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van der Walt JM, Nicodemus KK, Martin ER, Scott WK, Nance MA, Watts RL, Hubble JP, Haines JL, Koller WC, Lyons K, Pahwa R, Stern MB, Colcher A, Hiner BC, Jankovic J, Ondo WG, Allen Jr. FH, Goetz CG, Small GW, Mastaglia F, Stajich JM, McLaurin AC, Middleton LT, Scott BL, Schmechel DE, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM. Mitochondrial polymorphisms significantly reduce the risk of Parkinson disease. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:804-11. [PMID: 12618962 PMCID: PMC1180345 DOI: 10.1086/373937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2002] [Accepted: 12/26/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) impairment, particularly within complex I of the electron transport system, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). More than half of mitochondrially encoded polypeptides form part of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH) complex I enzyme. To test the hypothesis that mtDNA variation contributes to PD expression, we genotyped 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that define the European mtDNA haplogroups in 609 white patients with PD and 340 unaffected white control subjects. Overall, individuals classified as haplogroup J (odds ratio [OR] 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-0.91; P=.02) or K (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.90; P=.02) demonstrated a significant decrease in risk of PD versus individuals carrying the most common haplogroup, H. Furthermore, a specific SNP that defines these two haplogroups, 10398G, is strongly associated with this protective effect (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.39-0.73; P=.0001). SNP 10398G causes a nonconservative amino acid change from threonine to alanine within the NADH dehydrogenase 3 (ND3) of complex I. After stratification by sex, this decrease in risk appeared stronger in women than in men (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.27-0.71; P=.0009). In addition, SNP 9055A of ATP6 demonstrated a protective effect for women (OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.22-0.93; P=.03). Our results suggest that ND3 is an important factor in PD susceptibility among white individuals and could help explain the role of complex I in PD expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M. van der Walt
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin K. Nicodemus
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Eden R. Martin
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - William K. Scott
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Martha A. Nance
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Ray L. Watts
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean P. Hubble
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Koller
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Lyons
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Stern
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Colcher
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley C. Hiner
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - William G. Ondo
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Fred H. Allen Jr.
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Goetz
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Small
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Mastaglia
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Stajich
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam C. McLaurin
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Lefkos T. Middleton
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Burton L. Scott
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E. Schmechel
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Struthers Parkinson Center, Golden Valley, MN; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Carolina Neurologic Clinic, Charlotte, NC; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush-Presbyterian–St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago; Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; and GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Greenford, United Kingdom
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