: PMC4576203 DOI: 10.3390/v7082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways are the mechanisms by which cells transduce external stimuli, which control the transcription of genes, to regulate diverse biological effects. In cancer, distinct signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, have been implicated in the deregulation of critical molecular processes that affect cell proliferation and differentiation. For example, changes in β-catenin localization have been identified in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers as the lesion progresses. Specifically, β-catenin relocates from the membrane/cytoplasm to the nucleus, suggesting that this transcription regulator participates in cervical carcinogenesis. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins are responsible for the transforming activity of HPV, and some studies have implicated these viral oncoproteins in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Nevertheless, new interactions of HPV oncoproteins with cellular proteins are emerging, and the study of the biological effects of such interactions will help to understand HPV-related carcinogenesis. This review addresses the accumulated evidence of the involvement of the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins in the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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283
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Dietrich A, Hermans C, Heppt MV, Ruzicka T, Schauber J, Reinholz M. Human papillomavirus status, anal cytology and histopathological outcome in HIV-positive patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29:2011-8. [PMID: 26274593 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) are responsible for a broad spectrum of mucocutaneous infections and may cause squamous cell carcinoma following long-standing infection . Oncogenic HPV, most commonly HPV 16, are detectable in over 90% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is strongly associated with a higher prevalence of chronic HPV infection, a higher incidence of AIN and an increased risk for anal cancer (AC). In September 2013, guidelines concerning prevention, screening and treatment of AIN for patients affected by HIV were issued by the German AIDS society. OBJECTIVE In order to validate the suggested screening procedure, we analysed data from 123 male and female patients with HIV infection that regularly present in our outpatient clinic. METHODS Anal cytology, HPV typing and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) were performed. RESULTS Our results show that screening by anal cytology only identifies a minority of patients with high grade AIN (AIN 3) histology. Patients with normal cytology (NILM, cytology graded negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; n = 5, 29.4%), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS; n = 5, 71.4%) and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; n = 8, 44.5%) showed highly dysplastic lesions (AIN 2 and 3) in the histological workup more frequently than expected. Additionally, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was strongly associated with detection of high-risk oncogenic HPV. CONCLUSION Anal cytology as the solitary screening tool for anal cancer fails to detect anal dysplasia in a considerable number of patients. Additionally, HPV typing and possibly further biomarkers might be applied to identify those patients with a higher risk of developing anal carcinoma, in order to monitor them more closely or directly transfer them to HRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dietrich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Hermans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - M V Heppt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - T Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - J Schauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Reinholz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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284
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Human Papillomaviruses; Epithelial Tropisms, and the Development of Neoplasia. Viruses 2015; 7:3863-90. [PMID: 26193301 PMCID: PMC4517131 DOI: 10.3390/v7072802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses have evolved over many millions of years to propagate themselves at specific epithelial niches in a range of different host species. This has led to the great diversity of papillomaviruses that now exist, and to the appearance of distinct strategies for epithelial persistence. Many papillomaviruses minimise the risk of immune clearance by causing chronic asymptomatic infections, accompanied by long-term virion-production with only limited viral gene expression. Such lesions are typical of those caused by Beta HPV types in the general population, with viral activity being suppressed by host immunity. A second strategy requires the evolution of sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms, and allows some HPV types to cause prominent and persistent papillomas, even in immune competent individuals. Some Alphapapillomavirus types have evolved this strategy, including those that cause genital warts in young adults or common warts in children. These strategies reflect broad differences in virus protein function as well as differences in patterns of viral gene expression, with genotype-specific associations underlying the recent introduction of DNA testing, and also the introduction of vaccines to protect against cervical cancer. Interestingly, it appears that cellular environment and the site of infection affect viral pathogenicity by modulating viral gene expression. With the high-risk HPV gene products, changes in E6 and E7 expression are thought to account for the development of neoplasias at the endocervix, the anal and cervical transformation zones, and the tonsilar crypts and other oropharyngeal sites. A detailed analysis of site-specific patterns of gene expression and gene function is now prompted.
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285
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de Oliveira CM, Bravo IG, Santiago e Souza NC, Genta MLND, Fregnani JHTG, Tacla M, Carvalho JP, Longatto-Filho A, Levi JE. High-level of viral genomic diversity in cervical cancers: A Brazilian study on human papillomavirus type 16. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:44-51. [PMID: 26160543 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is the third most frequent cancer among women worldwide and is associated with persistent infection by carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs). The combination of large populations of viral progeny and decades of sustained infection may allow for the generation of intra-patient diversity, in spite of the assumedly low mutation rates of PVs. While the natural history of chronic HPVs infections has been comprehensively described, within-host viral diversity remains largely unexplored. In this study we have applied next generation sequencing to the analysis of intra-host genetic diversity in ten ICC and one condyloma cases associated to single HPV16 infection. We retrieved from all cases near full-length genomic sequences. All samples analyzed contained polymorphic sites, ranging from 3 to 125 polymorphic positions per genome, and the median probability of a viral genome picked at random to be identical to the consensus sequence in the lesion was only 40%. We have also identified two independent putative duplication events in two samples, spanning the L2 and the L1 gene, respectively. Finally, we have identified with good support a chimera of human and viral DNA. We propose that viral diversity generated during HPVs chronic infection may be fueled by innate and adaptive immune pressures. Further research will be needed to understand the dynamics of viral DNA variability, differentially in benign and malignant lesions, as well as in tissues with differential intensity of immune surveillance. Finally, the impact of intralesion viral diversity on the long-term oncogenic potential may deserve closer attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- Infections and Cancer Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maricy Tacla
- Gynecology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jesus Paula Carvalho
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Levi
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Donà MG, Gheit T, Latini A, Benevolo M, Torres M, Smelov V, McKay-Chopin S, Giglio A, Cristaudo A, Zaccarelli M, Tommasino M, Giuliani M. Alpha, beta and gamma Human Papillomaviruses in the anal canal of HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men. J Infect 2015; 71:74-84. [PMID: 25698067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anal infection by cutaneous Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) has been rarely investigated. We aimed to assess the prevalence, genotype diversity, and determinants of mucosal (alpha) and cutaneous (beta and gamma) anal HPV infection in men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS Anal samples were collected with a Dacron swab. Alpha HPVs were detected using the Linear Array HPV genotyping test, while beta and gamma HPVs using a PCR combined with Luminex technology. RESULTS A total of 609 MSM (437 HIV-uninfected and 172 HIV-infected, most of which were undergoing cART) were enrolled. Alpha, beta, and gamma HPVs were detected in 78.0%, 27.6% and 29.3% of the participants. Only alpha HPV prevalence was significantly higher among HIV-infected compared to uninfected MSM (93.0% vs. 72.1%, p < 0.0001). Beta2 and gamma10 represented the most frequent cutaneous HPV species, with no significant differences between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. The most common alpha, beta, and gamma genotypes were HPV16, HPV111, HPV121, respectively. Alpha HPV infection was significantly associated with lifetime number of partners, receptive anal sex, and HIV status. Beta and/or gamma HPV infection showed no significant association with HIV status, socio-demographic or sexual behavioral factors. CONCLUSIONS A wide spectrum of mucosal and cutaneous HPV types is present in the anal canal. Only mucosal HPV prevalence increased significantly in cases of concomitant HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Donà
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandra Latini
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Benevolo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Vitaly Smelov
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Amalia Giglio
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Department, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cristaudo
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaccarelli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Giuliani
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
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287
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Torres M, Gheit T, McKay-Chopin S, Rodríguez C, Romero JD, Filotico R, Doná MG, Ortiz M, Tommasino M. Prevalence of beta and gamma human papillomaviruses in the anal canal of men who have sex with men is influenced by HIV status. J Clin Virol 2015; 67:47-51. [PMID: 25959158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types benefit differently from the immunocompromised status of the host. So far it is not known whether a similar scenario holds for the large group of the β and γ cutaneous HPV types that appear to be present at several anatomical sites. METHODS The presence of β (n=43) and γ (n=30) HPVs in the anal samples of 66 HIV-positive and 153 HIV-negative anonymized men who have sex with men (MSM) was determined by multiplex PCR, using type-specific primers and bead-based hybridization (Luminex technology). RESULTS The prevalence of β and γ HPV infection was 65.6% and 68.2%, respectively, among HIV-positive MSM and 59.1% and 57.7%, respectively, among HIV-negative MSM. β-2 and γ-10 were found to be the most prevalent species in both groups. The prevalence of infection with HPV types of the species β-1 (P=0.02), β-3 (P=0.002), γ-6 (P=0.002), and γ-7 (P=0.02) was higher in HIV-positive than HIV-negative men. In contrast, the β-2 species was equally distributed in the two groups, while the γ-10 species was slightly affected by HIV status. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that impairment of the host's immune surveillance impacts β and γ HPV infections differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Torres
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine McKay-Chopin
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Raffaele Filotico
- Unità Operativa complessa di Dermatologia Presidio Ospedaliero. A. Perrino, Brindisi, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ortiz
- Retrovirus and Papillomavirus Unit, National Centre of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France.
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288
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Kocjan BJ, Bzhalava D, Forslund O, Dillner J, Poljak M. Molecular methods for identification and characterization of novel papillomaviruses. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:808-16. [PMID: 26003284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PV) are a remarkably heterogeneous family of small DNA viruses that infect a wide variety of vertebrate species and are aetiologically linked with the development of various neoplastic changes of the skin and mucosal epithelia. Based on nucleotide similarity, PVs are hierarchically classified into genera, species and types. Novel human PV (HPV) types are given a unique number only after the whole genome has been cloned and deposited with the International HPV Reference Center. As of 9 March 2015, 200 different HPV types, belonging to 49 species, had been recognized by the International HPV Reference Center. In addition, 131 animal PV types identified from 66 different animal species exist. Recent advances in molecular techniques have resulted in an explosive increase in the identification of novel HPV types and novel subgenomic HPV sequences in the last few years. Among PV genera, the γ-PV genus has been growing most rapidly in recent years with 80 completely sequenced HPV types, followed by α-PV and β-PV genera that have 65 and 51 recognized HPV types, respectively. We reviewed in detail the contemporary molecular methods most often used for identification and characterization of novel PV types, including PCR, rolling circle amplification and next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, we present a short overview of 12 and 10 novel HPV types recently identified in Sweden and Slovenia, respectively. Finally, an update on the International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Bzhalava
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - O Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Dillner
- International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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289
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Boumba LMA, Qmichou Z, Mouallif M, Attaleb M, El Mzibri M, Hilali L, Donatien M, Ennaji MM. Human papillomavirus genotypes distribution by cervical cytologic status among women attending the General Hospital of Loandjili, Pointe-Noire, Southwest Congo (Brazzaville). J Med Virol 2015; 87:1769-76. [PMID: 25963674 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HPV infection is associated with cervical cancer, one of the major public health problems in developing countries. In the Republic of Congo, despite of the high age-standardized incidence rate estimated at 25.2 per 100,000 women, molecular epidemiology data on HPV infections are very limited. We investigated HPV genotypes distribution in cervical smears among patients attending the General Hospital of Loandjili, Southwest Congo. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted on 321 women. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected for cytological diagnosis and HPV detection. Nested-PCR was performed using MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ primers with genotyping by direct sequencing. Type-specific PCR for HPV-6, -11, -16, -18, -31 and -33 was also used to assess multiple infections. Out of 321 women examined, 189 (58.8%) had normal cytology, 16 (5.0%) had ASCUS and 116 (36.1%) had cytological abnormalities. HPV-DNA was detected in 22 (11.6%), 6 (37.5%), and 104 (89.6%) normal cytology, ASCUS and cytological abnormalities respectively. HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype regardless of cytological status followed by HPV70 in women without lesions and HPV33 among those with lesions. HR-HPV prevalence varied significantly according to the cervical cytology (P = 0.000). Among women without lesions, two peaks of HPV infections were observed in age group less than 30 years (60.0%) and in age group 50-59 years (7.1%). Age, age of first sex, multiple sexual partners and pregnancies were the risk factors for HPV infection in women without lesions. Our findings could be used as evidence data base for future epidemiological monitoring in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Magloire Anicet Boumba
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Eco-toxicologie et biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP:146 Mohammedia, Maroc.,Laboratoire d'Agroalimentaire et Santé, Département de Biologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan 1er Settat B.P. 577, Settat, Maroc.,Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales et Morphologiques, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, B.P., Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Zineb Qmichou
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Eco-toxicologie et biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP:146 Mohammedia, Maroc.,Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Unité de Biologie et Recherche Médicale, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN) B.P. 1382 RP, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Mustapha Mouallif
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Eco-toxicologie et biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP:146 Mohammedia, Maroc.,Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la santé, Université Hassan 1er Settat B.P. 577, Settat, Maroc
| | - Mohammed Attaleb
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Unité de Biologie et Recherche Médicale, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires (CNESTEN) B.P. 1382 RP, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Mohammed El Mzibri
- Laboratoire d'Agroalimentaire et Santé, Département de Biologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan 1er Settat B.P. 577, Settat, Maroc
| | - Lahoucine Hilali
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales et Morphologiques, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, B.P., Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Moukassa Donatien
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales et Morphologiques, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, B.P., Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Microbiologie et Qualité/Eco-toxicologie et biodiversité, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, BP:146 Mohammedia, Maroc
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290
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Wang D, Li Z, Xiao J, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Fan F, Xin L, Wei M, Kong Z, Yu H, Gu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia N. Identification of Broad-Genotype HPV L2 Neutralization Site for Pan-HPV Vaccine Development by a Cross-Neutralizing Antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123944. [PMID: 25905781 PMCID: PMC4408011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus, is responsible for 5% of human cancers. The HPV capsid consists of major and minor structural proteins, L1 and L2. L1 proteins form an icosahedral shell with building blocks of the pentameric capsomere, and one L2 molecule extends outward from the central hole of the capsid. Thus, L2 is concealed within L1 and only becomes exposed when the capsid interacts with host cells. The low antigenic variation of L2 means that this protein could offer a target for the development of a pan-HPV vaccine. Toward this goal, here we describe an anti-L2 monoclonal antibody, 14H6, which broadly neutralizes at least 11 types of HPV, covering types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58 and 59, in pseudovirion--based cell neutralization assay. The mAb 14H6 recognizes a minimal linear epitope located on amino acids 21 to 30 of the L2 protein. Alanine scanning mutagenesis and sequence alignment identified several conserved residues (Cys22, Lys23, Thr27, Cys28 and Pro29) that are involved in the 14H6 binding with L2. The epitope was grafted to several scaffolding proteins, including HPV16 L1 virus-like particles, HBV 149 core antigen and CRM197. The resultant chimeric constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified with high efficiency. Immunization with these pan-HPV vaccine candidates elicited high titers of the L2-specific antibody in mice and conferred robust (3-log) titers of cross-genotype neutralization, including against HPV11, 16, 18, 45, 52, 58 and 59. These findings will help in the development of an L2-based, pan-HPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhihai Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jieqiong Xiao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Fei Fan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Minxi Wei
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (NX)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (NX)
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291
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Kumar S, Biswas M, Jose T. HPV vaccine: Current status and future directions. Med J Armed Forces India 2015; 71:171-7. [PMID: 25859081 PMCID: PMC4388981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV Vaccine was introduced to prevent cervical cancer known to be caused by infection with one or more of the high risk subtypes of the Human papilloma virus (HPV). Since introduction, trials have proven its efficacy in preventing Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) beyond doubt and its effectiveness in preventing cervical cancer though presumptive is reasonably certain as per mathematical modelling. It also prevents other HPV related anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies in both sexes. HPV vaccines have courted many controversies related to its efficacy, safety, ideal age of vaccination, use in HPV infected individuals and use in males. The currently available vaccines are based on L1 Viral like particles (VLP) and hence highly species specific, thermolabile, costly and are purely prophylactic. The quest for a cheaper, thermostable and broad spectrum vaccine has led to many newer prophylactic vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines were born out of the inescapable necessity considering high HPV related morbidity projected in the non HPV naïve population. Therapeutic vaccines would immediately reduce this burden and also help in the management of HPV related cancers alone or as part of combination strategies. Ongoing research is aimed at a total control over HPV related malignancies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Director and Commandant, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
| | - Manash Biswas
- Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
| | - Tony Jose
- Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, India
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292
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Kukimoto I, Muramatsu M. Genetic variations of human papillomavirus type 16: implications for cervical carcinogenesis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:169-75. [PMID: 25766614 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agent of cervical cancer, and among approximately 15 high-risk genotypes, HPV16 accounts for more than half the cases of cervical cancer worldwide. Recent progress in determining HPV genomic sequences from clinical samples has revealed a wide variety in HPV16 genome sequences, and has allowed for comprehensive classification of intratype HPV16 variants. These consist of four variant lineages containing nucleotide variations in 1.0%-10.0% of the complete viral genome sequence. Epidemiological data suggest that the non-European-Asian lineages of HPV16 entail a higher risk of progression to invasive cervical cancer than the European-Asian lineage. Deep sequencing analysis has recently demonstrated that HPV16 genome sequences are highly homogeneous in individual clinical specimens compared with those of RNA viruses. However, an extremely sensitive PCR method, differential DNA denaturation PCR, has detected hypermutations from C to T or G to A in the E2 gene and the long control region of the HPV16 genome, which suggests the involvement of cellular apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins in this hypermutation. The quasispecies status of the HPV16 genome in the infected cervix may affect the development of cervical cancer and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Kukimoto
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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293
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Hošnjak L, Kocjan BJ, Pirš B, Seme K, Poljak M. Characterization of two novel gammapapillomaviruses, HPV179 and HPV184, isolated from common warts of a renal-transplant recipient. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119154. [PMID: 25748516 PMCID: PMC4351898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammapapillomavirus (Gamma-PV) is a diverse and rapidly expanding PV-genus, currently consisting of 76 fully characterized human papillomavirus (HPV) types. In this study, DNA genomes of two novel HPV types, HPV179 and HPV184, obtained from two distinct facial verrucae vulgares specimens of a 64 year-old renal-transplant recipient, were fully cloned, sequenced and characterized. HPV179 and HPV184 genomes comprise 7,228-bp and 7,324-bp, respectively, and contain four early (E1, E2, E6 and E7) and two late genes (L1 and L2); the non-coding region is typically positioned between L1 and E6 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the L1 nucleotide sequence placed both novel types within the Gamma-PV genus: HPV179 was classified as a novel member of species Gamma-15, additionally containing HPV135 and HPV146, while HPV184 was classified as a single member of a novel species Gamma-25. HPV179 and HPV184 type-specific quantitative real-time PCRs were further developed and used in combination with human beta-globin gene quantitative real-time PCR to determine the prevalence and viral load of the novel types in the patient's facial warts and several follow-up skin specimens, and in a representative collection, a total of 569 samples, of HPV-associated benign and malignant neoplasms, hair follicles and anal and oral mucosa specimens obtained from immunocompetent individuals. HPV179 and HPV184 viral loads in patients' facial warts were estimated to be 2,463 and 3,200 genome copies per single cell, respectively, suggesting their active role in the development of common warts in organ-transplant recipients. In addition, in this particular patient, both novel types had established a persistent infection of the skin for more than four years. Among immunocompetent individuals, HPV179 was further detected in low-copy numbers in a few skin specimens, indicating its cutaneous tissue tropism, while HPV184 was further detected in low-copy numbers in one mucosal and a few skin specimens, suggesting its dual tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J. Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branko Pirš
- Private Center for Laser and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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294
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Marcuccilli F, Farchi F, Mirandola W, Ciccozzi M, Paba P, Bonanno E, Perno CF, Ciotti M. Performance evaluation of Anyplex™II HPV28 detection kit in a routine diagnostic setting: comparison with the HPV Sign® Genotyping Test. J Virol Methods 2015; 217:8-13. [PMID: 25724435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anyplex™II HPV28 is a new PCR assay designed for HPV genotyping. It can detect 28 HPV types including 19 high-risk and 9 low-risk types. This study evaluated the performance of Anyplex™II HPV28 on 123 fresh cervical samples screened in parallel with HPV Sign® Genotyping Test. Of the 123 samples screened, 93 were positive, 15 negative, and 15 discordant. The total number of HPV positive samples combined was 108: 38 single infections and 70 multiple infections. The agreement between the two tests was 87.8%, κ=0.592. Genotype specific agreement was strong for HPV 16 (k=0.761), HPV 18 (k=0.674), and HPV 35 (k=0.796). Sensitivity and specificity of Anyplex™II HPV28 assay using HPV Sign® Genotyping Test as reference was 84.8% and 94%; conversely, sensitivity and specificity of HPV Sign® Genotyping Test was 29% and 99.5%. Anyplex™II HPV28 assay is a sensitive and specific assay suitable for HPV genotyping but requires clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabbio Marcuccilli
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Farchi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Mirandola
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Paba
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bonanno
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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295
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Groves IJ, Coleman N. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated mucosal disease. J Pathol 2015; 235:527-38. [PMID: 25604863 DOI: 10.1002/path.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a necessary cause of carcinoma of the cervix and other mucosal epithelia. Key events in high-risk HPV (HRHPV)-associated neoplastic progression include persistent infection, deregulated expression of virus early genes in basal epithelial cells and genomic instability causing secondary host genomic imbalances. There are multiple mechanisms by which deregulated virus early gene expression may be achieved. Integration of virus DNA into host chromosomes is observed in the majority of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), although in ∼15% of cases the virus remains extrachromosomal (episomal). Interestingly, not all integration events provide a growth advantage to basal cervical epithelial cells or lead to increased levels of the virus oncogenes E6 and E7, when compared with episome-containing basal cells. The factors that provide a competitive advantage to some integrants, but not others, are complex and include virus and host contributions. Gene expression from integrated and episomal HRHPV is regulated through host epigenetic mechanisms affecting the virus long control region (LCR), which appear to be of functional importance. New approaches to treating HRHPV-associated mucosal neoplasia include knockout of integrated HRHPV DNA, depletion of virus transcripts and inhibition of virus early gene transcription through targeting or use of epigenetic modifiers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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296
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Sichero L, Nyitray AG, Nunes EM, Nepal B, Ferreira S, Sobrinho JS, Baggio ML, Galan L, Silva RC, Lazcano-Ponce E, Giuliano AR, Villa LL. Diversity of human papillomavirus in the anal canal of men: the HIM Study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:502-9. [PMID: 25698660 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with the development of anogenital lesions in men. There are no reports describing the distribution of non-α HPV types in the anal canal of a sexually diverse group of men. The HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study is a multicentre study on the natural history of HPV infection in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA. At baseline, 12% of anal canal PCR HPV-positive specimens were not typed by the Roche Linear Array, and were considered to be unclassified. Our goals were to characterize HPVs among these unclassified specimens at baseline, and to assess associations with participant socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. Unclassified HPVs were typed by sequencing of amplified PGMY09/11 products or cloning of PGMY/GP + nested amplicons followed by sequencing. Further analysis was conducted with FAP primers. Of men with unclassified HPV in the anal canal, most (89.1%) were men who have sex with women. Readable sequences were produced for 62.8% of unclassified specimens, of which 75.2% were characterized HPV types. Eighteen, 26 and three different α-HPV, β-HPV and γ-HPV types were detected, respectively. α-HPVs were more commonly detected among young men (18-30 years) than among older men (45-70 years), whereas β-HPVs were more frequent among mid-adult men (31-44 years). β-HPVs were more common among heterosexual men (85.0%) than among non-heterosexual men. All β-HPVs detected among non-heterosexual men were β2-HPV types. The high prevalence of β-HPV in the anal canal of men who do not report receptive anal sex is suggestive of other forms of transmission that do not involve penile-anal intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sichero
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - A G Nyitray
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E M Nunes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Nepal
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Ferreira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J S Sobrinho
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L Baggio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Galan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C Silva
- Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST/Aids, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Lazcano-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - A R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - L L Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo and HPV Institute, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil
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297
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Bzhalava D, Eklund C, Dillner J. International standardization and classification of human papillomavirus types. Virology 2015; 476:341-344. [PMID: 25577151 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Established Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types, up to HPV202, belong to 49 species in five genera. International standardization in classification and quality standards for HPV type designation and detection is ensured by the International HPV Reference Center. The center i) receives clones of potentially novel HPV types, re-clones and re-sequences them. If confirmed, an HPV type number is assigned and posted on www.hpvcenter.se. ii) distributes reference clone samples, for academic research, under Material Transfer Agreements agreed with the originator. iii) provides preliminary checking of whether new sequences represent novel types iv) issues international proficiency panels for HPV genotyping. The rate of HPV type discovery is increasing, probably because of metagenomic sequencing. γ-genus today contains 79HPV types and 27 species, surpassing ∝ and β genera with 65 and 51HPV types, respectively. Regular issuing of proficiency panels based on HPV reference clones has resulted in global improvement of HPV genotyping services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Bzhalava
- International HPV Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Carina Eklund
- International HPV Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- International HPV Reference Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-141 86, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
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298
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Gie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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299
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Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:231-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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300
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Human papillomavirus E6 triggers upregulation of the antiviral and cancer genomic DNA deaminase APOBEC3B. mBio 2014; 5:mBio.02234-14. [PMID: 25538195 PMCID: PMC4278539 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02234-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have converged upon the innate immune DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) as a significant source of genomic uracil lesions and mutagenesis in multiple human cancers, including those of the breast, head/neck, cervix, bladder, lung, ovary, and other tissues. A3B is upregulated in these tumor types relative to normal tissues, but the mechanism is unclear. Because A3B also has antiviral activity in multiple systems and is a member of the broader innate immune response, we tested the hypothesis that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes A3B upregulation. We found that A3B mRNA expression and enzymatic activity were upregulated following transfection of a high-risk HPV genome and that this effect was abrogated by inactivation of E6. Transduction experiments showed that the E6 oncoprotein alone was sufficient to cause A3B upregulation, and a panel of high-risk E6 proteins triggered higher A3B levels than did a panel of low-risk or noncancer E6 proteins. Knockdown experiments in HPV-positive cell lines showed that endogenous E6 is required for A3B upregulation. Analyses of publicly available head/neck cancer data further support this relationship, as A3B levels are higher in HPV-positive cancers than in HPV-negative cancers. Taken together with the established role for high-risk E6 in functional inactivation of TP53 and published positive correlations in breast cancer between A3B upregulation and genetic inactivation of TP53, our studies suggest a model in which high-risk HPV E6, possibly through functional inactivation of TP53, causes derepression of A3B gene transcription. This would lead to a mutator phenotype that explains the observed cytosine mutation biases in HPV-positive head/neck and cervical cancers. The innate immune DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) accounts for a large proportion of somatic mutations in cervical and head/neck cancers, but nothing is known about the mechanism responsible for its upregulation in these tumor types. Almost all cervical carcinomas and large proportions of head/neck tumors are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Here, we establish a mechanistic link between HPV infection and A3B upregulation. The E6 oncoprotein of high-risk, but not low-risk, HPV types triggers A3B upregulation, supporting a model in which TP53 inactivation causes a derepression of A3B gene transcription and elevated A3B enzyme levels. This virus-induced mutator phenotype provides a mechanistic explanation for A3B signature mutations observed in HPV-positive head/neck and cervical carcinomas and may also help to account for the preferential cancer predisposition caused by high-risk HPV isolates.
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